新标准大学英语阅读教程4长篇翻译 unit 4

新标准大学英语第四单元课文翻译Working for a big American companyNow children who tell them that they have to "go to work to earn a living" when they grow up tend to show a lot of confusion and frustrationIt's not surprising・ The problem is that they can，t imagine what they do in big American companies・Not long ago, when the parents said he was going to work, thechild knew exactly what he was going to do. He did n't do something to fix things.The father might take the child to the place where he worked, and let him watch himself build the carriage or the table・If the child asks, /z daddy, what do you do?" "My father would answer him in a language that the child could understand, such as:/z I am repairing steam〃0r〃I5 m a horse collar 〃・But the father of a steam engine or a table now is very rare and most people do not do it. Now, most fathersSitting in a building with glass walls, doing work that kids don't understand・ When asked, z，what do you do, dad?" When,Their answers often confuse children."I sell space・"〃I do market research・"〃I'm a data handler・" "I work in the pr department・〃 a systemThe auditor. How can he possibly imagine how a person can analyze the systemWhat about the market?Even for those adults who do market research, it's hard to imagine what the public is doing every day, a general systemThe analyst must not know what the space salesman does in the store, just as a space salesman knows nothing about the tools of the analysis systemThe same・In ordinary everyday work, nothing is handmade・ Everything is made by machine now. Can also beFew things need repairing・ It's very easy to get things out of the machine, and it's very expensive to fix it, noWorth it. So the consumer was put down by the people and bought a new one・ In fact, machines are producing waste・A few people who can relate to these machines can, of course, say to an inquisitive child: "dad is a garbage man.〃butIt is that most workers are far from the site of production waste and are unable to feel their own contribution to the wasteindustry. So these are the peopleWhat are you doing?Think of a typical building in an American city・ In this building, nothing is produced, not yet12There is nothing to repair, even the building itself・ Thebuilding was originally built as a piece of garbage, so it was bigThe building is worn out and it will be thrown away as rubbish and a new garbage building will be built in place・Even so, the building is packed with people who think they，re working. At any given time of the day, about a third of the timePeople are on the phone・ Most of the talk on the phone is related to the file, because almost everyone in the building is busy with paperwork・Some of the work in the building needs someone to write on the document・ Some people want to put word to file, some people wantto read the document, andMake notes in the blank・ Some people want to make copies, othersto deliver documents・ Some people file files, others take files. Some people send documents,Some call others to bring them in. Some people call to find outwhere the files are, some are in businessPlease file・ In the most luxurious offices, some documents have been approved, others rejected・The elevator was packed with young people who took the papers from one floor to another, and the important people with the documentsThey were about to discuss the documents with other important people・How can a child understand all this? Perhaps his father was in high office and had to discuss papers with others at lunch・Imagine him withThe son came to work and gave the child some idea of his work・What can a child see?His father called to send the papers, and he read the papers・Maybe he，11 be angry with the file, or red ink on the fileMake a mark・ He called another person and said he wou1d have lunch together to discuss the documents・At lunch, they discussed the document・ Back in the office, the father asked the man to reprint five copies of the document to another person, the personCompare this document with that one in triplicate last year.As you can imagine, after this, if a child asks, 〃what does yourfather do?" The poor boy and his little friendThere is no way of thinking about this mysterious work・ What wou 1 d he say? If he's not observant enough, he might say, 〃meCouldn51 say for sure・〃If he was very observant, he would say,"I think it's a waste related job・ With everyonelhe same.Active reading (2)Our so-called exciting times are boring〃0ur obsession with novelty is not new, " says Dominic sandbrook・We live in a world of change that is unprecedented and dazzling・Because of globalization, the boundaries of the stateIt's unraveling, and technological innovation is fundamentally reshaping our lives in ways that we can barely understand・ In the century21In the early stages of history, the change in history accelerated; This kind of change is unprecedented, and everything is different from the past・Anyway, this is a familiar phrase・However, the reason we have this kind of argument is that it is our love for noveltyThe obsession, ignorance of deep historical patterns, and our hubris・ To prove the superiority of the forebears, IThey boast that they live in an unprecedented period of change・But, there is a good example of how we actually do itNo life is so interesting・Take globalization. Its champion, Thomas friedman, argues that globalization is a new z，international system",It affects "the politics, the environment, the geopolitics and the economy of almost every country in the world"・ But if you put it in historyIn the environment, the word is almost meaningless・ Which society has not been more or less globalized?The Roman empire, for example, was completely a multi-ethnic,multi-cultural, transnational entity, with dozens of different in its capital aloneLanguage and religion compete with each other・ The Romansimported grain from Egypt and bought spices and utensils from China and India・They exported pottery to other countries and even sold it to remote local governance・ We could be a call center for bangaloreExcited,But it was the ancient Romans who first arrived there・Although the changes in the Chinese side of the past few decades have been everywhere 一一like the changing status of western women ——we areWe should point out the stable side of modern life・ Since 1945 there has not been a major war in the western world, most of the national boundariesThe line has remained intact for more than half a century. Although we like to brag about our modernity, today, Britain is beautifulThe scenery of the country and the soaring skyscrapers are nothing new to the people of the 1940s and 1950s・20Although we are passionate about the Internet and the iPod, we are not living in the age of great technological innovation. Most of theThe techniques used in everyday life 一一such as toasters, kettles, central heating systems, televisions, airplanes, trains, cars -- allIt was invented decades ago. Despite the deluge of advertising on the Internet, the hard truth is that most of us use each otherNetworking to do something very traditional, whether it，s a book purchase or a letter to a friend・ Someone always tells us that the Internet "opens"A new world, however, surprisingly, % of the network traffic has taken place on this site・90The pace of change is now slower than the consensus expectation of change decades ago. For example, the Stanley libraryCloth rick，s new film : a space Odyssey" in years, people seem to have reason to imagine that one day will catch Pan Am1968The plane flew to the space station, chatted with sentient computers and lived on the moon. But those who saw the film in 1968If they knew that until now they had lived in Mi It on Keynes, they would have been disappointed.Our pursuit of novelty is nothing new・ In the year George Orwe 11 complained, "I don't know1944:How many times have you heard 〃the plane and the radio have gone away, " and "the world is now interdependent，/If he is alive, he will doubtless be annoyed by the same idea・Although baby boomers like to brag that they have changed more than anyone else, we don，t have to go back too farFar more dramatic changes can be found・ Imagine an Englishman who was born in a village in 1865, where people were riding horses,In a carriage, in the winter snow, the horizon was limited・ Let's say that he can live to be a little more than a year or a year old (and that's perfectly possible),80He can see cars, planes, radios, telephones, movies, home appliances, the mass popularization of education and women，s suffrageThe birth of a world that is not as large as it is today. In other words, what he saw before he died was meIt's hard to imagine・ I suspect that, in his view, we think that exciting times may be really boring・There is a mantra in China: "I hope you live in an interesting time, " which means chaos and anxiety in the wake of interestingtimes・ If such asIn this case, we are lucky because we are not living in interesting times・Reading，11 culturesBritain's disappearing professionUnder a flourishing chestnut treeThe country blacksmith stands out;A blacksmith is a strong man,Both hands are large and powerful;The drum muscles of his two armsIt's as firm as an iron bar・His hair was hard, black and long.His face was black as charcoal;His forehead is an honest sweat,He worked hard to make money,And be open to the whole world,Because he doesn't owe anyone・—— Henry wasivo Longfellow(Fu Haoyi)Since Longfellow wrote the poem about the country blacksmith, times have changed, and so has the means of living・ In the last hundred yearsBetween them, hundreds of traditional professions have almost disappeared・ The country blacksmith is an obvious example・ The blacksmith was the center of village life,He used iron to make things, to fix things, and to do odd jobs, such as horseshoes for horses・ Today, in Britain, blacksmiths are notA thousand people・At the same time, the rise of agricultural mechanization in the countryside greatly reduced the number of farmers, especially those who raised livestock・ For example, it is still in BritainThere are only a few people left in the mountains of northern grange・Work in the city has also changed・ No one wou 1 d deny that some are better: improvements in sanitation are making the work of catching mice bigThe reduction in the minimum working age legislation makes shoeshine workers disappear from the streets, but individual operators, such as shoe-making cobblersOr the watchmaker who repairs watches is hard to see now・ Many sma.11 vendors have had to close their doors because of competition from rival supermarkets・About a year ago, the milkman was familiar with the milkman, who went door to door on small battery cars・ F TOIP that time20Demand has now fallen by 60%・ Today, people who order milk can order it online, and the local supermarket will buy milk and other goodsGet up to your door・Sometimes certain professions disappear almost overnight・ A hundred years ago, Britain was the world's largest producer ofcoal60It produces 200 million tons of coal a year・ By the end of the century, almost all the mines were closed and most of the miners had lost their jobs・ but20, 80The z，clean fuel" that replaces coal is too expensive, and inrecent years a lot of people have re-opened fire for years and returned to the traditional fireIs expected to come up.This leads most people to think that a job that has disappeared -- a chimney sweep -- is alive again. The sweep of the chimney is deadIt was once a byword for traditional dangerous jobs, and now there is demand・ According to the service project announced by Internet advertising, this type of workThe technology is quite high・Translate the English into English・We don，t understand their plan at all, because their opinions are not easily grasped・ This is probably because of the two of usThe other side's way of thinking is equally confused・ I think an interview should be arranged so that everyone can clear the misunderstanding and clear the communicationObstacles・ It's a safe bet that it's a safe bet・We couldn't make of their proposal at all, because it was no easy job for us to come to grips withTheir perspective・ It was a safe bet that we were as much baffled about their way of thinking as theyI think we need to arrange a meeting to clear up my lifeThe communication barriers・In a biography written by a colleague who has worked with him for more than two decades, it is easy to conclude that he represents the absolute world war iiThe post-elite, their religious and political views are more conservative・ Nothing if not in the wake ofFrom a biography written by one of his former colleagues who had worked with him for more than twoIn fact, it is not difficult to conclude that what he has done is nothing if not the elite class of theCountry in the wake of World War II, who were ratherconservative in terms of religious and politicalViews.。

