customers from globalsources

一、环球资源（一）、页面介绍：综合功能图标1、“已核实供应商”体系主要包括以下三个方面的内容：☜“已核实供应商”☜由环球资源提供；☜供应商在成为环球资源“已核实供应商”之前，环球资源都已实地走访这些供应商至少三次，并确保这些供应商具备出口实力与诚意；更通过专业团队与供应商紧密合作，核实供应商信息的真实性以及及时更新。

☜“供应商信誉报告”☜由顶尖的风险管理信息提供商新华信与First Advantage 提供；该报告的内容由两家代理公司从政府相关部门获得的信息汇编而成；主动将这些信息展示到贵公司的主页上，向买家显示贵公司的运作是透明的。

买家认为信用审核报告里的信息很有价值，因为买家可以从中了解您是不是真实存在，合法注册的，值得信赖的公司。

☜“供应商评估服务”☜由环球资源携手全球最大的权威认证机构之一的必维国际检验集团共同推出；评估内容是基于第三方权威认证机构的专业审核人员对供应商生产能力的实地审核，此评估能使供应商从当今同行业竞争者中脱颖而出，进而吸引更多新的买家的关注．供应商实力评估报告能给买家提供如下重要信息：工厂概况，法律实体，出口市场，生产能力，管理系统和认证，质量检验与公司扩展潜力，介绍照片，公司组织结构图，质量管理体系证书等，通过能力评估来向买家展示贵司的资源与公司实力，从而证实公司是稳健的且有实力满足买家对产品质量的要求．您可以通过专用供应商目录来在线申请供应商能力评估或者直接联系您的客服主任！2、更灵活的用环球资源做采购Source Smarter with Global Sources更灵活的用环球资源做采购Here are 4 ways Global Sources can help grow your business以下是环球资源帮助您发展业务的四种方式Verified Suppliers let you source with more confidence☜•已核实供应商——让您更有信心的采购We ensure each supplier is authentic with a legally registered business☜•我们确保每一个供应商都是真实并合法注册的We confirm that the listed contact person represents the registered company ☜•我们确保列表上的联系人都是来自于注册公司的We visit the company 3 or more times to ensure they are export-ready and have real offices and products☜•我们会对供应商至少做3次以上的拜访，以确保他们具备出口的能力并且有真实存在的办公室和货品We check that the company information is valid and accurate ☜•我们会去检验公司信息是否有效、真实We reject any suppliers that do not meet the standards of our community ☜•我们拒绝任何不符合我们团体标准的供应商We work closely with intellectual property rights holders to remove any infringing products listed, however☜•我们与知识产权持有人做紧密的合作，若出现任何的侵权产品，我们将进行删除We do not conduct product inspections. Contact our partner, Bureau Veritas , to discuss your specific product inspection requirements☜我们不进行产品的检验。

