On the evolution of welding residual stress after milling and cutting machining

FEM prediction of welding residual stresses in a SUS304 girth-welded pipe with emphasison stress distribution near weld start/end location Dean Deng a and Shoichi Kiyoshima ba College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Shazheng Street 174,Shapingba, Chongqing 400045, Chinab Research Center of Computational Mechanics Inc., Togoshi NI-Bldg, 1-7-1 Togoshi, Shinagawa-ku,Tokyo 142-0041, JapanReceived 2 July 2010;revised 31 August 2010;accepted 23 September 2010.Available online 16 October 2010.AbstractA finite element approach based on Quick Welder software is developed tosimulate welding temperature field and welding residual stress distribution in a 3D multi-pass girth-welded pipe model. The characteristics of welding residual stress distributions in a SUS304 stainless steel pipe induced by heating with a tungsten inert gas arc welding torch are investigated numerically.Meanwhile, an emphasis is focused on examining the welding residual stress distributions in and near the weld start/end location. Moreover, the residual stresses predicted by the present computational approach are compared with the measured data; and the comparison suggests that the numerical simulation method has basically captured the feature of welding residual stress distribution near the weld start/end region. The numerical simulation results show that both the hoop and the axial residual stresses near the weld start/end region have sharp gradients and are significantly different from those in the steady range.Keywords: Finite element analysis; Numerical simulation; Multi-pass welding; Residual stressArticle Outline1.Introduction2.Brief description on experimental procedure3.Finite element analysis3.1. Thermal analysis3.2. Mechanical analysis4.Results of thermal analysis5.Results of mechanical analysis5.1. Characteristics of residual stress distribution of girth-welded pipe5.2. Comparison of simulation results and measured data5.3. Welding residual stresses changing with weld pass6.ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences1. IntroductionResidual stress in a steel structure induced by thermal process such as welding is oftenup to or even over the yield strength at room temperature. Tensile residual stress is a mainfactor resulting in stress corrosion cracking, fatigue damage and brittle fracture. When therisk for growth of defects such as surface cracking at piping systems in nuclear power plantsis assessed, the welding residual stresses maybe give a large contribution to thetotal stress field. Therefore, it is very important to obtain the accurate informationon welding residual stress distribution in a welded joint.Generally, there are two methods for determining welding residual stress. One isexperimental method, and the other is numerical simulation technology. Limited by physicalconditions, experimental method is usually adopted to get welding residual stresses insmall-scale weldments [1]. With the development of computer hardware and software,numerical simulation technology has increasingly been employed to predict welding residualstress in various welded joints [2], [3] and [4]. In the past decades, many numerical modelswere developed to simulate welding residual stress in various welded joints. Among thesemodels, a number of models studied the welding residual stresses in girth-welded pipejoints through using thermal elastic plastic finite element method. However, most of themonly investigated welding residual stresses in the steady regions of a girth-welded pipe byusing axis-symmetric 2D models or 3D models [5], [6], [7] and [8]. Deng andMurakawa [9] studied welding residual stress in SUS304 pipe with 6 mm thickness using3D finite element model, however, they laid emphasis upon comparison between thesimulation results and the measured data, and the authors did not examine the welding residual stress distribution near weld start/end location in detail. Recently, Lee andChang[10] simulated welding residual stress distributions in a pipe model with considering 3D effect, but they only provided very limited information on residual stress distribution near the weld start/stop location. In actual pipe welds there is a start and end point of each weld pass, which always causes a discontinuity of stress state near this location. There is a tendency for the formation of cracking at the crater during welding[11]. In addition, fatigue fracture usually initiates from the surface especially at the weld start/stop position during service [11]. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the accurate residual stress distribution in and near the weld start/end region.In this work, a finite element approach based on Quick Welder software [12] is developed to simulate welding residual stresses in a 3D SUS304 multi-pass girth-welded pipe model. In the developed approach, a moving heat source model is used to simulate the heat input, and the temperature-dependent thermo-physical and mechanical properties are taken intoaccount. In this study, an emphasis is focused on examining the characteristics of welding residual stress distributions in and near the weld start/end region. The simulation results are compared with the measured data cited from existing literature [13], and the effectiveness of the numerical model has been verified.2. Brief description on experimental procedureIn order to help readers to understand the comparison between simulation results obtained by the current study and the measured data, a brief description on the experimentalprocedure is provided in this section. It should be stated that the experiments were carried out by Japan power engineering and inspection corporation (JAPEIC) [13].Two mock-ups (mock-up A and mock-up B) were manufactured for measuring welding residual stresses in and near weld start/end location of girth-welded pipes. The materials of these two mock-ups (pipes) are austenitic stainless steel SUS304. The dimensions, the shape of groove and the weld passes are shown in Fig. 1. As a fundamental study, the complexity caused by filler metal for measuring residual stress was avoided when the experiment was designed. Tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding was used in theexperiments, and the TIG torch only heated the surface of the groove without filler metal. To investigate how welding residual stresses change with weld passes, only pass 1 was performed in mock-up A, while pass 1, pass 2 and pass 3 were sequentially heated in mock-up B. In mock-up B, the inter-pass temperature was lower than 50 °C.The welding direction of each pass is shown in Fig. 2. In the same figure, the central angle (θ) is also defined. As shown in this figure, the weld start/end location of mock-up A was 0°location. In mock-up B, the weld start/end of the first and the third weld passes was 0°location, while that of the second weld pass was 180° location. During welding, thewelding current, the arc voltage and the welding speed were 132A, 10 V and 90 mm/min, respectively. When the torch reached to the end of weld the welding mode was changed into the crater treatment mode; and the torch stopped 3 s with decreasingthe welding current. The welding current and weld speed are schematically shown in Fig.3.Full-size image (12K)Fig. 1.Dimensions of welded pipe, shape of groove and weld passes.Full-size image (29K)Fig. 2.Weld start/end position and welding direction of each pass.Full-size image (13K)Fig. 3.Welding current and welding speed used in mock-ups.After welding, neutron diffraction method was used to measure welding residualstresses near the weld start/end region of the two mock-ups. The measured locations are directly under the center of the second pass with 2.5 mm depth from the surface. The grey dots schematically show the measured locations in Fig. 4. In this figure, −20° and −10° correspond to 340° and 350° (central angle), respectively.Full-size image (20K)Fig. 4.Measured locations of welding residual stress.3. Finite element analysisIn this section, a computational approach based on Quick Welder software is developed to simulate temperature fields and residual stress distributions induced by tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding in a SUS304 pipe. The finite element model is shown in Fig. 5. The whole length of the pipe is 500 mm; the inside diameter is 255 mm; and the thickness of wall is25 mm. The groove shape is shown in Fig. 6. To roughly consider the penetration shapeinduced by TIG welding torch the heated zones of cross-section in three passes are also defined in Fig. 6. It should be stressed that the simulation results predicted by the finite element model are compared with the measurements cited from Ref. [13], so the groove shape of the numerical model is identical to that of the corresponding mock-up.Full-size image (38K)Fig. 5.3D finite element model.Full-size image (24K)Fig. 6.Shape of groove, weld passes and their sections used in finite element model.In order to reasonably simulate the temperature fields and the residual stress distributions induced by TIG welding process, a finer mesh is designed at the weld zone and its vicinity. To balance the accuracy of prediction and computing time, the number of divisions in the circumferential direction is 60 as shown in Fig. 5. In the finite element model, the number of nodes is 20,040; and that of elements is 23,400.In this study, the thermo-mechanical behavior is simulated using a sequentially coupled formulation because the dimensional change during the entire welding process is negligible and mechanical work is insignificant compared to the thermal energy from the arc. The heat conduction problem is solved independently from the stress–strain problem to obtain temperature histories. However, the formulation takes into account the contributions of the transient temperature field to the mechanical analysis through thermal expansion coefficient, as well as temperature-dependent properties such as Young’s modulus, yield strength and Poisson’s ratio. The solution procedure consists of two steps. At the first step, thetemperature histories of all nodes in the finite element model are computed according to the given welding conditions and the thermal boundary conditions. At the second step, the temperature histories obtained at the first step are taken as thermal loads in the mechanical analysis.3.1. Thermal analysisIn this work, only the torch is used to heat the surface of SUS304 pipe and no filler metal is added to the groove. Welding heat transfer analysis with given welding conditions is performed in the 3D finite element model. At this step, temperature histories at all nodes are computed during the multi-pass welding process. In the course of welding, the governing equation for transient non-linear heat transfer analyses is:(1)where λ, T, q, ρ and c arei thermal conductivity, temperature, rate of internal heat generation, density and specific heat capacity, respectively. For TIG welding process, the heat input due to moving arc is often modeled by using surface heat source model such as typical Gaussian heat source [14].When a Gaussian heat source is chosen, correspondingly a fine mesh division especially in the circumferential direction is required. To reduce the number of element and savecomputing time, the moving heat source is treated as volumetric heat flux with uniform density instead of Gaussian surface heat source in the present analysis.In the present finite element model, each weld pass is divided into a number of small parts (mesh blocks) with a same length, and each mesh block is sequentially heated to simulate the movement of welding torch. The volume of the moving heat source is equal to that of those elements composing the corresponding weld bead in one mesh block. The image of heat source is shown in Fig. 7.Full-size image (52K)Fig. 7.Heat source defined in the finite element model.After each weld bead and the welding conditions are defined, the volume of the heat sourceand the heat flux are automatically calculated in the finite element model. In the finiteelement model, the welding direction, the welding sequence and the welding speed arethe same as those used in the mock-up [13].The volumetric heat flux of each weld pass is determined using the following equation:(2)q=ηUI/V H where U is the arc voltage, I is the welding current, V H is the volume of heat isource, and η is the arc efficiency.The value of arc efficiency is assumed to be 0.7 for TIG welding process.Because the number of divisions in circumferential direction is 60, the heating time (t h) foreach mesh block is calculated as follows:(3)t=L/(60v w)where L is the total length of each weld pass, and v w is the welding speed of heach weld pass. In this simulation, the arc voltage, the current and the welding speed areidentical to those used in the experiments.Besides considering the moving heat source, heat losses due to convention and radiationare also taken into account in the finite element models. In the thermal analysis, all surfacesof the finite element model are assumed to lose heat by convention to the surrounding air.Heat loss due to convection (q c) is taken into account using Newton’s law:(4)q=-h c(T s-T0)where h c is the heat transfer coefficient; T s is the surface temperature of the cweldment; and T0 is the ambient temperature. The ambient temperature is assumed to be18 °C.In the present simulation, the heat transfer coefficient (h c) is set to be a15 × 10−6 W/(mm2 °C) [14].In addition, the heat loss due to radiation is modeled using Stefan–Boltzmann’s law:(5)q=-εσ[(T s+273)4-(T o+273)4]where ε is the emissivity, and σ is the Stefan–Boltzmannrconstant [15].In the present study, the emissivity (ε) is assumed to be 0.8 [14].Both the thermal effect due to solidification of the weld zone and the influence of fluid flow ofthe weld pool on the welding residual stress are insignificant, so these two factors areneglected in the thermal analyses.To consider the crater treatment at each weld end, the heat input used in this location isassumed to be twice as that used in the rest range. The inter-pass temperature is strictlycontrolled to be lower than 50 °C during the multi-pass welding process through setting anappropriate interval (30 min) between two passes. The temperature-dependent thermalproperties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity and density are used in the finite element model. The temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties of SUS304 used in this study were tested by experiment [9] as shown in Fig. 8.Full-size image (36K)Fig. 8.Temperature-dependent thermal physical properties of SUS304.3.2. Mechanical analysisIn the mechanical analysis, the same finite element mesh used in the thermal analysis is employed. The simulation is conducted using the temperature histories computed by the thermal analysis as the input information. Generally, during the welding process, besides the elastic, plastic and thermal strains, the strains due to solid-state phase transformation and creep potentially give some contributions to the total strain. Because SUS304 stainless steel has no solid-state phase transformation during cooling and the heating time is relatively short, it can be expected that the strains due to phase change and creep can be neglected in the present simulation. The total strain increment {d} at a material point can be expressed as the summation of the elastic, plastic and thermal strain.(6){dε}={dεe}+{dεp}+{dεth}where {d e}, {d p} and {d th} is the elastic strain, plastic and thermalstrain increment, respectively.In the mechanical simulation, the elastic behavior is modeled using the isotropic Hooke’s rule with temperature-dependent Young’s modulus. The thermal strain is considered usingthermal expansion coefficient. For the plastic behavior, a rate-independent plastic model is employed. The yield criterion is the Von Mises yield surface. In the present model, the strain hardening is taken into account using the linear isotropic hardening law. Meanwhile, the annealing effect is also included in the numerical model.When the temperature of material point (integrated point in an element) is higher than the annealing temperature the material will lose its hardening memory. In the finite elementmodels, the effect of prior work hardening is removed by setting the equivalent plastic strain() to zero. The annealing temperature is assumed to be 800 °C for SUS304 stainless steel [14]. If the temperature of material point falls below the annealing temperature at a subsequent point in time, the material point can work harden again.Similar to the thermal analysis, the temperature-dependent mechanical properties are usedin the mechanical model. Fig. 9shows the Young’s modulus, the yield strength, thePoisson’s ratio and the thermal expa nsion coefficient of SUS304 as functions of temperature,and Fig. 10 shows the strain hardening coefficients at different temperatures [9].Full-size image (40K)Fig. 9.Temperature-dependent mechanical properties of SUS304.Full-size image (29K)Fig. 10.Strain hardening coefficients of SUS304 at different temperature.The mechanical boundary conditions are constrained only for preventing rigid body motionwith considering symmetry. The arrows towards points A–C in Fig. 5 show the restraintconditions. These three points locate in the Y–Z plane.The simulations are conducted on a personal computer with a 3.2 GHz CPU and a 4.0 GB memory. The total computational time used in the thermo-mechanical analyses is about 100 h.4. Results of thermal analysisTemperature field induced by moving heat source is shown in Fig. 11. From this figure, the image of weld pool and the maximum temperature can be seen. Thermal cycles at three points defined in Fig. 12 during the entire welding process are shown in Fig. 13. Because the second weld pass started at 180° location, we can see that each thermal cycle has two peak temperatures and point A was molten twice during the second welding.Full-size image (12K)Fig. 11.Temperature field due to the second weld pass.Full-size image (19K)Fig. 12.Points A–C at the section with 180° central angle.Full-size image (22K)Fig. 13.Temperature histories of points A–C.Fig. 14 shows the penetration shapes (molten zones) with peak temperature higher than 1400 °C (the melting point of SUS304) in three typical sections. Fig. 14a shows thepenetration shape of the section with 0° central angle. Because the first and the third weld passes started/ended at 0° location and the crater treatment was considered in the thermal analysis, the penetration depths (D p1 and D p3) of both sides are larger than that (D p2) of the center. Fig. 14c shows the penetration shape of the section with 180° central angle. Contrast to Fig. 14a, the penetration depth of the center is larger than those of both sides. Fig. 14b shows the penetration shape of the section with 90° central angle. This figure tells us that the penetration depths of three weld passes have no significant difference because the heat input used in each pass was identical at this location.Full-size image (22K)Fig. 14.Penetration shapes of different sections: (a) 0° location, (b) 90° location, (c) 180° location.5. Results of mechanical analysis5.1. Characteristics of residual stress distribution of girth-welded pipeFig. 15 shows the contours of hoop residual stress on four typical sections with different central angles. A common feature on the four sections is that large tensilehoop stresses generated in and near the weld zone and compressivehoop stresses produced at the regions away from the weld zone. Carefully comparing the four sections we can find that the hoop stress distribution on the section with 0° central angle is different from those on the other three sections. In the same figure, we can also obverse that the maximum hoop stress on the groove surface of the section with 0° central angle is larger than those of the other three sections. Fig. 16 qualitatively compares the hoop stress distributions along the axial direction on the inside surfaces of four sections. This figure suggests that the hoop stress distribution shape on the inside surface of the section with 0° central angle is similar to those on the other three sections, but both the peak tensile stress and the maximum compressive stress (absolute value) is smaller than those on the other three sections. Carefully observing this figure, we can find that thehoop stress distributions on these two locations with 90° and 270° central angle almost have no difference, while the hoop stress distribution on the surface with 180° central angle has a small difference with the former two locations. After the second welding, which started and ended at the location with 180° central angle, stress distributions with sharp variations generated near this location. However, the stress distribution induced by the previous passes (the second and the first passes) was significantly changed by the third (final) welding. The location with 180° central angle is a steady range during thethird welding, so it is not strange that the difference of stress distribution among the sections with 90°, 180° and 270° is small. In addition, Fig. 16 indicates that thehoop stress distribution have an asymmetric shape with respect to the weld center because the three weld passes were performed using a sequential welding procedure.Full-size image (22K)Fig. 15.Contours of hoop stress of four sections with different central angles.Full-size image (33K)Fig. 16.Hoop stress distributions on the inside surfaces.Fig. 17 shows the contours of axial residual stress on four typical sections with different central angles. It is clear that the axial stress distribution on the section with 0° central angle is significantly different from those on the other three locations. Fig. 18 qualitatively compares the axial stress distributions along the axial direction on the inside surfaces of four sections. This figure indicates that although the shapes of axial stress distribution on the inside surfaces of the four locations are similar, however the axial stresses on the surface with 0° location are significantly higher than those on the other three locations. From the same figure, one can find that the axial stress distributions on the locations with 90° and 270° central angle are very similar both in shape and in magnitude, while theaxial stress distribution on the inside surface with 180° central angle has a bit difference with the former two locations.Full-size image (26K)Fig. 17.Axial stress distributions of four sections with different central angles.Full-size image (36K)Fig. 18.Axial stress distributions on the inside surfaces.In this study, a main task is to investigate the welding residual stress distribution in and near the weld start/end location. To clarify the feature of welding residual stress distribution, the middle section of the welded pipe is defined in Fig. 19. The final hoop andaxial stress distributions of the middle section are shown in [Fig. 20] and [Fig. 21], respectively. It is very clear that both the hoop and axial stresses in and near the weldstart/end location are much different from those in the rest region. Fig. 22 shows the hoop and axial stress distributions on the outside surface around the pipe. From this figure, we can see that both the hoop and axial stresses within the range from −30° (330°) to +30° have large gradients. In the same figure, we can see another interesting feature that the hoop and axial stresses slightly change with central angle near 180° location. The reason resulting in the variation is that the second weld pass started and ended at 180° location and the third welding could not completely cancel out the residual stresses induced by the previous passes especially by the second pass. Fig. 23 shows the hoop andaxial stress distributions on the inside surface around the welded pipe, and the features reflected by this figure are much similar to Fig. 22. Comparing [Fig. 22] and [Fig. 23], one can find that although these two figure are similar, however both the hoop and axial stresses on the inside surface are higher than those on the outside surface.Full-size image (63K)Fig. 19.Definition of middle section.Full-size image (21K)Fig. 20.Hoop stress distribution on the middle section.Full-size image (23K)Fig. 21.Axial stress distribution on the middle section.Full-size image (25K) Fig. 22.Residual stress distribution on the outside surface of mid-section.Full-size image (24K)Fig. 23.Residual stress distribution on the inside surface of mid-section.5.2. Comparison of simulation results and measured dataBased on the above simulation results, we have known that the welding residualstress distributions near the weld start/end location are significantly different from those on the rest region. In this section, the measured data [13] are compared with the simulation results, and the conclusions obtained from the present numerical simulation are further verified. It should be stated that the results for pass 1 are from mock-up A and pass 3 from mock-up B.Fig. 24 compares the hoop stresses predicted by the finite element model and theexperimental values measured by neutron diffraction method. Similar to Fig. 4, −30°, −20° and −10° used in Fig. 24 represents 330°, 340° and 350° central angle, respectively. This figure tells us that the hoop stresses (solid curve) after the third welding predicted by the finite element model generally match the corresponding measured data (broken curve with dots). Meanwhile, Fig. 24 indicates that the hoop stresses(broken curve) after thefirst welding computed by the numerical model are significantly higher than the measured data (broken curve with square marks), however, the shape of the broken curve is similar to that of the broken curve with square marks. In the same figure, both the simulation results and the measured data show that the hoop stress sharply changes with central angle near the weld start/end region.Full-size image (35K)Fig. 24.Hoop stress distributions near the weld start/end region.Here, we give some explanations on why the large discrepancy producedbetween predictions and the measurements. Generally speaking, both the inaccuracies of finite element model and the errors caused by measuring method are the origins of discrepancy. On the aspect of finite element model, the current meshes (especially the number of division in the circumferential direction) and the material model (e.g. the strain hardening rule and the assumed annealing temperature) potentially have influence on the accuracies of predictions. Each strain component value measured by the neutron diffraction method represents the average one in a sampling gauge volume (e.g.2.5 mm × 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm). From the simulation results as shown in Fig. 15, we can see a relatively large stress gradient near the measurement locations (2.5 mm depth under the surface of groove). On the aspect of the experiment, it can be inferred that the gauge volume and the large stress gradient near the measurement locations possibly affect the accuracy of measured data.Fig. 25 compares the axial stresses predicted by the finite element model and the measurements obtained by neutron diffraction method. Similar to Fig. 24, the solid curve and the broken curve represent the axial stresses predicted by the finite element model after the third welding and the first welding, respectively; while the broken curve with dots and the broken curve with square marks express the axial stresses measured by experiment after the third welding and the first welding,respectively. This figure suggest that even though there are some differences between the predictions and the measurements, however, the simulation results match the corresponding measured data on the whole. In other words, the current numerical model has basically captured the feature of axial residual stress distribution near the weld start/end region. Similar to the hoop stress, both the simulation results and the measured data indicate that the axial stress distribution has large gradients near the weld start/end region.。

