Cost-Sensitive Learning by Cost-Proportionate Example Weighting

建造⼯程合同所涉及的项⽬预算和成本估算（中英⽂）建造⼯程合同所涉及的项⽬预算和成本估算PROJECT BUDGET AND CONST ESTIMATE ON CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTFor cost control on a project, the construction plan and the associated cash flow estimates can provide the baseline reference for subsequent project monitoring and control. For schedules, progress on individual activities can be compared with the project schedule to monitor the progress of activities. Contract and job specifications provide the criteria by which to assess and assure the required quality of construction. The final or detailed cost estimate provides a baseline for the assessment of financial performance during the project. To the extent that costs are within the detailed cost estimate, then the project is thought to be under financial control. Overruns in particular cost categories signal the possibility of problems and give an indication of exactly what problems are being encountered. Expense oriented construction planning and control focuses upon the categories included in the final cost estimation.对于项⽬的成本控制、项⽬计划和相关的现⾦流量估算可以为后续的项⽬监督和控制提供参照基准。

数字化交流的好处和坏处英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Pros and Cons of Digital CommunicationIn today's world, digital communication has become an integral part of our daily lives. From texting friends and family to emailing colleagues and professors, we rely heavily on various digital platforms to stay connected. As a student, I've experienced firsthand the benefits and drawbacks of this technological revolution in communication. In this essay, I will explore the advantages and disadvantages of digital communication and its impact on our lives.Pros of Digital Communication:Convenience and Accessibility:One of the most significant advantages of digital communication is its convenience and accessibility. With just a few taps or clicks, we can instantly connect with people across the globe, regardless of their physical location. This convenience has revolutionized the way we communicate, making it easier to stay in touch with friends, family, and colleagues. As a student, Ican easily collaborate with classmates on group projects, share notes, and seek assistance from professors via email or messaging apps.Instantaneous Information Sharing:Digital communication has enabled us to share information at an unprecedented speed. Whether it's sharing news articles, research papers, or updates on current events, digital platforms allow for instantaneous dissemination of information. This has been particularly beneficial for students like myself, as we can access a wealth of knowledge and resources with just a few clicks, enhancing our learning experiences and broadening our perspectives.Cost-Effective Communication:Compared to traditional communication methods, digital communication is generally more cost-effective. Many messaging apps and online platforms offer free or low-cost services, making it easier for students to stay connected without worrying about expensive phone bills or postal fees. This has been particularly helpful for international students or those with family and friends living in different parts of the world.Asynchronous Communication:Digital communication allows for asynchronous communication, meaning that messages can be sent and received at different times. This flexibility is advantageous for students with busy schedules, as we can respond to messages when it's convenient for us, without the pressure of immediate responses. It also enables us to communicate across different time zones, facilitating global collaboration and learning opportunities.Cons of Digital Communication:Lack of Personal Connection:While digital communication offers convenience, it often lacks the personal connection and emotional depth offace-to-face interactions. Without the ability to read body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice, misunderstandings and miscommunications can occur more easily. As a student, this can be particularly challenging when trying to convey complex ideas or seek clarification from professors or peers.Potential for Miscommunication and Misinterpretation:The absence of nonverbal cues in digital communication can lead to miscommunication and misinterpretation. A simplemessage or email can be interpreted differently by different recipients, leading to confusion or even conflicts. As a student, this can be problematic when collaborating on group projects or discussing sensitive topics with classmates or instructors.Cyberbullying and Online Harassment:Unfortunately, digital communication has also opened the door to cyberbullying and online harassment. The anonymity and distance provided by digital platforms can embolden individuals to engage in harmful behavior, such as sending hurtful messages, spreading rumors, or engaging in cyberstalking. As a student, I've witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of cyberbullying on my peers, which can negatively impact their mental health and academic performance.Distraction and Addiction:Digital communication can be a significant source of distraction and addiction, particularly for students. The constant notifications and the temptation to check social media or messaging apps can disrupt our focus and productivity, making it challenging to concentrate on academic tasks. Additionally, the fear of missing out (FOMO) and the constant need to be connected can lead to unhealthy habits and addictive behaviors.Privacy and Security Concerns:While digital communication offers convenience, it also raises concerns about privacy and security. Personal information and sensitive data can be vulnerable to hacking, data breaches, or unauthorized access. As students, we often share personal information and academic work through digital channels, which can put us at risk if proper security measures are not in place.In conclusion, digital communication