全球市场营销重要知识点罗列（中英文）Global marketing Chapter one掌握：营销概念：Although marketing is universal, marketing practice, of course,varies from country to country.了解：The market conceptThe New concept of marketing and the Four Ps: shifted the focus of marketing from the product to the customer.The strategic 1.concept of marketing: shifted the focus of marketing from the customer or the product to the customer in the context of the broader external environment.2.the strategic concept of marketing has shifted the focus of marketing from a microeconomics maximization paradigm to a focus of managing strategic partnerships and positioning the firm between vendors and customers in the value chain with the aim and purpose of creating value for customers.掌握：THE THREE PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING1.Customer value and the value equationThe task of marketing is to create customer value that is greater than the value created by competitors./doc/1312473186.html,petitive or differential advantageThe advantage can exist in any element of the company’s offer: the product, the price, the advertising and point-of-sale promotion, or the distribution of the product.V=B/P3.FocusThe third marketing principle is focus, or the concentration of attention.掌握：全球本土化概念（global localization）：it means asuccessful global marketer must have the ability to “think globally and act locally”掌握：MANAGEMENT ORIENTATION1.Ethnocentric (母国中心)---------international companyHome country is superior, sees similarities in foreign countries2.Polycentric（东道国中心）-----------multinational companyEach host country is unique sees differences in foreign countries3.Regiocentric（区域中心）----------global companySees similarities and differences in the world region; is ethnocentric or polycentric the rest of the world.4.Geocentric （世界中心）-------------transnational companyWorldview, sees similarities and differences in home and host countries.了解：Leverage定义：Leverage is simply some type of advantage that a company enjoys by virtue of the fact that it conducts business in more than one country.类型：1.experience transfers(经验移植) 2.Scale economies （规模经济：可降低成本）3.resource utilization （资源利用）4.global strategy（全球化战略）Chapter two了解ECONOMIC SYSTEMS1.Market allocationA market allocation system is one that relies on consumers to allocate resources.Consumers“write” the economic plan by deciding what will be produced by whom./doc/1312473186.html,mand or centralplan allocationIn a command allocation system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest.These include deciding which products to make and how to make them.3. Mixed allocation了解STAGES OF MARKET DEVELOMENTUsing GNP as a base , we have divided global markets into four categories.1.low-income countries(also known as preindustrial countries)2.lower-middle-income countries(also known as less developed countries or LDCs)3.upper-middle-income countries(also known as industrializing countries)4.high-income countries(also known as advanced , industrialized, postindustrial countries) chapter three 了解：BASIC ASPERTS OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE①It is learned, not innate②The various facts of culture are interrelated, influence or change one aspect of a culture and everything else is affected.③It is shared by members of groups and defines the boundaries between different groups.掌握：High and low context cultures强交际环境文化和弱交际环境文化的对比(看73页表) In low context cultures,①messages have to be explicit.②A person's word is not t o be relied on.③Paperwork is important.In high context cultures,①less information is contained in the verbal part of message.② A person's value, position, background are crucial.掌握：Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 马斯洛需求层次理论①physiological 生理需求②safety 安全需求③social 社交需求④esteem 尊重⑤self-actualization 自我实现掌握：Hofstede Framework 霍夫斯诺德构架（看细节）①individualism versus collectivism 个人主义与集体主义②power distance 权力距离③uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避⑤masculinity versus femininity 男权主义相对女权主义了解：THE SELF-REFERENCE CRITERION AND PERCEPTION As we have shown, a person’s perception of market needs is framed by his or her own cultural experience.了解：ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY(了解80页表格)Environmental sensitivity is the extent to which products must be adapted to the culture-specific needs of different national markets. （对环境中最敏感的东西是food）Chapter four了解POLITICAL RISK （经济发达阶段和政治风险的关系，经济越不发达政治风险越高）了解征用（EXPROPRIATION）定义：Expropriation refers to governmental action to dispossess a company or investor.没收（CONPENSATION）定义：compensation is generally provided to foreign investors,although not often in the “prompt effective ,and adequate”manner provided for by international standard.国有化（NATIONALIZATION）定义：Nationalization occurs ifownership of the property or assets in question is transferred to the host government.