下载文档原格式
专八英语国家概况总汇美国：最大的烟草生产与消费国，稻米出口位居第二，仅次于泰国，玉米产量占总量50%（Iowa 地名）1、美国：the States , the US , Uncle Sam2、国旗：50 stars , white, red, blue3、Location: Western Hemisphere4、人口排名：中国，印度，美国，5、陆地：俄国，中国，美国，加拿大（除了湖泊6、独立战争，发源地：New England7、汽车之都：Detroit8、工商业中心：Chicago9、丰富的矿产资源：南方10、Colorado: the steel city of the west(西部钢城)11、Denver: the largest city of the Great Plains12、The Grand Canyon: one of nature’s most impressive sights13、Los Angeles: 太平洋海岸最大最繁忙的商业城市，第二大城市（排名：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥）14、San Francisco: 加利福利亚第二大城市15、Hawaii 首都：Honolulu 盛产: 甘蔗（sugar lane）与菠萝（pineapple）16、纽约：“世界之都”别称：“big Apple”“Gotham”17、Boston: Massachusetts的首府和最大城市“美国雅典”18、Atlantic: 三大高地城市之一（CNN和Coco-Cola 都在Atlantic）19、一战后，世界金融中心从伦敦转为纽约山脉：1、Appalachian Mountains(阿巴拉契亚山脉)：northeast tosouthwest2、Rocky Mountains: backbone of the North American continent（北美大陆的脊梁）, be knownas the Continental Divide(大陆分水岭)3、The Great Central Plain(中部大平原): between the Rocky and Appalachian4、The Cordillera Rang(西部科迪勒拉山区)河流与湖泊：1、The Mississippi River: Father of waters or “Old Man River”2、Ohio River(俄亥俄河): called the American Ruhr(鲁尔河)3、The Colorado(科罗拉多河in the south) and the Columbia(哥伦比亚河in Canada)4、The Rio Grande River(格兰德河) :between Mexico and the United States5、The Hudson(哈得孙河): meets the Atlantic Ocean at New York City6、The Potomac(波托马克河): borders the national capital of Washington7、The Great Lakes(五大湖): Lake Superior(苏比利尔湖), Lake Michigan(密歇根湖the onlyone entirely in the US), Lake Huron(休伦湖), Lake Erie(伊利湖), Lake Ontario(安大略湖): all located between Canada and the US except Lake Michigan历史：1、1492年，（意）哥伦布发现了新大陆2、英国第一个殖民地：Virginia 的Jamestown，在1607-1733之间，建立了13个殖民地，最后一个是Georgia3、13个英国殖民地于1776年宣布独立，同年，通过《独立宣言》4、1781年，《Articles of Confederation and PerpetualUnion联邦条例》5、1783年，《The Treaty of Paris》英国承认美国独立6、1789年，联邦政府成立，华盛顿成为第一任总统7、1861-1865年，内战（Civil war=Puritan Revolution）爆发，北方胜利，1865年，废除《Thirteenth Amendment》8、1861年，林肯（共和党人）当选总统，1862年，宣布《Emancipation Proclamation解放黑奴宣言》9、WWI：1914.7.28-1918.11.1110、The Paris Conference(巴黎和会):1919.1.18 division of colonies of the defeated countrieswhich was dominated by Big Four(美，英，法，意)11、19世纪20年代：美国经济不平衡“物质上成功，精神上迷惘的时期”12、1929.10.29大萧条罗斯福总统“新政”13、WWII：1941.12.7-1945.8.15 二战后，世界出现两人阵营：美国与苏联14、1949.4.4 《North Atlantic Treaty》The Founding of the NATO(北大西洋公约)15、1950s: the Civil Rights民权运动16、1950-1975: The Vietnam War17、1945-1989: The Cold War 冷战的结果：朝鲜战争，古巴导弹一系列冲突18、1620年：102个朝圣者乘“五月花”来大陆逃宗教迫害19、1903年：the Wright Brothers: 飞机Ford: 汽车James Watt: 蒸汽机Richard Bright:医学家（英）政治：1、体制：three main principles1)联邦制度（federalism）2)三权分立（separation of powers）3)尊重宪法和法律的规定（respect for the constitution and the rule of law）2、宪法：起草1787，生效1789 是最早的成文宪法/最高法律（美）3、The Federal Government(checks and balances)The Executive(行政): 以总统为首的各级政府The Legislative(立法): 归国会The Judicial(司法): 归司法机关4、“Tripartite” Political System(三权分立)行政：4年一选总统选举（最多连任2届）立法：The House of Representatives(2年一选，435名)The Senate(6年一选，100名，一个州2名)司法：The Supreme Court(唯一有宪法规定的联邦法院：one chief justice&8 associate justices)4、政党：the Democratic Party & the Republican Party教育：1、美国教育由政府提供2、Pre-school:4-6岁Elementary: 85%学生上公立学校because of “free”, Junior school, Highschool (80%private school 是由教会开办)3、大学：4年功能：teaching, research, public service资金来源：student tuition, endowments, government funding4、著名大学：哈佛（1636年成立），耶鲁，普林斯顿大学，麻省理工学院，哥伦比亚大学，斯坦福大学，伯克利大学（大部分大学位于大西洋和太平洋海岸）宗教：1、36%Protestants(新教徒), 24%Roman Catholics(罗马天主教徒), 3%Jews(犹太教徒), 2%Orthodox(东正教徒)2、60%的美国公民信奉新教：the largest Protestant group is the Baptists, the second: Methodists3、Catholic(第二大宗教):超过25%美国公民信奉4、Judaism(犹太教) 1950nian “三大宗教”：新教，天主教，犹太教文化：1、建筑：Skyscraper(19世纪末)by Chicago architectSears Tower(110层):1974年建于Chicago2、Music: 爵士乐（起源于非洲），摇滚乐3、足球：AFC, NFC 棒球：oldest sport 篮球：1891年invented by NBA4、复活节：第二大宗教节目独立日：7月4日感恩节由清教徒发起的，第一个感恩节：1962.12.13 in Plymouth泰晤士广场在纽约5、五大报纸：The Wall Street Journal Los Angeles Times USA TodayWashington Post The New York Times6、主要杂志：Time Newsweek TV Guide Reader’s Digest National Geographic7、电子媒体：CBS NBS ABC PBS英国：1、国名：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2、Location: an island country. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. Itis separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channelin the south and the North Sea in the sea3、England: 人口48.7million占英国60%的土地，首都：LondonScotland: 人口5.111million 首都：EdinburghWales: 首都CardiffNorthern Ireland: 首都Belfast4、人口组成：the English, the Scottish, the Welsh, the Irish, the Northern Irish and other peoples5、The English are Anglo-Saxons. The Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts6、国旗：俗称“米字旗”，正式称呼“the Union Flag”或者“the Union Jack”7、Salt Lake City(盐湖城)是美国漂流胜地8、爱尔兰共和国的官方语为爱尔兰语，英语为第二语言9、主要城市：1）、London(英国首都，第一大城市，第一大港)a、是世界上最重要的经济中心之一，也是欧洲最大的经济中心b、是全球重要的传媒中心，BBC, Reuters, ITV, Channel4, Channel5c、报刊：The Times, Financial Times, Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Observerd、世界文化名城：British Museum建于18世纪，是世界上最大的博物馆著名建筑物：圣保罗大教堂St. Paul’s Cathedral，白金汉宫Buckingham Palace，威斯敏斯特教堂Westminster Abbey（坐落于Thames的西岸，是世界上最大的哥特式建筑，现为英国议会所在地，宫殿东北角是高达97米的钟楼，钟楼上有著名的大本钟bell tower of Big Ben）2）、Birmingham(英国第二大城市)University of Birmingham位于此，建于1900年3）、Glasgow(格拉斯哥，英国第三大城市，苏格兰最大的城市和港口，是苏格兰的文化中心)University of Glasgow位于此，建于1451年4）、Liverpool(英国第四大城市，是世界上历史悠久的港口之一，仅次于伦敦的第二大深水海港，是Beatles披头士的故乡)5）、Manchester(曼彻斯特)英国的棉纺织业中心，重要的交通枢纽与商业，金融，文化中心经济：1、“Primary”Industry第一产业1）、agriculture: only2%的人口是农民，但却经营了70%的土地，最好的农业区是英格兰的东南部，小麦和大麦是英国的重要作物2）、fishing3）、Mining采矿: 除了London 和Belfast其他地方几乎都在很大程度上依赖于煤田coalfields2、“Secondary”Industries(Manufacturing)第二产业1）、Manufacturing: 制造业工人比例最高的地方是East Midlands 和West Midlands. 伦敦最低2）、Shipbuilding: 19世纪中期，英国在造船业上became a world leader。
