猫解剖图谱1

精华丨犬猫腹部X片线条图及必记知识点新疆畜牧兽医兽医界的净土23000+名兽医共同关注的平台观X片的基础知识：无论右侧位还是左侧位均使片中头向左方向观片，左侧位片需翻转片子腹背位：动物仰卧X线从腹侧穿入从背侧穿出的图像背腹位：动物俯卧X线从背侧穿入从腹侧穿出的图像观片时动物的右侧对应观者的左侧，与之“握手样”。

常用的缩写：F：胃底PA：幽门窦D：十二指肠C：盲肠CO：结肠RK：右肾LK：左肾SpT：脾脏的尾部Pr：前列腺UB：膀胱腹部X片中各脏器的特点：（结合以上图片预览）胃侧位片：胃位于肝脏后侧，长轴与脊柱垂直，平行于肋骨背腹位/腹背位时胃与脊柱垂直，横跨腹部，幽门靠近右侧腹部十二指肠幽门窦向前延伸，成为十二指肠前曲的头侧，十二指肠降部向后延伸至后曲，转向前行成为十二指肠升部。

盲肠特点位于第二腰椎及第四腰椎之间，犬的盲肠形似猪尾，猫的盲肠小形似逗号。

肾脏的特点右肾较左肾靠前（靠近头侧）在第三肋骨水平，较胖的犬腹腔大量脂肪堆积，肾脏位于中腹部。

腹背位时右肾影被13肋骨分割，左肾偏后。

腹背位片肾脏的长度：犬，第2腰椎体长度的2.5～3.5倍猫，第2腰椎体长度的2.4～3.0倍腹背位片肾脏的宽度：犬，第二腰椎宽度的1.8～2.2倍猫，第二腰椎宽度的3.0～3.5倍脾脏侧位片犬脾尾可在第2-4腰椎间自由移动，并可跨越腹中线。