了解：Differences of the two systems in solving commercial disputes两种法律体系在解决商务纠纷中的区别common law versus civil law(code law)①Under common law, commercial disputes are subjected to either civil or commercial laws. Under code law, commercial disputes are subjected to the commercial code.②Under common law, industrial property right based on proof of agreement.Under code law, industrial property right based on notarization or registration③Under common law, Performance of contract: Act of God/act of nature means extraordinary happenings not reasonably anticipated.Under code law, Performance of contract: Act of God is extended to include unavoidable interferences such as strike or riots (Force Majeure)掌握：Three bases for jurisdiction in resolving private international disputes处理国际争端的3种基本司法程序①negotiation调解协商②Arbitration仲裁③Litigation 诉讼Chapter five掌握：DIFFUSION THEORY(传播理论)（AIETA）Five stages of the adoption process 对新产品接纳过程的五个阶段①Awareness 知晓阶段②Interest 感兴趣阶段③Evaluation 评价阶段④Trial 试用阶段⑤Adoption 采纳阶段Five types of adopter categories 新产品接纳者的5种类型②innovators②early adopters(Early adopters are the most influential people in their communities,even more than the innovators. Thus. The early adopters are a critical group in the adoption process )③early majority④late majority⑤laggards (落后者)掌握：Characteristics of innovations(创新的特征)1.Relative advantage（相对优势）/doc/1312473186.html,patibility（兼容性）/doc/1312473186.html,plexity（复杂性）4.Divisibility（可分性）/doc/1312473186.html,municability（可交流性）Chapter six了解Information subject agenda （理解168页表格）了解SCANNING MODES（搜寻模式）: SURVEILLANCE AND SEARCH监视的两种类型Surveillance include: viewing and monitoring 了解营销信息的主要来源（sources of market information）：1.human sources (人)2.documentary sources（文档资源）3.internet sources（因特网来源）4. Direct perception（直接感知）了解FORMAL MARKETING RESEARCH（正式的市场调研）Step 1: Identifying the research problemStep 2: Developing a research planStep 3: Collecting data (看细节secondary data, primary data, survey research)Step 4: Analyzing research dataStep 5: Presenting the findingsChapter seven掌握市场细分的定义: Market segmentation is the process of subdividing a market into distinct subsets of customers that behave in the same way or have similar needs.掌握全球市场细分的定义：Global market segmentation is the process of dividing the world market into distinct subsets of customers that behave in the same way or have similar needs.掌握全球市场的主要细分的标准（criteria）(知道归属)：1.Geographic segmentation2.Demographic segmentation3.Psychographic segmentation4.Behavior segmentation5.Benefit segmentation掌握全球目标市场确定的定义：T argeting is the act of evaluating and comparing the identified groups and then selecting one or more of them as the prospect(s) with the highest potential.掌握选择目标市场的标准（criteria）:1.current segment size and growth potential2.potential competition/doc/1312473186.html,patibility and feasibility掌握选择目标市场的策略：1.standardized global marketing2.concentrated global marketing3.differentiated global marketing掌握全球产品定位（Global product positioning）定义:Positioning is the location of your product in the mind of your customer.Chapter eight掌握出口市场选择的六大标准（MARKET SELECTION CRITERIA）：1.market potential(市场潜量)2.market access (市场潜入因素)3.shipping costs(运输成本及时间)4.potential competition(潜在竞争)5.service requirement(服务要求)6.product fit(产品适应性)了解ENTRY AND EXPANSION DECISION MODEL(进入和扩张决策模型，第237页)掌握依托营销（Piggyback Marketing）的定义：The manufacturer using the piggyback arrangement does so at a cost that is much lower than that required for any direct arrangement. Successful piggyback marketing requires that the combined product lines be complement. They must appeal to the same customers, and they must not be competitive with each other.掌握许可贸易（licensing）的定义:Licensing can be defined as a contractual arrangement whereby one company(the licensee) makes an asset available to another company(the licensing) in exchange for royalties, license fees, or some other form of compensation. The licensed asset may be a patent, trade secret, or company name.其中，Franchising is a form of licensing了解Joint Ventures（第247页）了解市场扩张战略（5 MARKET EXPANSION STRATEGIES）:1.Strategy one: concentrates on a few segments in a few countries.2.Strategy two: country concentration and segment diversification3.Strategy three: country diversification and market segment concentration4.Strategy four: country and segment diversificationChapter nine了解全球战略联盟的三个特点：1.The participants remain independent subsequent to the formation of the alliance2.The participants share the benefits of the alliance as well as control over the performance ofassigned tasks.3.The participants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategicareas.了解全球战略同盟的六个特性（attributes）（第265页）在日本，战略联盟被称为综合商社在韩国，战略联盟被称为财阀Chapter ten掌握影响产业竞争的五种力量（Forces Influencing Competition in a Industry）：1.Thread of new entrants2.Rivalry Among Existing Competitors3.Bargaining Power of Suppliers4.Bargaining Power of Buyers5.thread of Substitute Product or Services掌握新加入者的五种威胁（thread of new entrants）：1.Economies of scales(规模经济)2.Product differentiation(产品差异性)3.Capital requirements(资本要求)4.Switching costs(转换成本)5.Access to distribution channels(获取分销渠道的途径)/doc/1312473186.html,ernment policy(政府政策)7.Established firms may also enjoy cost advantages independent of the scale economies(老公司享有的与规模经济无关的成本优势)掌握Porter’s basic thesis(Porter’s diamond): four national attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete.波特钻石理论中认为决定一国本地公司竞争环境的四大特征：①factor condit ions②demand conditions③related and supporting industries④firm strategy, structure, rivalryAnd two influencers: Governments and chance其中，了解要素来源（factor conditions）的分类1.Human resources2.Physical resources3.Knowledge resources4.Capital resources5.Infrastructure resources掌握要素资源的类型1.Basic versus advanced factors（基本要素与高级要素）2.Generalized（通用要素是前提条件）versus specialized factors（专门要素是企业真正竞争要素的来源）掌握创造竞争优势的一般战略：1.Broad market strategy 大市场战略Cost-Leadership Advantage（成本领先）Differentiation（差异化）2.Narrow target strategies（缩小目标范围）Focused differentiation （差异专注）Cost focus（成本专注）了解日本人创新性竞争的策略：/doc/1312473186.html,yers of advantage （优势层）2.Loose bricks（松动的砖头）3.Changing the rules（改变规则）4.Collaborating（合作）5.Hypercompetition （超级竞争）CHAPTER11了解产品含义（了解产品属于哪类）Local products(本土产品)：A local product is available in a portion of a national market. National products（国家产品）: A national product is one that, in the context o a particular company is offered in a single national market.International products(国际产品): international products are offered in multinational,regional markets.Global products（全球产品）：global products are offered in global markets了解产品与品牌的不同（了解334页的全球品牌的特征--------地球图）A global product differs from a global brand in one important respect: it does not carry the same name and image from country to country.掌握产品定位（product positioning）的定义：product positioning is a communications strategy based on the notion of mental "space": positioning refers to the act of locating a brandin customers' minds over and against other products in terms of product attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.掌握产品定位的一般策略（general strategies for positioning products）1.attribute or benefit （属性与性能）2.Quality/price（质量价格）/doc/1312473186.html,e/user （使用和使用者）4.High-tech positioning （高科技定位）5.High-touch positioning （高感性定位）掌握产品设计的四个因素（Product design considerations）Global market need to consider four factors when making product design decision:1. Preferences （偏好）2. Cost （成本）3. Laws and regulations（法律法规）4. Compatibility（兼容性）5. Labeling and instructions （标签以及用法说明）了解原产国的态度的（coo：country of origin）定义：Country of origin (often abbreviated to COO), is the country of manufacture, production, or growth where an article or product comes from. There are differing rules of origin under various national laws and international treaties掌握产品地理扩张的主要策略（5个）Strategy1:product/communication extension(dual extension) Strategy2:product extension/communication adaptationStrategy3:product adaptation/communication extensionStrategy4:dual adaptationStrategy5:product invention理解公司的三个阶段（How to choose a strategy）1.cave dweller.（洞穴居住着）2.Naive nationalist（天真的国家主义者）3.Globally sensitive（全球性敏感者）了解新产品开发的几层含义（New products in global marketing）:Newness can be assessed in t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e p r o d u c t i t s e l f,t h e o r g a n i z at i o n,a n d t h e m a r ke t.1.an entirely new invention or innovation2. a line extension3.newness may also be organizational4.an existing product that is new to a company may be new to a particular market了解新产品开发的几个步骤：1.Identifying new-product ideas2.New-product development location3.Testing new products in national marketsCHAPTER 12掌握环境对定价决策的影响（Environmental influences on pricing decisions）1.Currency fluctuations（货币的不稳定性）2.Exchange rate clauses（汇率条款）3.Pricing in an inflationary environment（在通货膨胀的环境里定价）/doc/1312473186.html,ernment controls and subsidies（政府控制和补贴）/doc/1312473186.html,petitive behavior （竞争行为）6.Price and quality relationships（价格与质量的关系）掌握全球定价目标及战略（Global pricing objectives andstrategies）1. 掌握市场撇脂（Market skimming）定义：the market skimming pricing strategy is a deliberate attempt to reach a market segment that is willing to pay a premium price for a product.2. 掌握渗透式定价（Penetration pricing）定义：penetration pricing uses price as a competitive weapon to gain market position.3. 掌握市场保持（Market holding）定义：the market holding strategy is frequently adopted by companies that want to maintain their share of the market.4. 掌握成本加成价格升级Cost plus/price escalation掌握价格升级的定义：Price escalation is the increase in a product’s price as tr ansportation, duty, and distributor margins are added to the factory price.