大学英语新标准4原文翻译大学英语新标准4原文翻译。

Unit 1。

Part I。

Text A。

The Dangers of Overwork。

现代社会，人们的工作压力越来越大，许多人都陷入了过度劳累的状态。

然而，过度劳累对健康的危害是巨大的。

首先，长时间的工作会导致身体疲劳，影响身体各个系统的正常运转。

其次，过度劳累还会增加患疾病的风险，比如心脏病、高血压等。

此外，长期过度劳累还会影响人的心理健康，导致焦虑、抑郁等问题。

因此，我们应该重视自己的健康，合理安排工作和休息时间，避免过度劳累。

Part II。

Text B。

The Importance of Sleep。

睡眠对于人的健康至关重要。

充足的睡眠可以帮助人们恢复体力，保持身体健康。

睡眠不足会导致身体疲劳，影响工作和学习效率。

此外，睡眠不足还会影响人的心理健康，导致情绪不稳定、注意力不集中等问题。

因此，我们应该重视睡眠，保持良好的作息习惯，保证每天充足的睡眠时间。

Unit 2。

Part I。

Text A。

The Benefits of Exercise。

适当的运动对于身体健康有很多好处。

首先，运动可以帮助人们保持身体健康，增强体质。

其次，运动还可以帮助人们减轻压力，缓解焦虑和抑郁情绪。

此外，运动还可以帮助人们保持良好的体型，提高自信心。

因此，我们应该每天保持适当的运动量，让运动成为生活的一部分。

Part II。

Text B。

The Importance of a Balanced Diet。

饮食对于人的健康同样至关重要。

均衡的饮食可以帮助人们摄取各种营养物质，保持身体健康。

过度饮食会导致肥胖，增加患疾病的风险。

此外，不良的饮食习惯还会导致营养不良，影响身体健康。

因此，我们应该保持均衡的饮食，多吃蔬菜水果，少吃油腻食物和高糖食品。

Unit 3。

Part I。

Text A。

The Importance of Time Management。

时间管理对于大学生来说至关重要。

Unit 1 Active reading (1)大学毕业找工作的第一要义：别躺在沙发上做梦More than 650,000 students left university this summer and many have no idea about the way to get a job.How tough should a parent be to galvanize them in these financially fraught times?今年夏天，超过 65万的大学生毕业离校，其中有许多人根本不知道怎么找工作。

在当今金融危机的背景下，做父母的该如何激励他们？In July,you looked on as your handsome 21-year-old son,dressed in gown and mortarboard,proudly clutched his honours degree for his graduation photo.Those memories of forking out thousands of pounds a year so that he could eat well and go to the odd party,began to fade.Until now.七月，你看着 21岁英俊的儿子穿上学士袍，戴上四方帽，骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书，拍毕业照。

这时，记忆中每年支付几千英镑，好让儿子吃好、能参加奇特聚会的印象开始消退。

总算熬到头了。

As the summer break comes to a close and students across the country prepare for the start of a new term,you find that your graduate son is still spending days slumped in front of the television,broken only by texting,Facebook and visits to the pub.This former scion of Generation Y has morphed overnight into a member of Generation Grunt.Will he ever get a job?等到暑假快要结束，全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候，你发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。

新标准大学英语4课文译Unit 1 Friendship。

Part I Pre-reading Task。

This unit is about friendship. What is your definition of friendship? How do you maintain your friendships? What do you think is the most important quality in a friend?Part II Text A。

The text is about the author's experience of making friends with an American girl named Lily. The author and Lily are very different in terms of their backgrounds and personalities, but they become good friends. The text also discusses the author's reflections on the nature of friendship and the importance of understanding and accepting differences.Part III Text B。

The text is about the author's experience of making friends with a foreign student named Steve. The author and Steve have different cultural backgrounds and face challenges in their communication. However, they eventually become good friends. The text also discusses the author's reflections on the value of friendship and the importance of communication and understanding in cross-cultural friendships.Part IV Words and Expressions。

Unit 1Active reading (1)大学毕业找工作的第一要义：别躺在沙发上做梦今年夏天，超过65万的大学生毕业离校，其中有许多人根本不知道怎么找工作。

在当今金融危机的背景下，做父母的该如何激励他们？七月，你看着英俊的21岁的儿子穿上学士袍，戴上四方帽，骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书，拍毕业照。

这时，记忆中每年支付几千英镑，好让儿子吃好、并能偶尔参加聚会的记忆开始消退。

但现在，你又不得不再考虑钱的问题。

等到暑假快要结束，全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候，你却发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。

除此之外，他只是偶尔发发短信，浏览社交网站Facebook，或者去酒吧喝酒。

这位属于“千禧一代”的年青人一夜之间变成了“抱怨一代”的成员。

他能找到工作吗？这就是成千上万家庭所面临的状况：今年夏天，65万多大学生毕业，在当今金融危机的背景下，他们中的大多数人不知道自己下一步该做什么。

父母只会唠叨，而儿女们则毫无缘由地变成了叛逆者。

他们知道自己该找份工作，但却不知道如何去找。

来自米德尔塞克斯郡的杰克•古德温今年夏天从诺丁汉大学政治学系毕业，获得二级一等荣誉学士学位。

他走进大学就业服务中心，但又径直走了出来，因为他看见很多人在那里排长队。

跟他一起住的另外5个男孩子也都跟他一样，进去又出来了。

找工作的压力不大，虽然他所认识的大多数女生都有更明确的计划。

他说：“我申请政治学研究工作，但被拒绝了。

他们给的年薪是1万8千镑，交完房租后所剩无几，也就够买一罐豆子，可他们还要有研究经历或硕士学位的人。

然后我又申请参加快速晋升人才培养计划，并通过了笔试。

但在面试时，他们说我‘太冷漠’了，谈吐‘太像专家政治论者’。

我觉得自己不可能那样，但我显然就是那样的。

”打那以后，他整个夏天都在“隐身”。

他能够轻松地复述出电视剧《交通警察》中的若干片段。

他白天看电视的时间太长，已经到了影响健康的地步。

跟朋友谈起自己漫无目标的日子时，他才发现他们的处境和自己一样。

Unit 1Active reading (1)大学毕业找工作的第一要义：别躺在沙发上做梦今年夏天，超过65 万的大学生毕业离校，其中有许多人根本不知道怎么找工作。

在当今金融危机的背景下，做父母的该如何激励他们？七月，你看着21 岁英俊的儿子穿上学士袍，戴上四方帽，骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书，拍毕业照。

这时，记忆中每年支付几千英镑，好让儿子吃好、能参加奇特聚会的印象开始消退。

总算熬到头了。

等到暑假快要结束，全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候，你发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。

他只是偶尔走开去发短信，浏览社交网站Facebook，去酒吧喝酒。

这位前“千禧一代”的后裔一夜之间变成了哼哼一代的成员。

他能找到工作吗？这就是成千上万家庭所面临的景象：今年夏天，超过65 万大学生毕业，在当今金融危机的背景下他们中的大多数人不知道自己下一步该做什么。

父母只会唠叨，而儿女们则毫无缘由地变成了叛逆者，他们知道自己该找份工作，但却不知道如何去找。

来自米德尔塞克斯郡的杰克·古德温今年夏天从诺丁汉大学政治学系毕业，获得二级一等荣誉学士学位。

他走进大学就业服务中心，又径直走了出来，因为他看见很多人在那里排长队。

跟他一起住的另外5 个男孩也都跟他一样，进去又出来了。

找工作的压力不大，虽然他所认识的大多数女生都有更清晰的计划。

他说：“我申请政治学研究工作，但被拒了。

他们给的年薪是1 万8 千镑，交完房租后所剩无几，也就够买一罐煮豆子，可他们还要有研究经历或硕士学位的人。

然后我又申请了公务员速升计划，并通过了笔试。

但在面试时，他们说我‘太冷漠’了，谈吐‘太像专家治国国论者’。

我觉得自己不可能那样，但我显然就是那样的。

”打那以后他整个夏天都在“躲”。

他能够轻松复述《交通警察》中的若干片段，他白天看电视的时间太多，已经到了影响健康的地步。

跟朋友谈自己漫无目标的日子时，他才发现他们的处境和自己的并没有两样。

其中一位朋友在父母的逼迫下去超市摆货，其余的都是白天9 点到5 点“无所事事”，晚上去酒吧喝酒打发时间。

Unit 1 Nine to FiveActive Reading 1 Looking for a job after university?First, Get off the Sofa大学毕业找工作的第一要义：别躺在沙发上做梦今年夏天，超过65 万的大学生毕业离校，其中有许多人根本不知道怎么找工作。

在当今金融危机的背景下，做父母的该如何激励他们？1 七月，你看着21 岁英俊的儿子穿上学士袍，戴上四方帽，骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书，拍毕业照。

这时，记忆中每年支付几千英镑，好让儿子吃好、能参加奇特聚会的印象开始消退。

总算熬到头了。

2 等到暑假快要结束，全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候，你发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。

