测绘专业英语单词unit2

Chapter 1Geomatics 测绘学Surveying 测量学Geodesy 测地学Geosciences 地球科学Surveying and mapping 测绘学Surveying and mapping engineering 测绘工程Geoinformatics 地理信息学Geodetic network 大地控制网Land Surveyor 土地测量员Photogrammetriest 摄影测量员Practitioner 从业者Topographic map 地形图Geographic information system 地理信息系统Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量学Remote sensing 遥感Cartography 地图制图学Computer graphics 计算机图形学Global navigation satellite system GNSS Global position system GPS Environmental visualization 环境可视化Geographic information system GIS Geographic referenced information 地理参考信息Landforms 地形Underground geological structure 地下地质构造Hydrology 水文学Mineral resources 矿产资源Topographic maps 地形图Geodynamic phenomena 地球动力学现象Polar motion 极移Crustal motion 地壳运动Earth tides 地球潮汐Sphere 球（体）Spheroid 球体Ellipse 椭圆Ellipsoid 椭圆体，椭球Surveying station 测站Geodetic control points 大地控制点With permanent monuments 永久标志Curved surface 曲面Straight line 直线Plane 平面Precise instrument 精密仪器Reference coordinat e 参考坐标Contour maps 等值线图Three dimensional model 三维模型Analog or digital forms 模拟或数字形式Specialized illustration software专业插图软件Data acquisition 数据获取Data representation 数据表达Manipulate 处理，操作Data storage 数据存储Data preprocessing 数据预处理Longitude latitude altitude 经度、纬度、高度Regional navigation system 地区导航系统Analog photogrammetry 模拟摄影测量Analytical photogrammetry 解析摄影测量Digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量Plotter 绘图机Passive remote sensing/active remote sensing Film photography 胶片Infrared sensors 红外感应Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件Radiometer 辐射计Backscattered 反向散射Passive/active sensor/reflector 被动/主动传感器/反射器Henan polytechnic universityGeographic data 地理数据Reference spheroid 参考椭球体Curved surface 曲面Analogy form 模拟模式Radio signal 无线信号Laser 激光Chapter 2Analog forms 模拟形式Paper plan 平面图Report table 报告表Three dimensional mathematical model 三维数学模型Horizontal and vertical distances 水平距离和垂直距离Determining Elevations 确定高程Direction 方向Location 位置V olume 体积（量）Portray graphically生动描绘Profile/cross section 侧面/横断面Longitudinal section 纵剖面Diagram 图表/示意图Optical theodolite 光学经纬仪Digital level 数字水准仪Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Total station 全站仪Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影Satellite observation 卫星观测Inertial surveying 惯性测量Laser ranging techniques 激光测距技术Large volume of data 大量数据Rigorous processing 严密加工工艺Field/office work 野外/室内工作Conventional construction engineering projects 传统建设工程项目Property surveying 权属调查Geology 地质学geophysics地球物理biology生物agriculture 农业forestry 林业hydrology 水文oceanography 海洋学Geography地理学Distance measurement 距离测量Linear 线性物non-Spherical earth 球面地Slant 倾斜Tape 卷尺Telescope view望远镜视场electro-optical distance measuring 光电测距Earth gravity field 地球重力场Plume lines 铅垂线plastic tapes 塑料尺Poly tapes 塑料尺Steel types 钢尺Marking pole 花杆marking pin 测杆spring balance 弹簧秤Collimation axis 视准轴plumb bob 铅锤Invar tapes 因瓦尺Coefficient 系数Metric units 米制单位Foot units 英制单位Metric 公制，米制Meter 米Decimeter 分米Centimeter 厘米Minimeter 毫米Kilometer 千米Tacheometry 视距测量Theodolite tacheometryoptical resolutionOrdinary taping 普通丈量Precise taping 精密丈量Thermal expansion 热膨胀fixed-angle intercept截取一个固定角stadia interval factorstadia system 视距系统level rod 水准尺Plane table 平板仪line of sight 视线horizontal stadia principle 水平视距原理stadia interval 视距间隔factor 常数stadia hairs 视距丝Principle focus 主焦点detail surveys 碎步测量topographic surveys 地形测量Leveling 水准测量electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪Geodimeter Inc光电测距仪公司terrain conditions 地形条件Radio waves 无线电波Identical velocities 相同速度Light velocity 光速Vacuum 真空operational range 测距Microwave systems 微波系统Light wave systems 光波系统Infrared systems 红外系统Wavelength band 波段Transmitted signals 传播信号airborne particles 浮尘Traversing 导线测量Precise taping 精密丈量Curvature 曲率Mean sea level MSLPermanent points/benchmarks 基准参照Trigonometric or indirect leveling 三角高程测量direct or spirit leveling 水准测量stadia leveling 视距测量different leveling 差分水准Point in question 待求点self-reducing tacheometer 自降速测仪Barometric leveling 气压高程测量Gravimetric leveling 重力高程测量mutually perpendicular axesStandard deviations 标准差earth curvature and refractionAnnexed leveling line 附和水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线preclude 排除slope distance 斜距vertical angle 竖直角Zenith angle 天顶角National vertical datum 国家高程基准theodolite 经纬仪transitangles of elevation 仰角minus angles angles of depression 俯角down angles reciprocal vertical angle observation 垂直角对测degree minute second 度分秒the sexagesimal system 六十进制系统radian 弧度topographic detail points 地形碎部点points to be set out 待放样点clinometer 测角仪/倾斜仪sextant 六分仪compass 罗盘true meridian direction 真子午线方向true north direction 正北方向meridian plane 子午面gyro theodolite 陀螺经纬仪magnetic meridian direction 磁北方向azimuths 方位角coordinate north direction 坐标北方向coordinate axies directionclockwise direction 顺时针方向counterclockwise direction 逆时针方向bearing/orientation 方位、方向quadrant 象限horizontal circle 水平度盘circular protractors 圆形量角器geometric conditions 几何条件astronomic 天文学的，极大的magnetic poles 磁极gauss coordinate system 高斯坐标系coordinate azimuth 坐标方位角meridian 子午圈/线azimuthal projection 方位角投影commencing on 开始face left 盘左bisected bisect 一分为二binary 二进制的horizontal scale 水平度盘比例尺upper plate clamp 上盘制动夹subtract 减法，扣除arbitrary points 任意点primary control 一级控制triangulation 三角法trilateration 三边法intersection 交会法resection 后方交会traversing 导线测量trigonometric proposition 三角定理law of sines 正弦定理law of cosines 余弦定理forward intersection 前方交会side intersection 侧方交会steel tapes 钢尺hydrographic surveyspur/stub traverse 支导线geometric closure 几何形状闭合connection/annexed traverse 附合导线Closed traverse 闭合导线Normal calculation 坐标正算inverse calculation 坐标反算Stadia hair 视距丝Cross hair 十字丝Pulse method 脉冲法Phase different method 相差法Modulated light beam 调制光束Dividing scale tape 刻线尺Reflect 反射disperse散射radiate 辐射Refract折射diffract 衍射diffuse漫射Compensator 补偿器Ralative precision 相对精度Absolute precision 绝对精度Horizontal distance 水平距离Benchmark 水准基准点Alidade 照准部Automatic level 自动安平水准仪Nominal factor 名义因子Construction maps 施工图Air density 空气密度Horizontal braking screw 水平制动螺旋Charpter 3plane trigonometry 平面三角orthogonal projection 正射投影reference ellipsoid 参考椭球面geoid 大地水准面landmass 陆地equipotential surface 等势面theoretical surface 理论面perpendicular 垂直gravity potential 重力势planimetric position 平面位置orthometric heights 正高Geodetic height 大地高semi-major axis 长半径minor axis 短轴plumb bob line 垂线spirit bubble 水准泡horizontalized 使整平flattening 扁率ellipsoidal/geodetic distance 大地距best fitting 最佳拟合global geocentric ellipsoid 全球地心参考系geodetic reference system 1980 大地测量参考系portrary 描绘conformality 正形性at expense of 以牺牲—为代价Arbitrary projection 任意投影Equidistant projection 等距投影Easel plane 承影面Cylindrical projection 圆柱投影Conic projection 圆锥投影Azimuthal/planar projection 方位投影Normal/regular axis tangent conic projection 正轴切圆锥投影Normal/regular axis secant conic projection 正轴割圆锥投影Tangent planar projectionNormal axis tangent planar projection正轴切面投影Transverse axis tangent planar projection横轴切面投影Oblique axis tangent planar projection斜轴切面投影Graticule of normal conic projection正轴圆锥投影格网Cylinder 圆柱体Gauss kruger projection=conformal（equal angle）transverse tangent elliptic cylindrical projectionUniversal transverse mercator UTMRules of thumb 经验法则Geodetic datum 大地测量基准World geodetic system 84Standard parallels 标准纬线Meridian 子午线，子午圈，经线Mass anomaly质量异常Geodetic latitude 大地维度Geodetic longitude 大地经度Translation parameter 平移参数Rotation parameter 旋转参数Scale parameter 尺度参数Rotation axis 旋转轴Backsight 后视Leveling rod reading 水准尺读数Height difference 高差Notional leveling origin 国家水准原点Coordinate conversion 坐标转换Smooth surface 光滑表面Normal calculation 正算Normal line 法线Survey specification 测量规范Dimension of the ellipsoid 椭圆的尺寸Chapter 4Direct measurement 直接测量Geometric formulas 几何公式Three broad categories 