文章编号:1006-4710(2007)04-0394-04中厚板CO2多层多道焊对接接头焊接残余应力及其分布张敏,周小华,李继红,王莹(西安理工大学材料科学与工程学院,陕西西安710048)摘要:阐述了焊接残余应力场数值分析的理论基础,确定了计算模型,并采用有限元数值方法模拟计算了CO2多层多道焊对接接头焊接残余应力的大小及其分布。

算例结果表明,模拟结果与试验测试结果基本吻合,证明本文方法正确且有效。

关键词:残余应力;有限元;数值模拟;生死单元中图分类号:TG401 文献标识码:AResearch on Finite Element of Residual Stresses ofC O2Multipass Welding in Mid-Thickness PlateZH ANG M in,ZHO U Xiao-hua,LI Ji-hong,WANG Ying(F aculty o f M aterial Science and Enginee ring,Xi'an U niversity of T echnology,Xi'a n710048,China)A bstract:This pape r states the theoretical foundation o f numerical analy sis of w elding residualstress field and decides the calculation m odel.Acco rding ly,the mag nitude and distributio n of welding residual stress in CO2m ultipass w elding were calculated by finite element num erical sim-ulatio n.The results o btained fro m the calculation examples indicate that the simulatio n results are fo und to be in basic co nsistency w ith those o btained from tests,w hereby proving that the method described in this pape r is co rrect and effective.Key words:residual stress;finite element;numerical simulatio n;birth and death o f element 在焊接过程中,焊接区以远高于周围区域的速度被急剧加热,并局部熔化。

焊接专业英语词汇(1)熔接fusion welding压接pressure welding焊接过程welding process焊接技术welding technique焊接工艺welding technology/procedure焊接操作welding operation焊接顺序welding sequence焊接方向direction of welding焊接位置welding position熔敷顺序build-up sequencedeposition sequence焊缝倾角weld slope/inclination of weld axis焊缝转角weld rotation/angle of rotation平焊位置flat position of welding横焊位置horizontal position of welding立焊位置vertical position of welding仰焊位置overhead position of welding平焊downhand welding/flat position welding横焊horizontal position welding立焊vertical position welding仰焊overhead position welding全位置焊all position welding：熔焊时，焊件接逢所处空间位置包括平焊、横焊、仰焊等位置所进行的焊接。