掌握灰色市场（Grey market goods）条件和定义定义：gray market goods are trademarked products that are exported from one country to another, where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizations.条件：The marketing opportunity that presents itself requires gray market goods to be priced lower than goods sold by authorized distributors or domestically produced goods.了解倾销(Dumping) 定义：Dumping is an important global pricing strategy issue.了解转移定价（TRANSFER PRICING）的定义：transfer pricing refers to the pricing of goods and services bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a single company.了解几种转移定价的方法：The alternatives are(1)cost-based transfer pricing,(2).market-based transfer pricing（目的基于市场竞争需要的转移定价）Market-based transfer price了解定义：a market-based transfer price is derived from the price required to be competitive in the international market.(3).negotiated prices.掌握三种定价策略（GLOBAL PRICING-THREE POLICY ALTERNATIVES）1.Extension/ethnocentric2.Adaptation/polycentric3.Invention/geocentricCHAPTER 13掌握分销渠道（Channel of distribution）的定义：Channel of distribution American marketing association defines channel of distribution as"an organized network of agencies and institutions which, in combination, perform all the activities required to link producers withusers to accomplish the marketing task."掌握分销(marketing channels)的目的: The purpose of marketing channels is to create utility for customers.掌握渠道的效用：The major categories of channel utility are place (the availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer);time(the availability of a product or service when desired by a customer);form(the product is processed, prepared, and ready to use and in proper condition);and information(answers to questions and general communication about useful product features and benefits are available).了解两种渠道：1.Direct involvement2.Indirect involvement掌握影响渠道因素（CHANNEL OBJECTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS）1. customers characteristics2. products characteristics3. middlemen characteristics4. environment characteristics掌握中间商（Middleman characteristics）的定义：Channel strategy must recognize the characteristics of existing middlemen. Middlemen are in business to maximize their own profit and not that of the manufacturer. They are notorious for cherry picking.了解cherry picking的定义：that is, the practice of taking orders from manufacturers whose products and brands are in demand to avoid any real selling effort for a manufacturer’s products that may required push.DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS:TERMINOLOGY AND STRUCTURE 掌握消费品（CONSUMER PRODUCTS）的主要渠道1.DOOR-TO-DOOR SELLING2.MANUFACTURER-OWNED STORE3.FRANCHISE OPERATIONS/doc/1312473186.html,BINATION STUCTURES掌握工业产品（INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS）的主要渠道1.M-manufacturer2. W-wholesaler3. MSF-manufacturer's sales force4. D or A-distributor or agentCHAPTER 14掌握全球广告的定义：Global advertising is the use of the same advertising appeals, messages,art, copy, photographs, stories, and video segments in multiple-country markets.了解global advertising content: the extension versus adoption debate了解选择广告代理商的主要因素：In selecting an advertising agency, the following issues should be considered: Company organization, Area coverage, Buyer perception.CHAPTER 15（重点看选择题）掌握几种主要的促销方式（GLOBAL PROMOTION）Advertising（广告）Public Relations and Publicity （公共关系与公众度）Personal selling （个人推销）Sales promotion (营业促销)Direct Marketing（直复营销）Trade Shows and Exhibitions（贸易展示和展会）Sponsorship Promotion （赞助促销）了解公共关系的主要作用：foster goodwill and understanding among constituents both inside and outside the company.还有宣传的特征:Publicity is a nonpaid form of communication (unearned media)掌握推销(personal selling)的定义: personal selling is two-way,personal communication between a company representative and a potential customer as well as back to the company. 掌握推销的主要过程:The selling process is typically divided into several stages:prospecting, preapproaching, aaproaching, presenting, problem solying, handing objections, closing the sale, and following up.了解SALES PROMOTIONTrade promotions are designed to increases productavailability in distribution channels.了解DIRECT MARKETINGThe use of direct marketing is growing rapidly in many parts of the world due to increased use of computer databases, credit cards, and toll-free numbers, as well as changing life-styles.了解TRADE SHOWS AND EXHIBITIONSTrade shows and exhibitions are other promotion vehicles that are increasingly important in the promotional mix, especially for industrial products and in the international marketplace.了解SPONSORSHIP PROMOTION特点：Sponsorship can be used to increase awareness and esteem, to build the brand identification, to enhance the brand’s positioning and sales,and to circumvent advertising restrictions in some countries.。