三大范畴Blunders/mistakes=gross errors Systematic errors 系统误差Magnitude 量级Algebraic sign 代数符号Calibration 校准，标准化Random errors 随机误差Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Law of probability 概率Most probable value 最或然值Points of inflexion 拐点Square root 平方根Probability density function 概率密度函数Normal error distribution curve 正态分布曲线Normal random variable 正态随机变量Frequency histogram 频率直方图Standard deviation 标准差Arithmetic mean 算术平均值Error propagation 误差传播Partial derivative 偏导数Mean square error 中误差Least squares adjustment 最小二乘平差Superfluous measurement 多余测量Instrumental error 仪器误差Redundant measurement 冗余误差Optimal combination 最优组合Matrix/array 矩阵Functional model 函数模型Stochastic model 随机模型Statistical properties 统计特性Variance/covariance matrix 方差/协方差矩阵Weighting matrix 权阵Weihted adjustment 加权平差Conditional adjustment 条件平差Parametric adjustment 参数平差Algebraic sum 代数和Geometric check 几何检核Chapter 5Cartography 地图制图学Map compilation 地图编制Map decoration 地图整饰Contour map 等高/值线图Neat line 图表边线Coordinate gratitude/grid 坐标网格Inset 嵌图Bar scale 图解比例尺Thematic map 专题图Topographic map 地形图topological map 拓扑地图Electronic map 电子地图Analytic stereo plotter 解析立体绘图仪Data visualization 数据可视化Image processing 图像处理Spatial analysis 空间分析Specialized illustration software 专门插图软件Laser rangefinders 激光测距仪Computer aided design CAD 计算机辅助设计VectorRasterGeometrical principles 几何原理Geospatial information 地理空间信息Zoom in 放大out 缩小Graphic scale bar 图解比例尺Map page space 图面空间C++ application programming interface API Chapter 6Global navigation satellite system GNSS Global position system GPSOrbital plane 轨道平面Orbital altitude 轨道高度Medium earth orbit /MEO 中地球轨道Carrier wave 载波Absolute positioning 绝对定位Relative positioning 相对定位Static positioning 静态定位Dynamic positioning 动态定位Base station 基站Real time kinematic RTK 实时动态定位Antenna 天线Post processing 后处理Ground based transmitter 地面发射机Geostationary orbit 对地静止轨道GPS receiver GPS接收机Monitor station 监控站Mobile /Roving station 流动站Differential GPSChapter 7Remote sensing RSElectronic scanning 电子扫描Multi-spectral 多光谱Multispectral scanner 多光谱扫描仪Hyper-spectral 高光谱Ultraviolet 紫外线Near-infrared 近红外Active microwavePassive microwaveThermal infrared 热红外Aerial camera 航空摄影机Spectroradiometers 光谱辐射计Side look airborne radar 机载侧视雷达Airborne platform 机载平台Aerial platform 航空平台Space borne platform 太空平台Map revision 地图修订space shuttle 航天飞机Electromagnetic energy 电磁能Image interpretation 图像解译radiation budget equation 辐射传输方程Radiant flux 辐射通量Spectral reflectance characteristics 光谱反射特性Photogrammetry 摄影测量学Hemisphere 半球Homogeneous region 同特性区High resolution 高分辨率Image rectification 图像矫正Image restoration 图像修复Geometric registration 几何配准Resampling 重采样Atmosphere scattering 大气散射Noise elimination 噪声消除Image enhancement 图像增强Image classification 图像分类Data merging 数据归并Discriminant function 判别函数Feature extraction 特征提取Data integration 数据集成Principle components analysis 主成分分析Image processing algorithms Linear array 线阵排列Pixel size 像元尺寸Analogue signal 模拟信号Multipath efforts 多路径效应Field of view 视场Sythetic aperture radar SAR Geometric distortion 几何变形Multi temporal 多时相Chapter 8Geographic information system GIS Agricultural rehabilitation 农地复耕Land inventory 土地普查Marginal landsData manipulation 数据操作Archives 档案文件Repositories 库Data format conversion 数据格式转换Virtual reality VRHuman computer interaction technology人机交互技术Artificial intelligence 人工智能Computer simulation technology 计算机仿真技术Network parallel processing technology网络并行处理技术3D terrain model 三维地形模型OrthophotosMunicipal facilities 市政工程设施Urban architecture 城市建筑Dataset 数据集Geographic entry 地理实体Digital lineData generalization 数据概化Relief map 地势图Digital terrain model 数字地面模型Digital elevation model 数字高程模型Solid model 实体模型。

海区总图general chart of the sea海图 Chart海图 Chart海图比例尺 Chart scale海图比例尺 Chart scale海图编号 Chart numbering海图编号 Chart numbering海图编制 Chart compilation海图编制 Chart compilation海图标题 Chart title海图标题 Chart title海图大改正 Chart large correction海图大改正 Chart large correction海图分幅 Chart subdivision海图分幅 Chart subdivision海图改正 Chart correction海图改正 Chart correction海图投影 Chart projection海图投影 Chart projection海图图廓 Chart boarder海图图廓 Chart boarder海图图式symbols and abbreviations on chart 海图小改正Chart small correction海图小改正Chart small correction海图制图 charting海图制图 charting海图注记 lettering of chart海洋测绘 marine charting海洋测绘数据库 marine charting database 海洋测量 marine survey海洋测量定位marine survey positioning海洋磁力测量marine magnetic survey海洋磁力图 marine magnetic chart海洋磁力异常marine magnetic anomaly海洋大地测量marine geodetic survey海洋大地测量学 marine geodesy海洋工程测量marine engineering survey海洋划界测量marine demarcation survey海洋环境图marine environmental chart海洋气象图 marine meteorological chart海洋生物图marine biological chart海洋水文图marine hydrological chart海洋水准测量 marine leveling海洋卫星 Seasat海洋质子采样器marine bottom proton sampler 海洋质子磁力仪 marine proton magnetometer海洋重力测量 marine gravimetry海洋重力仪 marine gravimeter海洋重力异常 marine gravity anomaly海洋重力异常图Chart of marine gravity anomaly 海洋重力异常图Chart of marine gravity anomaly 海洋专题测量marine thematic survey海洋资源图marine resource chart航标表list of lights航带法空中三角测量 strip aerial triangulation航道 channel航道 channel航道 fairway航道图navigation channel chart航道图navigation channel chart航高 flight height航高 flying height航海天文历 nautical almanac航海天文历 nautical almanac航海通告 NM航海通告 notice to mariners航海通告 NM航海通告 notice to mariners航海图 nautical chart航海图 nautical chart航迹 track航空摄谱仪 aerial spectrograph航空摄影 aerial photography航空摄影测量 aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量 aerophotogrammetry航空摄影机 aerial camera航空图 aeronautical chart航空遥感aerial remote sensing航空重力测量airborne gravity measurement航路指南 sailing directions航路指南 SD航摄计划flight plan of aerial photography航摄领航navigation of aerial photography航摄领航navigation of aerial photography航摄漏洞 aerial photographic gap航摄软片 aerial film航摄像片,航空像片 aerial photograph航摄质量 quality of aerophotography航速 speed航天飞机 space shuttle航天摄影 space photography航天摄影测量，*太空摄影测量 space photogrammetry航天遥感space remote sensing航向 course航向 course航向倾角 longitudinal tilt航向倾角 pitch航向重叠 end overlap航向重叠 fore-and-aft overlap航向重叠 forward overlap航向重叠 longitudinal overlap航行通告notice to navigator航行通告notice to navigator航行图 sailing chart航行障碍物 navigation obstruction航行障碍物 navigation obstruction合成地图 synthetic map合成孔径雷达 SAR合成孔径雷达synthetic aperture radar合点控制 vanishing point control河道整治测量 river improvement survey河外致密射电源，*类星体extragalactic compact radio source 核点 epipole核面 epipolar plane核线epipolar line核线 epipolar ray核线相关 epipolar correlation盒式分类法box classification method黑白片 black-and-white film黑白摄影 black-and-white photography恒时钟 sidereal clock恒星摄影机 stellar camera恒星时 sidereal time恒星中天测时法method of time determination by star transit 横断面测量 cross-section survey横断面测量 cross-section survey横断面图 cross-section profile横断面图 cross-section profile横轴投影 transverse projection红外测距仪 infrared EDM instrument红外辐射计 infrared radiometer红外片 infrared film红外扫描仪 infrared scanner红外摄影 infrared photography红外图像 infrared imagery红外遥感infrared remote sensing后方交会 resection湖泊测量 lake survey互补色地图 anaglyphic map互补色镜 anaglyphoscope互补色立体观察anaglyphical stereoscopic viewing 环境地图 environmental map环境探测卫星environmental survey satellite缓和曲线测设spiral curve location缓和曲线测设 transition curve location换能器 transducer换能器吃水改正correction of transducer draft换能器吃水改正correction of transducer draft换能器动态吃水transducer dynamic draft换能器基线 transducer baseline换能器基线改正correction of transducer baseline 换能器基线改正correction of transducer baseline 换能器静态吃水transducer static draft黄海平均海[水]面Huang Hai mean sea level灰楔 grey wedge回声测深 echo sounding回声测深仪 echo sounder回头曲线测设 hair-pin curve location回照器 helios回照器 helioscope汇水面积测量catchment area survey汇水面积测量catchment area survey绘图机 plotter绘图文件 plotting file混合潮港mixed tidal harbor机场测量 airport survey机场跑道测量 airfield runway survey机械投影 mechanical projection机载激光测探airborne laser sounding机载遥感器 