如水平固定管所进行的环缝焊接向下立焊vertical down welding/downward welding in the vertical position 向上立焊vertical up welding/upward welding in the vertical position 倾斜焊inclined position welding上坡焊upward welding in the inclined position下坡焊downward welding in the inclined position对接焊butt welding角焊fillet welding搭接焊lap welding船形焊fillet welding in the downhand position/fillet welding in the flat position平角焊horizontal fillet welding立角焊fillet welding in the vertical position仰角焊fillet welding in the overhead position坡口焊groove weldingI形坡口对接焊square butt welding喇叭形坡口焊 flare groove welding卷边焊flanged edge welding纵缝焊接welding of longitudinal seam横缝焊接welding of transverse seam环缝焊接girth welding/ circumferential螺旋缝焊接welding of spiral seam/welding of helical seam 环缝对接焊butt welding of circumferential seam定位焊tack welding单面焊welding by one side双面焊welding by both sides单道焊single pass welding/single run welding多道焊multi-pass welding单层焊single layer welding多层焊multi-layer welding分段多层焊block sequence/ block welding分层多道焊multi-layer and multi-pass welding连续焊continuous welding断续焊intermittent welding打底焊backing weld封底焊back sealing weld盖面焊cosmetic welding深熔焊deep penetration welding摆动焊welding with weaving/weave bead welding前倾焊 foreward welding (英国)/ forehand welding (美国) 后倾焊 backward welding(英国)/ backhand welding(美国)分段退焊backstep welding跳焊skip welding对称焊balanced welding/ balanced welding sequence左焊法leftward welding forehand welding右焊法rightward welding/backhand welding挑弧焊whipping method自动焊automatic welding手工焊manual welding/hand welding车间焊接shop welding工地焊接site welding(英国)/ field welding (美国)拘束焊接restraint welding堆焊surfacing/building up/overlaying隔离层堆焊buttering端部周边焊boxing/end return返修焊repair welding补焊repair welding塞焊plug welding槽焊slot welding衬垫焊welding with backing焊剂垫焊welding with flux backing窄间隙焊narrow-gap welding强制成形焊enclosed welding脉冲电弧焊pulsed are welding电弧点焊arc spot welding螺柱焊stud welding热风焊hot gas welding高能焊high grade energy welding固态焊接solid-state welding单面焊双面成形one-side welding with back formation 焊接条件welding condition焊接工艺参数welding parameter极性polarity正接electrode negative/straight polarity反接electrode positive/reversed polarity运条方式manipulation of electrode焊接电流welding current焊接电流增加时间welding current upslope time焊接电流衰减时间welding current downslope time电流密度current density短路电流short circuit current脉冲电流pulse level/pulse current level脉冲电流幅值pulse current amplitude基值电流background level脉冲频率pulse frequency脉冲焊接电流占空比duty cycle of pulse duration电弧电压arc voltage再引弧电压reignition voltage焊接速度welding speed行走速度rate of travel/travel speed送丝速度wire feed rate线能量heat input/energy input热输入heat input预热preheat后热postheat焊后热处理postweld heat treatment/postheat treatment 预热温度preheat temperature层间温度interpass temperature焊接终了温度finishing temperature后热温度postheating temperature焊丝伸出长度wire extension弧长arc length熔化速度melting rate熔化时间melting time熔化系数melting coefficient熔敷速度rate of deposition/deposition rate熔敷系数deposition coefficient熔敷效率deposition efficiency损失系数loss coefficient飞溅spatter飞溅率spatter loss coefficient融合比fusion ratio稀释dilution稀释率rate of dilution合金过度系数transfer efficiency/recovery (of an element)坡口groove坡口面groove face坡口面角度angle of bevel (英国)/ bevel angle (美国)坡口角度included angle(英国)/groove angle(美国)坡口高度groove depth钝边root face钝边高度thickness of root face/width of root face根部间隙root gap(英国)/root opening (美国)根部半径root radius/groove radius根部锐边root edge卷边高度height of flange卷边半径radius of flange单面坡口single groove双面坡口double groove坡口形式groove typeI形坡口square grooveV形坡口single V grooveY形坡口single V groove with root face双Y形坡口double Vgroove with root face带钝边U形坡口single U groove带钝边双U形坡口double U grooveVY形坡口single compound angle groove带钝边J形坡口single J groove带钝边双J形坡口double J groove单边V形坡口single bevel groove双V形坡口double V groove不对称双V形坡口 asymmetric double V groove双单边V形坡口 double bevel groove/K groove带垫板V形坡口 V groove with backing/ single V groove with backing 焊接结构welded structure/ welded construction焊件weldment焊接部件weld assembly组装件built-up member接头设计joint design焊接应力welding stress焊接瞬时应力transient welding stress焊接残余应力welding residual stress热应力thermal stress收缩应力contraction stress局部应力local stress拘束应力constraint stress固有应力inherent stress固有应变区inherent strain zone残余应力测定residual stress analysis焊接专业词汇（2）actual weld-throat thick-ness焊缝厚度all-around weld整周焊缝all-around weld (整周焊缝)环焊缝angle butt weld斜对接焊angle weld角焊appearance of weld焊缝成形arc-seam weld电弧缝焊arc-spot weld电弧点焊arc-weld电弧焊aspect ratio of weld焊缝成形系数at weld edge在焊缝边上attachment weld连接焊缝automatic spot weld自动点焊法automatic weld自动焊接axis of a weld焊缝中心线; 焊接轴线axis of weld焊缝轴线; 焊接轴线back of weld焊缝背面backing groove of weld焊缝反面坡口backing weld底焊; 底焊焊缝bare metal arc weld裸焊条电弧焊bead weld珠焊; 堆焊bead-on-plate weld堆焊焊缝beading weld凸焊beam-to-beam weld梁间焊接; 梁式引线焊接block sequence weld分段多层焊bond weld钢轨接头焊接bridge seam weld桥缝焊接; 桥线焊brize weld硬焊butt weld对接焊缝butt weld ends对头焊接端butt-weld碰焊; 平式焊接; 对头焊接butt-weld in the downhand position对接平焊butt-weld joint对头焊接butt-weld pipe mill对焊管轧机button spot weld按电钮点焊cap weld最后焊层; 盖面焊缝carbon content of weld materials焊接材料的碳含量cast-weld construction铸焊结构caulk weld填缝焊caulking weld密实焊缝chain intermittent fillet weld链式分段角焊; 并列间断角焊缝chain intermittent weld并列焊接circular weld环形焊缝circumferential weld环缝; 环焊缝cleft weld裂口焊closed weld底边无缝焊; 无间隙焊缝closed-chamber fusion weld闭室熔焊cluster weld丛聚焊缝coil weld卷板对接焊; 卷板对接焊; 板卷焊cold weld冷压接commutator-controlled weld换向控制焊接complete penetration butt weld贯穿对焊composite weld紧密焊缝; 强度密封焊缝concave filled weld凹形角焊缝concave filler weld凹角焊concave fillet weld凹面填角焊concave weld凹焊缝; 凹面焊; 凹形焊缝; 轻型焊connective weld联系焊缝continuous butt-weld mill连续式炉焊管机组continuous fillet weld连续(填)角焊缝; 连续角焊缝; 连续贴角焊continuous weld连续焊缝continuous weld process连续式炉焊管法contour weld特形焊接convex fillet weld凸角焊缝; 凸形角焊缝convex weld凸焊缝; 凸形焊缝copper weld wire包铜钢丝corner flange weld单卷边角焊缝corner weld角焊corner-flange weld卷边角焊缝; 卷边角焊缝crack of weld焊部裂纹cross weld十字交叉焊缝; 横向焊缝cross-wire weld十字焊crotch weld楔接锻接; 楔接焊接cup weld带盖板焊缝depth of weld焊接深度dissimilar weld metal不同的焊接金属; 不同金属的焊接distance between the toes of a weld焊缝宽度double groove weld双面坡口焊缝double-bevel groove weld双斜边坡口焊缝; 双斜坡口焊double-flanged butt weld双弯边对接焊缝double-V groove weld双斜边坡口焊缝; 双斜坡口焊downhand weld平焊缝duplex spot weld双点点焊接头edge joint weld边缘焊edge weld端接焊; 端接焊缝; 端面焊缝; 对边焊electric resistance weld mill电阻焊管机electric weld-pipe mill电焊管机electric-weld pipe mill电焊管机emporary weld临时点定焊缝excess weld metal焊缝补强金属; 补强; 补强焊料; 补强金属excess weld metal(焊缝的)余高explosive weld爆炸焊接face of weld焊缝表面; 焊接面fibrous weld纤维状焊缝field weld现场焊接filler weld填角焊缝fillet weld角焊缝; 填角焊; 贴角焊fillet weld in normal shear (搭接接头的)正面角焊缝fillet weld in parallel shear侧面角焊缝; 侧面填角焊fillet weld in the flat position角接平焊; 水平角焊缝焊接专业词汇（三）焊接烟尘weld fume焊接发尘量total amount of fumes焊接烟尘浓度weld fume concentration焊接烟尘容限浓度threshold limit values of weld fume (TLV)焊接发尘速率weld fume emission rate焊接有害气体welding toxic gases/ weld harmful gases标定卫生空气需要量nominal hygienic air requirement焊工尘肺pheumocomsis of welder焊工锰中毒chronic occupational manganese poisoning of welder 焊工氟中毒fluorosis of welder焊工金属烟热metal fume fever of welder电光性眼炎eye-flash (arc eye)电光性皮炎electro-photo dermatitis电弧紫外线灼伤ultraviolet ray burn防电击装置voltage reducing device除尘装置dust collection device焊工手套welding gloves护脚welding spats防护鞋shielding shoes焊接结构welded structure/ welded construction焊件weldment焊接部件weld assembly组装件built-up member接头设计joint design焊接应力welding stress焊接瞬时应力transient welding stress焊接残余应力welding residual stress热应力thermal stress收缩应力contraction stress局部应力local stress拘束应力constraint stress固有应力inherent stress固有应变区inherent strain zone残余应力测定residual stress analysis逐层切割法Sach焊接热循环 weld thermal cycle焊接温度场 field of weld temperature; weld temperature field 准稳定温度场 quasi-stationary temperature field焊接热源 welding heat source点热源 point heat source线热源 linear heat source面热源 plane heat source瞬时集中热源 instantaneous concentration heat source热效率 thermal efficiency热能集中系数 coefficient of heat flow concentration峰值温度 peak temperature瞬时冷却速度 momentary cooling rate冷却时间 cooling time置换氧化 substitutionary oxydation扩散氧化 diffusible oxydation脱氧 desoxydation先期脱氧 precedent desoxydation扩散脱氧 diffusible desoxydation沉淀脱氧 precipitation desoxydation扩散氢 diffusible hydrogen初始扩散氢 initial diffusible hydrogen100℃残余扩散氢diffusible hydrogen remained at 100℃残余氢 residual hydrogen去氢 dehydrogenation去氢热处理 heat treatment for dehydrogenation脱硫 desulphurization脱磷 dephosphorization渗合金 alloying微量合金化 microalloying一次结晶组织 primary solidification structure二次结晶组织 secondary solidification structure联生结晶 epitaxial solidification焊缝结晶形态 solidification mode in weld-bead结晶层状线 ripple多边化边界 polygonization boundary结晶平均线速度 mean solidification rate针状铁素体 acicular ferrite条状铁素体 lath ferrite侧板条铁素体 ferrite side-plate晶界欣素体 grain boundary ferrite; polygonal ferrite; pro-entectoid ferrite粒状贝氏体 granular bainite板条马氏体 lath martensite过热组织 overheated structure魏氏组织 Widmannst?tten structureM-A组元 martensite-austenite constituent焊件失效分析 failure analysis of weldments冷裂判据 criterion of cold cracking冷裂敏感系数 cold cracking susceptibity coefficient脆性温度区间 brittle temperature range氢脆 hydrogen embrittlement层状偏析 lamellar segregation愈合 healing effect断口金相fractography断口 fracture延性断口 ductile fracture韧窝断口dimple fracture脆性断口 brittle fracture解理断口 cleavage fracture准解理断口 quasi-cleavage fracture氢致准解理断口 hydrogen-embrittlement induced沿晶断口 intergranular fracture穿晶断口 transgranular fracture疲劳断口 fatigue fracture滑移面断口 glide plane fracture断口形貌 fracture apperance断口试验 fracture test宏观断口分析 macrofractography放射区 radical zone纤维区 fibrous zone剪切唇区 shear lip aone焊接性weldability使用焊接性 service weldability工艺焊接性 fabrication weldability冶金焊接性 metallurgical weldability热焊接性 thermal weldability母材 base metal; parent metal焊接区 weld zone焊态 as-welded (AW)母材熔化区 fusion zone半熔化区 partial melting region未混合区 unmixed zone熔合区 bond area熔合线 weld junction (英)；bond line (美)热影响区 heat-affected zone (HAZ)过热区 overheated zone粗晶区 coarse grained region细晶区 fine grained region过渡区 transition zone硬化区 hardened zone碳当量 carbon equivalent铬当量 chromium equivalent镍当量 nickel equivalent舍夫勒组织图 Schaeffler's diagram德龙组织图Delong’s diagram连续冷却转变图（CCT图）continuous cooling transformation 裂纹敏感性 cracking sensibility焊接裂纹 weld crack焊缝裂纹 weld metal crack焊道裂纹 bead crack弧坑裂纹crater crack热影响区裂纹 heat-affected zone crack纵向裂纹 longitudinal crack横向裂纹 transverse crack微裂纹 micro-crack; micro-fissure热裂纹 hot crack凝固裂纹 solidification crack晶间裂纹 intercrystalline crack穿晶裂纹 transcrystalline crack多边化裂纹 polygonization crack液化裂纹 liquation crack失延裂纹 ductility-dip crack冷裂纹 cold crack延迟裂纹 delayed crack氢致裂纹 hydrogen-induced crack焊道下裂纹 underbead crack焊根裂纹 root crack焊趾裂纹 toe crack锯齿形裂纹 chevron cracking消除应力处理裂纹 stress relief annealing crack (SR crack) 再热裂纹 reheat crack焊缝晶间腐蚀 weld intercryctalline corrosion刀状腐蚀 knife line attack敏化区腐蚀 weld decay层状撕裂 lamellar tearing焊接性试验 weldability裂纹试验 cracking testIIW裂纹试验 IIW cracking testY形坡口裂纹试验 slit type cracking test分块形槽热裂纹试验 segmented circular groove cracking testH形裂纹试验 H-type cracking test鱼骨形裂纹试验 fishbone cracking test指形裂纹试验 finger (cracking) testT形裂纹试验 Tee type cracking test环形槽裂纹试验 circular-groove cracking test可调拘束裂纹试验 varestraint testBWRA奥氏体钢裂纹试验 BWRA cracking test for austenitie steel圆棒裂纹试验 bar type cracking test; round bar cracking test里海裂纹试验 Lehigh restraint cracking test圆形镶块裂纹试验 circular-path cracking test十字接头裂纹试验 cruciform cracking testZ向窗口拘束裂纹试验 Z-direction window type restraint cracking test G-BOP焊缝金属裂纹试验 G-BOP weld metal crack test巴特尔焊道下裂纹试验 Battelle type underbead cracking testU形拉伸试验 U-tension test缪雷克期热裂纹试验 Murex hot cracking test菲斯柯裂纹试验 FISCO (type) cracking testCTS裂纹试验 controlled thermal severity拉伸拘束裂纹试验（TRC试验）tensile restraint cracking test刚性拘束裂纹试验（RRC试验）rigid restraint cracking test插销试验 implant testTigamajig 薄板焊接裂纹试验 Tigamajing thin plate cracking test焊道纵向弯曲试验 longitudinal-bead test柯麦雷尔弯曲试验 Kommerell bead bend test肯泽尔弯曲试验 Kinzel test缺口弯曲试验 notch bend test热朔性试验 hot-ductility test热影响区冲击试验 impact test of HAZ热影响区模拟试验 synthetic heat-affected zone test最高硬度试验 maximum hardness test落锤试验 NRL (Naval Research Laboratory)测氢试验 Hydrogen test焊接材料电极焊接材料welding consumables电极electrode熔化电极consumable electrode不熔化电极nonconsumable electrode钨电极tungsten electrode焊丝welding wire. Welding rod实心焊丝solid wire渡铜焊丝copper-plating welding wire自保护焊丝self-shielded welding wire药芯焊丝flux-cored wire复合焊丝combined wire堆焊焊丝surfacing welding rod填充焊丝filler wire焊条electrode/ covered electrode焊芯core wire药皮coating (of an electrode)/ covering (of an electrode)涂料coating flux/coating material造气剂gas forming constituents造渣剂slag forming constituents合金剂alloying constituent脱氧剂dioxidizer稳弧剂arc stabilizer粘接剂binder水玻璃water glass水玻璃模数modules