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain GB/G.B. British Isles British Empire The Commonwealth The United KingdomThe UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically; the British Isles includes Great Britain; the whole of Ireland; and all the offshore islandsPolitically; the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis本尼维斯山the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians格兰扁山脉4.the longest river：The Severn River 塞文河The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames泰晤士河5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh内伊湖 Northern Ireland6. Backbone of England：the Pennies奔宁山脉The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人..8.Basis of Modern English raceThe earlist people known in Britain were nomads游牧者from mainland Europein the Old Stone Age旧石器时代;followed by Neolithic新石器时代 Iberians伊比利亚人 and the Beaker Folk比克人in the Bronze Age青铜器时代9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state①.established 'Old English'②.laid the foundations of the English state③. divided the country into shires④. created the 'Witan' to advise the Kingthe basis of the Cabinet10.different invadersFirst invasion—In 55 BC; Julius CaesarSecond—Caesar's second raid in 54 BCThird and final—In 43 AD; Emperor Claudius; final and successful Roman invasion of Britain recordedLeft—In 410; Germanic barbarian attack Rome; forcing Roman troops to leave Britain; and thus ending its occupation of the island History9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” Sir Francis Drake10. The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest 1066-1071Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January; 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William; Duke of Normandy; heard the news of Harold’s coronation; he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Consequences：It increased the process of feudalism.William established a strong monarchy in England.He introduced new ideas in laws.It brought changes in the church.The French language came along with the Normans.11.When was the feudal system established in England 封建制度Under William; the feudal system was completely established. Medieval Britain 1066-148512. Who signed Great Charter King John 签署大宪章13. Great Charter time; contents; natureTime: Magna Carta 1215Contents:内容A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals withouttheir consent;B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;C. should the king attempt to free himself from law; the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it; by civil war or by otherwise.Nature: a feudal document14.The Hundred Years’ War①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453②. Countries: France and Britain③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economicThe English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France.The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.New national consciousness of England④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.⑤.Three outstanding stages of the warA. At first the English were brilliantly successful.B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.C. After Henry V’s death in 1422; the French; encouraged by Joan of Arc; their national heroine; drove the English out of France.⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win:effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc”⑦.Significance:The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death; wealth and property; thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.⑧.Effects of the war: After this war; the ruling Normans began to:A. regard England as their home.B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation.C. reestablish English language as their official language.D. make effort to try to develop their industryThe expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity; while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.15.The War of Roses 1455--1485①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose; so the war got such a name.③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war; for power and wealth; for the possession of the Crown④.Reason：In the Hundred Years’ War; the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss; thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups; in such a situation; the war broke out. At that time; the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI1422-1461 was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster.⑤.Result:The Yorkist got complete victory; House of York 约克王朝1461-1485 but a third House; the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won descendant of Duke of Lancaster Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years; ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden; so it paved way for the development of capitalism.16. The English Reformation①. ReasonsA. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body; but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and lazinessof the church hindered the social and political progress of England.B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped.②. CourseA. By a special act by parliament ; Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.B. In 1534; Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.③.EffectsA.English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international; the English Church was strictly national.B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility.C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly.④.NatureThe struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other.⑤.People involvedA. Edward VI1547-1553: king after Henry Ⅷ’s deathB. “Bloody” Mary1553-1558:daughter of Catherine; reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.C. Elizabeth I 1558-1603: Queen after Mary; restored Anglican Church.17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentativesDistinguished Representatives：A. Sir Thomas More; the greatest English humanist; “Utopia”B.William Shakespeare1564-1616greatest dramatist ; 37 comedies; tragedies and historiesC. poetry----Spenser; Sidney; Shakespeare & DonneD. John Milton’s Paradise Lost; 1667E. English materialism---Francis Bacon1561-1626also a statesman& an essayist18.Civil War 1642-1649内战①.Background of the war战争的背景The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie; Charles took counteraction; the war broke out.②. Groups of the warA. Roundheads--supporters of Parliamentfree farmers; tradesmen; craftsmenB. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supportersCatholics; feudal lord <West & North of England>③.Consequence1649; Charles’ army was defeated; he was beheaded; in May 1649; England was declared a Commonwealth共和政府时期.In 1653; Cromwell was made Lord Protector护国公 for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate摄政时期 and Parliament was dissolved. He became a “king”in all but name.19.The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年的光荣革命After thre e years’ struggle; the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution; the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688; the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.20. Whigs and Tories辉格党和保守党The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal PartyThe Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party21. The Industrial Revolution 1780-1830工业革命①.Definition 定义During the latter half of the eighteenth century; a rapid series of extensive changes began; especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changesis often described as the “Industrial Revolution”.②. Inventions发明A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.B. In 1769; the steam engine was created by James Watt.C. In 1785; the power loom the application of power to machineryD. The use of iron and coalE. In 1764; the Spinning Jenny was inventedG. In 1814; the first successful steam locomotive③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution工业革命的后果A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world.B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner.C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged.D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”.E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.F. Two conflicting classes were born .G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry markedthe beginning of Industrial Revolution: 工业革命Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机Spinning mule 走锭细纱机Power loom 动力纺纱机Steam engine 蒸汽机H．Means of transportation交通方式canals were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetI．By the middle of 19th century; the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in BritainJ．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways1dramatically increased industrial productivity2the process of urbanization3changes in class structure4The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.Government and Politics23. constitutional monarchy; the head of state is a king or a queen.君主立宪制国家;国家的首脑是国王或女王..24.the monarch is supposed to reigns but not rule.To reign but not to rule: perform ceremonial duties; symbolic 25.three elements of parliament议会组成The Crown The House of Lords The House of Commons26.The main functions of Parliament议会的主要作用To legislateTo vote the taxation and expenditures of the governmentTo examine government policies and administrationTo debate major current political issues27.Where does the real power lie Cabinet内阁Cabinet：The major decision-making body in the government28.two parties in the UK政党The Labour Party: believe in the supervision of industry by the government; distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyoneThe Conservative Party: support private enterprise and minimal state regulation; accept the mixed economy; believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privilegesJudiciary司法29. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary andthe Attorney General.30. The jury composed of 12 members. 陪审团有12个成员..31. Scotland Yard伦敦警察厅: headquarter of the Metropolitan PoliceEducation32.the compulsory education义务教育Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school.33.two education systemprivate schools 私立学校 public schools公学34. the oldest university：OxfordOthers35.The largest religious festival：Christmas36. The oldest newspaper：The Times37. most famous broadcasting company：the British Broadcasting Corporationthe BBCThe most desirable home: a detached house 最理想的家:独立式住宅Part Two USAThe country1. 50 states the largest; the smallest; the purchased ones50个州 Alaska—the largest 阿拉斯加州Rhode Island—the smallest 罗德岛州Texas—the largest on the mainland德克萨斯州Alaska—the purchased ones购买2. 13 colonies13个殖民地Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North AmericaDelaware 特拉华 Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚 New Jersey 新泽西Georgia 乔治亚 Connecticut康涅狄格 Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞Maryland 马里兰 South Carolina 南卡罗来纳New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚 New York 纽约North Carolina 北卡罗来纳 Rhode Island 罗德岛3. 