airborne sensor机助测图 computer-aided mapping机助测图 computer-assisted plotting机助测图 computer-aided mapping机助测图 computer-assisted plotting机助地图制图 CAC机助地图制图 computer-aided cartography机助地图制图 computer-assisted cartography机助地图制图 CAC机助地图制图 computer-aided cartography机助地图制图 computer-assisted cartography机助分类 computer-assisted classification机助分类 computer-assisted classification基本比例尺 basic scale基本图形元素 primary graphic elements基本重力点 basic gravimetric point基长基线干涉测量 VLBI基-高比 base-height ratio基线 base line基线测量base line measurement基线网 base line network基准台，*差分台 track station基准纬度latitude of reference激光测高仪 laser altimeter激光测距仪laser distance measuring instrument激光测距仪 laser ranger激光测深仪 laser sounder激光测月 LLR激光测月 lunar laser ranging激光地形仪laser topographic position finder激光二极管 laser diode激光二极管 LD激光绘图机 laser plotter激光经纬仪 laser theodolite激光目镜 laser eyepiece激光扫平仪 laser swinger激光水准仪 laser level激光投点 laser plumbing激光照排机 image setter激光指向仪给向setting-out of driving working direction by laser gui激光准直法method of laser alignment激光准直仪 laser aligner极限误差 limit error极移 polar motion极坐标定位，*距离方位定位point coordinate positioning极坐标定位方法,*方位距离定位方法azimuth distance positioning method 极坐标定位方法，*方位距离定位方法 polar positioning method极坐标缩放仪 polar pantograph几何大地测量学 geometric geodesy几何定向 geometric orientation几何反转原理principle of geometric reverse几何模型 geometric model几何条件 geometric condition几何校正 geometric correction几何校正 geometric rectification计曲线 index contour计算机兼容磁带 CCT计算机兼容磁带 computer compatible tape计算机兼容磁带 CCT计算机兼容磁带 computer compatible tape计算机视觉 computer vision计算机视觉 computer vision计算机制图综合computer cartographic generalization计算机制图综合computer cartographic generalization既有线站场测量survey of existing station yard加常数 addition constant加密点 pass point假彩色合成 false color composite假彩色摄影 false color photography假彩色图像 false color image假定坐标系assumed coordinate system间接法纠正indirect scheme of digital rectification间曲线 half-interval contour监测台，*检测台 monitor station监测网 monitoring network监督分类 supervised classification监视台，*检差台 Check station监视台，*检差台 Check station减色印刷reducing color printing剪辑 clipping剪辑 clipping检疫锚法 quarantine anchorage建筑工程测量 building engineering survey建筑摄影测量 architectural photogrammetry建筑物沉降观测building axis survey渐长区间 projection interval渐长纬度 meridional part江河测量 river survey江河图 river chart交叉耦合效应，* C-C效应 cross-coupling effect交叉耦合效应，* C-C效应 cross-coupling effect交叉网线 cross-ruling交叉网线 cross-ruling交线条件，*向甫鲁条件，*恰普斯基条件 Scheimpflug condition交线条件，*向甫鲁条件，*恰普斯基条condition of intersection交线条件，*向甫鲁条件，*恰普斯基条Czapski condition交线条件，*向甫鲁条件，*恰普斯基条condition of intersection交线条件，*向甫鲁条件，*恰普斯基条Czapski condition交向摄影 convergent photography交向摄影 convergent photography焦距 focal length礁石 rock教学地图 school map接触晒印，接触印刷 contact printing接触晒印，接触印刷 contact printing接触网屏 contact screen接触网屏 contact screen接收二极管 reception diode接收中心 receiving center结点平差Adjustment by method of junction point截断误差 truncation error截面差改正correction from normal section to geodesic截面差改正correction from normal section to geodesic解析测图 analytical mapping解析测图仪 analytical plotter解析定向 analytical orientation解析纠正 analytical rectification解析空中三角测量*电算加密 analytical aerotriangulation解析摄影测量 analytical photogrammetry解析图根点analytic mapping control point界址点 boundary mark界址点 boundary point金属弹簧重力仪 metallic spring gravimeter津格尔[星对]测时法，*东西星等测时法method of time determination by Zinger star-pair 近程定位系统short-range positioning system近井点point for shaft position近景摄影测量 close-range photogrammetry近景摄影测量 close-range photogrammetry近似地形面 telluroid近似平差 approximate adjustment禁[止抛]锚区 anchorage-prohibited area禁航区 prohibited area禁区界限forbidden zone boundary line经济地图 economic map经纬[线]网 fictitious graticule经纬仪 theodolite经纬仪 transit经纬仪测绘法mapping method with transit经纬仪导线 theodolite traverse精[密]度 Precision精码 P Code精码 Precise Code精密测距 precise ranging精密垂准 precise plumbing精密导线测量 precise traversing精密工程测量 precise engineering survey精密工程控制网precise engineering control network精密估计 precision estimation精密机械安装测量precise mechanism installation survey精密立体测图仪 precision stereoplotter精密水准测量 precise leveling精密水准仪 precise level精密星历 precise ephemeris精密准直 precise alignment井底车场平面图shaft bottom plan井上下对照图 surface-underground contrast plan井深工程测量shaft prospecting engineering survey井田区域地形图topographic map of mining area井筒十字中线标定setting-out of cross line through shaft center 井下测量，*矿井测量 underground survey井下空硐测量 underground cavity survey景观地图 landscape map净空区测量clearance limit survey净空区测量clearance limit survey径向畸变 radial distortion静电复印 xerography静态定位 static positioning静态遥感器 static sensor纠正 rectification纠正仪 rectifier纠正仪 transformer纠正元素element of rectification矩形分幅rectangular map subdivision绝对定向 absolute orientation绝对定向元素elements of absolute orientation绝对航高absolute flying height绝对误差 absolute error绝对阈 absolute threshold绝对重力测量absolute gravity measurement 绝对重力仪 absolute gravimeter军事工程测量military engineering survey 军用地图 military map军用海图 military chart竣工测量final construction survey测绘类词汇（2）开采沉陷观测 mining subsidence observation开采沉陷图map of mining subsidence开窗 windowing勘测设计阶段测量survey in reconnaissance and design stage 勘探基线 prospecting baseline勘探网测设 prospecting network layout勘探线测量prospecting line survey勘探线剖面图prospecting line profile map康索尔海图 Consol chart康索尔海图 Consol chart抗差估计，*稳健估计 robust estimation考古摄影测量 archaeological photogrammetry克拉索夫斯基椭球 Krasovsky ellipsoid克莱罗定理 Clairaut theorem克莱罗定理 Clairaut theorem刻绘 scribing刻图仪 scriber坑道平面图 Adit planimetric坑探工程测量Adit prospecting engineering survey空基系统 space-based system空间大地测量学 space geodesy空间改正 free-air correction空间后方交会 space resection空间前方交会 space intersection空间试验室 Spacelab空间数据管理系统spatial database management system空间数据基础设施 SDI空间数据基础设施 spatial data infrastructure空间数据转换spatial data transfer空间信息可视化visualization of spatial information空间异常 free-air anomaly空中导线测量 aerophotogonometry空中三角测量 aerotriangulation空中水准测量 aeroleveling控制测量 control survey控制测量 control survey控制点 control point控制点 control point库容测量 reservoir storage survey跨河水准测量 river-crossing leveling块状图 block diagram快门 shutter矿产图 map of mineral deposits矿场平面图mining yard plan矿区控制测量control survey of mining area矿区控制测量control survey of mining area矿山测量 mine survey矿山测量交换图 exchanging document． of mining survey 矿山测量图 mining map矿山测量学 mine surveying矿山经纬仪 mining theodolite矿体几何[学] mineral deposits geometry矿体几何制图geometrisation of ore body框标 fiducial mark框幅摄影机 frame camera拉普拉斯点 Laplace point拉普拉斯方位角 Laplace azimuth兰勃特投影 Lambert projection蓝底图 blue key浪花 Breaker勒夫数 Love's number雷达测高仪 radar altimeter雷达覆盖区 radar overlay雷达应答器 radar responder雷达指向标 radar ramark类别视觉感受 perceptual groupings类型地图 typal map离心力 centrifugal force离心力 centrifugal force离心力位potential of centrifugal force礼炮号航天站Salyut Space Station理论地图学 theoretical cartography理论最低低潮面lowest normal low water理论最高潮面highest normal high water历史地图 historic map历元平极mean pole of the epoch立标 Beacon立井导入高程测量induction height survey through shaft立井定向测量shaft orientation survey立井激光指向[法] laser guide of vertical shaft立体测图仪 stereoplotter立体地图 relief map立体观测 stereoscopic observation立体观测模型 stereoscopic model立体镜 stereoscope立体判读仪 stereointerpretoscope立体摄影测量 stereophotogrammetry立体摄影机 stereocamera立体摄影机 stereometric camera立体视觉 stereoscopic vision立体像对 stereopair立体坐标量测量 stereocomparator粒子加速器测量 particle accelerator survey 连接点 tie point连续调 continuous tone连续调 continuous tone连续对比 successive contrast连续方式 continuous mode连续方式 continuous mode连续减光板 continuous attenuator连续减光板 continuous attenuator帘幕式快门，*焦面快门 curtain shutter帘幕式快门，*焦面快门 curtain shutter帘幕式快门，*焦面快门 focal plane shutter 联测比对 comparison survey联测比对 comparison survey联合平差 combined adjustment联合平差 combined adjustment联盟号宇宙飞船 Soyuz Spacecraft联系测量 connection survey联系测量 connection survey联系三角形法 connection triangle method联系三角形法 connection triangle method联系数 correlate联系数 correlate亮度 lightness量测摄影机 