他只是偶尔走开去发短信，浏览社交网站Facebook，去酒吧喝酒。

这位前“千禧一代”的后裔一夜之间变成了哼哼一代的成员。

他能找到工作吗？3 这就是成千上万家庭所面临的景象：今年夏天，超过65 万大学生毕业，在当今金融危机的背景下他们中的大多数人不知道自己下一步该做什么。

父母只会唠叨，而儿女们则毫无缘由地变成了叛逆者，他们知道自己该找份工作，但却不知道如何去找。

4 来自米德尔塞克斯郡的杰克·古德温今年夏天从诺丁汉大学政治学系毕业，获得二级一等荣誉学士学位。

他走进大学就业服务中心，又径直走了出来，因为他看见很多人在那里排长队。

跟他一起住的另外5 个男孩也都跟他一样，进去又出来了。

找工作的压力不大，虽然他所认识的大多数女生都有更清晰的计划。

5 他说：“我申请政治学研究工作，但被拒了。

他们给的年薪是1 万8 千镑，交完房租后所剩无几，也就够买一罐煮豆子，可他们还要有研究经历或硕士学位的人。

然后我又申请了公务员速升计划，并通过了笔试。

但在面试时，他们说我‘太冷漠’了，谈吐‘太像专家治国国论者’。

我觉得自己不可能那样，但我显然就是那样的。

”6 打那以后他整个夏天都在“躲”。

Handouts and Key to book4 unit1-4Unit 1Active reading (1)Looking for a job after university? First, get off the sofaBackground informationAbout the passage: This is an article by an Education Correspondent, Alexandra Blair, published in September 2008 in The Times, a long-established British quality newspaper. In Europe generally, and in Britain in particular, for a number of years there has been a rising number of students who go to university and therefore more new graduates seeking employment. However, for many graduates finding a job became harder in 2008–2009 because the economic downturn –then a recession – meant that many employers were reducing their workforce. After their final exams, some students rested in the summer before looking for jobs and then they found that it was difficult to find employment in their field or at the level they wanted. The article addresses the problems of such new graduates who might be stuck at home and advises their parents to be there for their children (ie to be available if their children want to talk about the problem or if they need help). The article recommends finding work in a bar or supermarket rather than sitting unemployed at home since this is more likely to lead to better employment later. The style is partly of a report, but also of a humorous comment for light entertainment (seen in the jokey language and problem-solving advice to parents).Why finding a job in 2008 is so difficult for university graduates?Universities in Europe, particularly in Britain, have expanded greatly in the last fifteen years (over 45% of young adults now go on to higher education), so there are more graduates looking for jobs. This competitive situation became a lot worse in 2008 onwards with the credit crunch and economic depression, which meantthat there were fewer jobs available and a rise in unemployment. Thus new graduates have to be active to seek a job, they need to fill in many application forms and try to get job interviews: they won‘t find employment by lying on the sofa at home.Culture pointshonours degree: Traditionally, in the British university system, BA and BSc honours degrees are awarded in different categories: a first class degree (written using Roman numbers as I), a second (divided into two subcategorie s, written as IIii and IIii, which are called ―a two one‖ and ―a two two‖), a third (written III) and a pass degree. Most people get a second. There are also ordinary degrees with more general courses of study without these categories.Generation Y and Grunt: The main idea here is that there is a succession of different generations or cohorts of adults who come into the workforce in North America which are given different informal names to characterize them. First, ―Baby boomers‖ were born in the great incr ease (the boom) of births after World War II (1946–1960), followed by ―Generation X‖ people (born1960–1980) who were said to bring new attitudes of being independent, informal, entrepreneurial, and expected to get skills and have a career before them. ―GenerationY‖ or the ―Millenial Generation‖ (born 1980s and 1990s and becoming adult in the new millenium) are now making up an increasing percentage of the workforce; they are said to be spoilt by doting parents, to have structured lives, to be used to teamwork and diverse people in a multicultural society. In the passage, this generation is now becoming (morphing into) Generation Grunt, which is an ironic name referring to repetitive, low status, routine or mindless work – this may be the only workavailable to some graduates, who may have to take very ordinary jobs to get experience before they find something more suitable. ―Grunt‖ also refers to coarse behaviour or bad manners and to the deep sound that is made by a pig; when people ―grunt‖ they express dis gust but do not communicate with words – this may be how the parents of new graduates think their children communicate with them!A comprehensive refers to a British type of secondary school which became popular in the1960s. Before that there were academic ―grammar schools‖ and more general ―secondary modern‖ schools for those who did not pass the grammar school entrance tests, but the comprehensive schools were designed for all students in a social philosophy of bringing diverse students together whether they were academic or not. Those students who went to a comprehensive school probably felt that had to study particularly hard (I worked my backside off) to get to university, compared to those who went to grammar schools where all students were academic –comprehensive students felt they had to struggle to get to university.Chicken suit This refers to a large yellow costume that someone wears which makes the person look like a giant chicken. Before he became a famous actor, Brad Pitt once dressed in such a costume when he had a job advertising for a restaurant called El Pollo Loco (The Crazy Chicken‘ in Spanish) – the job meant that he had to walk around the streets like a chicken to attract customers to come to the restaurant.Language points1 Those memories of forking out thousands of pounds a year so that he could eat well and go to the odd party, began to fade. Until now. (Para 1)The parents paid a lot of money for their son‘s university fees and living expenses (so that he could eat well) and for occasional social events – at graduation these memories of money were mostly forgotten because the parents were proud. But now the parents are thinking of money again because the son doesn‘t have a job and doesn‘t seem to be actively seeking one.2 This former scion of Generation Y has morphed overnight into a member of Generation Grunt. (Para 2)The distinguished son of Generation X (of the parents‘ generation who worked hard, got jobs, and had good careers and expected their son to do the same) has changed into a member of Generation Grunt – he doesn‘t seem to communicate much, lies around and doesn‘t get a job (or can only do a low status routing job).3 I passed the exams, but at the interviews they accused me of being …too detached‟ and talking in language t hat was …too technocratic‟, which I didn‟t think possible, but obviously it is. (Para 5)He passed the entrance exams for a government post, but he was criticized in the selection interviews: They said he was detached (not personally involved) and too technocratic (he used the language of a technical expert or high authority). As a new graduate he probably wanted to show his expertise in his language so he can‘t understand this criticism.4 For the rest it is 9-to-5 “chilling” before heading to the pub. (Pa ra 6)The others who do not have a routine low status job (like stacking goods on a supermarket shelf) chill out all day (they spend their time casually relaxing –they don‘t look for work) and go to pub for a drink in the evening.5 I went to a comprehens ive and I worked my backside off to go to a good university …(Para6)He went to a school for students of all abilities (not to a special school for academic students) and so he had to work very hard to enter a good university: Your backside means your bottom – the part of your body that you sit on – to work your backside off is informal and it means you work very hard indeed.6 … but having worked full-time since leaving school herself, she and her husband find it tricky to advise him on how to proceed. (Para 7)The mother has always had a full-time job (presumably the father is also working full-time), so she does not have relevant personal experience. For her, it is tricky to give advice (difficult to do).7 Carry on life as normal and don‟t allow them to abuse your bank account or sap your reserve of emotional energy. (Para 11)The advice from Gael Lindenfield here is that parents should live as usual. They should neither let theirchildren spend the parents‘ money unnecessarily, nor let the problem take a way all their energy and emotions. Sap their reserve means use up their store of emotional energy.8 After that the son or daughter needs to be nudged firmly back into the saddle. (Para 12) Then the parents should gently push their children firmly so that they get back into control of their lives.Reading and understanding2 Choose the best answer to the questions.Teaching tipsGo over the correct answers with Ss and ask them to explain why the other answers are wrong (See below).1 Why hasn‘t Jack Goodwin got a job yet?(a) He doesn‘t have a very good degree.(No, he has a 2:1 which is considered a good degree. )(b) He refuses to apply for jobs with low salaries.(He feels he should get a better job after studying at university.)(c) It isn‘t easy to get a job in the current financial climate.(This may be true but the passage does not mention this.)(d) He prefers to stay at home and help his family.(No, he doesn‘t seem to be helping his family: he watches TV and talks to friends.)2 How does he spend a typical day?(a) Doing a temporary job.(No, some of his friends are working in temporary jobs but he doesn‘t want to do this.)(b) Watching television.(He watches TV a lot.)(c) Queuing up in the university careers service.(No, he went there once but he didn‘t want to queue so he walked away.)(d) Preparing for the next job interview.(No, he doesn‘t seem to be preparing for interviews.)3 How do most of his friends spend the day?(a) They do nothing all day and go to the pub in the evening.(All except one of them do nothing except chill, then they go to the pub.)(b) They do outdoor activities such as sailing.(No, none of them seem to do outdoor activities; there is no mention of sailing.)(c) They are forced to work by their parents.(No, only one of them has been forced out to stack shelves by his parents; the others seem to be like Jack.)(d) They do part-time jobs such as working in a bar.(No, the text mentions bar work but none of Jack‘s friends seem to do this work.)4 How are Jack‘s parents help ing him?(a) By looking for jobs for him.(No, Jack has tried to get a job himself; there‘s nothing here about his parents helping him look fora job.)(b) By paying for a trip to South America.(No, although he is going on a three-week trip to South America, the passage does not say that Jack‘s parents have paid for this.)(c) By gradually making him more financially aware.(The passage does not say so explicitly, but this is the implication about the cut-off point after the trip when he may be expected to pay rent and contribute to the household bills.)(d) By threatening to throw him out of the house.(No, they haven‘t threatened to do this, but they definitely want him to work after he gets back fromhis trip.)5 What does Gael Lindenfield say about Jack‘s parents?(a) They have not really understood Jack‘s problems.(No, she doesn‘t say this; she says they must balance being positive with not making life too comfortable. This doesn‘t mean they haven‘t understood Jack‘s problems.)(b) They have made life too comfortable for Jack.(No, she says they must balance comfort with being positive. This doesn‘t necessarily mean that they have already made life too comfortable for Jack.)(c) The approach they have chosen is the right one.(She says they have struck exactly the right note.)(d) They need help from a psychologist.(No, she doesn‘t say this.)6 What do Whoopi Goldberg, Bruce Willis and Brad Pitt have in common?(a) They all did bar work before going to university.(No, we don‘t know from the passage if any of them did this.)(b) They took part in protests against nuclear power plants.(No, we don‘t know is any of them did this)(c) They learnt to act by dressing up as giant chickens.(No, only Brad Pitt did this.)(d) They all did temporary jobs at one stage in their lives.(This is right, although they all had completely different temporary jobs.)Dealing with unfamiliar words3 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 to make progress by moving to the next stage in a series of actions or events (proceed)2 the process of changing from one situation, form or state to another (transition)3 not feeling involved with someone or something in a close or emotional way (detached)4 referring to something which will happen soon (upcoming)5 to be sitting still in a position that is not upright (slump)6 to return to a previous state or way of behaving (revert)7 to say what happened (recount)4 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3.It isn‘t easy to make the (1) transition from a busy university student to an unemployed young adult (2) slumped on a bar stool or half watching a mindless television show, wondering if and how their career is going to (3) proceed. Many people who have experienced a long period of inactivity like this, when (4) recounting how they felt at the time, refer to the same strange psychological effect. As the days pass, they begin to feel (5) detached from any sense of pressure to go and look for a job, and tend to regard (6) upcoming interviews as if they were not very important. Typically, back at home after three or four years away, they (7) revert to old habits, start seeing old friends, and, in many cases, become dependent again on their parents.5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 I went to a mixed-ability secondary school just outside London. (comprehensive)2 I got stopped by a policeman who asked to see my driving licence. (cop)3 Have you seen this beautiful from the air view of Oxford? (aerial)4 Isabel tightly her bag as she walked down the corridor towards the office. (clutched)5 You should speak to Toby; he‘s an supporter of flexible working hours. (advocate)6 I hurt my leg badly a couple of months ago, an d it still hasn‘t got better completely. (healed)6 Answer the questions about the words.1 Is a dead-end job one with (a) exciting prospects, or (b) no future?2 Is a tricky problem (a) difficult, or (b) easy to solve?3 If an activity saps all your energy, do you feel (a) tired, or (b) more active than usual?4 Does a pushy person try to (a) persuade you to do something you don‘t want to, or (b) help you by listening to what you have to say?5 If you feel apathy, do you want to (a) change the world, or (b) stay at home and do nothing?7 Answer the questions about the phrases.1 Is fork out (a) a formal, or (b) an informal way of saying to pay for something?2 If you are in the same boat as another person, are you (a) making the same journey together, or(b) in the same difficult or unpleasant situation?3 If you feel you have come full circle, do you (a) feel you are back where you started, or (b) feel a sense of satisfaction because you have completed something?4 If someone takes a soft line, do they deal with a person (a) in a kind and sympathetic way, or (b) in a lazy way without making a decision?5 If you strike the right note about something, are you expressing yourself (a) well, or (b) badly?6 If you do something by all means, do you (a) try your best to do it, or (b) not care about it?7 If you nudge someone back into the saddle, are you encouraging them to (a) take responsibility again, or (b) take it easy?8 If you talk through a problem with someone, do you (a) examine it carefully and sensitively, or(b) refer to it quickly and then change the subject?Reading and interpreting8 Answer the questions.1 ―Will he ever get a job?‖ Who is asking this question? What mood does it express?The parents are asking this because the paragraph is addressed to parents (earlier it says ―your graduate son‖). The mood seems to express patience or resignation because the word ―ever‖ suggests that getting a job will take a long time.2 Who describes Generation Y as ―rebels without a cause‖? Is it a fair descriptio n?This is the writer‘s description to indicate that this generation is rebelling against parents or society, but they have nothing particular to rebel against. This doesn‘t seem very fair because the students are trying to find work – it is just that they don‘t like their parents nagging them. So they are a bit rebellious against their parents, but no more than that.3 Jack ―walked into the university careers service and straight back out again‖. What does this suggest about Jack‘s character?It suggests that Jack is not very determined. As soon as he saw the queue he left without waiting and without trying to ask about jobs or careers.4 Jack spent the summer ―hiding‖. Hiding from what? Why are quotation marks used?Probably this means he was hiding from the world of work, staying at home and not looking for a job. The quotation marks tell us that he wasn‘t literally hiding, he just spent a lot of time at home.5 How is Mrs Goodwin‘s point of view affected by her own personal experience?In one way her expe rience hasn‘t affected her attitude: She left school and went immediately to a job (without going to university) and has been working full-time since then and yet she is sympathetic and takes a soft line.6 How is Lindenfield‘s point of view affected by he r own personal experience?Her personal experience was that she worked in a bar before finding her first proper job as an aerial photographic assistant. So she says such work is a great networking opportunity. If new graduates are good at such work and bright, cheerful and polite, they will soon be promoted. Her personal experience thus reflects – or perhaps has created – her point of view.7 What would the first two paragraphs have focused on if they had been presented from the point of view of the students rather than the parents?The first two paragraphs would have focused on the need for the new graduates to rest for a bit after their hard studies. It is OK for students to relax with the TV or to socialize with friends for a while, thenthey can start a serious search for employment after that.Active reading (2)If you ask meBackground informationThis is an informal and personalized account of an economics graduate who gets a job in a pub for a year and then has an opportunity to be successful (a lucky break). She works in a London pub called ―The Salisbury‖or ―The Marquis Salisbury‖, named after someone who was the British Prime Minister three times between1885 and 1902 and whose family once owned the pub‘s land. The 100 year old pub is in Leadenhall Street, just off the Charing Cross Road and Leicester Square. Daytime customers can get a pub lunch and eveningcustomers include many office workers and theatre goers (the pub is near many West End theatres). The interior of this pub is dazzling, with large mirrors, cut glass and a mahogany décor.British pubs are often named after famous people (Robin Hood, The Duke of Wellington) or royalty (The Queen’s Arms, the Prince of Wales) or historical symbols (The Rose and Crown to represent King Edward III, The Royal Oak to represent King Charles II who once hid in a large oak tree). Other names often include colours and animals (The Red Bull, The Black Horse, The Golden Lion, The Swan) or symbols of traditional trades (The Compasses for carpenters, The Three Hammers for blacksmiths, The Three Tuns for winemakers).As the pub is a social place to meet as well as a place to get a drink, people often play games like dominoes or darts or join a quiz or competition. A common expression is to ―go down the pub‖ or ―go round to the local‖ (both meaning to go to the local pub).Culture pointspub in London: A pub is a place where people go for a drink and to meet friends and socialize. People can play games – such as darts, cards, dominoes – in a pub and pubs often have quiz nights, with prizes for the winners, and live music (See also Background information)The Salisbury is a well-known pub in central London (See also Background information)London School of Economics is a distinguished university in central London, famous for social sciences.Language points1 If you ask me, real life is not all it‟s cracked up to be. (Para 1)In my opinion (If you ask me introduces an opinion), real life is not everything that people say it is. If a thing is cracked up to be, people normally praise it but in the opinion of the speaker they are wrong.2 … spending money when you don‟t have any is dead easy. (Para 7)Dead here means very. For example, we can say dead tired (exhausted), a dead loss (a complete loss or useless), a dead weight (very heavy, difficult to lift).3 What were the odds on anyone being so nice? (Para 11)What are the chances that someone would be so nice? The writer is emphasizing here that such kindness is very unusual.4 … looking back after all these years, you o nly need one or two breaks in your life to succeed. (Para 13)A break here means a chance to be successful. A lucky break is an unexpected opportunity. Reading and understanding2 Choose the best answer to the questions.1 What did the writer want to do after finishing her degree?(a) To do an MA at the London School of Economics.(b) To earn some money to pay off her loan.(c) To start working as soon as possible.(d) To return home and help her mother.2 Why did she ask for a job in The Salisbury?(a) She was hungry and thirsty.(b) She thought it would lead to better things.(c) She was a friend of the landlord.(d) She had the idea when she saw the landlord working.3 What did she buy with her first salary?(a) A bunch of flowers.(b) A CD and a plant for the flat she lived in.(c) A ham sandwich and a glass of beer.(d) She didn‘t have any money left after paying the bills.4 Why did Tony give her £20,000?(a) He found out it was her birthday and wanted to help.(b) He trusted her and thought it would help her.(c) He wanted her to leave the pub and work for him.(d) He was secretly in love with her.5 What did she do with the money?(a) She used it to pay for her course at the LSE.(b) She lost a lot of it in the 2008 stock market crash.(c) She invested it and paid back Tony and other investors.(d) She used it to start her own business.6 Why was Tony pleased when she repaid the loan?(a) He had had an accident and needed the money for a wheelchair.(b) It meant that he would be able to see her again.(c) It proved that he had been right to invest in her.(d) She paid back the loan with a lot of interest.3 Work in pairs and answer the questions.What do we know about the writer‘s:1 family background?Her mother had worked hard for 15 years to support h er education but couldn‘t afford any further support. Her father wasn‘t around most of the time. He didn‘t have any money because he spent it on gambling on dog racing or drinking in pubs.2 career as a student?She had a good degree in economics and wanted to study for a masters course at the London School of Economics.3 ambition?She wanted to get a job in finance or investments in London because then she would be able to use her degree.4 appreciation of other people?She appreciated Mike‘s friendliness with customers and his skill, and she appreciated Tony as a nice person; later she appreciated the trust of Tony and his friends5 love life?We don‘t know much about this, except that she doesn‘t like boys to hassle her. She thinks they are immature.6 financial expertise?It must be quite good: She invested the £20,000 and made enough profit to pay the money back with interest and set up her own company.7 sense of responsibility?She has a strong sense of responsibility because she paid back the money to the investors and paid them an annual interest for the loan.8 philosophy of life?She believes that you should work hard; you may need one or two breaks to succeed but youshould know how to use the breaks. You should be honest and responsible with people who trust you.Dealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 funny or entertaining (amusing)2 used for emphasizing that something good has happened, especially because of good luck (fortunately)3 an amount of money that a person, business or country borrows, usually from a bank (loan)4 to take an amount or number from a total (deduct)5 the most exciting, impressive, or interesting part of an event (highlight)6 to show that you understand someone‘s problems (sympathize)7 needing a lot of time, ability, and energy (demanding)5 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.Teaching tipsWhen Ss have completed the blanks with the correct form of the appropriate words, ask them to practice reading the dialogue, trying to make their reading sound as conversational as possible. Choose a pair to perform their reading to the class. The class listens and gives the performing pair a rating on a scale of 1-10 for fluency and naturalness.A Af ter three years at university, I‘m now quite heavily in debt.B I (1) sympathize with you, I know what it‘s like to have financial problems. But (2) fortunately I didn‘t need to take out a student (3) loan when I was at university, because I had a part-time job.A What did you do?B I worked in a restaurant at weekends.A That must have been very (4) demanding.B Yes, it was. I had to get the right balance between work and study. But the other people who worked there were good fun to be with, so it was quite (5) amusing too. The (6) highlight of the weekend was always Saturday night when we worked overtime.A But I don‘t expect you made a lot of money?B No, there wasn‘t much after they‘d (7) deducted tax and pension contributions. But it was enough to keep me going.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 When I was at college I kept all my personal things in an old cupboard.2 A lot of people who leave university before getting a degree end up in good jobs.3 I think she‘ll get a good degree, but I wouldn‘t risk my money on the exact result.4 The money I spent at college was more than what I earned in my part-time job.5 The chances of my being offered a job after that interview must be quite remote.6 Our business has done very well since we changed our advertising.7 I think telling the truth and not cheating is always the best policy.Key: (1) belongings (2) dropouts (3) gamble (4) exceeded (5) odds(6) has thrived (7) honesty7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If something is not all it’s cracked up to be, is it (a) valid and interesting, or (b) just a little bitdisappointing?2 If someone keeps banging on about something, are you likely to be (a) interested in, or (b) bored by what they say?3 If there is a lot of hassle in your life, are you likely to feel (a) stressed, or (b) relaxed?4 If something happens out of the blue, is it (a) unexpected, or (b) part of your plan?5 If you say you ended up in a particular job, do you suggest that (a) you have fulfilled your ambition, or (b) it happened almost by chance?6 Are the regulars in a pub (a) the customers who come very often, or (b) the food the pub offers most often?7 If something is dead easy, is it (a) very easy, or (b) not easy at all?8 If you treat someone to something, do you (a) buy something nice for them, or (b) behave badly to them?9 If you cheer a place up, do you (a) make the place look brighter, or (b) make the people in the place happier?Reading and interpreting8 Look at the sentences from the passage and identify the style features.1 Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the bigwide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?This shows the informality of an incomplete sentence in the first part, the use of an informal expression (banging on) and a rhetorical question to the reader (What do I find?)2 Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?) …This has the use of an informal word (hassle), an informal exclamation (god) and a question to the reader (When will they grow up?)3 Actually, I had my eye on the course at the London School of Economics (LSE).Here there is a discourse marker typical of speech (Actually) and an informal phrase (had my eye on).4 I kind of understand it, and not just because my degree is in economics.Here ―kind of‖ is a sort of discourse marker of i nformal speech (showing something is general, vague or not definite).5 I wanted something in finance and investments, because you know, maybe with a job like that, I could use my degree.This has a discourse marker of informal speech (you know).6 ... it‘s true, he really did seem to have three hands.Again here is a discourse marker of informal speech (it‘s true).7 I talked to him about ... well, about pretty well everything …This has another discourse marker of informal speech (well) and an informal phrase (pretty well).9 Answer the questions.1 What is the focus of each section of the story?• The first part is the background before the story really begins. It focuses on the writer‘s financial problems after graduation and on her need to work since her family cannot support her.• The second part focuses on nice people who help the writer, mainly on Mike who gives her a job in a pub.。