has brought both advantages and challenges to our lives as students. While it has facilitated convenient communication, instantaneous information sharing, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility, it has also introduced potential drawbacks such as a lack of personal connection, miscommunication, cyberbullying, distraction, and privacy concerns. As we navigate this digital age, it is essential to strike a balance between embracing the benefits of digital communication while being mindful of its potential pitfalls.We should aim to use digital platforms responsibly, practice effective communication skills, and prioritize face-to-face interactions when possible. Additionally, educational institutions and digital platform providers should prioritize online safety, implement measures to combat cyberbullying, and promotedigital literacy to help students navigate the complexities of digital communication.Ultimately, digital communication is a powerful tool that has transformed the way we connect and learn. By recognizing both its advantages and disadvantages, we can make informed decisions and utilize digital platforms in a way that enhances our academic experiences and personal growth while minimizing potential risks.篇2The Digital Age: Navigating the Pros and Cons of Online CommunicationAs students in the 21st century, we are constantly immersed in the world of digital communication. From instant messaging apps to social media platforms, we have a plethora of tools at our fingertips that enable us to connect with others like never before. However, as with any technological advancement, there are both advantages and disadvantages to this digital revolution. In this essay, I will explore the pros and cons of online communication, drawing from personal experiences and observations.On the positive side, digital communication has undoubtedly revolutionized the way we interact and share information. One of the most significant advantages is the convenience and accessibility it provides. Gone are the days when we had to wait for snail mail or make long-distance phone calls to stay in touch with friends and family. With just a few taps on our smartphones or keyboards, we can instantly connect with people from all corners of the globe, transcending geographical boundaries.Moreover, online communication has opened up new avenues for collaboration and knowledge-sharing. Group projects, virtual study sessions, and online forums have made it easier for students to work together, exchange ideas, and learn from one another, regardless of their physical locations. This has been particularly beneficial during the COVID-19 pandemic, when many educational institutions had to shift to remote learning. Digital tools enabled us to continue our studies and maintain a sense of community despite the challenges posed by social distancing.Another advantage of digital communication is the ability to express ourselves in diverse ways. Through various multimedia formats, such as images, videos, and GIFs, we can convey ourthoughts and emotions more vividly, adding depth and nuance to our conversations. This has given rise to new forms of creative expression and has allowed us to connect on a more personal level, even in the virtual realm.However, despite these benefits, digital communication also presents its fair share of challenges and drawbacks. One of the most significant concerns is the potential for miscommunication and misunderstanding. Without the context of body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions, it can be easy to misinterpret messages or miss important nuances. This can lead to misunderstandings, hurt feelings, and even conflicts within our social circles.Furthermore, the constant barrage of digital notifications and the pressure to respond immediately can be overwhelming and contribute to feelings of anxiety and stress. The fear of missing out (FOMO) and the constant need to stay connected can be detrimental to our mental well-being, as it becomes increasingly difficult to disconnect and find moments of true relaxation and mindfulness.Additionally, the widespread use of digital communication has raised concerns about privacy and security. With the vast amount of personal information shared online, there is alwaysthe risk of data breaches, identity theft, and online harassment. This has led to ongoing debates surrounding online safety, digital literacy, and the need for stronger cybersecurity measures.Another potential downside of online communication is the propagation of misinformation and cyberbullying. The anonymity and lack of accountability on certain platforms can embolden individuals to spread false information or engage in harmful behavior, such as trolling or cyberbullying, which can have severe consequences on individuals' mental health and well-being.Despite these challenges, it is important to recognize that digital communication is an integral part of our modern lives, and its impact will only continue to grow. As students and responsible digital citizens, it is crucial that we learn to navigate this landscape thoughtfully and responsibly.One way to mitigate the risks is by cultivating digital literacy and practicing responsible online behavior. This includes verifying information from reputable sources, being mindful of our digital footprint, and promoting kindness and respect in our online interactions. Additionally, it is essential to strike a healthy balance between our virtual and real-world connections,prioritizing face-to-face interactions and quality time with loved ones whenever possible.Moreover, educational institutions and technology companies have a crucial role to play in addressing the challenges associated with digital communication. Providing comprehensive digital literacy education, implementing robust cybersecurity measures, and promoting ethical practices in the online space can go a long way in creating a safer and more responsible digital environment for all.In conclusion, digital communication has undoubtedly transformed the way we connect and interact, offering both remarkable advantages and significant challenges. As students navigating this ever-evolving landscape, it is our responsibility to embrace the benefits while being mindful of the potential pitfalls. By cultivating digital literacy, practicing responsible online behavior, and striking a healthy balance between our virtual and real-world connections, we can harness the power of digital communication while minimizing its negative impacts. Ultimately, it is up to us to shape the future of this technology and ensure that it remains a force for positive change and meaningful connections.