显影为近似三角形的钝圆阴影。

脾尾头与胃有脾胃韧带，脾脏头部移动性相对较小。

猫的脾脏形态与犬类似，但较小，不易显影肝脏表现为胃前方的液体-软组织密度阴影。

可通过向胃内注入钡餐来分辨胃和肝脏肝脏侧位片腹侧肝叶的边界应甚锐利。

肝脏后界由左侧叶构成。

膀胱膀胱为后腹部的卵圆形结构。

猫膀胱颈部较长，故膀胱位置较近头侧前列腺位于膀胱的颈部，尿道自前列腺中心穿过，幼龄及去势犬前列腺位于骨盆无法观察到。

在腹背位片，应在盆骨前方查找前列腺，而不是靠近髂骨翼初。

图Ⅳ-1外形和分部The shape and distribution图Ⅳ-2整体骨骼侧面观The skeleton. Lateral view1颈neck2耳ear3头head4眼eye5鼻nose6口mouth7前肢anterior limb8尾cauda9背back10后肢posterior limb11胸thorax12肋骨rib13腰椎lumbar vertebra 14髂骨ilium15坐骨ischium16尾骨coccyx17股骨femur18髌骨patella19腓骨fibula20胫骨tibia21跗骨tarsal bone22跖骨metatarsal bone 23趾骨digital bone24胸骨sternum25肩胛骨scapula26胸椎thoracic vertebra 27颈椎cervical vertebra 28枢椎axis29寰椎atlas30枕骨occipital bone 31顶骨parietal bone32额骨frontal bone33上颌骨maxillary bone 34颧骨malar bone35下颌骨mandible bone 36颞骨temporal bone 37肱骨humerus38尺骨ulna39桡骨radius40掌骨metacarpal bone 41指骨digital bone42腕骨carpal bone图Ⅳ-3头骨上面The skull. Superior aspect 图Ⅳ-4头骨下面The skull. Inferior aspect图Ⅳ-5头骨侧面The skull. Lateral aspect图Ⅳ-6头骨前面The skull. Anterior aspect1上颌骨maxillary bone 2眶下孔infraorbitalfossa3颧骨malar bone 4眶腔orbital cavity5颞骨temporal bone 6外鼻孔external naris7鼻骨nasal bone 8泪骨lacrimal bone9额骨frontal bone 10冠状缝coronalsuture11顶骨parietal bone 12矢状缝sagittal suture13矢状嵴sagittal crest 14人字缝lambdoid suture15犬齿canine tooth 16下颌骨mandible bone17臼齿molar tooth 18颧弓zygomatic arch19后鼻孔posterior naris 20鼓泡tympanic bulla21枕骨occipital bone 22枕大孔foramen magnum23眶腔orbital cavity 24外耳门external acoustic pore 25鼻前孔anterior naris 26门齿incisor tooth27上犬齿upper canine tooth 28下犬齿lower canine tooth29上臼齿upper molar tooth 30下臼齿lower molar tooth31额骨frontal bone 32下鼻甲inferior concha33下门齿lower incisor图Ⅳ-7颈椎腹面The cervical vertebra. 图Ⅳ-8颈椎背面The cervical vertebra.Ventralaspect Dorsalaspect图Ⅳ-9胸椎背面The thoracic vertebra. 图Ⅳ-10腰椎侧面The lumbar vertebra.Dorsalaspect Lateralaspect1寰椎atlas2第一颈椎1st cervical vertebra3第二颈椎2nd cervical vertebra4第三颈椎3rd cervical vertebra5第四颈椎4th cervical vertebra6第五颈椎5th cervical vertebra7第六颈椎6th cervical vertebra8第七颈椎7th cervical vertebra9横突transverse process10棘突spinous process11枢椎axis12第一胸椎棘突spinous process of lstthoracic vertebra 13第二胸椎棘突spinous process of 2nd thoracic vertebra 14第三胸椎棘突spinous process of 3rd thoracic vertebra 15第四胸椎棘突spinous process of 4th thoracic vertebra 16第五胸推棘突spinous process of 5th thoracic vertebra 17第六胸椎棘突spinous process of 6th thoracic vertebra 18第七胸椎棘突spinous process of 7th thoracic vertebra 19第一胸椎Istthoracic vertebra20第二胸椎2nd thoracic vertebra21第三胸椎3rd thoracic vertebra22第四胸椎 4th thoracic vertebra23第五胸椎5th thoracic vertebra24第六胸椎6th thoracic vertebra25第七胸椎7th thoracic vertebra26椎间孔intervertebral foramen27关节突articular process图Ⅳ-11胸廓背面The thorax. Dorsal 图Ⅳ-12肩胛骨背面The scapula. Dorsal aspect aspect图Ⅳ-13肩胛骨腹面The scapula. Ventral aspect1胸椎棘突spinous process of thoracicvertebra2胸椎thoracic vertebra3肋骨rib4浮肋floating ribs5前缘anterior brim6冈上窝infraspinousfossa7背缘dorsal brim8关节孟glenoid cavity9喙突coracoid process10肩峰acromion11后缘posterior brim12肩胛冈scapular spine13冈下窝supraspinous fossa14肩胛下窝subscapularfossa图Ⅳ-14前肢骨内侧面The bones of anterior limb ．