of water glass酸性焊条acid electrode高钛型焊条high titania (type) electrode钛钙型焊条lime titania type electrode钛铁矿形焊条ilmenite type electrode氧化铁型焊条iron oxide type electrode/ high iron oxide type electrode 高纤维素型焊条high cellulose (type) electrode石墨型焊条graphite type electrode碱性焊条basic electrode/ lime type covered electrode低氢型焊条low hydrogen type electrode高韧性超低氢焊条high toughness super low hydrogen electrode奥氏体焊条austenitic electrode铁素体焊条ferritic electrode不锈钢焊条stainless steel electrode珠光体耐热钢焊条pearlitic heat resistant steel electrode低温钢焊条low temperature steel electrode/ steel electrode for low temperature铝合金焊条aluminum alloy arc welding electrode铜合金焊条copper-alloy arc welding electrode铜芯铸铁焊条cast iron electrode with steel core纯镍铸铁焊条pure nickel cast iron electrode球墨铸铁焊条electrode for welding spheroidal graphite cast iron铸芯焊条electrode with cast core wire镍基合金焊条nickel base alloy covered electrode蒙乃尔焊条Monel electrode纯铁焊条pure iron electrode渗铝钢焊条alumetized steel electrode高效率焊条high efficiency electrode铁粉焊条iron powder electrode底层焊条backing welding electrode深熔焊条deep penetration electrode重力焊条gravity electrode立向下焊条electrode for vertical down position welding节能焊条saving energy electrode水下焊条underwater welding electrode耐海水腐蚀焊条seawater corrosion resistant steel electrode低尘低毒焊条low-fume and harmfulless electrode/low-fume and low-toxic electrode堆焊焊条surfacing electrode耐磨堆焊焊条hardfacing electrode钴基合金堆焊焊条cobalt base alloy surfacing electrode碳化钨堆焊焊条tungsten carbide surfacing electrode高锰钢堆焊焊条high manganese steel surfacing electrode双芯焊条twin electrode绞合焊条stranded electrode编织焊条braided electrode双层药皮焊条double coated electrode管状焊条flux-cored electrode气渣联合保护型药皮semi-volatile covering焊条工艺性usability of the electrode/ technicality of the electrode 焊条使用性running characteristics of an electrode/ operating characteristics of an electrode焊条熔化性melting characteristics of an electrode焊条直径core diameter焊条偏心度eccentricity (of an electrode)药皮重量系数gravity coefficient of coating焊条药皮含水量percentage of moisture for covering焊条夹吃持端bare terminal (of an electrode)焊条引弧端striking end (of an elcetrode)焊剂welding flux/ flux熔炼焊剂fused flux粘结焊剂bonded flux烧结焊剂sintered flux/ agglomerated flux窄间隙埋弧焊焊剂flux for narrow-gap submerged arc welding低氢型焊剂low hydrogen type flux高速焊剂high speed welding flux无氧焊剂oxygen-free flux低毒焊剂low poison flux磁性焊剂magnetic flux电弧焊 arc welding直流电弧焊 direct current arc welding交流电弧焊 alternating current arc welding三相电弧焊 three phase arc welding熔化电弧焊 arc welding with consumable金属极电弧焊 metal arc welding不熔化极电弧焊 arc welding with nonconsumable碳弧焊 carbon arc welding明弧焊 open arc welding焊条电弧焊 shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)重力焊gravity welding躺焊 fire cracker welding电弧堆焊 arc surfacing自动堆焊 automatic surfacing躺板极堆焊 surfacing by fire cracker welding带极堆焊 surfacing with band-electrode振动电弧堆焊 vibratory arc surfacing耐磨堆焊 hardfacing埋弧焊 submerged arc welding (SAW)多丝埋弧焊multiple wire submerged arc welding纵列多丝埋弧焊 Tandem sequence (submerged-arc welding)横列多丝埋弧焊 series submerged arc welding (SAW-S)横列双丝并联埋弧焊 transverse submerged arc welding热丝埋弧焊 hot wire submerged-arc welding窄间隙埋弧焊 narrow-gap submerged arc welding弧压反馈电弧焊 arc voltage feedback controlling arc welding 自调节电弧焊 self-adjusting arc welding适应控制焊接 adaptive control welding焊剂层 burden; flux layer气体保护电弧焊 gas shielded arc welding保护气体 protective atmosphere惰性气体 inert-gas活性气体 active-gas惰性气体保护焊 inert-gas (arc) welding氩弧焊 argon arc welding熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊 metal inert-gas arc welding钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊 tungsten inert-gas arc welding钨极氢弧焊 argon tungsten arc welding脉冲氢弧焊 pulsed argon arc welding熔化极脉冲氢弧焊 argon metal pulsed arc welding钨极脉冲氢弧焊 argon tungsten pulsed arc welding热丝MIG焊 hot wire MIG welding热丝TIG焊 hot wire TIG welding氨弧焊 helium-arc welding活性气体保护电弧焊 metal active-gas arc welding混合气体保护电弧焊 mixed gas arc welding焊接专业英语词汇(4)Word by Word 全面学英语,人人背单词英语词汇网论坛二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊 carbon-dioxide arc welding; CO2 arc welding 细丝CO2焊 CO2 arc welding with thin wire粗丝CO2焊 CO2 arc welding with thick wire磁性焊剂CO2焊 unionarc welding药芯焊丝CO2焊 arcos arc process; dual shield arc welding气电立焊 electrogas (arc) welding氮弧焊 nitrogen-arc welding水蒸气保护电弧焊 water vapour arc welding原子氢焊 atomic hydrogen welding冲器室中电弧焊 controlled atmosphere arc welding旋转电弧焊 rotating arc welding短路过渡电弧焊 short circuiting arc welding焊丝横摆频率 weaving speed of wire焊丝停摆时间 electrode keep time of slider等离子弧焊 plasma arc welding (PAW)等离子弧 plasma arc等离子流 plasma jet转移弧 transferred arc非转移弧 nontransferred arc联合型等离子弧 combined plasma arc主弧 main arc维弧 pilot arc维弧电流 pilot arc surrent双弧现象 double arcing双弧临界电流 critical current of double arcing等离子弧焊枪 plasma (welding) torch压缩喷嘴 constricting nozzle单孔喷嘴 single port nozzle多孔喷嘴 multiport nozzle压缩喷嘴孔径 orifice diameter孔道长度 orifice throat length孔道比 orifice throat ratio等离子气 plasma gas; orifice gas电极内缩长度 electrode setback小孔效应 keyhole effect小孔型等离子弧焊 keyhole-mode welding熔透型等离子弧焊 fusion type plasma arc welding大电流等离子弧焊 high-current plasma arc welding中电流等离子弧焊 intermediate-current plasma arc welding小电流等离子弧焊 low-current plasma arc welding微束等离子弧焊 micro-plasma arc welding交流等离子弧焊 AC plasma arc welding脉冲等离子弧焊 pulsed plasma arc welding等离子弧堆焊plasma arc surfacing热丝等离子弧堆焊 hot wire plasma arc surfacing粉末等离子弧堆焊 plasma arc powder surfacing等离子-熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊 plasma MIG welding转移弧电源 transferred arc power supply非转移弧电源 nontransferred arc power supply电弧焊设备 arc welding equipment电弧焊机 arc welding machine直流弧焊机 DC arc welding machine交流弧焊机 AC arc welding machine交直流两用弧焊机 AC/DC arc welding machine单站弧焊机 single operator arc welding machine多站弧焊机 multi-operator arc welding set固定式弧焊机 stationary arc welding machine移动式弧焊机 portable arc welding machine台式弧焊机 bench arc welding machine内燃机驱动式弧焊机 combustion engine driven arc welding set电动机驱动式弧焊机 motor driven arc welding set熔化极弧焊机 arc welding machine using a consumable electrode不熔化极弧焊机 arc welding machine using a non-consumable electrode 脉冲弧焊机 pulsed arc welding machine气体保护弧焊机 gas shielded arc welding machine氩弧焊机 argon arc welding machine二氧化碳弧焊机 CO2 arc welding machine钨极惰性气体保护弧焊机 tungsten inert-gas welding machine熔化仍惰性气体保护弧焊机 metal inert-gas welding machine气电立焊机 electrogas (arc) welding machine等离子弧焊机 plasma arc welding machine微束等离子弧焊机 micro-plasma welding equipment原子氢焊机 atomic hydrogen welding apparatus埋弧焊机 submerged arc welding machine弧焊电源 arc welding power source直流弧焊电源 DC arc welding power source交流弧焊电源 AC arc welding power source交直流两用弧焊电源 AC/DC arc welding power source脉冲弧焊电源 pulsed arc welding power source上升特性弧焊电源 rising characteristic arc welding power source平特性弧焊电源 constant –voltage arc welding power source下降特性弧焊电源 dropping characteristic arc welding power source 垂降特性弧焊电源 constant-current arc welding power source多特性弧焊电源 slope-controlled arc welding power source逆变式焊接电源 inverter welding power source晶体管弧焊电源 transistor arc welding power source电源动特性 dynamic characteristic电源外特性 external characteristic弧焊变压器 arc welding transformer弧焊整流器 arc welding rectifier硅弧焊整流器 silicon arc welding rectifier晶闸管弧焊整流器 SCR arc welding rectifier; arc welding silicon controlled rectifier脉冲弧焊整流器 pulsed arc welding rectifier弧焊发电机 arc welding generator焊车 welding tractor焊接机头 welding head行走机构 traveller送丝机构 wire feeder等速送丝方式 constant wire-feed system变速送丝方式 alternate wire-feed system跟踪装置tracer焊丝盘 wire reel焊钳 electrode holder焊枪 welding gun电极夹 electrode holder导电嘴 tip; contact tube喷嘴 nozzle焊剂漏斗 flux-hopper高频振荡器 oscillator; HF unit脉冲引弧器 pulsed arc starter; surge injector脉冲稳弧器 pulsed arc stabilizer脉冲激弧器 pulsed arc exciter输出电抗器 out put reactor镇定变阻器 ballast rheostat直流分量抑制器 direct current suppressor焊接回路 welding circuit额定焊接电流 rated welding current焊接电流调节范围 range of welding current regulation空载电压 open circuit voltage(no load voltage)约定负载电压 conventional load voltage负载持续率 duty cycle额定负载持续率 rated duty cycle; standard service手工弧焊机 manual arc welding machine电焊渣 electroslag welding (ESW)手工电渣焊 manual electroslag welding丝极电渣焊 electroslag welding with wire electrode板极电渣焊 electroslag welding with plate electrode 熔嘴电渣焊 electroslag welding with consumable nozzle 管极电渣焊 electroslag welding with tube electrode窄间隙电渣焊 narrow-gap electroslag welding电渣堆焊 electroslag surfacing电渣焊机 electrosalg welding machine熔嘴 consumable nozzle; consumable wire钢档板 steel shoe (192页)钢冷却板 Cu-cooling plate铜滑板copper shoe渣池slag bath渣池深度depth of slag bath渣池电压voltage of slag bath电渣过程稳定性electroslag process stability焊丝间距distance between welding wires电子束焊electron beam welding (EBW)脉冲电子束焊pulsed electron beam welding加速电压acceleration voltage/ operating voltage电子束电流beam current电子束功率beam power电子束功率密度beam power density焦点focal spot焦距focal length工作距离work distance电子束焊机electron beam welding machine高真空电子束焊机full vacuum electron beam welder低真空电子束焊机partial vacuum electron beam welder 非真空电子束焊机nonvacuum electron beam welder真空度vacuum电子枪electron gun二极电子枪diode gun三极电子枪triode gun偏压电极bias electrode电磁透镜electromagnetic lens电子束偏转线圈electron beam deflection coils导流系数perveance钉尖spiking激光焊laser welding/ laser beam welding连续激光焊continuous laser welding脉冲激光焊impulsed laser welding激光焊机laser welding equipment气体激光器gas laser固体激光器solid laser焦斑直径focussed diameter of the beam离焦量clearance between focal point and (plate) surface 焊缝深宽比weld seam depth-to-width ratio气焊gas welding氧乙炔焊 oxy-acetylene welding氢氧焊 oxy-hydrogen welding空气乙炔焊 air-acetylene welding氧乙炔焊 oxy-acetylene flame氢氧焰 oxy-hydrogen flame氧煤气焰 oxy-coal gas flame焊接火焰 welding flame混合比 mixing ratio混合气体可燃范围 inflammable limit of the gaseous一次燃烧 primary combustion二次燃烧 secondary combustion燃烧速度 combustion rate燃烧强度 combustion intensity火焰热效率 flame heating efficiency焰芯 inner cone; flame cone内焰 internal flame外焰 flame envelope中性焰 neutral flame氧化焰 oxidizing flame碳化焰 carburizing flame还原区 reducing zone火焰稳定性 flame stability回火 flashback逆火 backfire回烧 flashback气体发生速度 gasification speed焊炬 torch; blow pipe等压式焊炬 balanced pressure torch射吸式焊炬 injector torch氧乙炔焊炬 oxy-acetylene torch焊割两用炬 combined cutting and welding torch混合室 mixing chamber喷射器 injector焊嘴 welding nozzle; welding tip液氧气化器 oxygen evaporator气瓶 gas cylinder乙炔瓶 acetylene cylinder阀罩 cylinder cap气瓶阀 cylinder valve汇流排 cylinder manifold减压器 pressure regulator; gas regulator单级减压器 single stage regulator两级减压器 two stage regulator回火防止器 flashback arrestor干式回火防止器 dry flashback arrestor水封式回火防止器 water-closing type arrestor净化器 purifier乙炔发生器 acetylene generator低压乙炔发生器 low pressure acetylene generator热剂焊 thermit welding (TW)热剂补焊 thermit repair welding钢轨热剂焊 thermit rail welding热剂 thermit powder热剂钢水 thermit steel热剂反应 thermit reaction热剂溶渣 thermit slag热剂铸模 thermit mold; mold for thermit weld热剂坩埚 thermit crucible焊筋 collar水下焊 underwater welding水下气体保护电弧焊 underwater gas shielded arc welding水下等离子弧焊 underwater plasma arc welding温式水下焊wet method underwater welding干式水下焊 dry method underwater welding局部干式水下焊 local dry underwater welding水帘局部干式水下焊 water curtain type dry underwater welding 遥控水下焊 remote controlled underwater welding电弧空腔 arc bubble电阻焊 resistance welding (RW)点焊 spot welding; resistance spot welding凸焊 projection welding缝焊 seam welding滚点焊 roll-spot welding连续点焊 stitch welding多点焊 multiple spot welding手压点焊 push welding; poke welding脉冲点焊 pulsation spot welding; multiple-impulse welding双面点焊 direct spot welding单面点焊 indirect spot welding串联点焊 series spot welding多点凸焊multiple projection welding频道进缝焊 step-by-step seam welding压平缝焊 mash seam welding串联缝焊 series seam welding对接缝焊 butt seam welding; foil-butt seam电阻对焊 upset butt welding闪光对焊 flash butt welding (FBW)储能焊 stored energy welding电容储能点焊 condenser discharge spot welding高频电阻焊 high frequency resistance welding冲击电阻焊 percussion welding胶接点焊 spot weld-bonding; weld-bonding闪光 flashing; flash过梁 bridge; lintel顶锻 upsetting; upset夹紧力 clamping force顶锻力 upsetting force; upset force电极压力 electrode force; electrode pressure电极滑移 electrode skid焊接循环 welding cycle预压时间 squeeze time锻压时间 forge-delay time; forge time焊接通电时间（电阻焊）welding time (resistance welding) 预热时间 preheat time加热时间 heat time冷却时间 cool time间歇时间 quench time; chill time回火时间 temper time维持时间 hold time休止时间 off time闪光时间flash time; flashing time顶锻时间 upset time; upsetting time有电顶锻时间 upset current time无电顶锻时间 upset current-off time闪光速度 flashing speed闪光电流 flashing current; flash current顶锻电流 upset current预热电流 preheat current回火电流 temper current调伸长度 initial overhange; extension总留量 total allowance闪光留量 flash allowance顶锻留量 upset allowance顶锻速度 upset speed电极接触面 electrode contact surface贴合面 faying surface。