篇3The Pros and Cons of Digital CommunicationIn today's hyper-connected world, digital communication has become an integral part of our daily lives. From texting and social media to email and video calls, we are constantly tethered to our devices, sending and receiving messages with the tap of a finger. While this technological revolution has undoubtedly brought countless benefits, it has also introduced a new set of challenges and potential pitfalls. As a student navigating the complexities of modern life, I have experienced firsthand the advantages and disadvantages of digital communication.On the positive side, digital communication has revolutionized the way we connect with others, breaking down geographical barriers and fostering a sense of global community. Gone are the days when we had to wait weeks for a letter to arrive from a distant friend or relative. With instant messaging and social media platforms, we can now maintain close connections with people halfway across the world, sharing updates, photos, and experiences in real-time. This has been particularly valuable for me as a student, allowing me to collaborate with peers from different countries and gain invaluable insights into diverse cultures and perspectives.Moreover, digital communication has proven to be an invaluable tool for learning and academic pursuits. Online resources, educational platforms, and virtual classrooms have made it possible to access a wealth of information and educational materials at our fingertips. I can easily research topics, participate in online discussions, and seek clarification from instructors or classmates without being constrained by physical location or time zones. This flexibility has been a game-changer, enabling me to balance my studies with other commitments and learn at my own pace.Furthermore, digital communication has opened up new avenues for self-expression and creativity. Social media platforms have become powerful outlets for sharing ideas, artwork, and personal stories, allowing individuals to connect with like-minded communities and find their voices in a digital space. As a budding writer and artist, I have benefited immensely from these platforms, receiving feedback, inspiration, and encouragement from others who share my passions.However, amidst these advantages, it is crucial to acknowledge the potential downsides and challenges associated with digital communication. One of the most significant concerns is the impact on interpersonal relationships andface-to-face interactions. While digital communication has made it easier to stay connected, it has also led to a decline in meaningful, in-person conversations and a sense of disconnection from the physical world. I have witnessed firsthand how friends and family members can become absorbed in their devices, neglecting the present moment and the people around them.Additionally, the constant influx of information and stimuli from digital sources can be overwhelming and contribute to increased stress and anxiety levels. The fear of missing out (FOMO) and the pressure to constantly be available and responsive can take a toll on our mental well-being. As a student juggling multiple responsibilities, I have often found myself struggling to strike a healthy balance between digital engagement and disconnecting from technology to recharge and focus.Another significant concern is the issue of online privacy and security. With so much personal information being shared and stored online, there is a heightened risk of data breaches, identity theft, and cyber-attacks. I have witnessed countless news stories about major companies and organizations falling victim to cyber-crimes, compromising the sensitive data of millions ofindividuals. This has made me increasingly cautious about what I share online and the importance of implementing robust cybersecurity measures.Furthermore, the proliferation of misinformation and fake news on digital platforms has become a major challenge. In an age where anyone can create and disseminate content online, it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish between credible sources and fabricated or biased information. As a student conducting research and seeking knowledge, I have learned the importance of critically evaluating the credibility and reliability of online sources, a skill that is essential in navigating the digital landscape.In conclusion, digital communication has brought about a profound transformation in the way we connect, learn, and express ourselves. While it has undoubtedly offered numerous benefits and opportunities, it has also introduced new challenges and risks that cannot be ignored. As we navigate thisever-evolving digital world, it is crucial to strike a balance between embracing the advantages of technology and being mindful of its potential pitfalls. By developing digital literacy, practicing moderation, and prioritizing face-to-face interactions,we can harness the power of digital communication while maintaining a healthy and fulfilling life in the physical world.。