信用卡陷阱有一件事我得坦白。

几年前，我排队为家人取戏票时，我的朋友也在为她的家人取票。

我拿到了票，用信用卡付了账，对这种非现金交易的便利感到很满意。

然后就轮到她付款了，整个交易也进行得同样顺利，但我的高兴劲儿很快就变成了莫大的羞耻：我的信用卡太寒酸了，是不显示身份地位的深蓝色卡，而她的信用卡则是高级的金卡。

她是怎样弄到金卡的？怎么会这样呢？我知道我挣得比她多，我的车比她的车新，我的家比她的家漂亮，她怎么看起来显得比我光鲜呢？我有一份跟那时候任何工作相比还算安定的工作——虽然不是非常安定，不过我也没什么可抱怨的。

我是通过按揭贷款买的房子，可那会儿谁买房不贷款呢？我每个月底都付清信用卡欠款。

所以，虽然从技术上讲，我欠过信用卡公司的钱，但只是欠几个星期而已。

所以我认为我的信用等级应该很高。

你可以说我肤浅，而我也并不感到自豪。

但就在当时当地，我突然非常嫉妒那位朋友，我决定不要蓝色信用卡了，我要一张金卡。

金卡突然变得不可或缺，它会让我自我感觉良好，会让别人觉得我更有魅力。

于是，我去信用卡公司申请最特别、最耀眼的金卡。

可是，我的申请被拒绝了。

过了几秒钟，我才从这个打击中回过神来，我问自己为什么被拒绝。

显然，因为我每次都按时全额付清信用卡欠款，所以我不是他们想要的那种金卡客户。

他们的目标客户是那些随时有购物刷卡的冲动、有潜在信用风险、经不住诱惑超支消费、并且经常延期还款的人。

这样他们才有机会收取更多的利息，挣更多的钱，这就是他们的经营之道。

这能够解释为什么信用卡公司会用超低利率诱惑像我们家孩子那样的穷大学生吗？三个星期前，我的二女儿回家过周末。

她在读大一第二学期。

和她的大多数朋友一样，她借了3,000英镑的学生贷款，并从她可怜的妈妈（哈！）那里得到一笔小小的生活费，用于支付交通费、书费及其他生活费用。

她穿的衣服是从当地的慈善商店买来的，并且她平时也很少出门。

她拥抱了我（她以前从不拥抱我），然后说：“妈妈，我有事要跟您商量。

第一单元依我看依我看，现实生活与人们想象的不一样。

我们上了12 年的中、小学，又上了3 年的大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在安宁的学生生活之外那个广阔天地里的各种机会，可我遇到的又是什么呢？无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是跟人争吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。

这个地方什么东西都很贵！人人都想从我身上拿点钱去：国税局要收个人所得税，银行经理要我偿清学生贷款，房东催我交房租、燃气费、水费、电费，手机账单也不断地寄来。

所有这些还没算上吃饭的钱。

更可气的是，不知从哪里冒出一个自作聪明的家伙冷不丁地给我打电话，问我要不要买养老金。

照这样下去，我连今年都活不过去了，更别提活到60 岁领养老金了。

我那时还不想出去工作。

我的意思是，我并不是个中途辍学者，但我知道自己以后可能不得不退学。

许多人认为“生活不是野餐”，“没有免费的午餐”。

但既然我拿到了优等生文凭，我想我应该继__续攻读硕士学位。

实际上，我已经瞄上了伦敦经济学院的课程，这是一所顶尖的学校，能给我的履历表增添一段光彩的经历。

但当我跟妈妈谈起这件事时，她说她没法继续供我上学了。

我大概能理解她的心情，这不仅仅是因为我学的是经济学。

15 年来，为了能让我上学，她含辛茹苦。

这些年来，父亲大部分时间都不在家。

就算在家，他也没钱。

他把钱都拿去赌狗、喝酒了。

我听了妈妈的话，向命运低下了头。

依我看，不管人们说什么，幸运的是世上还是有很多好心人。

麦克就是其中的一个。

大学毕业时，我想如果我回家，妈妈会觉得她有责任照顾我。

所以，我就收拾行李去伦敦找工作。

我想找金融和投资方面的职位，因为你知道这样我就可以用上我的专业知识。

可是那时候已经没有这样的工作了，我又不愿意做乏味的办公室工作，复印文件、端茶倒水什么的。

无论你走到伦敦的什么地方，你都能找到一个好酒吧。

有一天，我意识到这个城里没有人会雇我，我走进位于特荷街的索尔兹伯里酒吧去喝一杯，顺便吃点东西。

U11无2在佛罗伦萨这个城市里，吃的、睡的、和呼吸的都是艺术。

人类艺术天赋的典范几乎矗立在每一条街上，成打的博物馆和美工艺品店等待着您去探索。

意大利的佛罗伦萨是艺术爱好者的天堂。

在文艺复兴时期（或称艺术重生时期），佛罗伦萨对艺术家们本身就是个天堂，事实上在五百多年前，文艺复兴就在这儿发迹了。

在这之前，艺术作品完全集中在宗教主题上，而文艺复兴时期的艺术则包含更多变化的风貌，艺术家们描绘一般人物的画像，也绘画希腊罗马神话中的历史和人物。

米开朗基罗是佛罗伦萨艺术家中的佼佼者。

游客们在阿卡得米亚博物馆前大排长龙达好几个钟头之久，为了一睹他感人的大作「大卫像」的丰采，这一尊十四英尺高的雕像已经成为文艺复兴时期最完美的一尊人物塑像，「大卫像」是一种典范，表现出米开朗基罗雕塑人像简洁而有力的风格。

在维琪奥宫可以看到更多米开朗基罗的作品，这栋建筑在1299年至1322年曾是佛罗伦萨政府的所在地。

著名意大利艺术家的画作和雕刻作品，摆满了宫中的各厅室。

米开朗基罗也协助装饰其外观，他在宫墙上雕刻头像，有一个传说提到，为了跟人打赌，米开朗基罗背对着墙，两手背在后面雕刻头像。

离维琪奥宫不远的地方座落着翡冷翠教堂广场。

华丽圆顶的翡冷翠教堂，或称「神的殿堂」，花了将近150年才建造完工（1294-1436），并由当时最著名的工程师设计而成。

今日的游客仍惊叹于这个圆顶，它是教堂中最引人注目像皇冠似的一景。

时至今日，在佛罗伦萨没有任何一栋建筑高过这个圆顶的。

教堂文物博物馆耸立于附近，这栋建筑曾经是那些为此座教堂定制艺术品的人的办公室，今天它收藏了过去装饰教堂外观的雕像。

稍作散步一番走过佛罗伦萨狭窄的小巷，游客将来到著名的乌菲齐美术馆。

这栋建筑建于1560年间，当年是作为办公之用（乌菲齐在意大利语中是办公室的意思）。

今日，它则以其出色的艺术收藏而自豪，游客们一定得穿着舒适的鞋子去参观，因为要一探这个美术馆得花好几个小时的时间。

收藏中一些著名的作品包括有波提切利的「春」和「维也纳的诞生」。

第四册Unit 11.If you ask me, real life is not all it's cracked up to be. Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?), but mostly with money. It's just so expensive out here! Everyone wants a slice off you. The Inland Revenue wants to deduct income tax, the bank manager wants repayments on my student loan, the landlord wants the rent, gas, water, electricity and my mobile bills keep coming in, and all that's before I've had anything to eat. And then some bright spark calls me out of the blue, asking if I'm interested in buying a pension. At this rate, I won't even last till the end of the year, let alone till I'm 60.依我看，现实生活与人们想象的不一样。