Medial aspect图Ⅳ-15前肢骨外侧面The bones of anterior limb. Lateral aspect1肱骨头head of humerus 2肱骨humerus 3桡骨radius 4尺骨ulna 5腕骨carpal bone 6掌骨metacarpal bone 7指骨digital bone图Ⅳ-16骨盆背面The pelvis. 图Ⅳ-17骨盆腹面The pelvis. Ventral aspect Dorsal aspect图Ⅳ-18骨盆及尾骨侧面The pelvis and coccyx. Lateral aspect1髂骨翼ala of ilium2荐骨sacrum3髋臼acetabulum4坐骨棘ischialspine5坐骨支ramus of ischium6坐骨结节ischial tuberosity7尾骨coccyx8耻骨pubis9坐骨ischum10坐耻骨联合ischiopubicsymphysis11荐骨翼ala of sacrum12闭孔obturator foramen13耻骨联合pubic symphysis14坐骨弓ischial arch15髂前上棘anterior superioriliac spine图Ⅳ-19后肢骨内侧面The bones of posterior limb. Medial aspect图Ⅳ-20后肢骨外侧面The bones of posterior limb. Lateral aspect1胫骨tibia2趾骨digital bone3跖骨metatarsal bone4跟骨calcaneus5腓骨fibula6髌骨patella7股骨femur8股骨头femoral head图Ⅳ-21口腔前面观The oral cavity. Anterior view图Ⅳ-23脑背面The brain. Dorsal aspect图Ⅳ-22喉与舌上面The larynx and tongue. Superior aspect1上犬齿upper canine tooth 2上臼齿upper molar toot3下臼齿lower molar tooth 4下犬齿lower canine tooth5鼻前孔anterior naris 6 门齿incisor tooth7硬腭hard palate 8软腭soft palate9舌tongue 10喉口aperture of larynx11会厌软骨epiglottic cartilage 12下颌骨mandible13舌扁桃体lingual tonsil 14舌根root of tongue15舌体body of tongue 16舌尖apex of tongue17嗅球olfactory bulb 18乙状回sigmoid gyros19薛氏上回suprasylvian gyrus 20薛氏后回retrosylvian gyros21缘回supramarginal gyros 22眶小脑半球orbital cerebellar hemisphere 23薛氏前沟anterior sylvian sulcus 24十字沟cruciate sulcus25外侧沟lateral sulcus 26小脑vermis27小脑半球cerebellar hemisphere 28脊髓spinal cord图Ⅳ-24脑腹面The brain. Ventral aspect图Ⅳ-25脑外侧面The brain. Lateral aspect图Ⅳ-26脑与背髓背面The brain and 图Ⅳ-27脑与脊髓腹面The brain and spinal cord.Dorsal aspect spinal cord.Ventral aspect1视神经optic nerve2下颌神经mandibular nerve3上颌神经maxillary nerve4眼神经ophthalmic nerve5脑桥墓底沟basilar sulcus of pons6延髓myelencephalon7嗅束olfaceory tract8嗅神经olfactory nerve9视交叉optic chiasma10梨状叶pyriform lobe11大脑脚cerebral pedumcle12脑桥pons13 延髓锥体of myelencephalon14薛氏上沟suprasylvian sulcus15外侧沟lateral sulcus16柄状沟slalked sulcus17十字沟cmciate sulcus18眶沟orbital sulci19嗅球olfactory bulb20薛氏裂sylvian fissure21外薛氏后沟lateral retrosylvian sulcus 22小脑cerebellum23前庭蜗神经vestibulocochlear nerve24脊髓spinal cord25面神经ficial nerve26三叉神经trigeminal nerve27眶回orbital gyri28乙状回sigmoid gyri29缘回marginal gyrus30薛氏前沟anterior sylvian sulcus31外薛氏前沟lateralanterior sylvian sulcus 32颈膨大cervical enlargement33腰膨大lumbar enlargement34中脑midbraim1背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle2上后锯肌serratus posterior superior muscle3头head4颈肌群muscles of neck5斜方肌trapezius muscle6肱二头肌biceps brachii muscle7肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle8前肢屈肌群flexor muscles of anterior limb9前肢伸肌群extensor muscles of anterior limb 10腰背筋膜lumbodorsal