metric camera量底法quantity base method量化 quantization量化 quantizing裂缝观测 fissure observation邻带方里网grid of neighboring zone邻图拼接比对comparison with adjacent chart 邻图拼接比对comparison with adjacent chart 邻元法 neighborhood method邻元法 neighborhood method林业测量 forest survey林业基本图 forest basic map零[位]线改正correction of zero line零[位]线改正correction of zero line零漂改正correction of zero drift零漂改正correction of zero drift零相位效应 zero-phase effect领海基线测量 territorial sea baseline survey六分仪 sextant鲁洛夫斯太阳棱镜 Roelofs solar prism陆地卫星 Landsat滤光片 Filter旅游地图 tourist map略最低低潮面，*印度大潮低潮面 Indian spring low water 略最低低潮面，*印度大潮低潮面lower low water罗经[校正]标compass adjustment beacon罗经[校正]标compass adjustment beacon罗兰-C定位系统 Loran-C positioning system罗兰海图 Loran chart罗盘经纬仪 compass theodolite罗盘经纬仪 compass theodolite罗盘仪 compass罗盘仪 compass罗盘仪测量 compass survey罗盘仪测量 compass survey逻辑兼容，*逻辑一致性 logical consistency芒塞尔色系 Munsell color system锚地 Anchorage锚位 anchorage berth卯酉面prime vertical plane卯酉圈 prime vertical卯酉圈曲率半径radius of curvature in prime vertical蒙绘 mask artwork蒙绘，*透写图 tracing蒙片 mask面水准测量 area leveling面状符号 area symbol瞄直法 sighting line method名义量表 nominal scaling名义量表 nominal scaling明礁 bare rock模糊分类法 fuzzy classifier method模糊影像 fuzzy image模拟磁带 analog tape模拟地图 analog map模拟法测图analog photogrammetric plotting模拟空中三角测量 analog aerotriangulation模拟立体测图仪 analog stereoplotter模拟摄影测量 analog photogrammetry模式识别 pattern recognition模型连接bridging of model模型缩放 scaling of model模型置平 leveling of model莫洛坚斯基公式 Molodensky formula莫洛坚斯基理论 Molodensky theory墨卡托海图 Mercator chart墨卡托投影 Mercator projection目标发射器 target reflector目标区 target area目视判读 visual interpretation目视天顶仪 visual zenith telescope内部定向 interior orientation能见度 visibility能见敏锐度 visibility acuity拟稳平差 quasi-stable adjustment逆转点法reversal points method年平均海面annual mean sea level鸟瞰图bird's eye view map欧洲遥感卫星 ERS欧洲遥感卫星Europe Remote Sensing Satellite偶然误差 accident error偶然误差 random error判读，*判释，*解释 interpretation判读仪 interpretoscope旁向倾角 lateral tilt旁向倾角 roll旁向重叠 lateral overlap旁向重叠 side lap旁向重叠 side overlap偏角法method of deflection angle偏振光立体观察vectograph method of stereoscopic viewing 频率误差 frequency error频偏 frequency offset频漂 frequency drift平板仪 plane-table平板仪测量 plane-table survey平板仪导线 plane-table traverse平差值 adjusted value平衡潮 equilibrium tide平极 mean pole平均地球椭球mean earth ellipsoid平均海[水]面mean sea level平均海面归算seasonal correction of mean sea level平均曲率半径mean radius of curvature平均误差 average error平均运动 mean motion平面控制点 horizontal control point平面控制网，*水平控制网 horizontal control network 平面曲线测设plane curve location平面图 plane平面坐标 horizontal coordinate平时钟 mean-time clock平行圈 parallel circle平移参数 translation parameters平整土地测量survey for land consolidation平整土地测量survey for land smoothing屏幕地图 screen map坡度测设 grade location坡面经纬仪 slope theodolite剖面图 Profiles普拉烈系统 PRARE普拉烈系统Precise Range and Rangerate Equipment 普通地图 general map普通地图集 general atlas普通海图 general chart曝光 exposure气体激光器 gas laser气象代表误差meteorological representation error恰可察觉差 JND恰可察觉差just noticeable difference千米尺 kilometer scale铅垂线 plumb line前方交会 [forward] intersection钱德勒摆动 Chandler wobble钱德勒摆动 Chandler wobble浅地层剖面仪 sub-bottom profiler浅色调 tint浅滩 shoal桥墩定位 location of pier桥梁测量 bridge survey桥梁控制测量bridge construction control survey桥梁轴线测设bridge axis location切线支距法 tangent off-set method切向畸变 tangential distortion切向畸变 tangential lens distortion倾斜观测 tilt observation倾斜位移 tilt displacement倾斜仪 clinometer倾斜仪 clinometer清绘 fair drawing求积仪 planimeter求积仪 platometer球面投影 stereographic projection球心投影，*大环投影 gnomonic projection区划地图 regionalization map区域地图集 regional atlas区域地质调查 regional geological survey区域地质图 regional geological map区域网平差 block adjustment曲线光滑 line smoothing全景畸变 panoramic distortion全景摄影 panoramic photography全景摄影机 panorama camera全景摄影机 panoramic camera全能法测图universal method of photogrammetric mapping 全球导航卫星系统Global Navigation Satellite System全球导航卫星系统 GLONASS全球定位系统 global positioning system全球定位系统 GPS全色红外片 panchromatic infrared film全色片 panchromatic film全息摄影 hologram photography全息摄影 holography全息摄影测量 hologrammetry全组合测角法method in all combinations权 weight权函数 weight function权矩阵 weight matrix权逆阵inverse of weight matrix权系数 weight coefficient热辐射 thermal radiation热红外线图像thermal infrared imagery热红外线图像thermal IR imagery人工标志[点] artificial target人机交互处理 interactive processing人口地图 population map人文地图 human map人仪差personal and instrumental equation认知制图 cognitive mapping认知制图 cognitive mapping任意比例尺 arbitrary scale任意投影 arbitrary projection任意轴子午线arbitrary axis meridian日月引力摄动lunisolar gravitational perturbation冗余码 redundant code冗余信息 redundant information儒略日 Julian Day三边测量 trilateration survey三边网 trilateration network三差相位观测triple difference phase observation三杆分度仪 three-arm protractor三角测量 triangulation三角点 triangulation point三角高程测量 trigonometric leveling三角高程导线 polygonal height traverse三角高程网 trigonometric leveling network三角基座 tribrach三角锁 triangulation chain三角网 triangulation network三脚架 tripod三维地景仿真three-dimensional terrain simulation三维网 three-dimensional network扫海测量 sweep扫海测量wire drag survey扫海测深仪 sweeping sounder扫海具 sweeper扫海区 swept area扫海深度 sweeping depth扫海趟 sweeping trains扫雷区 mine-sweeping area扫描数字化 scan-digitizing扫描仪 scanner色彩管理系统color management system色彩管理系统color management system色调 tone色环 color wheel色环 color wheel色盲片 achromatic film色相 hue森林分布图 forest distribution map晒版 plate copying晒版 printing down闪闭法立体观察blinking method of stereoscopic viewing扇谐系数 coefficient of sectorial harmonics扇谐系数 coefficient of sectorial harmonics熵编码 entropy coding上下视差 vertical parallax上下视差 y-parallax摄谱仪 spectrograph摄影比例尺 photographic scale摄影测量畸变差，*畸变差 photogrammetric distortion 摄影测量内插 photogrammetric interpolation摄影测量学 photogrammetry摄影测量仪器 photogrammetric instrument摄影测量与遥感学photogrammetry and remote sensing 摄影测量坐标系photogrammetric coordinate system摄影处理 photographic processing摄影分区 flight block摄影航线flight line of aerial photography摄影机检校 camera caliberation摄影机检校 camera caliberation摄影机主距principal distance of camera摄影基线 air base摄影基线 photographic baseline摄影经纬仪 camera transit摄影经纬仪 camera transit摄影经纬仪 photo theodolite摄影学 photography摄站 camera station摄站 camera station摄站 exposure station伸缩仪 extensometer深度基准 sounding datum深度基准面保证率assuring rate of depth datum深色调 shade甚长基线干涉测量very long baseline interferometry生物量指标变换biomass index transformation生物医学摄影测量 biomedical photogrammetry声呐扫海 sonar sweeping声呐图像 sonar image声速改正correction of sounding wave velocity声速改正correction of sounding wave velocity声速计 velociment声图判读interpretation of echograms声学多普勒海流剖面仪acoustic Doppler current profiler 声学多普勒海流剖面仪 ADCP声学水位计acoustic water level失锁 loss of lock施工测量 construction survey施工测量 construction survey施工方格网square control network施工控制网construction control network施工控制网construction control network石英弹簧重力仪quartz spring gravimeter石油勘探测量 petroleum exploration survey 时号 time signal时号改正数correction to time signal时号改正数correction to time signal时钟频率 clock frequency时钟频率 clock frequency识别码 identification code实时处理 real-time processing实时摄影测量 real-time photogrammetry实用地图学 applied cartography矢量绘图 vector plotting矢量数据 vector data矢量重力测量 vector gravimetry世界地图集 world atlas世界时 universal time世界时 UT市政工程测量 public engineering survey示坡线 slope line视差 Parallax视场对比 simultaneous contrast视地平线 apparent horizon视距 sighting distance视距乘常数stadia multiplication constant视距导线 stadia traverse视距加常数stadia addition constant视觉变量 visual variable视觉层次 visual hierarchy视觉对比 visual contrast视觉分辨敏锐度 resolution acuity视觉立体地图 stereoscopic map视觉平衡 visual balance视模型 perceived model视线高程elevation of sight视准线法 collimation line method视准线法 collimation line method适淹礁 rock awash适应性水平 adaptation level收时 time receiving手持水准仪 hand level首曲线 intermediate contour艏向 heading输电线路测量power transmission line survey输油管道测量 petroleum pipeline survey鼠标[器] mouse竖盘指标差index error of vertical circle竖盘指标差 vertical collimation error竖曲线测设 vertical curve location竖直摄影 vertical photography数量感 quantitative perception数学地图学 mathematical cartography数值地籍 numerical cadastre数值地籍 numerical cadastre数字地图产品标准product standard of digital map双标准纬线投影projection with two standard parallels双介质摄影测量 two-medium photogrammetry双曲线导航图hyperbolic navigation chart双曲线定位，*测距差定位 hyperbolic positioning双曲线定位系统 hyperbolic positioning system双曲线格网hyperbolic positioning grid双色激光测距仪two-color laser ranger双向航道 two-way route水尺 tide staff水库测量 reservoir survey水库淹没线测设setting-out of reservoir flooded line水雷[危险]区 mine [dangerous] area水利工程测量hydrographic engineering survey水面水准 surface level水平角 horizontal angle水平折光差horizontal refraction error水汽辐射仪water vapor radiometer水深 soundings水深测量 sounding水深测量自动化系统automatic hydrographic survey system 水声定位 acoustic positioning水声定位系统 acoustic positioning system水声全息系统 acoustic holography system水声应答器 acoustic responder水铊 lead水听器 hydrophorce水位 water level水位分带改正correction of tidal zoning。

Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量）Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position ofnatural and artificial features on, above or below the earth’s surface; and representing thisinformation in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. （测量传统定义为确定地表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征；并使之按比例测绘成地形图、平面图或图表，或形成报告图表，或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机。

）As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. （同样的，测量员/大地测量学家处理的就是测量出的物理的和数学的特征）The accurate determination and monumentation of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task. （因此精确确定并标定地表点位便成为测量的主要任务）Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the same---they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work. （虽然测量工作有不同目的，基本的操作却都一样――他们包括测量和计算，或更基本地称之为，外业工作和内业工作）There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. （测量分为许多不同的类型，如土地测量，路线测量，城市测量，建筑测量，水道测量等等，但是总的来说，测量分为两个主要的种类：大地测量和平面测量）Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth （Geodetic surveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考虑地球真实形状的大地测量还是将地球当成一个平面的平面测量）Additionally, surveys are conducted for the purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of both.（另外，测量还分为确定平面位置的水平测量和确定海拔的高程测量或两者的综合。

测量学专业英语词汇工程测量 engineering survey施工平面图construction plan施工测量construction survey测量控制网 surveying control network平面控制网（又称“水平控制网”） horizontal control network 高程控制网 vertical control network施工方格网square control network方格网点point of square control network校核基点checking datum mark起测基点starting datum mark主轴线测设setting-out of main axis建筑轴线测量building axis['æksɪs] survey [sɚ've]平面控制点 horizontal [,hɑrə'zɑnt!] control point高程控制点 vertical ['vɝtɪk!] control point平面坐标 horizontal coordinate控制测量 control survey高程控制测量 vertical control survey控制点 control point导线点 traverse['trævɝs] point水准网leveling['lɛvəlɪŋ] network水准测量leveling高程点 elevation[,ɛlə'veʃən] point地形测量 topographic survey初测preliminary survey定测location survey线路平面图route plan三边网 trilateration network边角网 triangulateration network导线网 traverse networt三边测量 trilateration survey边角测量 triangulateration导线测量 traverse survey闭合导线 closed traverse附合导线 connecting traverse支导线 open traverse水平角 horizontal angle垂直角 vertical angle建筑工程测量building works survey测站 station照准点 sighting point斜距slope distance平距horizontal distance放样测量setting—out survey定线测量alignment survey距离测量 distance measurement电磁波测距 electro—magnetic distance measurement 标准检定场 standard field of length光电测距导线 EDM traverse小三角测量 minor triangulation线形锁 linear triangulation chain线形网 linear triangulation network导线边 traverse leg导线折角 traverse angle导线结点 junction point of traverses导线角度闭合差 angle closing error of traverse导线全长闭合差 total length closing error of traverse导线相对闭合差 relative length closing error of traverse 导线纵向误差 longitudinal error of traverse导线横向误差 lateral error of traverse坐标增量 increment of coordinate坐标增量闭合差 closing error in coordinate increment前方交会 [forward]intersection后方交会 resection边角交会法 linear-angular intersection边交会法 linear intersection复测法 repetition method附合水准路线annexed leveling line闭合水准路线closed leveling line支水准路线spur leveling line视线高程elevation of sight独立交会高程点elevation point by independent intersection 高程导线height traverse严密平差rigorous adjustment近似平差approximate adjustment典型图形平差adjustment of typical figures工程控制网engineering control network施工控制网construction control network变形观测控制网control network for deformation observation 竣工测量finish construction survey大比例尺地形图large scale topographical map小比例尺地形图small scale topographical map直角坐标网rectangular gnid独立坐标系independent coordinate system变形观测deformation observation位移观测displacement observation沉降观测settlement observation挠度观测deflection observation倾斜观测oblique observation， tilt observation管道测量pipe survey工厂现状图测量survey of present state at industrial site 建筑物沉降观测building subsidence observation地下管线测量underground pipeline survey顶管测量underground pipe-driving survey管道综合图synthesis chart of pipelines视准线法collimation line method线路中线测量center line survey， location of route。

01 总类01.001 测绘学surveying and mapping, SM01.002 中华人民共和国测绘法Law of Surveying and Mapping of the People's Republic of China01.003 测绘标准standards of surveying and mapping01.004 测量规范specifications of surveys01.005 地形图图式topographic map symbols01.006 大地测量学geodesy01.007 地球形状earth shape, figure of the earth01.008 重力基准网gravity standard network01.009 重力场gravity field01.010 地心坐标系geocentric coordinate system01.011 地球椭球earth ellipsoid01.012 大地原点geodetic origin01.013 水准原点leveling origin01.014测量标志survey mark01.015 测量觇标observation target01.016 高程基准height datum01.017 1954年北京坐标系Beijing geodetic coordinate system195401.018高程系统height system01.019平均海[体]面mean sea level01.020黄海平均海[水]面Huanghai mean sea level01.021海拔height above sea level01.022海军导航卫星系统Navy Navigation Satellite System，NNSS01.023 NA VSTAR全球定位系统NA VSTAR Global Positioning System，NA VSTAR GPS 01.024惯性测量系统inertial surveying system，ISS01.025摄影测量与遥感学photogrammetry and remote sensing01.026航空摄影测量aerophotogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry01.027航天摄影测量（又称“太空摄影测量”）space photogrammetry01.028非地形摄影测量non-topographic photogrammetry01.029水下摄影测量underwater photogrammetry01.030航空航天摄影aero—space photogrammetry01.031航空遥感aerial remote sensing01.032航天遥感space remote sensing01.033图像image01.034影像image, imagery01.035图形Graphics01.036判读（又称“判释”、“解译”）interpretation01.037模拟摄影测量analog photogrammetry01.038解析摄影测量analytical photogrammetry, numerical photogrammetry01.039 数字摄影测量digital photogrammetry01.040数字地图模型（又称“数值地型”）digital terrain model, DTM01.041遥感图象处理image processing of remote sensing01.042遥感模式识别pattern recognition of remote sensing01.043地图制图学（又称“地图学”）cartography01.044地理坐标网geographic graticule01.045经纬网fictitious graticule01.046方里网kilometer grid01.047邻带方里网grid of neighboring zone01.048坐标格网coordinate grid01.049地理坐标参考系geographical reference system，GEOREF01.050地图map01.051地形图topographic map01.052平面图plan01.053普通地图general map01.054专题地图thematic map01.055地图集atlas01.056地球仪globe01.057地图规范map specifications01.058地图生产map production01.059地图投影map projection01.060地图编制（又称“编图”）map compilation01.061地图复制map reproduction01.062地图印刷map printing01.063地图利用map use01.064地图量算cartometry01.065机助地图制图computer-aided cartography，computer-assisted cartography, CAC 01.066自动化制图automatic cartography01.067自动绘图automatic plotting01.068图形显示graphic display01.069遥感制图remote sensing mapping01.070地名学toponomastics, toponymy01.071地名geographical name, place name01.072工程测量学engineering surveying01.073比例尺scale01.074基本比例尺basic scale01.075等高线contour01.076等高距contour interval01.077测量平差survey adjustment，adjustment of observations01.078精度估计precision estimation01.079精［密］度precision01.080准确度accuracy01.081偶然误差accident error01.082系统误差systematic