焊接专业英语词汇（焊接及相关工艺英文缩写）AW——ARC WELDING——电弧焊AHW——atomic hydrogen welding——原子氢焊BMAW——bare metal arc welding——无保护金属丝电弧焊CAW——carbon arc welding——碳弧焊CAW-G——gas carbon arc welding——气保护碳弧焊CAW-S——shielded carbon arc welding——有保护碳弧焊CAW-T——twin carbon arc welding——双碳极间电弧焊EGW——electrogas welding——气电立焊FCAW——flux cored arc welding——药芯焊丝电弧焊FCW-G——gas-shielded flux cored arc welding——气保护药芯焊丝电弧焊FCW-S——self-shielded flux cored arc welding——自保护药芯焊丝电弧焊GMAW——gas metal arc welding——熔化极气体保护电弧焊GMAW-P——pulsed arc——熔化极气体保护脉冲电弧焊GMAW-S——short circuiting arc——熔化极气体保护短路过度电弧焊GTAW——gas tungsten arc welding——钨极气体保护电弧焊GTAW-P——pulsed arc——钨极气体保护脉冲电弧焊MIAW——magnetically impelled arc welding——磁推力电弧焊PAW——plasma arc welding——等离子弧焊SMAW——shielded metal arc welding——焊条电弧焊SW——stud arc welding——螺栓电弧焊SAW——submerged arc welding——埋弧焊SAW-S——series——横列双丝埋弧焊RW——RWSISTANCE WELDING——电阻焊FW——flash welding——闪光焊RW-PC——pressure controlled resistance welding——压力控制电阻焊PW——projection welding——凸焊RSEW——resistance seam welding——电阻缝焊RSEW-HF——high-frequency seam welding——高频电阻缝焊RSEW-I——induction seam welding——感应电阻缝焊RSEW-MS——mash seam welding——压平缝焊RSW——resistance spot welding——点焊UW——upset welding——电阻对焊UW-HF——high-frequency ——高频电阻对焊UW-I——induction——感应电阻对焊SSW——SOLID STATE WELDING——固态焊CEW——co-extrusion welding——CW——cold welding——冷压焊DFW——diffusion welding——扩散焊HIPW——hot isostatic pressure diffusion welding——热等静压扩散焊EXW——explosion welding——爆炸焊FOW——forge welding——锻焊FRW——friction welding——摩擦焊FRW-DD——direct drive friction welding——径向摩擦焊FSW——friction stir welding——搅拌摩擦焊FRW-I——inertia friction welding——惯性摩擦焊HPW——hot pressure welding——热压焊ROW——roll welding——热轧焊USW——ultrasonic welding——超声波焊S——SOLDERING——软钎焊DS——dip soldering——浸沾钎焊FS——furnace soldering——炉中钎焊IS——induction soldering——感应钎焊IRS——infrared soldering——红外钎焊INS——iron soldering——烙铁钎焊RS——resistance soldering——电阻钎焊TS——torch soldering——火焰钎焊UUS——ultrasonic soldering——超声波钎焊WS——wave soldering——波峰钎焊B——BRAZING——软钎焊BB——block brazing——块钎焊DFB——diffusion brazing——扩散焊DB——dip brazing——浸沾钎焊EXB——exothermic brazing——反应钎焊FB——furnace brazing——炉中钎焊IB——induction brazing——感应钎焊IRB——infrared brazing——红外钎焊RB——resistance brazing——电阻钎焊TB——torch brazing——火焰钎焊TCAB——twin carbon arc brazing——双碳弧钎焊OFW——OXYFUEL GAS WELDING——气焊AAW——air-acetylene welding——空气乙炔焊OAW——oxy-acetylene welding——氧乙炔焊OHW——oxy-hydrogen welding——氢氧焊PGW——pressure gas welding——气压焊OTHER WELDING AND JOINING——其他焊接与连接方法AB——adhesive bonding——粘接BW——braze welding——钎接焊ABW——arc braze welding——电弧钎焊CABW——carbon arc braze welding——碳弧钎焊EBBW——electron beam braze welding——电子束钎焊EXBW——exothermic braze welding——热反应钎焊FLB——flow brazing——波峰钎焊FLOW——flow welding——波峰焊LBBW——laser beam braze welding——激光钎焊EBW——electron beam welding——电子束焊EBW-HV——high vacuum——高真空电子束焊EBW-MV——medium vacuum——中真空电子束焊EBW-NV——non vacuum——非真空电子束焊ESW——electroslag welding——电渣焊ESW-CG——consumable guide eletroslag welding——熔嘴电渣焊IW——induction welding——感应焊LBW——laser beam welding——激光焊PEW——percussion welding——冲击电阻焊TW——thermit welding——热剂焊THSP——THERMAL SPRAYING——热喷涂ASP——arc spraying——电弧喷涂FLSP——flame spraying——火焰喷涂FLSP-W——wire flame spraying——丝材火焰喷涂HVOF——high velocity oxyfuel spraying——高速氧燃气喷涂PSP——plasma spraying——等离子喷涂VPSP-W——vacuum plasma spraying——真空等离子喷涂TC——THERMAL CUTTING——热切割OC——OXYGEN CUTTING——气割OC-F——flux cutting——熔剂切割OC-P——metal powder cutting——金属熔剂切割OFC——oxyfuel gas cutting——氧燃气切割CFC-A——oxyacetylene cutting——氧乙炔切割CFC-H——oxyhydrogen cutting——氢氧切割CFC-N——oxynatural gas cutting——氧天然气切割CFC-P——oxypropanne cutting——氧丙酮切割OAC——oxygen arc cutting——氧气电弧切割OG——oxygen gouging——气刨OLC——oxygen lance cutting——氧矛切割AC——ARC CUTTING——电弧切割CAC——carbon arc cutting——碳弧切割CAC-A——air carbon arc cutting——空气碳弧切割GMAC——gas metal arc cutting——熔化极气体保护电弧切割GTAC——gas tungsten arc cutting——钨极气体保护电弧切割PAC——plasma arc cutting——等离子弧切割SMAC——shielded metal arc cutting——焊条电弧切割HIGH ENERGY BEAM CUTTING——高能束切割EBC——electron beam cutting——电子束切割LBC——laser beam cutting——激光切割LBC-A——air——空气激光切割LBC-EV——evaporative——蒸气激光切割LBC-IG——inert gas——惰性气体激光切割LBC-O——oxygen——氧气激光切割激光切割laser cutting(LC); laser beam cutting电子束切割electron beam cutting喷气激光切割gas jet laser cutting碳弧切割carbon arc cutting水下切割underwater cutting喷水式水下电弧切割waterjet method underwater arc cutting氧矛切割oxygen lancing; oxygen lance cutting溶剂氧切割powder lancing手工气割manual oxygen cutting自动气割automatic oxygen cutting仿形切割shape cutting数控切割NC (numerical-control) cutting快速切割high-speed cutting垂直切割square cut叠板切割stack cutting坡口切割beveling; bevel cutting碳弧气割carbon arc air gouging火焰气刨flame gouging火焰表面清理scarfing氧熔剂表面修整powder washing预热火焰preheat flame预热氧preheat oxygen切割氧cutting oxygen/ cutting stream切割速度cutting speed切割线line of cut/ cut line切割面face of cut/ cut face切口kerf切口上缘cutting shoulder切口宽度kerf width后拖量drag切割面平面度evenness of cutting surface/ planeness of cutting surface 割纹深度depth of cutting veins/ stria depth切割面质量quality of cut face上缘熔化度shoulder meltability/ melting degree of shoulder切口角kerf angle缺口notch挂渣adhering slag结瘤dross割炬cutting torch/ cutting blowpipe/ oxygen-fuel gas cutting torch割枪cutting gun割嘴cutting nozzle/ cutting tip快速割嘴divergent nozzle/ high-speed nozzle表面割炬gouging blowpipe水下割炬under-water cutting blowpipe水下割条electrode for under-water cutting粉剂罐powder dispenser数控切割机NC cutting machine门式切割机flame planer光电跟踪切割机photo-electric tracing cutting火焰切管机pipe flame cutting machine磁轮式气割机gas cutting machine with magnetic wheels 焊接结构welded structure/ welded construction焊件weldment焊接部件weld assembly组装件built-up member接头设计joint design焊接应力welding stress焊接瞬时应力transient welding stress焊接残余应力welding residual stress热应力thermal stress收缩应力contraction stress局部应力local stress拘束应力constraint stress固有应力inherent stress固有应变区inherent strain zone残余应力测定residual stress analysis逐层切割法Sach’s methodX射线衍射法X-ray stress analysis小孔释放法Mathar method固有应变法inherent strain method消除应力stress relieving局部消除应力local stress relieving应力重分布stress redistribution退火消除应力stress relieving by annealing温差拉伸消除应力low temperature stress relieving机械拉伸消除应力mechanical stress relieving应力松弛stress relaxation焊接变形welding deformation焊接残余变形welding residual deformation局部变形local deformation角变形angular distortion自由变形free deformation收缩变形contraction deformation错边变形mismatching deformation挠曲变形deflection deformation波浪变形wave-like deformation火焰矫正flame straightening反变形backward deformation焊接力学welding mechanics断裂力学fracture mechanics弹塑性断裂变形elasto-plastic fracture mechanics线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics延性断裂ductile fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture应力腐蚀开裂stress corrosion cracking热应变脆化hot straining embrittlement临界裂纹尺寸critical crack size裂纹扩展速率crack propagation rate裂纹张开位移（COD）crack opening displacement拘束度restraint intensity拘束系数restraint coefficient应变速率strain rate断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor临界应力强度因子critical stress intensity factors应力腐蚀临界应力强度因子critical stress intensity factor of stress corrosion cracking J积分J-integration罗伯逊止裂试验Robertson crack arrest testESSO试验ESSO test双重拉伸试验doucle tension test韦尔斯宽板拉伸试验Well’s wide plate test帕瑞斯公式Paris formula断裂分析图fracture analysis diagram焊接车间welding shop焊接工作间welding booth焊接工位welding post/ welding station焊接环境welding surroundings焊工welder电焊工manual arc welder气焊工gas welder焊接检验员weld inspector焊工培训welders training焊工模拟训练器trainer of synthetic weld焊工考试welder qualification test焊工合格证welder qualification/ welder qualified certification钢板预处理steel plate pretreatment喷沙sand blast喷丸shot blast矫正straighten开坡口bevelling (of the edge)/ chanfering装配assembly/ fitting安装erect刚性固定rigid fixing装配焊接顺序sequence of fitting and welding焊接工艺评定welding procedure qualification（转载自第一范文网，请保留此标记。