5 great lakes; the longest riverLake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Ontario the longest river：the Mississippi River密西西比河4.who discovered the new continentIn 1492; Christopher Columbus; found America; a new continent instead of India.History4.Independence war1775; 13 colonies began rebellion1776; proclamation of independence1777; victory at Saratoga; the turning point of American revolution1781; surrender of Britain1783; Treaty of Paris represented the formal acknowledgement of the US as an independent nationCauses:growing intense conflicts between the British government and the American people:The British government:•to bring the development of the colonies under control•to collect more taxes.•practiced unfair price policies•put into effect many taxes:The Stamp Act: 印花税法令an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercialdocuments opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766the Townshend Acts唐森德条令All goods imported into the colonies must be taxed. They were appealed in 1770.The 13 colonies:•wanted more power to determine their own business•opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies.•The Boston Massacre波士顿大屠杀 1770•Some British solders fired at the people; killed four and wounded many. The event made the people indignant.•The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件•demonstration 1773 by citizens of Boston who disguised as Indians raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumpedhundreds of chests of tea into the harbor organized as a protest against taxes on tea•an example of the conflicts between the British•government and the American people. 5.Continental congressThe First Continental Congress1774 第一次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in September; 1774 before the war.•encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.•Colonial militia units were organized and weapons and ammunition were collected and stored since then.Beginning of the War•The shots at Lexington started the Independence War on April 19; 1775.The Second Continental Congress 第二次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in May; 1775 three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord.•The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington; a Virginia militia commander. The Declaration of Independence July4; 1776 独立宣言• drafted by Thomas Jefferson• adopted by the Congress on July4; 1776• declared the independence of the 13 colonies6. Civil war内战1861-1865The Situation Before the War:Two economic systems in the North and the SouthNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationThe Growth of the working classUncle Tom’s Cabinfree and slave states 1860Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.a war to abolish slaveryUnion army Vs. Confederate armySurpasses all other wars for the tragedy and destructiveness.Effect: put an end to the salve system in AmericaAftermath of the war:In south: KKKKu Klux KlanIn north: building an enterprising way of lifeIn west: cowboy7.Great depression 1930’s经济危机The stock market crash in 1929Massive unemployment; factory and mill closings; and mortgage foreclosuresA breakdown of the nati on’s entire economy8.New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt: “New Deal” 罗斯福新政The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformAmerican Identity9.melting pot/ “a nation of immigrants”熔炉/“移民国家”Reasons:①.Country was settled; built; and developed by generations of immigrants②. America continues to take in more immigrants than any other country.③. The most heterogeneous多种多样的 societiesInfluence:America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.10.Indian Reservations印第安保留地Indians’struggle and sufferings:①. first driven out of their familiar land②. either wholly or partially destroyed③. lose their land to white invaders④. lose their peaceful family & community life⑤.“Indian Reservations”Today’s Indians:①. the poorest②. lower incomes③. the highest unemployment; school dropout; and suicide rates④. malnutrition & mental illness & short life expectancy⑤. call of pan-IndianismPolitical Institutions11.Checks and balances 分权制衡12.Congress国会The legislative branch of the federal government.Congress：Senate 参议院:2年选1/3;6年House of Representatives 众议院:2年全选;2年表格对比：Congress Members Be elected Terms of office represent Senators 100 1/3 every 2 years 6 years All of the people in a state & their interestsRepresentatives 435 every 2 years 2 years Population of “congressional districts”Congress makes all laws.Each state has two Senators; regardless of population; and; since there are 50 states; then there are 100 senators.13.General election大选Is elected every 4 years4-year term of officeNo more than 2 full terms allowedHe must convince Congressmen; the Representatives & theSenators.14.two parties两党the American political system is dominated by two political parties:the Democratic Party民主党donkeythe Republican Party共和党elephantThe Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey; whilethe Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.15.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the onlyorgan which has the power to interpret the Constitution最高法院唯一有权解释宪法Educationpulsory education义务教育Elementary初等 and secondary中等 education—the basis of publiceducation; free and compulsory; 12 gradesOne academic year—from September through JuneDifferent divisions of school systems:elementary school—one through eighthigh school—next four yearselementary school—one through sixjunior high school—seven through ninesenior high school—ten through twelveHigher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. 