成本核算的详细说明Cost accounting Detailedexplanation.Cost accounting refers to a branch of accounting and it is used by business organisations for ages. This particular branch of accounting is the best way for every kind of non-profit and profit making organisations to track their costs and the activities for which such costs are incurred by them.Cost accounting uses to deal with the evaluation of the cost of a product or service a company offered. It computes the cost of a product or service by considering every factor contributing to the process of producing such product orservice which include the factor related to manufacturing or production and administrative.Cost accounting system is aimed to help a company’s management to fix up the final price of a product or service it produces and to control the cost associated with the production of such product or service. Moreover, it pinpoints every sort of wastage, defects, and leakages during a company’s manufacturing process as well as its marketing processes.Cost accounting is a highly significant and advantageous companion of traditional financial accounting system. This accounting system involves the establishment of actual cost or standard cost of operations, different types of budgets along with classification, recording, and allocation of business related expenditure.OriginBefore the emergence of industrial revolution, business organisations were small in size and they are characterized by simple exchanges between organizations and individuals. In that period of time, accurate bookkeeping was needed but cost accounting was not so much vital. Over the years businesses become complex due to their distinct operating activities which evoked the need for cost accounting.The industrial revolution age has resulted in the development of large scale organisations and businesses and these organisations were much dynamic and complex than previous. Such dynamic and complex nature of businessesinstigated the invention of a new brand of accounting which is called cost accounting.So the concept of cost accounting originated and evolved due to the industrial revolution to help businessmen to track their business related expenses and costs by keeping a record for the same. Prior to the golden era of industrialization, costs and expenses of a business are categorized as variable costs which include cost of material, labor, overhead and other variable costs.However, at the time when industrialization came into existence, businesses had a number of‘fixed costs’ t hat are not directly associated with the manufacturing or production of products orservices. These fixed costs consist of expenses related to rent, storage costs, depreciation, insurance cost and more. As steel industry, railroads and some other large industries were developed, the understanding of the fixed costs of businesses became vital.Allocation of these fixed costs became significant to the business owners and managers for their business oriented decision making, product development, and pricing. Such increasing importance of understanding fixed costs, allocating the same in an appropriate manner, and considering these cost elements in decision making have originated the concept of modern cost accounting.EvolutionIn today’s world, the business env ironment becomes very dynamic as well as complex. A company must have the ability to navigate the complex business factors that arise from the external business environment as the threat of new entrants, competition, uncertainty, risks, and some other uncontrollable external factors. All these external business environment factors create complexities and difficulties for companies to continue their business operations smoothly and to expand their business.Before the industrial revolution, when the organisations were small in size and scale, the external business environment was not that much complex as it is now. In order to conduct business operation successfully by mitigating all the complex external factors effectively, the modern business organisations require lots ofprocesses and input which invoked the idea of cost accounting to come into existence.Over the times and as per the increasing complexities in business activities, only conventional financial accounting becomes insufficient for effective management of large and medium scale organisations. The need for improving the management system and business activities of large and medium size companies has provoked the evolution of cost accounting system. In the past few decades, this newly evolved branch of accounting has come through rapid growth and evolution in the present business world.A number of new techniques and procedures were developed in order to refine the cost accounting system and to make it most usefulfor companies. The main idea behind the development of cost accounting system was to refuse the backlogs of the conventional accounting system i.e. financial accounting system. Financial accounting is not able to enhance a company’s efficiency and cost control system. Thus, for enhancing operational efficiency of companies, and improving their cost control mechanism cost accounting system developed. With time some scientific methods and standards are formulated to increase the effectiveness and usefulness of cost accounting system.Definition and ObjectivesCost accounting is an accounting process which is for recording all types of costs incurred by a company or organisation for conducting theirbusiness operations in such a way which can assist in improving its management. It is a process of collecting, classifying, recording, analysing, summarising, and then, allocation of costs those areassociated with the operational processes of an organisation, and then developing a set of actions for controlling those costs.It is a method of accounting that aims towards capturing the costs of a company’s production process by assessing the input costs related to each step of the company’s production process and fixed costs like depreciation of tangible assets, amortisation of intangible assets. With the application of cost accounting