焊接的基本概念知识⑴熔化焊接（Fusion welding）手工电弧焊（SMAW：Shielded meta l arc weldi ng）埋弧焊（SAW：Submerged arc welding）钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊（TIG：Tungsten Inert-Gas arc welding）⑵压力焊接（Pressure welding）熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊（MIG：meta l Inert-gas arc welding）爆炸焊（Expl osive welding）冷压焊（Cold welding）摩擦焊（Friction welding）扩散焊（Diffusion weldin g）焊缝接头（Welded joint）⑶钎焊（Soldering(软钎焊)/Brazing（硬钎焊））电阻钎焊（resistance brazing）火焰钎焊（torch brazing/ soldering）热压焊：hot pressure welding 电渣焊：electroslag welding薄钢板的焊接（We iling of thin steel sheets）电子束焊：electron beam welding 电阻焊：resistance welding 点焊: Spot w eld对接接头(Butt joint); 搭接接头（Lap joint）；角接接头（Fillet weld）T型接头（T-joint/Tee joint）最常用的是:对接接头（Butt joint is the most used one）不开坡口的对接接头（Butt joint without groove）两焊件端面相对平行的接头（The joint whose welding suefaces of both wel ding parts are parallel is called butt joint.）如果产品在厚度方向上不要求全焊透，可进行单面焊接，应必须保证焊缝的计算厚度H≥0.7δ，δ为板厚。