高等教育始于哈佛学院的建立The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 163617.list some famous universites in America; are they public or private The oldest one isIvy League—including eight universities Brown; Columbia; Cornell; Dartmouth;Harvard; Pennsylvania; Princeton; and Yale MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院Harvard is the oldest one.Others18.the typical American festival isNew Year’s Day新年 Epiphany显现节;主显节Lent四旬斋 Candlemas Day圣烛节、土拨鼠日St. Valentine's Day情人节 Easter复活节 Thanksgiving Halloween万圣节 Washington's Birthday华盛顿诞辰日Lincoln's Birthday林肯纪念日 President's Day总统纪念日19.Independence Day 美国独立纪念日Independence Day is the most important patriotic holiday.The national day—the 4th of July On this day in 1776; the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence.4th July: The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S.We celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies.On July 4; 1776; John Hancock; Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin; well-known patriots; declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. We celebrate this day with fireworks and parades.。
Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况精讲：第十四章美国人口种族chapter 14：population.Race and Ethnic groups必背细节1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。
2。
Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。
3。
Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。
4。
Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
8级备考“英语国家概况”部分地理英国地理国土由大不列颠Britain（其中包括南边的England, 最北的Scotland & 英格兰西侧的Wales）和西边的北爱尔兰组成。
英格兰和苏格兰之间以哈德良长城（Hadrain’s Wall）为界，当初罗马人为阻止凯尔特人南下而建。
英格兰首府是伦敦（London）。
苏格兰首府是爱丁堡（Edinburgh）。
威尔士首府是卡迪夫（Cardiff）。
北爱尔兰首府是贝尔法斯特（Belfast）。
Birmingham是英国第二大城市，仅次于伦敦，被称为“工业革命的发源地”（the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution）。
Manchester被誉为棉都（Cottonopolis），是英国的棉纺织业中心，也是英国的交通枢纽。
伦敦是英国的行政中心、金融中心、最重要的港口城市。
英国最长河流是塞文河（Severn River）。
英国的第二大河是泰晤士河（Thames River）。
英格兰人约占英国总人口的80%。
英格兰人口最为稠密，而苏格兰人口最为稀少。
不列颠群岛被天然分成两部分：高地和低地。
高地地区包括北部和西部的高山和丘陵，低地地区位于南部和东部，大部分是起伏的平原。
多数英国人生活在气候温和、土壤肥沃的低地地区（lowland zone）。
本宁山（The Pennine Chain）被称为“英格兰的屋脊”（the backbone of England）。
英国最高的山峰是本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）。
美国地理五大湖：Superior（苏必利尔湖）, Huron（休伦湖）, Erie（伊利湖）, Ontario（安大略湖）, Michigan （密歇根湖）, 除Michigan外，其他四个为美加共享。
新英格兰(New England) 包括Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island。
1。
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2.The strait of Dover 多佛海峡 3. the English Channel 英吉利海峡4.Greenwich 格林尼治5..The Britain Isles 大不列颠岛6.The Thames River 泰晤士河7。
The Severn River 塞汶河ke Neigh 讷湖9。
Lake District 湖区10。
Edinburgh 爱丁堡11.Glasgow 格拉斯哥12.Cardiff 加的夫13. Stonehenge 史前时期巨大石柱14。
the British Isles不列颠群岛15.the English Channel 英吉利海峡16. maritime climate海洋性气候;海岸气候17。
loanwords外来语,外来词18.。
Old English古英语（略作OE）19. Roman Catholic church罗马天主教会;罗马公教20。
Middle English中世纪英语；中古英语（约1150－约1475年间的英语）1。
Modern English 现代英语 2.The Church of England 英格兰圣公会3.Christmas 圣诞节4.Easter 复活节5。
Westminster Abbey 西敏寺大教堂6。
City of London 伦敦城7。
Outer London 外伦敦8。
Poets' Corner 诗人角9。
Birmingham 伯明翰 1. Roman Conquest 罗马征服2 . Anglo-Saxon settlement 盎格鲁撒克逊人的定居3。
Edward, the Confessor 信教者爱德华4. Battle at Hastings 哈斯丁斯战役5. the Great Charter 大宪章6。
C 11. geography [英] [dʒɪ'ɒɡrəfɪ] [美] [dʒi'ɑɡrəfi] n. 地理（学）；地形，地势；布局adj. geographical adv. Geographically2. features高频词，一定要记住哦！[英] ['fi:tʃəz] [美] ['fi:tʃəz] n. 特征( feature的名词复数)；特写；[复数]面貌；面貌的一部分3. geographical features地理特征4. collectively中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [kə'lektɪvlɪ] [美] [kə'lɛktɪvlɪ]adv. 全体地，共同地5. account[英] [ə'kaʊnt] [美] [ə'kaʊnt] n. 账，账目；存款；记述，报告；理由vi. 解释；导致；报账vt. 认为；把…视6. account for[英] [ə'kaunt fɔ:] [美] [ə'kaʊnt fɔr] 生词本说明（原因、理由等）；导致，引起；（在数量、比例上）占；对…负责7. urbanize[英] ['ɜ:bənaɪz] [美] [ˈɚbəˌnaɪz] vt. 使都市化，使文雅过去式：urbanized 过去分词：urbanized 现在分词：urbanizing 第三人称单数：urbanizes8. constituent中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [kənˈstɪtjuənt] [美] [kənˈstɪtʃuənt]n. 选民；成分，构成部分；委托人adj. 构成的，组成的；选举的；有选举权的复数：constituents9.substantial [英] [səb'stænʃl] [美] [səbˈstænʃəl] adj. 大量的；结实的，牢固的；重大的n. 本质；重要材料复数：substantials10.unifiy中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['ju:nɪfaɪ] [美] [ˈjunəˌfaɪ] vt. 使联合；使相同；使一致；统一过去式：unified 过去分词：unified 现在分词：unifying 第三人称单数：unifies 11. scenery低频词，[英] ['si:nərɪ] [美] [ˈsinəri] 生词本n. 风景，景色；舞台布景；风景画；舞台面12.whisky [英] [ˈwɪski] [美] [ˈhwɪski, ˈwɪs-] n. 威士忌酒13.densely[英] [denslɪ] [美] [ˈdɛnslɪ] adv. 浓密地，稠密地，密集地14.originate[英] [ə'rɪdʒɪneɪt] [美] [əˈrɪdʒəˌnet] vt. 引起；创始，创作；开始，发生；发明vi. 起源于，来自；产生；起航过去式：originated 过去分词：originated 15. dominate[英] ['dɒmɪneɪt] [美] [ˈdɑməˌnet] vt.& vi. 控制；在…中占首要地位；在…中具有最重要（或明显）的特色；在…中拥有最重要的位置vt. 耸立于，俯临；支配；施加过去式：dominated 过去分词：dominated 现在分词：dominating 第三人称单数：dominates16.temperate低频词，[英] [ˈtempərət] [美] [ˈtɛmpərɪt, ˈtɛmprɪt] 生词本adj. 有节制的；（气候）温和的；适度的比较级：more temperate 最高级：most temperate 17. frequent[英] ['fri:kwənt] [美] [ˈfrikwənt] adj. 频繁的，时常发生的，常见的；（脉搏等）急促的，快的vt. 常到，光顾，常与…交往；常去，时常出入于过去式：frequented 过去分词：frequented 现在分词：frequenting 第三人称单数：frequents18. instability[英] [ˌɪnstə'bɪlətɪ] [美] [ˌɪnstəˈbɪlɪti] n. 不稳定，不稳固；不坚决，反复无常；基础薄弱复数：instabilities19. changeability[英] [ˌtʃeɪndʒə'bɪlətɪ] [美] [ˌtʃeɪndʒə'bɪlətɪ] n.可变性，易变性20. financial [英] [faɪˈnænʃl] [美] [faɪˈnænʃ(ə)l] adj. 财政的；财务的；金融的；有钱的21. port中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [pɔ:t] [美] [pɔrt, port] n. 港口22. a major port主要港口23. landmark中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [ˈlændmɑ:k] [美] [ˈlændˌmɑrk] 生词本n. [航]陆标；界标；里程碑；纪念碑adj. 