fascia11尾cauda12腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 13股外侧肌vastus lateralis muscle14缝匠肌sartorius muscle15股收肌adductor femoris muscle16后肢屈肌群flexor muscles of posterior limb17后肢伸肌群extensor muscles of posterior limb1前肢anterior limb 2口mouth3颈外静脉external jugular vein 4三角肌deltoid muscle5胸大肌pectoralis major muscle 6前臂筋膜张肌tensor fasciae muscle of forearm 7前背锯肌serratus anterior dorsi muscle 8浅筋膜superficial fascia9腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 10腹直肌rectus abdominis muscle11缝匠肌sartorius muscle12股收肌adductor femoris muscle 13后肢posterior limb 14尾cauda15指伸肌extensor digitorum muscle16尺侧腕伸肌extensor carpi ulnaris muscle17肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle 18斜方肌trapezius muscle 19背长肌longus dorsi muscle 20背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle21腰背筋膜lumbodorsal fascia 22臀浅肌gluteus superficialis muscle 23半腱肌semitendinosus muscl图Ⅳ-42躯干肌侧面(1)The muscles of trunk. Lateral aspect（1）图Ⅳ-43躯干肌侧面(2)The muscles of trunk. Lateral aspect (2)1上后锯肌serratus posterior superior muscle 2斜方肌trapezius muscle3背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle 4三角肌deltoid muscle5肱三头肌triceps brachii muscle 6腰背筋膜lumbodorsal fascia7臀浅肌gluteus superficialis muscle 8缝匠肌sartorius muscle9股外侧肌vastus lateralis muscle 10股内侧肌vastus medialis muscle 11腹外斜肌extermal oblique muscle of abdomen 12口mouth13枕下颌肌occipitomandibular muscle 14肱二头肌biceps brachii muscle 15胸头肌pectoralis capitis muscle 16胸大肌pectoralis major muscle 17胸直肌rectus pectoralis muscle 18腹直肌rectus abdominis muscle图Ⅳ-44胸肌Thpetoral muscle图Ⅳ-45腹肌The abdominal muscle1鼻涕nasnl2口mouth3胸骨舌骨肌sternohyoid muscle4锁臂肌clavicobrachialis muscle5胸大肌pectoralis major muscle6背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle7胸直肌rectus pectoralis muscle8腹白线linea alba9腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen10腹直肌鞘sheath of rectus abdominis muscle11浅筋膜superficial fascia12腹直肌鞘前层anterior layer of sheath of rectus abdominis muscle 13缝匠肌前部anterior part of sartorius muscle14缝匠肌后部posterior part of sartorius muscle15股收肌adductor femoris muscle16股静脉femoral vein17后肢posterior limb18尾cauda图Ⅳ-46胸、腹腔器官（1）The organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities（1）图Ⅳ-47胸、腹腔器官(2)The organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities (2)l前臂筋膜张肌tensor fasciae muscle of forearm2右肺right lung3肝右中叶right middle lobe of liver4肝右外叶right lateral lobe of liver5腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen6腹内斜肌internal oblique muscle of abdomen7腹横肌transversus abdominis muscle8缝匠肌sartorius muscle9胸大肌pectoralis major muscle10三角肌deltoid muscleI1左肺left lung12心包pericardium13膈 diaphragm14肝左中叶left middle lobe of liver 15肝左外叶left lateral lobe of liver 16胃stomach17大网膜greater omentum18壁腹膜parietal peritoneum19回肠ileum20降结肠descending colon21膀胱urinary bladder22股静脉femoral