error01.083粗差gross error01.084常差constant error01.085多余观测redundant observation01.086闭合差closing error, closure01.087限差tolerance01.088相对误差relative error01.089绝对误差absolute error01.090中误差mean square error01.091误差椭圆error ellipse01.092边长中误差mean square error of side length01.093测角中误差mean square error of angle observation01.094方位角中误差mean square error of azimuth01.095坐标中误差mean square error of coordinate01.096点位中误差mean square error of a point01.097高程中误差mean square error of height01.098国土基础信息系统land base information system01.099大地控制数据库geodetic data base01.100重力数据库gravimetric data base01.101地形数据库topographic data base01.102地理信息系统geographical information system，GIS01.103地图数据库map data base01.104地图数据库管理系统cartographic data base management system01.105地名数据库place-name data base01.106地籍信息系统cadastral information system01.107土地信息系统land information system，LIS01.108制图专家系统cartographic expert system01.109海洋测绘hydrographic surveying and charting01.110测绘仪器instrument of surveying and mapping01.111大地测量仪器geodetic instrument01.112测距仪distance measuring instrument，rangefinder01.113重力仪gravimeter01.114定位系统positioning system01.115摄影测量仪器photogrammetric instrument01.116立体测图仪stereoplotter01.117数字摄影测量工作站digital photogrammetric station01.118全数字化自测图系统full digital automatic mapping system01.119图形输入设备graphic input unit01.120图形输出设备graphic output unit01.121中国测绘学会Chinese Society of Surveying and Mapping，CSSM01.122国际测绘联合会International Union of Surveying and Mapping，IUSM01.123国际测量师联合会Federation Internationale des Geometres，FIG（法语）01.124国际大地测量学与地球物理学International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics，IUGG01.125国际大地测量学协会International Association of Geodesy IAG01.126国际摄影测量与遥感学会International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing，ISPRS01.127国际地图学协会International Cartographic Association，ICA01.128 国际海道测量组织International Hydrography Organization, IHO02 大地测量学02.001大地测量geodetic surveying02.002几何大地测量学geometric geodesy02.003椭球面大地测量学ellipsoidal geodesy02.004大地天文学geodetic astronomy02.005物理大地测量学(又称“大地重力学”) physical geodesy02.006空间大地测量学space geodesy02.007卫星大地测量学satellite geodesy02.008动力大地测量学dynamic geodesy02.009海洋大地测量学marine geodesy02.010月面测量学lunar geodesy，selenodesy02.011行星测量学planetary geodesy02.012天文大地网(又称“国家大地网”)astro--geodetic network02.013参考椭球reference ellipsoid02.014贝塞尔椭球Bessel ellipsoid02.015海福德椭球Hayford ellipsoid02.016克拉索夫斯基椭球Krasovsky ellipsoid02.017参考椭球定位orientation of reference ellipsoid02.018大地基准geodetic datum02.019大地坐标系geodetic coordinate system02.020弧度测量arc measurement02.021拉普拉斯方位角Laplace azimuth02.022拉普拉斯点Laplace point02.023三角测量triangulation02.024三角点triangulation point02.025三角锁triangulation chain02.026三角网triangulation network02.027图形权倒数weight reciprocal of figure02.028菲列罗公式Ferreros formula02.029施赖伯全组合测角法Schreiber method in all combinations 02.030方向观测法method of direction observation，method by series 02.031测回observation set02.032归心元素elements of centering02.033归心改正correction for centering02.034水平折光差(又称“旁折光差”) h orizontal refraction error02.035基线测量base measurement02.036基线baseline02.037基线网base network02.038精密导线测量precise traversing02.039三角高程测量trigonometric leveling02.040三角高程网trigonometric leveling network02.041铅垂线plumb line02.042天顶距zenith distance02.043高度角elevation angle，altitude angle02.044垂直折光差vertical refraction error02.045垂直折光系数vertical refraction coefficient02.046国家水准网national leveling network02.047精密水准测量Precise leveling02.048水准面level surface02.049高程height02.050正高orthometric height02.051正常高normal height02.052力高dynamic height02.053地球位数geopotential number02.054水准点benchmark02.055水准路线leveling line02.056跨河水准测量river－crossing leveling02.057椭球长半径major radius of ellipsoid02.058椭球扁率flattening of ellipsoid02.059椭球偏心率eccentricity of ellipsoid02.060子午面meridian plane02.061子午圈meridian02.062卯酉圈prime vertical02.063平行圈parallel circle02.064法截面normal section02.065子午圈曲率半径radius of curvature in meridian02.066卯酉圈曲率半径radius of curvature in prime vertical02.067平均曲率半径mean radius of curvature02.068大地线geodesic02.069大地线微分方程differential equation of geodesic02.070大地坐标geodetic coordinate02.071大地经度geodetic longitude02.072大地纬度geodetic latitude02.073大地高geodetic height，ellipsoidal height02.074大地方位角geodetic azimuth02.075天文大地垂线偏差astro—geodetic deflection of the vertical02.076垂线偏差改正correction for deflection of the vertical02.077标高差改正correction for skew normals02.078截面差改正correction from normal section to geodetic02.079大地主题正解direct solution of geodetic problem02.080大地主题反解inverse solution of geodetic problem02.081高斯中纬度公式Gauss mid—latitude formula02.082贝塞尔大地主题解算公式Bessel formula for solution of geodetic problem 02.083高斯一克吕格投影Gauss－Kruger projection又称“高斯投影”。

测量平差surveying adjustment误差理论Theory of error精度precision，accuracy（或精确度）绘图比例尺the scale of the plot测量学geomatics测绘英语English for geomatics工程容差engineering toleranceReliability 可靠性精度要求accuracy requiredPlottable error 绘图误差The Specification of survey 测量规范系统误差systematic error偶然误差random errorGeoid 大地基准面粗差blunder ，gross error观测步骤observing procedure正态分布normal distribution误差累积accumulation of error整体到局部working from the whole to the part 多余观测redundant observationsDumpy level 定镜水准仪Tilting level 微倾水准仪Automatic level 自动安平水准仪坡度/斜率gradientClamp 制动装置Stadia 视距仪（法）Staff 标尺Base-plate 基座经纬仪theodolite /transitIndex mark 指标，测标Lens 透镜Plummet/plumb bob 垂球Face left/right盘左/右Interval 间隔，范围Scale reading 分划读数Loose 松开Tighten 固定Tribrach 三角基座Optical plummet 光学对点器Cross hair 十字丝Plunge/rotation （望远镜）纵转/横转Clockwise/counterclockwise 顺时针/逆时针Circle reading度盘读数Field measurement实测Graduated circle 刻度盘Wavelength 波长Phase difference 相位差Interpolation 内插角度测量系统angle measuring systemContour 等高线电子测距仪EDM electronic distance measurement Frequency 频率Hydrographic work 水利工程Civil engineering 土木工程Prism 棱镜Layout 放样Geodetic instrument 大地测量仪器Geodesy 大地测量学Optical theodolite 光学经纬仪Electronic theodolite 电子经纬仪Geo-robot 测量机器人Gyroscopic theodolite 陀螺经纬仪ATR automatic target recognition 目标自动识别Optical plummet 光学对中器控制点control point地形碎部点topographic detail point标定点point to be set out天顶zenithCelestial sphere 天球LCDs 液晶显示liquid crystal displaysLEDs 发光二极管显示light-emitting diode displays方位角azimuth象限角bearingHorizontal angle 水平角Vertical angle 垂直角Depression angle 俯角Elevation angle 高度角True north 真北Geodetic azimuth 大地方位角Grid bearing 坐标方位角Magnetic azimuth 磁方位角Method by series，method of direction observation 方向观测法Method in all combinations 全组合测角法Arbitrary point 任意点导线traverseTriangulation 三角测量Trilateration 三边测量Triangulateration 边角测量Base point 基点Control network 控制网Forward intersection 前方交会Resection 后方交会Side intersection 侧方交会Open traverse 支导线Closed traverse 闭合导线Connecting traverse 附合导线Total length closing error of traverse 导线全长闭合差Angle closing error of traverse 导线角度闭合差Closing error in coordinate increment 坐标增量闭合差Permanent point永久点Temporary point 临时点Deviation 偏差黄海高程系统huanghai vertical datum of1956几何水准测量spirit leveling微差水准测量differential leveling三角高程测量trigonometric levelingBarometric 气压gravimetric 重力river-crossing BM benchmark 水准基点Level rod 水准尺BS backsight 后尺FS foresight 前尺Height of instrument HI 仪器高Height of target HT 目标高Annexed leveling line 附合水准路线Closed leveling line 闭合水珠路线Spur leveling line 支水准路线Laser level 激光水准仪Tower 觇标Topographic surveying 地形测量Three point problem 三点问题Doppler 多普勒效应Field operation 野外测量ppm（part per million）百万分之一ephemeris 星历表data acquisition 数据采集geodetic datum 大地基准epoch 历元pseudo-ranges 伪距integer cycle ambiguity 整周模糊度SPS /PPSstandard/precise positioning service标准/精确定位服务Simultaneous 同时的Modulate 调制Constellation 星座Oscillator 振荡器Quadrant 象限Multipath 多路径效应Carrier phase 载波相位。