有重大意义或影响的复数：landmarks n. 陆标( landmark的名词复数)；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址）24. symbol [英] ['sɪmbl] [美] [ˈsɪmbəl] n. 象征；标志；符号；记号vt. 用符号代表复数：symbols 过去式：symbolled symboled 过去分词：symbolled symboled 现在分词：symbolling symboling 第三人称单数：symbols25.tourist attractions旅游景点26. administrative[英] [ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv] [美] [ædˈmɪnɪˌstretɪv] 生词本adj. 管理的，行政的；行政职位；非战斗性行政勤务的27. headquarter英] ['hed'kwɔ:tə] [美] ['hed'kwɔ:tə] vi. 设总部vt. 将…的总部设在；把…放在总部里headquarters n. （机构，企业等的）总部；总店；司令部；指挥部28.institution高频词，一定要记住哦！[英] [ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn] [美] [ˌɪnstɪˈtuʃən, -ˈtju-] n. （大学、银行等规模大的）机构；惯例，制度，规定，建立；社会事业机构；<口>名人，名物复数：institutions29. the National Gallery国家美术馆30. the Royal Festival Hall皇家节日音乐厅, 皇家音乐厅31. stunningly中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['stʌnɪŋlɪ] [美] [ˈstʌnɪŋlɪ] adv. 绝妙地；极好地；令人震惊地；使人目瞪口呆地stun中频词，你记住了吗？常见度：[英] [stʌn] [美] [stʌn] 生词本vt. 击晕，使昏厥；使震聋；使目瞪口呆；使大吃一惊n. 打击，刺激过去式：stunned 过去分词：stunned 现在分词：stunning 第三人称单数：stuns 32. renowned [英] [rɪˈnaʊnd] [美] [rɪˈnaʊnd] adj. 有名的，享有声誉的；有声望的v. 使有声誉(renown的过去分词)renown[英] [rɪˈnaʊn] [美] [rɪˈnaʊn] n. 名望，声誉；威名；声威33. insurance[英] [ɪnˈʃʊərəns] [美] [ɪnˈʃʊrəns] n. 保险，保险业；保险费；预防措施adj. [体]巩固球队领先局面，使对手不能因增加一分而成平局的34. enormous中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [iˈnɔ:məs] [美] [ɪˈnɔrməs] adj. 巨大的；庞大的；极恶的；凶暴的35. restoration[英] [ˌrestə'reɪʃn] [美] [ˌrɛstəˈreʃən] n. （规章制度等的）恢复；复原；（遗失等物的）归还原主；整修36. fashionable[英] [ˈfæʃnəbl] [美] [ˈfæʃənəbəl] adj. 流行的；时髦的，符合时尚的；时髦人物使用的；（尤指）有钱人常光顾的n. 时髦的人37. impressive [英] [ɪmˈpresɪv] [美] [ɪmˈprɛsɪv] adj. 给人印象深刻的，感人的；引人注目的；可观的；显赫38. selection [英] [sɪ'lekʃn] [美] [sɪˈlɛkʃən] n. 选择，挑选；被挑选的人[事物]；选萃；[生]选择，淘汰复数：selections39. world-class adj. 世界级的；国际水平的40. trendy低频词，[英] ['trendɪ] [美] [ˈtrɛndi] adj. 时髦的，赶时髦的，追随时髦的n. 时髦人物，赶时髦的人；领导时尚的人复数：trendies 比较级：trendier 最高级：trendiest41. waterfront waterfront低频词，[英] [ˈwɔ:təfrʌnt] [美] [ˈwɔtɚˌfrʌnt, ˈwɑtə-] 生词本n. 海滨，江边；装在火炉前部的热水缸复数：waterfronts42. trendy waterfront area时髦的滨水地区,时髦的海港区/江岸地区43. crammed crammed低频词，常见度：[英] [kræmd] [美] [kræmd]adj. 塞满的，挤满的；大口地吃；快速贪婪地吃v. 把…塞满；填入；临时抱佛脚( cram的过去式)44. monuments[ˈmɔnjumənts] n. 纪念碑( monument的名词复数)；遗迹；遗址；丰碑45. remarkable中频词，你记住了吗？[英] [rɪˈmɑ:kəbl] [美] [rɪˈmɑrkəbəl] adj. 异常的，引人注目的，；卓越的；显著的；非凡的，非常（好）的比较级：more remarkable 最高级：most remarkable46. transformation[英] [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn] [美] [ˌtrænsfɚˈmeʃən, -fɔr-] n. 变化；<核>转换；<语>转换；<电>变换47. redevelop[英] [ˌri:dɪ'veləp] [美] [ˌridɪˈvɛləp] vt. 重建，重新开发过去式：redeveloped 过去分词：redeveloped 现在分词：redeveloping 第三人称单数：redevelops48. estimate[英] ['estɪmət] [美] [ˈɛstəˌmet] n. 估计，预测；报价，预算书；评价，判断vt. 估计，估算；评价，评论；估量，估价复数：estimates 过去式：estimated 过去分词：estimated 现在分词：estimating 第三人称单数：estimates49. density[英] ['densətɪ] [美] [ˈdɛnsɪti] n. 密度；稠密，浓厚；[物]浓度，比重；愚钝复数：densities50. prosperous[英] ['prɒspərəs] [美] [ˈprɑspərəs] adj. 繁荣的，兴旺的；富裕的；幸福的，运气好的；良好的51. fertile[英] ['fɜ:taɪl] [美] [ˈfɚtl] adj. 肥沃的；可繁殖的；丰富的；[物]能产生裂变物质的52. distribute[英] [dɪ'strɪbju:t] [美] [dɪˈstrɪbjut] vt. 分配，散布；散发，分发；把…分类；[电]配电过去式：distributed 过去分词：distributed 现在分词：distributing 第三人称单数：distributes53. descendant低频词，[英] [dɪˈsendənt] [美] [dɪˈsɛndənt] n. 后代；后裔；（由过去类似物发展来的）派生物；弟子adj. 下降的；祖传的复数：descendants54. mountainous[英] [ˈmaʊntənəs] [美] [ˈmaʊntənəs] 生词本adj. 多山的；巨大的；山一般的1. permanent中频词，你记住了吗？[英] ['pɜ:mənənt] [美] [ˈpɚmənənt] adj. 永久（性）的，永恒的，不变的，耐久的，持久的，经久的；稳定的；常务的，常设的n. 电烫发，烫发2. resident [英] [ˈrezɪdənt] [美] [ˈrɛzɪdənt, -ˌdɛnt]adj. 定居的，常驻的；[计]常驻的，常存于内存中的；[动]不迁徙的（鸟兽等）；固有的，内在的n. 居民；（旅馆的）住宿者；住院医师复数：residents3. permanent resident 永久居民4. immigrant [英] [ˈɪmɪgrənt] [美] [ˈɪmɪɡrənt] n. 移民，侨民；从异地移入的动物[植物] adj. 移民的，移来的；侨民的5.Caribbean英] [ˌkærɪˈbi:ən] [美] [ˌkærəˈbiən, kəˈrɪbiən] n. 加勒比海6. mutually 中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈmju:tʃuəli] 美[ˈmjuːtʃuəli] adv. 互相地，互助；7. intelligible英[ɪnˈtelɪdʒəbl] 美[ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbəl] adj. 可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的8. inhabitant英[ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] 美[ɪnˈhæbɪtənt] n. 居民，住户；（栖息在某地区的）动物9. Christianity 中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˌkrɪstiˈænəti] 美[ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti, ˌkrɪsti-]n. 基督教；基督教徒；基督教教义10. estrange e 英[ɪs'treɪndʒ] 美[ɪˈstrendʒ] vt. 使疏远（尤指家庭成员之间11. modify 中频词，你记住了吗？英['mɒdɪfaɪ] 美[ˈmɑdəˌfaɪ] vi. 被修饰；修改vt. 改变；减轻，减缓；[语]修饰，（用变音符号）改变12. standardization 低频词，英[ˌstændədaɪ'zeɪʃn] 美[ˌstændədaɪ'zeɪʃn] n. 标准化；标定；规格化；规范化13. assimilate低频词，英[ə'sɪməleɪt] 美[əˈsɪməˌlet] vi. 吸收，消化；同化vt. 透彻理解；使吸收14. protein中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈprəʊti:n] 美[ˈproˌtin, -tiɪn] n. [化]朊，蛋白（质）adj. 蛋白质的15. vaccine英['væksi:n] 美[vækˈsin,ˈvækˌsin] n. 疫苗，痘苗adj. 痘苗的，疫苗的复数：vaccines16. shampoo英[ʃæm'pu:] 美[ʃæmˈpu] n. 洗发剂；洗发香波；（洗地毯、家具罩套、汽车等的）洗涤剂；洗头vt. 用洗发剂洗头；用洗涤剂洗17. pajamas英[pə'dʒɑ:məz] 美[pə'dʒæməz] n. 睡衣裤18. virtually中频词，你记住了吗？英[ˈvɜ:tʃuəli] 美[ˈvɚtʃuəli] adv. 实际上，实质上，事实上，几乎；无形中；无形19. lingua franca生词本英[ˌlɪŋgwəˈfræŋkə] n. 混合语，任何混合国际商业用的语言P15-P16Establishment n. 确定，制定美 [ɪ'stæblɪʃmənt] 英 [ɪ'stæblɪʃm(ə)nt; e-]Feudalism n. 封建制度英 ['fjuːdəlɪz(ə)m] 美 ['fjʊdl'ɪzəm]principal adj. 主要的英 ['prɪnsɪp(ə)l] 美 ['prɪnsəpl]ascend v.上升，登高英 [ə'send] 美 [ə'sɛnd]throne n. 王座vi. 登上王座英[θrəʊn] 美[θron]justice n. 司法，法律制裁英 ['dʒʌstɪs] 美 ['dʒʌstɪs]institutionalize vt. 使~~~制度化美 [,ɪnstɪ'tuʃənəlaɪz]clause n. 条款英 [klɔːz] 美 [klɔz]payment n. 付款，支付；报酬，报答；偿还；惩罚，报应英 ['peɪm(ə)nt] 美 ['pemənt] consent vi. 同意；赞成；答应n. 同意；（意见等的）一致；赞成英 [kən'sent] 美 [kən'sɛnt] arrest vt. 逮捕；阻止；吸引n. 逮捕；监禁英 [ə'rest] 美 [ə'rɛst]imprisoned adj. 