vein23空肠jejunum24心heart25缝匠肌sartorius muscle26股静脉femoral vein27股收肌adductor femoris muscle图Ⅳ-48胸腔器官The organs in the thoracic cavity图Ⅳ-49心与肺腹面The heart and lung. Ventral aspect1肋端costal end2右肺right lung3胸肋面stemocostalsurface4心包pericardium5胸大肌pectoralis major muscle6正中神经median nerve7背阔肌latissimus dorsi muscle8前背锯肌serratus anterior dorsi muscle9左肺left lung10 膈diaphragm11后腔静脉postcaval vein12气管trachea13心heart图Ⅳ-50心左面The heart. Left surface 图Ⅳ-51心右面The heart. Right surface图Ⅳ-52左心房和左心室The left atrium 图Ⅳ-53右心房和右心室The right atrium and left ventricle and right ventricle1肺动脉pulmonary artery 2冠状沟coronary sulcus3左心房left atrium 4左心室left ventricle5心尖cardiac apex 6右心耳right auricle7动脉圆锥conus arteriosus 8右心室right ventrical9左心耳left auricle 10前室间沟anterior interventricular groove 11前腔静脉precaval vein 12肺静脉pulmonary vein13梳状肌pectinate muscles 14二尖瓣mitral valve15腱索chordaetendineae 16乳头肌papillary muscles17左室壁wall of left ventrical 18心外膜epicardium19三尖瓣tricaspid valve 20右心室腔cavity of right ventricle21右心室壁wall of right ventricle 22肺动脉干1胆囊gall bladder2肝右叶right lobe of liver3股静脉femoral vein4精索spermatic cord5股收肌adductor femoris muscle6腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 7肝liver8胃stomach9大网膜greater omentum10腹内斜肌internal oblique muscle of abdomen 11缝匠肌前部anterior part of sartorius muscle 12缝匠肌后部posterior part of sartorius muscle 13耻骨肌pecineus muscle14右肺right lung15膈 diaphragm16贲门cardia17幽门pylorus18十二指肠duodenum19空肠jejunum20降结肠descending colon21腹股沟韧带inguinal ligament22缝匠肌sartorius muscle23左肺left lung24心heart25食管esophagus26胃底fundus of stomach27胃小弯lesser curvature of stomach28胃大弯greater curvature of stomach29回肠ileum1肝右中叶right middle lobe of liver 2肝右外叶right lateral lobe of liver 3十二指肠duodenum4大网膜greater omentum5空肠jejunum6回肠ileum7肝左外叶left lateral lobe of liver8肝左中叶left middle lobe of liver9胃stomach10脾spleen11左肾left kidney12降结肠descending colon13脂肪垫fat-pad14膀胱urinary bladder15缝匠肌前部anterior part of sartorius muscle 16缝匠肌后部posterior part of sartorius muscle 17股静脉femoral vein18股收肌adductor femoris muscle19胆囊gallbladder20横结肠transverse colon21盲肠Cecum22 膈 diaphragm23腹横肌transversus abdominis muscle1肝右中叶right middle lobe of live2胆囊gallbladder3盲肠cecum4肠系膜动、静脉mesenteric artery and vein 5股静脉femoral vein6肝左外叶left lateral lobe of liver7肝左中叶left middle lobe of liver8胃stomach9脾spleen10大网膜greater omentum11空肠jejunum12肠系膜mesentery13缝匠肌前部anteropr part of sartorius muscle 14缝匠肌后部posterior part of sartorius muscle 15耻骨肌pectineus muscle16股收肌adductor femoris muscle17回肠ileum18降结肠descending colon19腹横肌transverses abdominis muscle20睾丸testis21肾kidney22腹内斜肌internal oblique muscle of abdomen 23腹膜后脂肪垫fat-pad of postperitoneum24腹外斜肌external oblique muscle of abdomen 25膀胱urinary bladder26股动脉femoral artery27精索spermatic cord28阴茎penis1肝右中叶right middle lobe of live 2 胆囊gallbladder3结肠系膜mesocolon 4降结肠descending colon膀胱 