Unit 4全日制工作时代的终结1997年，“粉丝”杂志在“Fast Company”杂志的一篇文章中指出，美国有大约2500万“自由球员”。

一个自由球员，非常像体育运动，是一个没有任何限制行动的承诺的人，它包括所有非专业工作。

自由人也被称为合同工，顾问和自由职业者。

他们没有得到医疗保险福利，失业保险或集体谈判权。

根据其独特的能力，自由代理人可以根据各种项目与多个客户合作。

2011年，凯利服务发现，由于美国人希望获得更多的自由，灵活性和获得专业技能的方式，自由人的数量已经增长到4400万。

最近，MBO Partners的一项研究预计到2020年可能有7000万个免费代理商，创造了一个比全职员工更多的免费代理商的工作环境。

这表明我们正在从一个支持全职工作和福利的经济转向同时拥有多个工作的经济体。

公司正在雇用更多的免费代理商，因为他们节省了资金并获得利基专长来解决具体的业务问题。

这与获得福利的全职工作人员和在他们领域的通才不同。

CareerBuilder报道，2009年，公司雇佣了28％的自由职业者，而现在在2012年，他们招聘了36％。

Gray＆Christmas 的Challenger首席执行官John Challenger表示：“招聘自由职业者的另一个好处是，在缓慢的时期，[公司]不必坚持下去。

”公司正在向“招聘”招聘策略，远离“人生招聘”之一。

在当前的经济中，没有工作保障，专业人士随着新技术的爆炸而变得无关紧要，员工们正在跨组织建立职业，而不仅仅是走上梯子。

挑战者说，雇主与员工的社会契约正在演变为“忠诚度较低，重点更重要的项目”。

所以如果你是一个自由球员，或是有志于成为自由球员，这里有一些重要的技巧要记住。

1.与其他自由人联合您将会遇到的最大挑战是建立一个客户项目管道，以生存和发展。

当您正在寻找下一个项目时，可能会有一段时间，而不像全职演员，您的经理向您提供下一个项目。

你必须是一个好的销售人员，如果你想继续业务，就能够发展关系。

《全新版大学英语阅读教程4（高级本）》------普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材译文（部分）1.The Campers at Kitty Hawk在这篇文章中，John Dos Passos运用散文和诗歌两种文学形式，讲述了莱特兄弟制造的世界上第一架飞机，这是人类历史上最重要的里程碑之一。