测绘工程专业英语翻译Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） 2 Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量）7 Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量）12 Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量）15 Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量）18 Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法）22 Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）26 Unit8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差）30Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO- for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introduced worldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renaming what was previously called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer scienceand/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学” 或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或“基于GIS” 】的课程后重新命名的。

测量学英文专业术语第一章绪论测绘Surveying测定survey测设layout普通测量学General survey大地测量学geodetic survey摄影测量与遥感学Photogrammetry and remote sensing海洋测绘学Marine surveying工程测量学Engineering surveying制图学cartography测量基准面datum plane大地水准面Geoidal surface水准面level plane参考椭球面reference ellipsoid旋转椭球Rotating ellipsoid大地坐标系Geodetic coordinate system空间直角坐标系spatial rectangular coordinates独立平面直角坐标系Independent plane rectangular coordinate system 高斯平面直角坐标系Gauss plane rectangular coordinate system高斯投影Gaussian projection高程系统Vertical system曲率curvity/Curvature平面控制测量The plane control survey高程控制测量Elevation control survey第二章水准测量水准测量Leveling Surveying水平视线horizontal sight高程elevation height高差Difference of height后视backsight前视foresight水准尺Leveling rod水准仪The Level（instrument）尺垫turning point plate微倾式水准仪slightly leaning level（instrument）望远镜telescope水准气泡bubble基座base物镜objectives目镜eyepieces聚焦透镜the focus lens十字丝分划板the cross partition board目镜调焦螺旋eyepiece optical screw物镜调焦螺旋objectives optical screw管水准器tube level bubble圆水准器round level bubble三脚架The tripod视差parallax视准轴Collimation axis水准点Bench mark水准路线Leveling line闭合水准路线closed level route附合水准路线annexed level route支水准路线spur level route转点（Turning point）闭合差misclosures闭合差允许误差：Misclosure allowable error 检核check校正Calibration补偿器compensator第三章角度测量角度测量Angles surveying水平角Horizontal angle(HA)竖直角The vertical angle(VA)光学经纬仪optical theodolite照准部Collimation device望远镜Telescope,竖直度盘vertical dish, vertical circle水准管Level bubble读数设备Readings equipment水平度盘Horizontal dish测微尺Micro-distance measuring sensor垂球Plumb bob对中centring整平level光学对中器optical centering device侧回法Observation set method方向观测法direction observation method 竖直角指标误差Index error of vertical angle 竖轴The vertical axis VV水平轴The horizontal axis HH望远镜视准轴The telescope collimation CC对中误差Plummet error目标偏心差Target eccentric error电子经纬仪Electronic theodolite第四章距离测量和直线定向距离测量Distance surveying直线定向line orientation钢尺Steel tape定线Fixing line视距测量Stadia measurement电磁波测距仪Electromagnetic rangefinder微波测距仪Microwave rangefinder光电测距仪Photoelectric rangefinder激光测距仪Laser rangefinder红外测距仪Infrared rangefinder相位测距仪Phase type rangefinder脉冲式测距仪Pulsed rangefinder全反射棱镜Total reflecting prisms真北方向True north direction磁北方向Magnetic north direction坐标北方向Coordinates north direction方位角Azimuth真方位角True azimuth (A)磁方位角Magnetic azimuth(Am)坐标方位角Grid azimuth(α)磁偏角Magnetic declination子午线收敛角meridian convergence罗盘compass第五章全站仪测量全站仪TOTAL STATION水平制动、微动螺旋Horizontal motion clamp, Horizontal tangent screw 光学对中器Optical plummet telescope粗瞄镜Sighting collimator物镜Objective lens整平脚螺旋Leveling screw竖直制动、微动螺旋Vertical motion clamp, Vertical tangent screw目镜Telescope eyepiece管水准器Plate level圆水准器Circle level单棱镜组Single prism system超站仪(Smart station) Automatic total station , ultra station instrument 交会测量Resection measurement放样测量Setting-out survey对边测量Missing Line Measurement (MLM)悬高测量Remote Elevation Measurement (REM)第六章测量误差的基本理论测量平差：Surveying Adjustment测量误差：surveying errors系统误差：Systematic error偶然误差：random error；accidental error最或是值：The most probable value多余观测：Redundant observation算术平均值：arithmetic average ；Arithmetic means精度指标：Accuracy index中误差：Root mean square error (RMSE)允许误差：Allowable error相对误差：Relative error观测值改正数：Observation correction value误差传播定律：Law of errors propagation全微分：Total differential权：Weight加权平均值：The weighted average （mean）权倒数传播定律：Weight reciprocal propagation law第七章控制测量控制测量：Control surveying碎部测量：detailed surveying平面控制网:Plane control network高程控制网:Elevation control network小区域控制网：Small area control network控制点：control points国家控制网：State Control netGPS测量：GPS surveying导线测量：traverse surveying三角测量：trigonometric survey三边测量：trilateral surveying光电测距仪：photoelectric rangefinder闭合导线：Closed traverse;附和导线：Connecting traverse;支导线：Open traverse.野外勘察：Field reconnaissance坐标方位角：Coordinates azimuth交会定点：Intersection fixed-point测边交会：Side-surveying intersection第八章大比例尺地形图测绘大比例尺地形图测绘：Topographic Surveying and Mapping in Large Scale 地形:Terrain地物:Ground feature地貌:Landscape比例尺:Scale依比例符号：Proportional symbols非比例符号：Disproportional symbols半比例尺符号（线性符号）:Semi- Disproportional symbols (Linear symbols )地形图图式:map schemata地貌符号:Landscape symbols等高线:Contour line注记符号:Note symbols等高距:contour interval等高线平距:contour horizontal distance山头:Peak洼地:depressions示坡线:slope line山脊:Ridge与山谷: valley合水线:Close waterline分水线:watershed line鞍部（垭口）:Saddle陡坡:Steep悬崖:cliff首曲线（又称基本等高线）:intermediate contour计曲线（又称加粗等高线）:index contour间曲线（又称半距等高线）:half-interval contour地形图分幅与编号:Subdivision and index梯形分幅与编号:Trapezoid subdivision and index平板仪及其使用:Plane table视距丝:Stadia silk竖直角的竖盘:Perpendicular plate地形图的拼接:splice地形图的整饰:trim第九章大比例尺地形图的应用图号、图名和接图表：map number, map name, adjacent map chart 图廓：Map border比例尺：Scale坡度比例尺：Slope scale横断面：transverse section纵断面: Longitudinal section, Vertical section, Longitudinal profile汇水面积：catchment area土方量估算：Earthwork estimatingHighway route slection：高速路选线数字地面模型：Digital terrain model （DTM）第十章施工测量的基本工作。

(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Chapter 1Geomatics 测绘学Surveying 测量学Geodesy 测地学Geosciences 地球科学Surveying and mapping 测绘学Surveying and mapping engineering 测绘工程Geoinformatics 地理信息学Geodetic network 大地控制网Land Surveyor 土地测量员Photogrammetriest 摄影测量员Practitioner 从业者Topographic map 地形图Geographic information system 地理信息系统Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量学Remote sensing 遥感Cartography 地图制图学Computer graphics 计算机图形学Global navigation satellite system GNSSGlobal position system GPS Environmental visualization 环境可视化Geographic information system GIS Geographic referenced information 地理参考信息Landforms 地形Underground geological structure 地下地质构造Hydrology 水文学Mineral resources 矿产资源Topographic maps 地形图Geodynamic phenomena 地球动力学现象Polar motion 极移Crustal motion 地壳运动Earth tides 地球潮汐Sphere 球（体）Spheroid 球体Ellipse 椭圆Ellipsoid 椭圆体，椭球Surveying station 测站Geodetic control points 大地控制点With permanent monuments 永久标志Curved surface 曲面Straight line 直线Plane 平面Precise instrument 精密仪器Reference coordinat e 参考坐标Contour maps 等值线图Three dimensional model 三维模型Analog or digital forms 模拟或数字形式Specialized illustration software 专业插图软件Data acquisition 数据获取Data representation 数据表达Manipulate 处理，操作Data storage 数据存储Data preprocessing 数据预处理Longitude latitude altitude 经度、纬度、高度Regional navigation system 地区导航系统Analog photogrammetry 模拟摄影测量Analytical photogrammetry 解析摄影测量Digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量Plotter 绘图机Passive remote sensing/active remote sensingFilm photography 胶片Infrared sensors 红外感应Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件Radiometer 辐射计Backscattered 反向散射Passive/active sensor/reflector 被动/主动传感器/反射器Henan polytechnic university Geographic data 地理数据Reference spheroid 参考椭球体Curved surface 曲面Analogy form 模拟模式Radio signal 无线信号Laser 激光(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Chapter 2Analog forms 模拟形式Paper plan 平面图Report table 报告表Three dimensional mathematical model 三维数学模型Horizontal and vertical distances 水平距离和垂直距离Determining Elevations 确定高程Direction 方向Location 位置Volume 体积（量）Portray graphically生动描绘Profile/cross section 侧面/横断面Longitudinal section 