urinary bladder5直肠rectum 67股收肌adductor femoris muscle 8肝左中叶left middle lobe of liver9肝左外叶left lateral lobe of liver 10胃stomacln11胰pancreas 12脾spleen13左肾left kidney 14后腔静脉postcaval vein15腹内斜肌internal oblique muscle of abdomen 16腹横肌transversus abdominis muscle 17缝匠肌sartorius muscle 18脂肪囊fetty capsule19肝右外叶right lateral lobe of liver 20十二指肠duodenum21胃前壁anterior wall of stomach 22胃后壁posterior wall of stomach23空肠jejunum 24回肠ileum图Ⅳ-62肝与胃（1）The liver and stomach（1）图Ⅳ-63肝与胃（2)The liver and stomach (2)1肝右中叶right middle lobe of liver 2胆囊gallbladder3肝右外叶right lateral lobe of liver 4 膈 diaphragm5肝左中叶left middle lobe of liver 6胃stomach7肝左外叶left lateral lobe of liver 8小网膜lesser omentum 9十二指肠duodenum 10胰pancreas11空肠jejunum 12胃底fundus of stomach 13胃小弯lesser curvature of stomach 14胃体body of stomach 15胃大弯greater curvature of stomach 16大网膜greater omentum 17脾spleen 18左肾left kidney图Ⅳ-65肝脏面（1）The liver. Visceral surface（1）1肝右外叶right lateral lobe of liver2肝右中叶right middle lobe of liver3肝左外叶left lateral lobe of liver4肝左中叶left middle lobe of liver5肝尾状叶caudate lobe of liver6后腔静脉口aperture of postcaval vein7肝门porta hepatis8胆囊gallbladder9右外叶后部posterior part of right lateral lobe 10右外叶前部anterior part of right lateral lobe图Ⅳ-68胃壁内面The wall of stomach. Inner surface1幽门pylorus2胃小弯lesser carvature of stomach 3角切迹angular notch4食管esophagus5贲门cardiac6胃底fundus of stomach7胃大弯greater curvature of stomach 8纵行皱襞longitudinal folds9空肠动脉弓jejunal arterial arch10空肠系膜jejunal mesentery11空肠动脉jejunal artery12空肠静脉jejunal vein图Ⅳ-70空肠和回肠The jejunum and ileum图Ⅳ-71回肠和结肠后面The ileum and colon. Posterior aspect图Ⅳ-72肾和膀胱The kidney and urinary bladder图Ⅳ-73肾纵断面The longitudinal section of the kidney1回肠动脉ileal artery 2回肠静脉ileal vein3回肠系膜ileal mesentery 4结肠jejunum 5回肠ileum 6脾spleen7脂肪垫fat-pad8降结肠descending colon 9右肾上腺right adrenal gland 10右肾right kidney 11右输尿管rigth ureter12左肾上腺left adrenal gland13左肾left kidney14左输尿管left ureter 15膀胱urinary bladder 16肾乳头renal papillae 17筛区cribriform area 18肾盂renal pelvis19肾皮质renal cortex20中间带intermediate zone 21肾髓质renal medulla图Ⅳ-74泌尿、生殖器官（♂）（1） The urinary and genital organs（♂）（1）图Ⅳ-75泌尿、生殖器官（♂）（2)The urinary and genital organs（♂）(2)1后腔静脉孔foramen of postcaval vein2膈中心腱central tendon of diaphragm3右肾上腺right adrenal gland4右肾right kidney5肾静脉renel vein6后腔静脉postcaval vein7输尿管ureter8睾丸动脉testicular artery9膀胱urinary bladder10尿道urethra11股静脉femoral vein12 膈 diaphragm13腹横肌transversus abdominis muscle14膈胸肋部stemocostal part of diaphragm15左肾上腺left adrenal gland16左肾left kidney17肾孟renal pelvis18腰大肌psoas major muscle19腹膜后脂肪垫postperitoneal fat-pad20腹内斜肌internal oblique muscle of abdomen 21缝匠肌前部anterior part of sartorius muscle 22缝匠肌后部posterior part of sartorius muscle 23精索spermatic cord，24耻骨肌pectineus muscle25股收肌adductor femoris muscle26脂肪囊fatty capsule27睾丸testis28阴茎penis29腹主动脉abdominal aorta30前列腺prostate。