他还描述了杰出的莱特兄弟的生活，他们去kitty Hawk 不是为了野营，而是去完成一个听起来不可能的事情。

1903年12月17日,住在俄亥俄州代顿市霍桑街一幢木头房子里的兄弟联合会主教、曾任《宗教嘹望》报编辑的莱特先生收到了他的儿子威尔伯和奥维尔发来的电报。

他们两个突发奇想, 去北卡罗来纳州海岸沙丘上的一个小宿营地度假,给自己匆忙赶制的滑翔机做一些修补。

电文：周四早成功四次飞行，在21mile/hour 从水平面起飞，仅靠引擎力量启动，平均31mile/hour 最长57秒。

数字有点出入，因为电报员误读了奥维夫的潦字。

但事实并没改变，来自dayton，俄亥俄州的两个单车修理工设计，建造，并试飞了一架真正的飞机。

电机预热几分钟后，我松了拉住飞机在跑道的绳，飞机迎风冲去。

韦伯扶着机翼跑以保持机身的平衡，以免跑出跑道。

不像14号那天，今天电机平静的向前稳行，直面27M/H的风。

韦伯一直扶着它直到它跑了40英尺后起飞。

一个救命的摄影师拍下了它离地两英尺的一幕。

它当时刚飞到跑道尾部，飞行过程上下摇摆既不稳定，归因于空气的不平稳和驾驭经验的不足。

一个猛扎结束了它120英尺的飞行旅程。

它飞了12秒，但这是人类飞行史上第一次带人的，全程自力飞行的，过程没有减速的，且最后落点与起点等高的飞行。

晚些时候飞机遇上阵风，打了个翻，撞个粉碎，差点杀了那想把它拉下来的海防巡警。

这很不幸，但兄弟俩太高兴了，并不在意。

他们证明了那该死的东西能飞。

当所有这些尘埃落定，我们马上打包行李回家，因为我们知道飞行器时代已经到来。

他们返回家乡过圣诞。

Handouts and Key to book4 unit1-4Unit 1Active reading (1)Looking for a job after university? First, get off the sofaBackground informationAbout the passage: This is an article by an Education Correspondent, Alexandra Blair, published in September 2008 in The Times, a long-established British quality newspaper. In Europe generally, and in Britain in particular, for a number of years there has been a rising number of students who go to university and therefore more new graduates seeking employment. However, for many graduates finding a job became harder in 2008–2009 because the economic downturn –then a recession – meant that many employers were reducing their workforce. After their final exams, some students rested in the summer before looking for jobs and then they found that it was difficult to find employment in their field or at the level they wanted. The article addresses the problems of such new graduates who might be stuck at home and advises their parents to be there for their children (ie to be available if their children want to talk about the problem or if they need help). The article recommends finding work in a bar or supermarket rather than sitting unemployed at home since this is more likely to lead to better employment later. The style is partly of a report, but also of a humorous comment for light entertainment (seen in the jokey language and problem-solving advice to parents).Why finding a job in 2008 is so difficult for university graduates?Universities in Europe, particularly in Britain, have expanded greatly in the last fifteen years (over 45% of young adults now go on to higher education), so there are more graduates looking for jobs. This competitive situation became a lot worse in 2008 onwards with the credit crunch and economic depression, which meantthat there were fewer jobs available and a rise in unemployment. Thus new graduates have to be active to seek a job, they need to fill in many application forms and try to get job interviews: they won‘t find employment by lying on the sofa at home.Culture pointshonours degree: Traditionally, in the British university system, BA and BSc honours degrees are awarded in different categories: a first class degree (written using Roman numbers as I), a second (divided into two subcategorie s, written as IIii and IIii, which are called ―a two one‖ and ―a two two‖), a third (written III) and a pass degree. Most people get a second. There are also ordinary degrees with more general courses of study without these categories.Generation Y and Grunt: The main idea here is that there is a succession of different generations or cohorts of adults who come into the workforce in North America which are given different informal names to characterize them. First, ―Baby boomers‖ were born in the great incr ease (the boom) of births after World War II (1946–1960), followed by ―Generation X‖ people (born1960–1980) who were said to bring new attitudes of being independent, informal, entrepreneurial, and expected to get skills and have a career before them. ―GenerationY‖ or the ―Millenial Generation‖ (born 1980s and 1990s and becoming adult in the new millenium) are now making up an increasing percentage of the workforce; they are said to be spoilt by doting parents, to have structured lives, to be used to teamwork and diverse people in a multicultural society. In the passage, this generation is now becoming (morphing into) Generation Grunt, which is an ironic name referring to repetitive, low status, routine or mindless work – this may be the only workavailable to some graduates, who may have to take very ordinary jobs to get experience before they find something more suitable. ―Grunt‖ also refers to coarse behaviour or bad manners and to the deep sound that is made by a pig; when people ―grunt‖ they express dis gust but do not communicate with words – this may be how the parents of new graduates think their children communicate with them!A comprehensive refers to a British type of secondary school which became popular in the1960s. Before that there were academic ―grammar schools‖ and more general ―secondary modern‖ schools for those who did not pass the grammar school entrance tests, but the comprehensive schools were designed for all students in a social philosophy of bringing diverse students together whether they were academic or not. Those students who went to a comprehensive school probably felt that had to study particularly hard (I worked my backside off) to get to university, compared to those who went to grammar schools where all students were academic –comprehensive students felt they had to struggle to get to university.Chicken suit This refers to a large yellow costume that someone wears which makes the person look like a giant chicken. Before he became a famous actor, Brad Pitt once dressed in such a costume when he had a job advertising for a restaurant called El Pollo Loco (The Crazy Chicken‘ in Spanish) – the job meant that he had to walk around the streets like a chicken to attract customers to come to the restaurant.Language points1 Those memories of forking out thousands of pounds a year so that he could eat well and go to the odd party, began to fade. Until now. (Para 1)The parents paid a lot of money for their son‘s university fees and living expenses (so that he could eat well) and for occasional social events – at graduation these memories of money were mostly forgotten because the parents were proud. But now the parents are thinking of money again because the son doesn‘t have a job and doesn‘t seem to be actively seeking one.2 This former scion of Generation Y has morphed overnight into a member of Generation Grunt. (Para 2)The distinguished son of Generation X (of the parents‘ generation who worked hard, got jobs, and had good careers and expected their son to do the same) has changed into a member of Generation Grunt – he doesn‘t seem to communicate much, lies around and doesn‘t get a job (or can only do a low status routing job).3 I passed the exams, but at the interviews they accused me of being …too detached‟ and talking in language t hat was …too technocratic‟, which I didn‟t think possible, but obviously it is. (Para 5)He passed the entrance exams for a government post, but he was criticized in the selection interviews: They said he was detached (not personally involved) and too technocratic (he used the language of a technical expert or high authority). As a new graduate he probably wanted to show his expertise in his language so he can‘t understand this criticism.4 For the rest it is 9-to-5 “chilling” before heading to the pub. (Pa ra 6)The others who do not have a routine low status job (like stacking goods on a supermarket shelf) chill out all day (they spend their time casually relaxing –they don‘t look for work) and go to pub for a drink in the evening.5 I went to a comprehens ive and I worked my backside off to go to a good university …(Para6)He went to a school for students of all abilities (not to a special school for academic students) and so he had to work very hard to enter a good university: Your backside means your bottom – the part of your body that you sit on – to work your backside off is informal and it means you work very hard indeed.6 … but having worked full-time since leaving school herself, she and her husband find it tricky to advise him on how to proceed. (Para 7)The mother has always had a full-time job (presumably the father is also working full-time), so she does not have relevant personal experience. For her, it is tricky to give advice (difficult to do).7 Carry on life as normal and don‟t allow them to abuse your bank account or sap your reserve of emotional energy. (Para 11)The advice from Gael Lindenfield here is that parents should live as usual. They should neither let theirchildren spend the parents‘ money unnecessarily, nor let the problem take a way all their energy and emotions. Sap their reserve means use up their store of emotional energy.8 After that the son or daughter needs to be nudged firmly back into the saddle. (Para 12) Then the parents should gently push their children firmly so that they get back into control of their lives.Reading and understanding2 Choose the best answer to the questions.Teaching tipsGo over the correct answers with Ss and ask them to explain why the other answers are wrong (See below).1 Why hasn‘t Jack Goodwin got a job yet?(a) He doesn‘t have a very good degree.(No, he has a 2:1 which is considered a good degree. )(b) He refuses to apply for jobs with low salaries.(He feels he should get a better job after studying at university.)(c) It isn‘t easy to get a job in the current financial climate.(This may be true but the passage does not mention this.)(d) He prefers to stay at home and help his family.(No, he doesn‘t seem to be helping his family: he watches TV and talks to friends.)2 How does he spend a typical day?(a) Doing a temporary job.(No, some of his friends are working in temporary jobs but he doesn‘t want to do this.)(b) Watching television.(He watches TV a lot.)(c) Queuing up in the university careers service.(No, he went there once but he didn‘t want to queue so he walked away.)(d) Preparing for the next job interview.(No, he doesn‘t seem to be preparing for interviews.)3 How do most of his friends spend the day?(a) They do nothing all day and go to the pub in the evening.(All except one of them do nothing except chill, then they go to the pub.)(b) They do outdoor activities such as sailing.(No, none of them seem to do outdoor activities; there is no mention of sailing.)(c) They are forced to work by their parents.(No, only one of them has been forced out to stack shelves by his parents; the others seem to be like Jack.)(d) They do part-time jobs such as working in a bar.(No, the text mentions bar work but none of Jack‘s friends seem to do this work.)4 How are Jack‘s parents help ing him?(a) By looking for jobs for him.(No, Jack has tried to get a job himself; there‘s nothing here about his parents helping him look fora job.)(b) By paying for a trip to South America.(No, although he is going on a three-week trip to South America, the passage does not say that Jack‘s parents have paid for this.)(c) By gradually making him more financially aware.(The passage does not say so explicitly, but this is the implication about the cut-off point after the trip when he may be expected to pay rent and contribute to the household bills.)(d) By threatening to throw him out of the house.(No, they haven‘t threatened to do this, but they definitely want him to work after he gets back fromhis trip.)5 What does Gael Lindenfield say about Jack‘s parents?(a) They have not really understood Jack‘s problems.(No, she doesn‘t say this; she says they must balance being positive with not making life too comfortable. This doesn‘t mean they haven‘t understood Jack‘s problems.)(b) They have made life too comfortable for Jack.(No, she says they must balance comfort with being positive. This doesn‘t necessarily mean that they have already made life too comfortable for Jack.)(c) The approach they have chosen is the right one.(She says they have struck exactly the right note.)(d) They need help from a psychologist.(No, she doesn‘t say this.)6 What do Whoopi Goldberg, Bruce Willis and Brad Pitt have in common?(a) They all did bar work before going to university.(No, we don‘t know from the passage if any of them did this.)(b) They took part in protests against nuclear power plants.(No, we don‘t know is any of them did this)(c) They learnt to act by dressing up as giant chickens.(No, only Brad Pitt did this.)(d) They all did temporary jobs at one stage in their lives.(This is right, although they all had completely different temporary jobs.)Dealing with unfamiliar words3 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 to make progress by moving to the next stage in a series of actions or events (proceed)2 the process of changing from one situation, form or state to another (transition)3 not feeling involved with someone or something in a close or emotional way (detached)4 referring to something which will happen soon (upcoming)5 to be sitting still in a position that is not upright (slump)6 to return to a previous state or way of behaving (revert)7 to say what happened (recount)4 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3.It isn‘t easy to make the (1) transition from a busy university student to an unemployed young adult (2) slumped on a bar stool or half watching a mindless television show, wondering if and how their career is going to (3) proceed. Many people who have experienced a long period of inactivity like this, when (4) recounting how they felt at the time, refer to the same strange psychological effect. As the days pass, they begin to feel (5) detached from any sense of pressure to go and look for a job, and tend to regard (6) upcoming interviews as if they were not very important. Typically, back at home after three or four years away, they (7) revert to old habits, start seeing old friends, and, in many cases, become dependent again on their parents.5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 I went to a mixed-ability secondary school just outside London. (comprehensive)2 I got stopped by a policeman who asked to see my driving licence. (cop)3 Have you seen this beautiful from the air view of Oxford? (aerial)4 Isabel tightly her bag as she walked down the corridor towards the office. (clutched)5 You should speak to Toby; he‘s an supporter of flexible working hours. (advocate)6 I hurt my leg badly a couple of months ago, an d it still hasn‘t got better completely. (healed)6 Answer the questions about the words.1 Is a dead-end job one with (a) exciting prospects, or (b) no future?2 Is a tricky problem (a) difficult, or (b) easy to solve?3 If an activity saps all your energy, do you feel (a) tired, or (b) more active than usual?4 Does a pushy person try to (a) persuade you to do something you don‘t want to, or (b) help you by listening to what you have to say?5 If you feel apathy, do you want to (a) change the world, or (b) stay at home and do nothing?7 Answer the questions about the phrases.1 Is fork out (a) a formal, or (b) an informal way of saying to pay for something?2 If you are in the same boat as another person, are you (a) making the same journey together, or(b) in the same difficult or unpleasant situation?3 If you feel you have come full circle, do you (a) feel you are back where you started, or (b) feel a sense of satisfaction because you have completed something?4 If someone takes a soft line, do they deal with a person (a) in a kind and sympathetic way, or (b) in a lazy way without making a decision?5 If you strike the right note about something, are you expressing yourself (a) well, or (b) badly?6 If you do something by all means, do you (a) try your best to do it, or (b) not care about it?7 If you nudge someone back into the saddle, are you encouraging them to (a) take responsibility again, or (b) take it easy?8 If you talk through a problem with someone, do you (a) examine it carefully and sensitively, or(b) refer to it quickly and then change the subject?Reading and interpreting8 Answer the questions.1 ―Will he ever get a job?