一、环球资源（一）、页面介绍：综合功能图标1、“已核实供应商”体系主要包括以下三个方面的内容：☜“已核实供应商”☜由环球资源提供；☜供应商在成为环球资源“已核实供应商”之前，环球资源都已实地走访这些供应商至少三次，并确保这些供应商具备出口实力与诚意；更通过专业团队与供应商紧密合作，核实供应商信息的真实性以及及时更新。

☜“供应商信誉报告”☜由顶尖的风险管理信息提供商新华信与First Advantage 提供；该报告的内容由两家代理公司从政府相关部门获得的信息汇编而成；主动将这些信息展示到贵公司的主页上，向买家显示贵公司的运作是透明的。

买家认为信用审核报告里的信息很有价值，因为买家可以从中了解您是不是真实存在，合法注册的，值得信赖的公司。

☜“供应商评估服务”☜由环球资源携手全球最大的权威认证机构之一的必维国际检验集团共同推出；评估内容是基于第三方权威认证机构的专业审核人员对供应商生产能力的实地审核，此评估能使供应商从当今同行业竞争者中脱颖而出，进而吸引更多新的买家的关注．供应商实力评估报告能给买家提供如下重要信息：工厂概况，法律实体，出口市场，生产能力，管理系统和认证，质量检验与公司扩展潜力，介绍照片，公司组织结构图，质量管理体系证书等，通过能力评估来向买家展示贵司的资源与公司实力，从而证实公司是稳健的且有实力满足买家对产品质量的要求．您可以通过专用供应商目录来在线申请供应商能力评估或者直接联系您的客服主任！2、更灵活的用环球资源做采购Source Smarter with Global Sources更灵活的用环球资源做采购Here are 4 ways Global Sources can help grow your business以下是环球资源帮助您发展业务的四种方式Verified Suppliers let you source with more confidence☜•已核实供应商——让您更有信心的采购We ensure each supplier is authentic with a legally registered business☜•我们确保每一个供应商都是真实并合法注册的We confirm that the listed contact person represents the registered company ☜•我们确保列表上的联系人都是来自于注册公司的We visit the company 3 or more times to ensure they are export-ready and have real offices and products☜•我们会对供应商至少做3次以上的拜访，以确保他们具备出口的能力并且有真实存在的办公室和货品We check that the company information is valid and accurate ☜•我们会去检验公司信息是否有效、真实We reject any suppliers that do not meet the standards of our community ☜•我们拒绝任何不符合我们团体标准的供应商We work closely with intellectual property rights holders to remove any infringing products listed, however☜•我们与知识产权持有人做紧密的合作，若出现任何的侵权产品，我们将进行删除We do not conduct product inspections. Contact our partner, Bureau Veritas , to discuss your specific product inspection requirements☜我们不进行产品的检验。

实用文档1)A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplying components needed for manufacturing. 一个供应链仅包括直接参与提供所需的元件制造业的组织。

Answer: FALSE2)A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, infulfilling a customer request. Answer: TRUE供应链由所有各方，直接或间接参与，满足客户要求。

3) A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network or supply web.Answer: TRUE供应链可以更准确地描述为供应网络。

4) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. TRUE每一个供应链的目的是生成的整体价值最大化。

5) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated forthe manufacturing component of the supply chain. Answer: FALSE每一个供应链的目标是最大化为供应链的制造组件生成价值。

6) Every supply chain must include all 5 stages. Answer: FALSE每个供应链必须包括所有 5个阶段。

7)The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages.Answer: TRUE供应链周期认为供应链流程分为一系列的活动上演在连续阶段之间的接口。

第1单元物流概述Part V Listening and Speaking2. R eading practice. Please listen carefully to the following sentences read by teacher and translate them out.1)Logistics must make-work effectively.物流必须使生产经营有效。

2)Systems should exist at the macro or corporate level and view.物流系统必须是宏观的，是站在公司全局立场的。

3)Service more than has to expedite a shipment.服务不仅仅是快速装运货物。

4)So in a military sense, the term( logistics ' organization, army replenishments and material maintenance. 就军事意识而言，物流管理一词意即运输编制、军队补给和物料保养。

5)The introduction of containers and the development of information technology have brought about the development and improvement of logistics ' activities.货柜的发明以及信息技术发达， 都从技术方面推动了物流活动的发展。

6)In other words, they are much more concerned with the flow of finished goods from the end of the production line to the customer.换句话说，公司更关注的是产成品从生产线到消费者手中的这一过程。

跨境电商英语讲义Cross-border e-commerce, also known as international e-commerce, refers to the online trading activities between businesses and consumers in different countries. This form of trade has gained significant popularity in recent years, as technological advancements and the growth of theinternet have made it easier for businesses to reach customers in foreign markets. With the rise of platforms like Amazon, Alibaba, and eBay, cross-border e-commerce has become more accessible for businesses of all sizes, allowing them to tap into new markets and expand their customer base globally.One of the key advantages of cross-border e-commerce is the potential for businesses to reach a much larger customer base than they would be able to in their home market alone. This can be particularly beneficial for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that may not have the resources to establish a physical presence in multiple countries. By leveraging online platforms, these businessescan showcase their products to a global audience andfulfill orders from customers located in different parts of the world.However, while the opportunities presented by cross-border e-commerce are vast, there are also challenges that businesses need to navigate. One of the primary obstacles is the complexity of international shipping and logistics. Ensuring that products are delivered in a timely and cost-effective manner to customers in different countries requires careful planning and coordination. Additionally, businesses need to be mindful of varying regulations and customs requirements in different countries, which can add layers of complexity to the shipping process.Moreover, language and cultural barriers can also pose challenges for businesses engaging in cross-border e-commerce. Effective communication with customers in different countries is crucial for building trust and understanding their needs. This may involve translating product information and customer support materials into multiple languages, as well as adapting marketingstrategies to resonate with diverse cultural preferences and behaviors.In addition to the operational challenges, businesses also need to consider the financial implications of cross-border e-commerce. Currency exchange rates, international transaction fees, and tax regulations are all factors that can impact the profitability of selling goods in foreign markets. It is essential for businesses to carefully manage their finances and consider the potential costs associated with cross-border e-commerce to ensure that they can operate profitably in international markets.Despite these challenges, the potential rewards of cross-border e-commerce are significant. In addition to the opportunity to reach a larger customer base, businesses can also benefit from diversifying their revenue streams and reducing their dependence on a single market. By expanding into international markets, businesses can mitigate the risks associated with economic downturns or fluctuations in domestic consumer demand, ultimately strengthening their long-term sustainability and resilience.In conclusion, cross-border e-commerce presents both opportunities and challenges for businesses looking to expand their reach into international markets. While the potential for growth and profitability is substantial, businesses need to carefully consider the operational, cultural, and financial implications of engaging in international trade. With the right strategies and resources in place, businesses can leverage cross-border e-commerce to achieve sustainable growth and establish a global presence in the digital marketplace.。