mechanism, a company become able to measure different types of costs first and then record them individually and after that compare between theinput and output (actual) results to aid its management to measure its financial performance.This particular accounting concept is involved with the determination of costs of production (products), processes, projects, and more for reporting the same in the financial statements of a company with correct amounts. It also involved in assisting a company’s management in its planning and controlling and preparing specific and relevant financial analyses which assist in decision making in the best manner.A vital part of this accounting system involves unit cost of products for reporting the COGS (cost of goods sold) of the manufacturer’s income statement and inventory cost in the balance sheet. Cost accounting uses to assistmanagement to set business plans as well as to control the entire business through preparing budgets for operations, transfer pricing, standard costing, and reporting on variance, etc.It also helps the management in preparing capital budget for the company in relation to business expansion. It includes some special analyses like cost behaviour analysis, CVP (cost-volume-profit) analysis, decisions related to make or buy, final selling prices of products, and more. The root of cost accounting system is found in manufacturing companies though it has extended its arms to service providing companies also.For instance, a bank uses cost accounting for determining the processing cost associated with its customers’ deposits and/or checks, cost ofmaintaining the account, servicing costs related to mortgage loans, processing cost for international or domestic fund transfers and more. This, in turn, provides guidance to the management of the bank in setting the proper price for the various services it provides to the customers or clients.The objectives of the cost accounting system are to ascertain per unit cost of different types of products a manufacturing company uses to manufacture, to provide correct cost analysis of business operations along with different cost elements in relation to the regular operating activities of a business concern. It is also aimed to disclose the sources of production related wastages such as wastage of raw materials, time, and fund.All the production and distribution related wastages from raw material purchase to placing the final product to market are required to be analysed by every manufacturing company and cost accounting system is the best option to do so. Another objective of cost accounting system is to provide requisite data and information to the management of a company as guidance to set the best possible price for the final product.Furthermore, this particular accounting system’s another objective is to ascertain profitability attached to each product and service produced by a company and advise the management regarding the way to maximise such profitability.Advantages of cost accountingThe process of cost accounting led a company to collect and interpret information for determining how it earns and utilizes funds while conducting its regular business operations. This accounting system provides lots of actionable information in comparison to the financial accounting system. The advantages a company uses to get for using cost accounting system are as follows:Advantages of Cost AccountingHelpful in price fixationIn some cases, a company is capable of fixing up the final price for the products it tends to sell in the market as per the cost incurred for producing such products. Here, it becomes difficult to fix a product’s final price properly if proper cost figures are unavailable. If the final price of aproduct is fixed without using proper costing information, then quoted or final price of such product might be too low or high compared to the actual production cost of that product.If the final price of a product stands higher than the production cost then a company losses its customers and of it stands lower than production cost then the company faces loss. Cost accounting system reveals the exact price to be charged from customers that would be profitable for the manufacturing company. Manufacturing companies using cost accounting system used to get accurate information about the costs incurred for manufacturing a product or service they deliver to customers.Detect profitable as well as unprofitable business activitiesThis accounting systemdetects profit generating business activities that are required to be continued by a company to stay profitable in the market. Besides this, it also detects the unprofitable or loss making business activities of a company that is responsible for creating negative pressure on the company’s profitability and helps the management to eliminate such activities.Guide in price reductionIn some situations like slump or depression, it becomes very important for a company to reduce the final price of its products, even below the products’ actual tot al cost. In this situation, properly ascertained costs guide the management of a company to reduce the final price of products to cope up with the situationAdaptable in natureManagers use to appreciate the cost accounting system because it is easy to adapt, and implemented in accordance with the changing needs and demands of a business. Unlike the static financial accounting system, driven by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the cost accounting system is only concerned with internal purposes and internal eyes of a company’s management board.Assist in proper planning and decision makingCost accounting system helps the management to set financial budgets, conduct variance analysis both of which are very important for making proper business plans. It facilitates the management by providing them detailed information regarding available labour and machine capacity and in this way it helps insetting