被封印的英 [ɪm'prɪznd]convicted adj. 证明有罪的privilege n. 特权；优待；基本权利vt. 给与…特权；特免英 ['prɪvɪlɪdʒ] 美 ['prɪvlɪdʒ] vassal n. 诸侯；封臣adj. 臣属的英 ['væs(ə)l] 美 ['væsl]self-government n. 自治；自制；克己英 ['selfɡʌvənmənt]be crowned in 登基被加冕rein n. 缰绳；驾驭；统治；支配vt. 控制；驾驭；勒住vi. 勒住马英 [reɪn] 美 [ren]wage vi. 进行；发动；从事n. 工资；代价；报偿vt. 进行；开展英 [weɪdʒ] 美 [wedʒ] provision n. 规定；条款；准备；[经] 供应品vt. 供给…食物及必需品英 [prə'vɪʒ(ə)n]noble 贵族clergyman n. 牧师英 ['klɜːdʒɪmən] 美 ['klɝdʒɪmən]parliament n. 议会国会英 ['pɑːləm(ə)nt] 美 ['pɑrləmənt]P17-P18throne [θrəʊn] 王座，王权renew [rɪ'nʊ]使更新，复兴Concept ['kɑnsɛpt] 观念feudalism ['fjuːdəlɪz(ə)m]封建主义badge [bædʒ] 微章，标记centralize ['sɛntrəlaɪz] 使集中，medieval [,mi:dɪ'i:vəl] 中世纪的，原始的inevitable [ɪn'evɪtəb(ə)l]必然的monarchy ['mɒnəkɪ]君主政体resentment [rɪ'zentm(ə)nt] 愤恨，怨恨corruption[kə'rʌpʃ(ə)n]贪污，腐败grant [grɑːnt] 授予，允许wholesale ['həʊlseɪl]】批发的，批发vtsuppression [sə'preʃ(ə)n]抑制，镇压guise [gaɪz]伪装，外观reformation [refə'meɪʃ(ə)n]革新，改善bloody ['blʌdɪ]血腥的，残忍的persecution [pɜːsɪ'kjuːʃn] 迫害，烦忧settlement ['set(ə)lm(ə)nt]解决，处理execute ['eksɪkjuːt]实行，执行faction ['fækʃ(ə)n] 派别，内讧consolidate [kən'sɒlɪdeɪt]巩固，使固定P23-241.occupy ['ɑkjupaɪ][ 过去式occupied 过去分词occupied 现在分词occupying ]vt. 占据，占领；居住；使忙碌occupier ['ɑkjupaɪɚ]n. 居住人；占有者；占用者2.self-governing ['self'ɡʌvəniŋ]adj. 自治的；自己管理自己的governing ['gʌvɚnɪŋ]adj. 有统治、控制或治理权力的govern ['ɡʌvɚn]vt. 管理；支配；统治；控制vi. 居支配地位；进行统治3.dominion [də'mɪnɪən]n. 主权，统治权；支配；领土4.colonial [kə'lonɪəl]n. 殖民地居民adj. 殖民地的，殖民的colony ['kɑləni]n. 殖民地；移民队colonialism [kə'lonɪəlɪzəm]n. 殖民主义；殖民政策ndmass ['lændmæs]n. 大陆6.imperialism [ɪm'pɪrɪəlɪzəm]n. 帝国主义imperialistic[ɪm,pɪrɪəl'ɪstɪk]adj. 帝国主义的；帝国主义者的；拥护帝国主义的\imperialisticallyadv. 帝国主义地imperialist [ɪm'pɪrɪəlɪst]n. 帝国主义者adj. 帝国主义的7.industrialized [ɪn'dʌstrɪəlaɪzd]adj. 工业化的industrialize [ɪn'dʌstrɪəlaɪz]vt. 使工业化vi. 实现工业化[ 过去式industrialized 过去分词industrialized 现在分词industrializing ]8.eager ['igɚ]adj. 渴望的；热切的；热心的eagerly ['igɚli]adv. 急切地；渴望地；热心地9.conflict ['kɑnflɪkt]n. 冲突，矛盾；斗争；争执vi. 冲突，抵触；争执；战斗10.rivalry ['raɪvlri]复数[rivalries ] n. 竞争；对抗；竞赛rivalrous ['raɪvlrəs]adj. 敌对性的；有竞争性的11.plunge [plʌndʒ]n. 投入；跳进vi. 突然地下降；投入；陷入；跳进vt. 使陷入；使投入；使插入12.respective [rɪ'spɛktɪv]adj. 分别的，各自的13.allies [æ,laɪz; ə'laɪz]n. （第二次世界大战时的）同盟国；（第一次世界大战时的）协约国14.drain [dren]vi. 排水；流干vt. 喝光，耗尽；使流出；排掉水n. 排水；下水道，排水管；消耗15.merchant ['mɝtʃənt]n. 商人，批发商；店主adj. 商业的，商人的merchantable ['mɝtʃəntəbl]adj. 适销的；可买卖的；有销路的16.taxes [tæksiːz] n. 税收，税金；税务；[税收] 税捐tax æks]vt. 向…课税；使负重担n. 税金；重负17.soar [sɔr]vi. 高飞；高耸；往上飞舞n. 高飞；高涨18.relinquish [rɪ'lɪŋkwɪʃ]vt. 放弃；放手；让渡relinquishment[ri'liŋkwiʃmənt]n. 作罢；让渡19.permanently ['pɝmənəntli]adv. 永久地，长期不变地permanence ['pɝmənəns]n. 持久；永久20.disarm [dɪs'ɑrm]vt. 解除武装；裁军；缓和vi. 放下武器；裁减军备disarming [dɪs'ɑrmɪŋ]adj. 使解除警戒心的；使人消气的pel [kəm'pɛl]vt. 强迫，迫使；强使发生[ 过去式compelled 过去分词compelled 现在分词compelling ]22.vast [væst]adj. 广阔的；巨大的；大量的；巨额的n. 浩瀚；广阔无垠的空间[ 比较级vaster 最高级vastest ]vastitude ['væstɪtjʊd]n. 广大；广阔境界；浩瀚23.sum [sʌm]n. 金额；总数vi. 概括vt. 总结；合计[ 过去式summed 过去分词summed 现在分词summing ]24.arouse [ə'raʊz]vt. 引起；唤醒；鼓励vi. 激发；醒来；发奋[ 过去式aroused 过去分词aroused 现在分词arousing ] arousal [ə'raʊzl]n. 觉醒；激励25.racism ['resɪzəm]n. 种族主义，种族歧视；人种偏见racist['resɪst]n. 种族主义者26.reluctant [rɪ'lʌktənt]adj. 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的[ 比较级morereluctant 最高级most reluctant ]27.somewhat n. 几分；某物adv. 有点；多少；几分；稍微28.propel [prə'pɛl]vt. 推进；驱使；激励；驱策[ 过去式propelled 过去分词propelled 现在分词propelling ]propelling [prə'peliŋ]adj. 推进的29.suicide ['suɪsaɪd]n. 自杀；自杀行为；自杀者adj. 自杀的vt. 自杀vi. 自杀[ 过去式suicided 过去分词suicided 现在分词suiciding ]30.supremacy [su'prɛməsi]n. 霸权；至高无上；主权；最高地位supremacist [su'prɛməsɪst]n. 至上主义者adj. 至上主义者的P221. formation英[fɔ:ˈmeɪʃn] 美[fɔrˈmeʃən] n. 形成；构成，结构；形成物；编队，队形复数：formations2. colonization英[ˌkɒlənaɪ'zeɪʃn] 美[ˌkɑlənɪˈzeʃən] n. 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化；移殖3. Newfoundland英[ˌnju:fəndˈlænd] 美[ˈnufənlənd, -ˌlænd, -fənd-, ˈnju-]n. 纽芬兰，加拿大东部省名，包括纽芬兰岛和拉布拉多半岛东部。
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。
2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。
2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况第⼀章知识点Chapter 1 Land and People第01讲Geographical Features & Climate Part I the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and PeopleNames【译⽂】第⼀编英国第⼀章国⼟与⼈民名称different names for 英国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandthe United Kingdomthe UKGreat Britain （GB）BritainEnglandthe total population: 63 million.the third-largest in the European Union （behind Germany and France） and the 22nd-largest in the world.【译⽂】“英国”不同的名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国联合王国⼤不列颠（GB）不列颠英格兰总⼈⼝：6300 0000英国是欧洲第三⼈⼝⼤国（排在德国和法国后⾯），是世界第⼆⼗⼆⼈⼝⼤国。
The UK is a developed country.the sixth-largest national economy in the world （and third-largest in Europe）measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world （and second-largest in Europe） measured by purchasing power parity （PPP）.It was the world’s first industrialized country and the world’s foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries.【译⽂】英国是⼀个发达国家。