11规则大连海事最新轮机英语题库翻译（一）作者：系统管理员来源：发布时间： [2014-02-21] 点击数： 761第一节 1.1.11. With____, the engine needs not to be aligned with reduction or propeller shaft.A. diesel engine propulsionB. diesel electric propulsionC. steam engine propulsionD.gas turbine propulsionB对于发电式柴油机，发动机不需要与减速齿轮或螺旋桨轴对中。

2. The_____ engine is used for alternators and sometimes for main propulsion witha gearbox to provide a propeller speed of between 90 and120 r/min.A. four-strokeB. slow-speedC. two-strokeD. reversibleA 四冲程柴油机用于交流发电机，有时用于主推进装置，带有减速齿轮箱，提供螺旋桨的速度为90-120转/分。

3. Each type of engine has its applications, which on board ship have resulted in the slow-speed main propulsion diesel operating ______cycle.A. on four-strokeB. both on two-stroke and on four-strokeC. on two-strokeD. either on two-stroke or on four-strokeC 每种柴油机都有其船上的应用，低速柴油机是以二冲程循环来工作的。

焊接残余应力的研究进展毕长刚【摘要】The research progress of the welding residual stress at home and abroad is summarized by the research methods and the means of the residual stress. The development and the problems to be solved are thoroughly discussed, so as to provide the direction for the optimal design of the stability of engineering structures.%结合残余应力的研究方法与手段，综述了焊接残余应力在国内外的研究进展，并对焊接残余应力的发展趋势及其有待解决的问题进行了深入探讨，为工程结构稳定性优化设计提供指导。

【期刊名称】《山西建筑》【年(卷),期】2012(038)021【总页数】3页(P37-39)【关键词】焊接残余应力;数值模拟;有限元【作者】毕长刚【作者单位】沈阳有色冶金设计研究院,辽宁沈阳110003【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TU755.320 引言焊接残余应力是焊接工程研究领域的重点问题。

涉及焊接的各种工程应用中，都十分关注残余应力的影响。

例如，在土木工程领域，对于钢结构焊接连接，残余应力对结构的疲劳性能、稳定承载力等均有影响。

因此，对焊接残余应力的研究越来越引起人们的注意。

1 焊接残余应力在国外的研究现状起始于20世纪30年代的一些简单的试验的测量和数据的整理，开始了人们对焊接应力应变的分析和研究，然后50年代～60年代通过研究人员理论经验和数据的不断积累逐渐形成了一些在理论方面的权威理论作品，例如梅兰和帕尔库斯的《由于定常温度场而产生的热应力》和帕尔库斯单独写的《非定常热应力》[1]，全面的总结当时人们在焊接应力应变方面取得的一些进展。

收稿日期:2006-04-29基金项目:国家留学回国人员科技活动择优资助项目(200209);江苏省“六大人才高峰”项目(06-D -035)换热器管子与管板焊接接头残余应力数值模拟蒋文春,　巩建鸣,　陈　虎,　涂善东(南京工业大学机械与动力工程学院,南京　210009)摘　要:利用有限元软件AB AQUS ,对换热器管子与管板焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了焊接接头残余应力的分布规律,比较了伸出角接头和内角接头的优劣。