proper work plan so that no department remains idle or no one is overworked. It assists in preparing annual financial budget and capital budget which are very significant for proper fund allocation and business expansion. It guides management to make decisions regarding the use of labour and machine for production by indicating the profitability of using both of these of any one of these for productionAssist in controlling expenditureCost accounting is useful for controlling expenditure as it helps to measure every single cost related to production and detects excess expenditure. By indicating the unprofitable business activities this system of accounting helps management to eliminate those actions or modify the same to transform it into profitable actions. Timely detection ofunprofitable activities helps to control overall cost of production from getting increased.Ease labour costs monitoring and controllingLabour costs of a company are easy to monitor as well as control if a company applies cost accounting system. Proper monitoring and controlling of labour costs assist the management to determine productivity and efficiency of a company’s labour force which is important while estimating marginal productivity of each employee. It also helps management to make decision on how to enhance individual labour productivity to increase the overall productivity of a company.Disadvantages of Cost AccountingAlongside the various advantages of cost accounting system there are some disadvantages of using this accounting system. The limitations of cost accounting system are given below:Lack of uniformity: This particular accounting system does not include a uniform process. It often makes different cost accountants to generate separate results from the same data and information. Due to such limitation, the results of cost accounting are used as estimates only.Costly: For small and medium scale business organisations, the application of cost accounting system is costly as it needs a completely separate set up for accounting. For large companies, this accounting system is not hard to implement but it puts negative pressure on their plex: This accounting system is quitecomplex to apply in comparison to financial accounting system as it requires lots of work on the front end, along with some constant adjustments for improvements. Segregation of different types of cost elements by considering their nature is also responsible for making this system complex than other accounting systems.Reliance on experienced and highly-skilled professionals: The application of cost accounting system requires highly-skilled professional accountants and auditors. It creates dependency on the cost accountants heavily and led a company to bear extra cost for hiring cost accountants. After the implementation of cost accounting system, employees required to get extra training as well as must gain the capability to cooperate with the data input sufficiently. Non-cooperation of employees found responsible for rendering ineffective costaccounting system which is otherwise found as a beautifully constructed accounting system.What is cost accounting?Impact of Cost Accounting on a Company’s SuccessCost accounting system helps a company to control its all kind of cost associated with production and marketing of products or services it delivers. Every organisation aims to reduce its operating costs to increase its profitability and cost reduction is one of the main targets to fulfil by the organisations to stay in the market profitably. The more a company becomes able to control its costs the great it becomes able to invest in innovation and modification of products and in other activities such as marketing and business expansion. Theinformation and data provided by cost accounting system include all types of costs associated with manufacturing a product or delivering a service. Such information is utilized by a company’s management while making decisions on pricing, budgeting, product mix, and others to support a company’s operational and financial objectives. Cost accounting significantly helps a company to control its business expenditure. It assists management of a company to set operational and capital budgets which help to make long-term strategic decisions to achieve long-term organisational goals in a successful manner.。

买卖二手u盘英语作文The world of technology is constantly evolving, and with it, the way we store and transfer our digital data. One of the most ubiquitous and versatile storage devices in recent years has been the humble USB drive. These compact and portable devices have become an essential tool for students, professionals, and tech-savvy individuals alike, allowing them to easily transport files, backup important data, and share information with others.As with any popular technology, the demand for USB drives has led to a thriving market for both new and used devices. Buying and selling second-hand USB drives has become a common practice, offering consumers a cost-effective way to acquire storage solutions while also providing an opportunity for individuals to recoup some of their investment in older devices.One of the primary advantages of buying a used USB drive is the potential for significant cost savings. Brand-new USB drives can often be quite expensive, especially those with larger storage capacities. By opting for a pre-owned device, buyers can typically find the same orsimilar storage capabilities at a fraction of the original retail price. This can be particularly appealing for individuals or organizations on a tight budget, who need to maximize their technological investments.Moreover, the used USB drive market offers a wider range of options and flexibility. Consumers may be able to find specialized or niche models that are no longer in production, allowing them to cater to specific needs or preferences. This can be especially useful for those who require unique features, such as increased