英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack（英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗）2. The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngland London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化”2.一个高度城市化3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较国英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇 [UseMoney=8]一、地理位置,面积: 英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres. 美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. 爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. 加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States. 澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south. 新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.三、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature. 美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian. 3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate. 爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. 加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow. 澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry. 新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries. 英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首[UseMoney=8]英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. 美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is hisofficial residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most) 爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years) 加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State. 澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States. 新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构[UseMoney=8]二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointedby the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.党派,司法机构[UseMoney=8]四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session. 二、农业[UseMoney=8]英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds. 美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291) 爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. 加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia. 澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of foodand natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years. 新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines. 四、对外贸易[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade. 美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia. 爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports. 加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American. 澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports. 新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products. 五、当今面临的问题[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92) 美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that alwaysface the United States. 爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill. 加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs. 二、教育[UseMoney=8]英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries. 美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect of American higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays. 爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591. 加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the Universityfo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students. 节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit) 加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies. 新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties. 二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）[UseMoney=8]1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphiaand the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.) 2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour. 3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States. 4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers. 5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country." 6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool" 7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents. 8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death. 节日(二)。
英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。
首府：爱丁堡。
(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。
首府：加的夫(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。
首府：贝尔法斯特。
5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。
它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。
II. Geographical Features 英国的地理特征1.Geographical position of Britain:英国的地理位置：Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.英国是一个岛国。
它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。
2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。
III. Rivers and Lakes 河流与湖泊Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。
Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。
全长338公里。
Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。
全长336公里。
Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。
面积为396平方公里。
River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。
IV. Climate 气候1. Britain''s favorable climate 英国有利的气候条件：Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。
全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。
2.The factors influence the climate in Britain:影响英国气候的因素：1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;环绕四周的海水。
冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用；2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。
3.Rainfall 降雨量：Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east.英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。
英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。
V. The People 人口1.population distribution 人口分布：Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).英国人口约570万，分布极不均匀，90%是城市人口，只有10%是农村人口。
英国人口组成为：英格兰人（81.5%），苏格兰人（9.6%），威尔士人（1.9%），爱尔兰人、北爱尔兰人和其他民族居民。
2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish:英伦三岛民族的祖先：The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.英格兰人祖先属于盎格鲁—萨克逊人，而苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人。
3.The difference in character个性差别：The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.威尔士人感情丰富，情绪高涨，热爱音乐，为过去感到自豪。
The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.苏格兰人通常被认为严肃、谨慎而且节俭，但是他们同样也热情、大方且友好。