计算结果表明,内角接头残余应力比伸出角接头小。

最大径向应力出现在管板表面的热影响区,对管板表面裂纹有主要影响。

最大环向应力出现在焊缝根部,对管子与管板连接失效影响较大。

相邻两换热管之间,由于后面换热管的焊接加热作用,使前面管子焊缝局部应力值下降,有利于降低应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性。

研究结果为优化换热器管子与管板的焊接工艺、控制残余应力提供了理论依据。

关键词:换热器;管子与管板;焊接残余应力;有限元ABAQUS中图分类号:TG404 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0253-360X (2006)12-001-04蒋文春0　序 言换热器最主要的失效形式为管子与管板的连接失效[1～6]。

一方面,存在于焊接接头的残余应力为应力腐蚀提供了条件。

另一方面,管子与管板孔之间存在间隙,壳程介质进入到间隙死角之中,会引起缝隙腐蚀。

因此,换热管与管板连接处成为事故率最多部位,其连接方式成为换热器设计、制造最关键技术之一。

传统换热器绝大部分采用管子伸出管板的角焊结构,内角接头作为另外一种接头形式,在国外换热器中使用较多[7],被广泛应用于核电站蒸发器的管子与管板接头上。

近年来,随着国外化工企业的大量涌入,内角接头在中国也被越来越多地使用。

目前,关于管子与管板焊接接头完整性的研究,主要集中在焊接接头失效行为的研究[3～6],从设计制造等方面采取措施来控制应力腐蚀开裂。

Merah [8]等利用有限元法研究了管子和管板间隙对接头强度的影响。

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焊接专业英语词汇(6)焊接专业英语词汇(6)焊接专业英语词汇(6)激光切割laser cutting(lc); laser beam cutting电子束切割electron beam cutting喷气激光切割gas jet laser cutting碳弧切割carbon arc cutting水下切割underwater cutting喷水式水下电弧切割waterjet method underwater arc cutting氧矛切割oxygen lancing; oxygen lance cutting溶剂氧切割powder lancing手工气割manual oxygen cutting自动气割automatic oxygen cutting仿形切割shape cutting数控切割nc (numerical-control) cutting快速切割high-speed cutting垂直切割square cut叠板切割stack cutting坡口切割beveling; bevel cutting碳弧气割carbon arc air gouging火焰气刨flame gouging火焰表面清理scarfing氧熔剂表面修整powder washing预热火焰preheat flame预热氧preheat oxygen切割氧cutting oxygen/ cutting stream切割速度cutting speed切割线lone of cut/ cut line切割面face of cut/ cut face切口kerf切口上缘cutting shoulder切口宽度kerf width后拖量drag切割面平面度evenness of cutting surface/ planeness of cutting surface割纹深度depth of cutting veins/ stria depth切割面质量quality of cut face上缘熔化度shoulder meltability/ melting degree of shoulder切口角kerf angle缺口notch挂渣adhering slag结瘤dross割炬cutting torch/ cutting blowpipe/ oxygen-fuel gas cutting torch割枪cutting gun割嘴cutting nozzle/ cutting tip快速割嘴divergent nozzle/ high-speed nozzle表面割炬gouging blowpipe水下割炬under-water cutting blowpipe水下割条electrode for under-water cutting粉剂罐powder dispenser数控切割机nc cutting machine门式切割机flame planer光电跟踪切割机photo-electric tracing cutting火焰切管机pipe flame cutting machine磁轮式气割机gas cutting machine with magnetic wheels焊接结构welded structure/ welded construction焊件weldment焊接部件weld assembly组装件built-up member接头设计joint design焊接应力welding stress焊接瞬时应力transient welding stress焊接残余应力welding residual stress热应力thermal stress收缩应力contraction stress局部应力local stress拘束应力constraint stress固有应力inherent stress固有应变区inherent strain zone残余应力测定residual stress analysis逐层切割法sach’s methodx射线衍射法x-ray stress analysis小孔释放法mathar method固有应变法inherent strain method消除应力stress relieving局部消除应力local stress relieving应力重分布stress redistribution退火消除应力stress relieving by annealing温差拉伸消除应力low temperature stress relieving 机械拉伸消除应力mechanical stress relieving应力松弛stress relaxation焊接变形welding deformation焊接残余变形welding residual deformation局部变形local deformation角变形angular distortion自由变形free deformation收缩变形contraction deformation错边变形mismatching deformation挠曲变形deflection deformation波浪变形wave-like deformation火焰矫正flame straightening反变形backward deformation焊接力学welding mechanics断裂力学fracture mechanics弹塑性断裂变形elasto-plastic fracture mechanics 线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics 延性断裂ductile fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture应力腐蚀开裂stress corrosion cracking热应变脆化hot straining embrittlement临界裂纹尺寸critical crack size裂纹扩展速率crack propagation rate裂纹张开位移（cod）crack opening displacement 拘束度restraint intensity拘束系数restraint coefficient应变速率strain rate断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor临界应力强度因子critical stress intensity factors应力腐蚀临界应力强度因子critical stress intensity factor of stress corrosion crackingj积分j-integration罗伯逊止裂试验robertson crack arrest testesso试验esso test双重拉伸试验doucle tension test韦尔斯宽板拉伸试验well’s wide plate test帕瑞斯公式paris formula断裂分析图fracture analysis diagram焊接车间welding shop焊接工作间welding booth焊接工位welding post/ welding station焊接环境welding surroundings焊工welder电焊工manual arc welder气焊工gas welder焊接检验员weld inspector焊工培训welders training焊工模拟训练器trainer of synthetic weld焊工考试welder qualification test焊工合格证welder qualification/ welder qualified certification钢板预处理steel plate pretreatment喷沙sand blast喷丸shot blast矫正straighten开坡口bevelling (of the edge)/ chanfering装配assembly/ fitting安装erect刚性固定rigid fixing装配焊接顺序sequence of fitting and welding焊接工艺评定welding procedure qualification焊接工艺规程welding procedure specification焊接工艺试验welding procedure test焊接工艺卡welding procedure card工序operational sequence焊接材料消耗定额welding consumables quota焊接工时定额welder-hour quota清渣slag removal清根back gouging/ back chipping锤击peening返修次数number of rewelding焊接工作台welding bench装焊平台welding platen电磁平台electromagnetic platen焊接翻转机welding tilter焊接回转台floor turnable positioner焊接变位机positioner焊接滚轮架turning rolls焊接操作机manpulator焊工升降台welder’s lifting platform焊接夹具welding jig/ fixture磁力夹紧器magnetic jig螺旋推撑器screw operated tensioning unit 焊丝盘绕机welding wire coiler焊条压涂机welding electrode extrusion press 红外线加热器infra-red heater干燥箱dryer焊条保温筒thermostat for electrode流量计flow meterco2预热器co2 heaterco2干燥器co2 desiccator焊接电缆welding cable电缆夹头welding connector地线earth lead地线夹头earth clamp焊接参数记录仪welding parameter recorder 焊缝检测规weld gauge喷嘴通针tip cleaner测温笔tempil stick敲渣锤chipping hammer焊接衬垫backing/ welding backing保留垫板fusible backing/ permanent backing 临时垫板temporary backing焊剂垫flux backing惰性气体衬垫inert-gas backing引弧板run-on tab/ end tab/ starting weld tab 引出板run-off tab/ end tab定位板strong-back加强勒stiffener嵌条insert套环ferrule面罩helmet滤光镜片filter glass/ welding glass防护镜片cover glass/ plain glass气焊眼镜welding goggles焊接机器人welding robot点焊机器人spot welding robot弧焊机器人arc welding robot切割机器人cutting robot焊接机器人生产线robot line for welding焊接机器人工作站welding robot station机器人运动自由degree of free for robot机器人工作空间robot working space轨迹重复精度path repeatability点位重复精度ptp repeatability焊接专家系统welding expert system焊接机器人示数welding robot play back焊接图象识别pattern recognition for welding焊接图象处理welding image processing计算机辅助焊接工艺设计computer-aided welding process programming (cawpp)计算机辅助焊接结构设计computer-aided design for welding structure焊接烟尘weld fume焊接发尘量total amount of fumes焊接烟尘浓度weld fume concentration焊接烟尘容限浓度threshold limit values of weld fume (tlv) 焊接发尘速率weld fume emission rate焊接有害气体welding toxic gases/ weld harmful gases标定卫生空气需要量nominal hygienic air requirement焊工尘肺pheumocomsis of welder焊工锰中毒chronic occupational manganese poisoning of welder焊工氟中毒fluorosis of welder焊工金属烟热metal fume fever of welder电光性眼炎eye-flash (arc eye)电光性皮炎electro-photo dermatitis电弧紫外线灼伤ultraviolet ray burn防电击装置voltage reducing device除尘装置dust collection device焊工手套welding gloves护脚welding spats防护鞋shielding shoes焊接欠缺welding imperfection焊接缺陷weld defect气孔blowhole/ gas pore针尖状气孔pinhole密集气孔porosity条虫状气孔wormhole裂纹crack表面裂纹surface crack咬边undercut焊瘤overlap凹坑pit烧穿burn through塌陷excessive penetration未焊透incomplete penetration/ lack of penetration 未熔合lack of fusion/ incomplete fusion未焊满incompletely filled weld根部凹陷root concavity电弧擦伤arc scratch夹渣slag inclusion夹杂物inclusion夹钨tungsten inclusion白点fish eye/ flake错边misalignment/ dislocation试件test piece试样test specimen无损检验nondestructive test破坏检验destructive test外观检查visual examination超声波探伤ultrasonic inspection直射法超声波探伤straight beam method斜射法超声波探伤angle beam method液浸法超声波探伤immersion method射线探伤radiographic inspection/ radiographyx射线探伤x-ray radiographic inspectionγ射线探伤gamma-ray inspectionx射线工业电视探伤x-ray industrial television inspection 磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection电磁探伤electromagnetic inspection/ eddy current test 探伤灵敏度flaw detection sensitivity渗透探伤penetration inspection荧光探伤flurescent penetrant inspection着色探伤dye penetrant inspection密封性检验leak test气密性检验air tight test枕形气密检验pillow test耐压检验pressure test水压检验hydraulic test气压检验pneumatic test液晶检验liquid crystal test声发射检测acoustic emission testing 面弯试验face bend testing背弯试验root bend test侧弯试验side bend test横弯试验horizontal bend test纵弯试验axial bend test压扁试验squeezing test焊接专业英语词汇(6) 相关内容:。