durability, enhanced security, or specialized software compatibility.However, the decision to purchase a used USB drive is not without its considerations. Buyers must be cautious and diligent in their research to ensure they are getting a reliable and functional device. One of the primary concerns with used USB drives is the potential for data loss or corruption. These devices, like any electronic component, can experience wear and tear over time, which can lead to degradation in performance or even complete failure.To mitigate these risks, it is essential for buyers to thoroughly inspect the used USB drive before making a purchase. This may include checking for physical damage, such as cracks, scratches, or signs of water damage, as well as testing the device's functionality and data transfer speeds. Additionally, buyers should inquire about the drive'susage history, including how long it has been in use and any previous issues or repairs.Another important consideration for buyers is the potential for data security risks. Used USB drives may contain sensitive or confidential information from their previous owners, which could be accessed by the new user if proper precautions are not taken. To address this concern, buyers should ensure that the device has been properly wiped and formatted, effectively erasing any existing data before use.On the other side of the equation, selling a used USB drive can be a practical way for individuals to recoup some of their investment in older technology. As new models and higher-capacity drives are constantly being released, the value of older USB drives can diminish quickly. By selling these devices, owners can generate extra income that can be used towards upgrading to newer and more advanced storage solutions.When it comes to selling a used USB drive, it is essential for sellers to be upfront and transparent about the device's condition and history. This includes providing accurate information about the drive's storage capacity, performance, and any known issues or wear and tear. Honesty and transparency can help build trust with potential buyers and ensure a smooth and successful transaction.Additionally, sellers should take the necessary steps to properly prepare the USB drive for sale. This may involve thoroughly wiping the device to remove any personal or sensitive data, as well as performing any necessary cleaning or maintenance to ensure the drive is in optimal working condition.One of the key challenges in the used USB drive market is the potential for counterfeit or fraudulent devices. Buyers must be vigilant in ensuring that the USB drive they are purchasing is genuine and not a cheap imitation. This can involve verifying the manufacturer, checking for authentic packaging and labeling, and even conducting performance tests to ensure the drive is functioning as advertised.To address this issue, many online marketplaces and resellers have implemented strict policies and verification processes to help protect buyers from fraudulent products. Consumers should always research the seller's reputation and history, as well as any applicable return or warranty policies, before making a purchase.Despite the potential risks and considerations, the market for buying and selling used USB drives remains a viable and valuable option for many consumers. By carefully navigating the process and exercising due diligence, both buyers and sellers can find success in this ever-evolving technological landscape.For buyers, the ability to acquire cost-effective storage solutions and access specialized or discontinued models can be a significant advantage. Meanwhile, for sellers, the opportunity to recoup some of their investment in older technology can be a welcome financial boost.Ultimately, the decision to buy or sell a used USB drive should be based on a thorough understanding of the risks and benefits, as well as a commitment to responsible and ethical practices. By approaching the process with caution and diligence, consumers can enjoy the benefits of the used USB drive market while minimizing the potential for negative outcomes.。

工程项目成本计划的编制方法Cost estimation and budget planning are crucial steps in the development of engineering projects. 工程项目成本估算和预算规划是项目开发中至关重要的步骤。

Proper planning and estimation not only ensure that the project is completed within the predefined budget, but also minimize the risk of cost overruns. 正确的规划和估算不仅确保项目在预定预算内完成，而且还能最大程度地减少成本超支的风险。

There are several methods for developing a cost plan for engineering projects, each with its own unique advantages and disadvantages. 工程项目成本计划的制定方法有多种，每种方法都有其独特的优缺点。

One of the most commonly used methods for developing a cost plan is the bottom-up estimation approach. 底部向上估算方法是制定成本计划中最常用的方法之一。

This method involves breaking down the project into smaller, more manageable components and estimating the cost of each individual component. 这种方法涉及将项目分解成小而可管理的部分，并估算每个单独部分的成本。

Although this method can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, it provides a detailed and accurate cost plan that is based on the specific requirements of theproject. 尽管这种方法可能耗时且需要大量人力，但它提供了一个基于项目特定需求的详细准确的成本计划。