‖ Who is asking this question? What mood does it express?The parents are asking this because the paragraph is addressed to parents (earlier it says ―your graduate son‖). The mood seems to express patience or resignation because the word ―ever‖ suggests that getting a job will take a long time.2 Who describes Generation Y as ―rebels without a cause‖? Is it a fair descriptio n?This is the writer‘s description to indicate that this generation is rebelling against parents or society, but they have nothing particular to rebel against. This doesn‘t seem very fair because the students are trying to find work – it is just that they don‘t like their parents nagging them. So they are a bit rebellious against their parents, but no more than that.3 Jack ―walked into the university careers service and straight back out again‖. What does this suggest about Jack‘s character?It suggests that Jack is not very determined. As soon as he saw the queue he left without waiting and without trying to ask about jobs or careers.4 Jack spent the summer ―hiding‖. Hiding from what? Why are quotation marks used?Probably this means he was hiding from the world of work, staying at home and not looking for a job. The quotation marks tell us that he wasn‘t literally hiding, he just spent a lot of time at home.5 How is Mrs Goodwin‘s point of view affected by her own personal experience?In one way her expe rience hasn‘t affected her attitude: She left school and went immediately to a job (without going to university) and has been working full-time since then and yet she is sympathetic and takes a soft line.6 How is Lindenfield‘s point of view affected by he r own personal experience?Her personal experience was that she worked in a bar before finding her first proper job as an aerial photographic assistant. So she says such work is a great networking opportunity. If new graduates are good at such work and bright, cheerful and polite, they will soon be promoted. Her personal experience thus reflects – or perhaps has created – her point of view.7 What would the first two paragraphs have focused on if they had been presented from the point of view of the students rather than the parents?The first two paragraphs would have focused on the need for the new graduates to rest for a bit after their hard studies. It is OK for students to relax with the TV or to socialize with friends for a while, thenthey can start a serious search for employment after that.Active reading (2)If you ask meBackground informationThis is an informal and personalized account of an economics graduate who gets a job in a pub for a year and then has an opportunity to be successful (a lucky break). She works in a London pub called ―The Salisbury‖or ―The Marquis Salisbury‖, named after someone who was the British Prime Minister three times between1885 and 1902 and whose family once owned the pub‘s land. The 100 year old pub is in Leadenhall Street, just off the Charing Cross Road and Leicester Square. Daytime customers can get a pub lunch and eveningcustomers include many office workers and theatre goers (the pub is near many West End theatres). The interior of this pub is dazzling, with large mirrors, cut glass and a mahogany décor.British pubs are often named after famous people (Robin Hood, The Duke of Wellington) or royalty (The Queen’s Arms, the Prince of Wales) or historical symbols (The Rose and Crown to represent King Edward III, The Royal Oak to represent King Charles II who once hid in a large oak tree). Other names often include colours and animals (The Red Bull, The Black Horse, The Golden Lion, The Swan) or symbols of traditional trades (The Compasses for carpenters, The Three Hammers for blacksmiths, The Three Tuns for winemakers).As the pub is a social place to meet as well as a place to get a drink, people often play games like dominoes or darts or join a quiz or competition. A common expression is to ―go down the pub‖ or ―go round to the local‖ (both meaning to go to the local pub).Culture pointspub in London: A pub is a place where people go for a drink and to meet friends and socialize. People can play games – such as darts, cards, dominoes – in a pub and pubs often have quiz nights, with prizes for the winners, and live music (See also Background information)The Salisbury is a well-known pub in central London (See also Background information)London School of Economics is a distinguished university in central London, famous for social sciences.Language points1 If you ask me, real life is not all it‟s cracked up to be. (Para 1)In my opinion (If you ask me introduces an opinion), real life is not everything that people say it is. If a thing is cracked up to be, people normally praise it but in the opinion of the speaker they are wrong.2 … spending money when you don‟t have any is dead easy. (Para 7)Dead here means very. For example, we can say dead tired (exhausted), a dead loss (a complete loss or useless), a dead weight (very heavy, difficult to lift).3 What were the odds on anyone being so nice? (Para 11)What are the chances that someone would be so nice? The writer is emphasizing here that such kindness is very unusual.4 … looking back after all these years, you o nly need one or two breaks in your life to succeed. (Para 13)A break here means a chance to be successful. A lucky break is an unexpected opportunity. Reading and understanding2 Choose the best answer to the questions.1 What did the writer want to do after finishing her degree?(a) To do an MA at the London School of Economics.(b) To earn some money to pay off her loan.(c) To start working as soon as possible.(d) To return home and help her mother.2 Why did she ask for a job in The Salisbury?(a) She was hungry and thirsty.(b) She thought it would lead to better things.(c) She was a friend of the landlord.(d) She had the idea when she saw the landlord working.3 What did she buy with her first salary?(a) A bunch of flowers.(b) A CD and a plant for the flat she lived in.(c) A ham sandwich and a glass of beer.(d) She didn‘t have any money left after paying the bills.4 Why did Tony give her £20,000?(a) He found out it was her birthday and wanted to help.(b) He trusted her and thought it would help her.(c) He wanted her to leave the pub and work for him.(d) He was secretly in love with her.5 What did she do with the money?(a) She used it to pay for her course at the LSE.(b) She lost a lot of it in the 2008 stock market crash.(c) She invested it and paid back Tony and other investors.(d) She used it to start her own business.6 Why was Tony pleased when she repaid the loan?(a) He had had an accident and needed the money for a wheelchair.(b) It meant that he would be able to see her again.(c) It proved that he had been right to invest in her.(d) She paid back the loan with a lot of interest.3 Work in pairs and answer the questions.What do we know about the writer‘s:1 family background?Her mother had worked hard for 15 years to support h er education but couldn‘t afford any further support. Her father wasn‘t around most of the time. He didn‘t have any money because he spent it on gambling on dog racing or drinking in pubs.2 career as a student?She had a good degree in economics and wanted to study for a masters course at the London School of Economics.3 ambition?She wanted to get a job in finance or investments in London because then she would be able to use her degree.4 appreciation of other people?She appreciated Mike‘s friendliness with customers and his skill, and she appreciated Tony as a nice person; later she appreciated the trust of Tony and his friends5 love life?We don‘t know much about this, except that she doesn‘t like boys to hassle her. She thinks they are immature.6 financial expertise?It must be quite good: She invested the £20,000 and made enough profit to pay the money back with interest and set up her own company.7 sense of responsibility?She has a strong sense of responsibility because she paid back the money to the investors and paid them an annual interest for the loan.8 philosophy of life?She believes that you should work hard; you may need one or two breaks to succeed but youshould know how to use the breaks. You should be honest and responsible with people who trust you.Dealing with unfamiliar words4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.1 funny or entertaining (amusing)2 used for emphasizing that something good has happened, especially because of good luck (fortunately)3 an amount of money that a person, business or country borrows, usually from a bank (loan)4 to take an amount or number from a total (deduct)5 the most exciting, impressive, or interesting part of an event (highlight)6 to show that you understand someone‘s problems (sympathize)7 needing a lot of time, ability, and energy (demanding)5 Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 4.Teaching tipsWhen Ss have completed the blanks with the correct form of the appropriate words, ask them to practice reading the dialogue, trying to make their reading sound as conversational as possible. Choose a pair to perform their reading to the class. The class listens and gives the performing pair a rating on a scale of 1-10 for fluency and naturalness.A Af ter three years at university, I‘m now quite heavily in debt.B I (1) sympathize with you, I know what it‘s like to have financial problems. But (2) fortunately I didn‘t need to take out a student (3) loan when I was at university, because I had a part-time job.A What did you do?B I worked in a restaurant at weekends.A That must have been very (4) demanding.B Yes, it was. I had to get the right balance between work and study. But the other people who worked there were good fun to be with, so it was quite (5) amusing too. The (6) highlight of the weekend was always Saturday night when we worked overtime.A But I don‘t expect you made a lot of money?B No, there wasn‘t much after they‘d (7) deducted tax and pension contributions. But it was enough to keep me going.6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. You may need to make other changes.1 When I was at college I kept all my personal things in an old cupboard.2 A lot of people who leave university before getting a degree end up in good jobs.3 I think she‘ll get a good degree, but I wouldn‘t risk my money on the exact result.4 The money I spent at college was more than what I earned in my part-time job.5 The chances of my being offered a job after that interview must be quite remote.6 Our business has done very well since we changed our advertising.7 I think telling the truth and not cheating is always the best policy.Key: (1) belongings (2) dropouts (3) gamble (4) exceeded (5) odds(6) has thrived (7) honesty7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions.1 If something is not all it’s cracked up to be, is it (a) valid and interesting, or (b) just a little bitdisappointing?2 If someone keeps banging on about something, are you likely to be (a) interested in, or (b) bored by what they say?3 If there is a lot of hassle in your life, are you likely to feel (a) stressed, or (b) relaxed?4 If something happens out of the blue, is it (a) unexpected, or (b) part of your plan?5 If you say you ended up in a particular job, do you suggest that (a) you have fulfilled your ambition, or (b) it happened almost by chance?6 Are the regulars in a pub (a) the customers who come very often, or (b) the food the pub offers most often?7 If something is dead easy, is it (a) very easy, or (b) not easy at all?8 If you treat someone to something, do you (a) buy something nice for them, or (b) behave badly to them?9 If you cheer a place up, do you (a) make the place look brighter, or (b) make the people in the place happier?Reading and interpreting8 Look at the sentences from the passage and identify the style features.1 Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the bigwide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?This shows the informality of an incomplete sentence in the first part, the use of an informal expression (banging on) and a rhetorical question to the reader (What do I find?)2 Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?) …This has the use of an informal word (hassle), an informal exclamation (god) and a question to the reader (When will they grow up?)3 Actually, I had my eye on the course at the London School of Economics (LSE).Here there is a discourse marker typical of speech (Actually) and an informal phrase (had my eye on).4 I kind of understand it, and not just because my degree is in economics.Here ―kind of‖ is a sort of discourse marker of i nformal speech (showing something is general, vague or not definite).5 I wanted something in finance and investments, because you know, maybe with a job like that, I could use my degree.This has a discourse marker of informal speech (you know).6 ... it‘s true, he really did seem to have three hands.Again here is a discourse marker of informal speech (it‘s true).7 I talked to him about ... well, about pretty well everything …This has another discourse marker of informal speech (well) and an informal phrase (pretty well).9 Answer the questions.1 What is the focus of each section of the story?• The first part is the background before the story really begins. It focuses on the writer‘s financial problems after graduation and on her need to work since her family cannot support her.• The second part focuses on nice people who help the writer, mainly on Mike who gives her a job in a pub.。