使用说明书Usermanual感谢阁下信任本公司的产品，为了使您能更愉快地使用该设备，请在使用前务必仔细阅读此说明书。

Thank you for using the products,in order to make you more happy to use this equipment,please read this manual carefully before you use.产品功能图示Product function diagram电源输入孔The power input hole耗材导入口Import and exportLCD 显示屏LCD display调温开关Temperature control switch调速开关Speed control switch 退丝按键Wire back button 送丝按钮Wire forward button 喷嘴加热头Integrated nozzle heating head 挂钩Hook规格定义及电气参数Specifications and parameters:出料方式：热熔挤压堆积成型Discharging mode:hot melt extrusion molding 成型方式：三维成型Molding:three-dimensional molding打印范围：无限定Print range:Unlimited吐丝速度：可调Spinning speed:adjustable 温度：60℃-245℃可调T emperature:60℃-245℃adjustable 设备工作电压：12V2AWorking voltage:12V2A equipment喷嘴直径：0.7mmThe nozzle diameter:0.7mm耗材直径：1.75mmFilament diameter:1.75mm特征Characteristic:·LCD屏能显示耗材种类、速度、温度、警告信息LCD display can directly show the information like filament type,speed level,temperature, warning，more humanized display interface.·支持ABS和PLASupport shift between PLA and ABS·2A供电，能耗低Max working current is2A,lower energy consumption·人体工学设计，注重用户感受Human engineering design,Pay attention to the user experience·点触式调速调温，智能切换材料所需温度Smart program control,simplifies use,intelligent filament replacement are used for the first time,this makes the user more convenient,more secure to change and replace the filament.警告！Warning!1.此设备适用于8岁以上儿童和成人使用。

global sourcesGlobal Sources: Connecting Businesses around the WorldIntroductionGlobalization has revolutionized the way businesses operate. In this interconnected world, companies are no longer confined to local markets; they now have the opportunity to expand their reach and tap into global markets. However, with increasing global trade comes the challenge of finding reliable suppliers, manufacturers, or distributors. This is where Global Sources come into play. This document explores the significance of Global Sources and how it connects businesses around the world.What is Global Sources?Global Sources is a leading business-to-business (B2B) media company that specializes in facilitating trade between buyers and suppliers. Established in 1970, Global Sources offers a wide range of services to help businesses connect and build relationships. These services include online marketplaces, physical trade shows, sourcing reports, and trade magazines.Online MarketplacesOne of the flagship services offered by Global Sources is its online marketplaces. These digital platforms allow buyers to search for suppliers, manufacturers, or products from all over the world. The online marketplaces cover various industries, including electronics, fashion, home and kitchen, and more. With the extensive database of verified suppliers, buyers can easily find the right business partners to meet their specific needs.Physical Trade ShowsIn addition to its online presence, Global Sources organizes trade shows in major cities around the world. These trade shows attract thousands of buyers and suppliers, creating a platform for face-to-face interactions and business negotiations. These events are advantageous as they allow businesses to showcase their products or services, establish brand recognition, and network with potential partners. Furthermore, trade shows organized by Global Sources often provide sourcing seminars and industry-specific conferences to keep attendees updated with the latest market trends and insights.Sourcing ReportsGlobal Sources produces comprehensive sourcing reports that provide valuable market intelligence and analysis. These reports help businesses make informed decisions when sourcing products or suppliers. The reports cover a wide range of industries and include information on market trends, competitive analysis, supplier profiles, and pricing data. By leveraging these reports, businesses can gain a competitive edge and better understand their target markets, allowing for more effective sourcing strategies.Trade MagazinesGlobal Sources publishes several trade magazines that serve as valuable resources for businesses. These magazines cover various industries and provide readers with industry news, product updates, and expert insights. The magazines also include advertisements and product listings from suppliers, enabling buyers to discover new products and suppliers conveniently.The Advantages of Global SourcesGlobal Sources offers numerous advantages for both buyers and suppliers.For buyers, Global Sources provides a one-stop platform for sourcing quality products, while also connecting them with reliable and verified suppliers. The online marketplaces and sourcing reports simplify the sourcing process, facilitating efficient decision-making. The physical trade shows enable buyers to establish personal connections, assess product quality, and negotiate prices directly.For suppliers, Global Sources offers a global platform to showcase their products and services. The online marketplaces and trade shows provide opportunities to connect with international buyers, expand customer base, and increase sales. Furthermore, the sourcing reports help suppliers understand market demand, allowing them to tailor their offerings to meet customer needs effectively.ConclusionGlobal Sources plays a vital role in connecting businesses around the world. Its online marketplaces, physical tradeshows, sourcing reports, and trade magazines are invaluable resources that enable buyers and suppliers to establish fruitful relationships. In an increasingly globalized world, businesses can rely on Global Sources to find trusted partners, explore new markets, and drive growth. With its comprehensive services and extensive network, Global Sources continues to contribute to the success of businesses in a rapidly evolving global marketplace.。