纵剖面Diagram 图表/示意图Optical theodolite 光学经纬仪Digital level 数字水准仪Electronic Distance Measurement （EDM）Total station 全站仪Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影Satellite observation 卫星观测Inertial surveying 惯性测量Laser ranging techniques 激光测距技术Large volume of data 大量数据Rigorous processing 严密加工工艺Field/office work 野外/室内工作Conventional construction engineering projects 传统建设工程项目Property surveying 权属调查Geology 地质学 geophysics地球物理biology生物 agriculture 农业forestry 林业 hydrology 水文oceanography 海洋学Geography地理学Distance measurement 距离测量Linear 线性物 non-Spherical earth 球面地Slant 倾斜Tape 卷尺Telescope view望远镜视场electro-optical distance measuring 光电测距Earth gravity field 地球重力场Plume lines 铅垂线plastic tapes 塑料尺Poly tapes 塑料尺Steel types 钢尺Marking pole 花杆marking pin 测杆spring balance 弹簧秤Collimation axis 视准轴plumb bob 铅锤Invar tapes 因瓦尺Coefficient 系数Metric units 米制单位Foot units 英制单位Metric 公制，米制Meter 米Decimeter 分米Centimeter 厘米Minimeter 毫米Kilometer 千米Tacheometry 视距测量Theodolite tacheometryoptical resolutionOrdinary taping 普通丈量Precise taping 精密丈量Thermal expansion 热膨胀fixed-angle intercept截取一个固定角stadia interval factorstadia system 视距系统level rod 水准尺Plane table 平板仪line of sight 视线horizontal stadia principle 水平视距原理stadia interval 视距间隔 factor 常数stadia hairs 视距丝Principle focus 主焦点detail surveys 碎步测量topographic surveys 地形测量Leveling 水准测量electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪Geodimeter Inc光电测距仪公司terrain conditions 地形条件(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Radio waves 无线电波Identical velocities 相同速度Light velocity 光速Vacuum 真空operational range 测距Microwave systems 微波系统Light wave systems 光波系统Infrared systems 红外系统Wavelength band 波段Transmitted signals 传播信号airborne particles 浮尘Traversing 导线测量Precise taping 精密丈量Curvature 曲率Mean sea level MSLPermanent points/benchmarks 基准参照Trigonometric or indirect leveling 三角高程测量direct or spirit leveling 水准测量stadia leveling 视距测量different leveling 差分水准Point in question 待求点self-reducing tacheometer 自降速测仪Barometric leveling 气压高程测量Gravimetric leveling 重力高程测量mutually perpendicular axes Standard deviations 标准差earth curvature and refraction Annexed leveling line 附和水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线preclude 排除slope distance 斜距vertical angle 竖直角Zenith angle 天顶角National vertical datum 国家高程基准theodolite 经纬仪 transitangles of elevation 仰角 minus anglesangles of depression 俯角 down anglesreciprocal vertical angle observation 垂直角对测degree minute second 度分秒the sexagesimal system 六十进制系统radian 弧度topographic detail points 地形碎部点points to be set out 待放样点clinometer 测角仪/倾斜仪sextant 六分仪compass 罗盘true meridian direction 真子午线方向true north direction 正北方向meridian plane 子午面gyro theodolite 陀螺经纬仪magnetic meridian direction 磁北方向azimuths 方位角coordinate north direction 坐标北方向coordinate axies direction clockwise direction 顺时针方向counterclockwise direction 逆时针方向bearing/orientation 方位、方向quadrant 象限horizontal circle 水平度盘circular protractors 圆形量角器geometric conditions 几何条件astronomic 天文学的,极大的magnetic poles 磁极gauss coordinate system 高斯坐标系coordinate azimuth 坐标方位角meridian 子午圈/线azimuthal projection 方位角投影commencing on 开始face left 盘左bisected bisect 一分为二binary 二进制的horizontal scale 水平度盘比例尺upper plate clamp 上盘制动夹subtract 减法，扣除arbitrary points 任意点primary control 一级控制triangulation 三角法trilateration 三边法intersection 交会法resection 后方交会traversing 导线测量trigonometric proposition 三角定理law of sines 正弦定理(完整word)测绘专业英语单词law of cosines 余弦定理forward intersection 前方交会side intersection 侧方交会steel tapes 钢尺hydrographic surveyspur/stub traverse 支导线geometric closure 几何形状闭合connection/annexed traverse 附合导线Closed traverse 闭合导线Normal calculation 坐标正算inverse calculation 坐标反算Stadia hair 视距丝Cross hair 十字丝Pulse method 脉冲法Phase different method 相差法Modulated light beam 调制光束Dividing scale tape 刻线尺Reflect 反射disperse散射 radiate 辐射Refract折射 diffract 衍射 diffuse 漫射Compensator 补偿器Ralative precision 相对精度Absolute precision 绝对精度Horizontal distance 水平距离Benchmark 水准基准点Alidade 照准部Automatic level 自动安平水准仪Nominal factor 名义因子Construction maps 施工图Air density 空气密度Horizontal braking screw 水平制动螺旋Charpter 3plane trigonometry 平面三角orthogonal projection 正射投影reference ellipsoid 参考椭球面geoid 大地水准面landmass 陆地equipotential surface 等势面theoretical surface 理论面perpendicular 垂直gravity potential 重力势planimetric position 平面位置orthometric heights 正高Geodetic height 大地高semi-major axis 长半径minor axis 短轴plumb bob line 垂线spirit bubble 水准泡horizontalized 使整平flattening 扁率ellipsoidal/geodetic distance 大地距best fitting 最佳拟合global geocentric ellipsoid 全球地心参考系geodetic reference system 1980 大地测量参考系portrary 描绘conformality 正形性at expense of 以牺牲—为代价Arbitrary projection 任意投影Equidistant projection 等距投影Easel plane 承影面Cylindrical projection 圆柱投影Conic projection 圆锥投影Azimuthal/planar projection 方位投影Normal/regular axis tangent conic projection正轴切圆锥投影Normal/regular axis secant conic projection(完整word)测绘专业英语单词正轴割圆锥投影Tangent planar projectionNormal axis tangent planarprojection正轴切面投影Transverse axis tangent planarprojection横轴切面投影Oblique axis tangent planarprojection斜轴切面投影Graticule of normal conic projection 正轴圆锥投影格网Cylinder 圆柱体Gauss kruger projection=conformal（equal angle）transverse tangent elliptic cylindrical projectionUniversal transverse mercator UTM Rules of thumb 经验法则Geodetic datum 大地测量基准World geodetic system 84Standard parallels 标准纬线Meridian 子午线,子午圈，经线Mass anomaly质量异常Geodetic latitude 大地维度Geodetic longitude 大地经度Translation parameter 平移参数Rotation parameter 旋转参数Scale parameter 尺度参数Rotation axis 旋转轴Backsight 后视Leveling rod reading 水准尺读数Height difference 高差Notional leveling origin 国家水准原点Coordinate conversion 坐标转换Smooth surface 光滑表面Normal calculation 正算Normal line 法线Survey specification 测量规范Dimension of the ellipsoid 椭圆的尺寸Chapter 4Direct measurement 直接测量Geometric formulas 几何公式Three broad categories 三大范畴Blunders/mistakes=gross errors Systematic errors 系统误差Magnitude 量级Algebraic sign 代数符号Calibration 校准，标准化Random errors 随机误差Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Law of probability 概率Most probable value 最或然值Points of inflexion 拐点Square root 平方根Probability density function 概率密度函数Normal error distribution curve 正态分布曲线Normal random variable 正态随机变量Frequency histogram 频率直方图Standard deviation 标准差Arithmetic mean 算术平均值Error propagation 误差传播Partial derivative 偏导数Mean square error 中误差Least squares adjustment 最小二乘平差Superfluous measurement 多余测量Instrumental error 仪器误差Redundant measurement 冗余误差Optimal combination 最优组合Matrix/array 矩阵Functional model 函数模型Stochastic model 随机模型Statistical properties 统计特性(完整word)测绘专业英语单词Variance/covariance matrix 方差/协方差矩阵Weighting matrix 权阵Weihted adjustment 加权平差Conditional adjustment 条件平差Parametric adjustment 参数平差Algebraic sum 代数和Geometric check 几何检核Chapter 5Cartography 地图制图学Map compilation 地图编制Map decoration 地图整饰Contour map 等高/值线图Neat line 图表边线Coordinate gratitude/grid 坐标网格Inset 嵌图Bar scale 图解比例尺Thematic map 专题图Topographic map 地形图topological map 拓扑地图Electronic map 电子地图Analytic stereo plotter 解析立体绘图仪Data visualization 数据可视化Image processing 图像处理Spatial analysis 空间分析Specialized illustration software 专门插图软件Laser rangefinders 激光测距仪Computer aided design CAD 计算机辅助设计VectorRasterGeometrical principles 几何原理Geospatial information 地理空间信息Zoom in 放大 out 缩小Graphic scale bar 图解比例尺Map page space 图面空间C++ application programming interface API Chapter 6Global navigation satellite system GNSSGlobal position system GPSOrbital plane 轨道平面Orbital altitude 轨道高度Medium earth orbit /MEO 中地球轨道Carrier wave 载波Absolute positioning 绝对定位Relative positioning 相对定位Static positioning 静态定位Dynamic positioning 动态定位Base station 基站Real time kinematic RTK 实时动态定位Antenna 天线Post processing 后处理Ground based transmitter 地面发射机Geostationary orbit 对地静止轨道GPS receiver GPS接收机Monitor station 监控站Mobile /Roving station 流动站Differential GPS。