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the world's center of cooperation in thenuclear field. It was set up as the world's "Atoms for Peace" organization in 1957 withinthe United Nations family. The Agency works with its member states and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies. As an independent international organization related to the United Nations system, the IAEA's relation ship with the UN is regulated by special agreement. In terms of its Statute, the IAEA reportsannually to the UN General Assembly and, when appropriate, to the Security Councilregarding non -compliance by States with their safeguards obligations as well as on matters relating to international peace and security. The IAEA Secretariat isheadquartered in Vienna, Austria. Operational liaison and regional offices are located inGeneva, Switzerland; New York, USA; Toronto, Canada; and Tokyo, Japan. The IAEA'smission is guided by the interests and needs of member states, strategic plans and thevision embodied in the IAEA Statute. Three main pillars or areas of work underpin theIAEA's mission: Safety and Security; Science and Technology; Safeguards andVerification.国际原子能机构是世界核领域的合作中心，它于1957 年作为世界性的“原子能为和平服务”的组织而建立，成为联合国大家庭的一员。

unit 1翻译1 七月，你看着英俊的21岁的儿子穿上学士袍，戴上四方帽，骄傲地握着优等学士学位证书，拍毕业照。

这时，记忆中每年支付几千英镑，好让儿子吃好、并能偶尔参加聚会的记忆开始消退。

但现在，你又不得不再考虑钱的问题。

2 等到暑假快要结束，全国各地的学生正在为新学期做准备的时候，你却发现大学毕业的儿子还歪躺在沙发上看电视。

除此之外，他只是偶尔发发短信，浏览社交网站Facebook，或者去酒吧喝酒。

这位属于“千禧一代”的年青人一夜之间变成了“抱怨一代”的成员。

他能找到工作吗？3 这就是成千上万家庭所面临的状况：今年夏天，65万多大学生毕业，在当今金融危机的背景下，他们中的大多数人不知道自己下一步该做什么。

父母只会唠叨，而儿女们则毫无缘由地变成了叛逆者。

他们知道自己该找份工作，但却不知道如何去找。

4 来自米德尔塞克斯郡的杰克·古德温今年夏天从诺丁汉大学政治学系毕业，获得二级一等荣誉学士学位。

他走进大学就业服务中心，但又径直走了出来，因为他看见很多人在那里排长队。

跟他一起住的另外5个男孩子也都跟他一样，进去又出来了。

找工作的压力不大，虽然他所认识的大多数女生都有更明确的计划。

5 他说：“我申请政治学研究工作，但被拒绝了。

他们给的年薪是1万8千镑，交完房租后所剩无几，也就够买一罐豆子，可他们还要有研究经历或硕士学位的人。

然后我又申请参加快速晋升人才培养计划，并通过了笔试。

但在面试时，他们说我‘太冷漠’了，谈吐‘太像专家政治论者’。

我觉得自己不可能那样，但我显然就是那样的。

”6 打那以后，他整个夏天都在“隐身”。

他能够轻松地复述出电视剧《交通警察》中的若干片段。

他白天看电视的时间太长，已经到了影响健康的地步。

跟朋友谈起自己漫无目标的日子时，他才发现他们的处境和自己一样。

其中一位朋友在父母的逼迫下去超市上货，其余的则都是朝九晚五地“无所事事”，晚上则去酒吧喝酒打发时间。

要么，干脆就在酒吧工作？这样还可以挣些酒钱。