跨境电商专业术语中英文对照（亚马逊）SKU(Stock Keeping Unit)库存量单位ASIN(Amazon Standard Identification Number)亚马逊标准标识号UPC(universalproduction code)通用产品编号FBA(Fulfillment by Amazon)亚马逊物流GCID(Global Catalog Identifier )Amazon内部生成的品牌标识符,十六位字符，包括字母和数字Sesions访问量Impression曝光量Click点击数CTR点击率CVR转化率CPA成交一单所花费的广告成本Acos广告花费占销售额比例CPC点击付费广告Hot new releases新品榜KYC(Know your customer)KYC政策（即充分了解你的客户）对账户持有人的强化审查A-ZGuarantee Claim保障索赔Product review产品本身的评价Customer Feedback订单反馈BUYBOX黄金购物车（购买按钮）Order Defect Rate订单缺陷率（ODR）Catalog目录Add Products添加商品Complete Your Drafts补全您的草稿View Selling Applications查看销售申请Growth增长Recommended Programs推荐计划Other Amazon Links其他亚马逊链接Amazon Home Page Amazon.ca 主页Your Trade-In Account您的回购账户Kindle Direct Publishing Kindle Direct PublishingAmazon Associates亚马逊联盟Your Buyer Account您的买家账户Inventory库存Manage Inventory管理库存Manage FBA Inventory管理亚马逊库存Inventory Planning库存规划Add a Product添加新商品Add Products via Upload批量上传商品Inventory Reports库存报告Sell Globally全球销售Manage FBA Shipments管理亚马逊货件Upload images上传图片Manage Product Documents管理商品文档Reports数据报告Payments付款Amazon Selling Coach亚马逊销售指导Business Reports业务报告Fulfillment库存和销售报告Advertising Reports广告Tax Document Library税务文件库Pricing确定价格Pricing Health定价状况Manage Pricing管理定价Fix Price Alerts修复价格警告Automate Pricing自动定价Fee Discounts佣金折扣Performance绩效Account Health账户状况Feedback反馈A-to-z Guarantee Claims亚马逊商城交易保障索赔Chargeback Claims信用卡拒付索赔Performance Notifications业绩通知Voice of the Customer买家之声Seller University卖家大学Orders订单Manage Orders管理订单Order Reports订单报告Upload Order Related Files上传订单相关文件Manage Returns管理退货Appstore应用商店Official Mobile App官方移动应用Discover apps发现应用Manage Your Apps管理您的应用Explore Services探索服务Develop Apps开发应用程序Advertising广告Campaign Manager广告活动管理Measure non-Amazon ads衡量非亚马逊广告A+ Content Manager A+ 页面Vine VineDeals秒杀Coupons优惠券Prime Exclusive Discounts Prime 专享折扣Promotions管理促销B2B B2BB2B Central B2B平台Manage quotes管理报价Stores品牌旗舰店Manage Stores管理店铺Brands品牌Brand Analytics品牌分析。