Bank statement 银行对账单Current deposit 活期存款Telegraphic transfer 电汇Discount Rate 贴现率Open-End Fund 开放式基金中国招商银行China Merchants Bank信用卡Credit Card浮动汇率Floating Rate利率Interest Rate货币政策Monetary Policy现代管理学之父：彼得·德鲁克菲利普斯曲线表示：失业率和通货膨胀之间的关系CIF的风险转移点：货过船舷双因素理论的创始人：赫茨伯格提高存款准备金率将：提高贴现率将：货币供给量减少，利率提高赫兹伯格的保健因素（判断对错）面对金融危机，我国采取的措施以及银行业采取的措施？第一部分中国的银行业business 商号，企业，公司savings 储蓄monetary policy 货币政策repository 仓库liquid funds 流动资金channel 引入，注入impulse 推动力，刺激macroeconomic management 宏观经济管理in response to 随……specialized bank 专业银行Decision on Financial Reform 关于金融改革的决定comprehensive package of measures 一揽子综合措施inflationary pressure 通货膨胀压力signs of overheating 市场过热现象structural measure 结构上的措施exchange rate 汇率current account convertibility 经常项目可自由兑换性inter-bank money market 银行间货币市场segregation 拆分policy bank 政策性银行infrastructural project 基础设施项目joint-equity 合资soft landing 软着陆retail price index 零售物价指数subdue 征服sustainable rate 可持续增长的比率negative impact 消极影响capital inflow 资本流入official foreign exchange reserve 官方外汇储备resilience 反弹aggregate financing 融资总量full-fledged 成熟的Law of the People’s Bank of China《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》issue currency 发行货币circulation 流通fiscal agent 财政代理fiscal deficit 财政赤字sound financial order 良好的金融秩序overhaul 大修，取代，裁撤indirect policy instrument 间接政策手段credit ceiling 贷款额度reserve ratio 准备金率fixed assets 固定资产commercial bank 商业银行World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织profit-driven entities 盈利实体internationally compatible 与国际接轨的appropriate disclosure standards 适当的披露标准listing 股票上市，股票挂牌intermediary services 中间业务international settlement 国际结算cost structure 成本结构regulatory standards 调节标准，调节规范economic transition 经济转型magnitude 规模risk management 风险管理prudential management 审慎管理risk monitoring and warning system 风险监控和警戒系统proceeds 收益capital adequacy ratio 资本充足率loan approval 贷款核准loan release 贷款发放insolvent 无偿付能力，破产liquidation procedures 清算程序fit-and-proper test 称职测试asset management company 资产管理公司non-performing loans 不良贷款resource allocation 资源配置enforceability of bank claims 银行债权的追讨ownership structure 所有制结构corporate governance 法人治理incentive structure 激励机制open market transactions 公开市场业务fine-tuning 微调modes of transaction 交易方式settlement and clearing system 清算系统rediscount business （票据的）再贴现业务required reserve system 法定准备金制度accounting period 会计年度intermediate rate 中间利率interest rate liberalization 利率自由化bank lending rates 银行贷款利率deposit rates 存款利率retail deposit interest rate 小额存款利率share-holding banks 股份制银行controlling share 控股股份capital replenishment system 资本金补充制度information disclosure 信息披露credit cooperatives 信用合作社national treatment 国民待遇accounting system 会计制度rating agency 信用评级机构第二部分银行监管misappropriation 盗用operating procedures 操作程序discretion 判断力accounting entry 会计分录creditor 债权人mobilize 动员distribute 分发，分配public good 公共利益accord 协议liquidity drain 流动性丧失deposit insurance fund 存款保险基金in a safe and sound manner 安然无恙的bank runs 银行运行the fund’s loss基金损失prompt intervention 迅速干涉remedial measure 补救措施responsive to 对……敏感thrust 推力monopoly 垄断anti-competitive practices 反对竞争的行为bank capital requirements 银行资本金要求dividend limitations 股息限制impair 削弱regulatory authorities 监管当局accounting principle 会计准则independent audit 独立审计financial position 财务状况counter-party risk 交易对手风险orderly exit 有序退出problem bank 问题银行systemic protection 系统保护operational independence 独立运行solvent institution 有偿付能力的机构cognation 同族distortion 变形，曲解，失真market signal 市场信号chartering banks 特许银行pre-filing stage 提出申请阶段application stage 申请阶段organizing stage 组织阶段premise （企业、机构等使用的）房屋；院内的土地；房产pro forma financial statement 预测财务报表projection 预测market-entry ticket 进入市场的凭证statute 法令，条例in compliance with 遵守expertise 专家的意见，专门的技术the Basle Committee 巴塞尔委员会endorsement 背书，签注，认可venture 冒险，投机，风险integrity 诚信standing 信誉名望be consistent with 与……一致deploy 展开cross-checking 相互校验，反复核对dual control of assets 资产的双重控制double signatures 双重签名track record 记录deemed to be detrimental to 被认为对……有害financial projection 财务预测start-up costs 启动成本initial capital amount 启动资本数量corporate parent 母公司the Basle Minimum Standards 巴塞尔最低标准a consolidated basis 统一（合并）的基础be notified of 通报indirect investment 间接投资in respect of 关于acquisition 兼并a wide array of 大量的perspective 观点potential 潜在的credit risk 信贷风险on-and off-balance sheet 表内和表外项目write off 勾销，注销（债款）；报废suspend 暂停repricing risk 重定价风险yield curve 收益率曲线optionality 可选择性，随意portfolio 资产组合deregulate 解除管制insolvency 无力偿还，破产unethical 不道德的，缺乏职业道德的be susceptible to 易受影响的comply with 符合，遵守financial distress 财务困难directorate 董事会，管理局prudential rules 审慎规则imprudent 轻率的，鲁莽的supplant 排挤掉，代替dynamic 动态的asset concentration 资产集中loan classification system 贷款分类系统adequacy of loan loss reserves 足够的贷款损失储备risk management 风险管理internal control 内部控制equity capital 股本权益revenue 收入capital adequacy ratios 资本充足率risk profile 风险组合asset quality 资产质量in a timely fashion 及时地，适时地core capital 核心资本tier one capital 一级资本retain earning 留存收益surplus 盈余supplementary capital 补充资金revaluation reserves 重估储备金hidden reserves 秘密准备金subordinated term 从属条款risk weight 风险权重undercapitalized 资本金不足merger 合并volatility of price 价格不稳定correlation assumption 相关性假设non-linear price characteristics 非线性价格特性plus factor 正因素independent risk control unit 独立风险控制部门risk-sensitive 风险敏感的one-size-fits-all framework 一成不变的框架ratings based 以评级为基础的default of the borrower 借贷者不履行还款责任commensurate with 与……相称的highly leveraged 高举债经营的provisions 备用金bad debt 呆账，坏账loan 借款advance 预付款extension of credits 信贷延期obligor 债务人collateral 担保品capital injection 资本（金）注入liquidation proceedings 清算诉讼liens 抵押留置权refinancing plans 再融资计划salvage value 残余价值contingent liabilities 或有债务have an adverse bearing on 对……有不利影响overdue loans 过期贷款doubtful loans 可疑贷款overdraft 透支assets portfolio 投资组合资产liquidity ratio 流动比率liquidity squeeze 流动资金紧张cushion 偿债安全余量，缓冲mismatch 未扎平的，不相配的audit function 审计职能on-site surveillance 非现场监管in the short or medium term 从中短期来看annual reports 年报under the auspices of 在……的赞助下secondary market 二级市场equity 股本leverage ratios 杠杆率volatile markets 剧烈变动的市场loan loss provisions 贷款损失准备金loss reserves 损失准备金examiner-in-charge 检查组组长internal audit 内部审计contingency funding 应急开支准备金compliance 合规性composite rating 综合评定lending policies 贷款制度total loan volume 贷款总额loan covenants 贷款契约board of directors 董事会buy-outs 买断loan appraisal 贷款评估outstanding loans 未偿贷款financial health 财务正常income statement 损益表financial position and prospects 财务现状和前景cash flow 现金流量benchmark 基准assets quality rating 资产质量评级service the loan 偿还贷款unassisted merger 有偿合并deposit insurance fund 存款保险基金indemnifying 保障补偿put option 出售期权revamp 改组；补修，翻新；修订，改进market-oriented financial system 市场导向的金融体制operational independence 自主经营corporation affiliation 公司联营机构第三部分中国的外汇体制foreign exchange 外汇foreign currency 外币accelerate 加快conditional current account convertability 有条件的经常项目可兑换managed floating exchange rate 有管理的浮动汇率International Monetary Fund (IMF) 国际货币基金组织promulgate 颁布non-resident banks 外国银行balance of payments 国际支付payment voucher 支付凭证bank certificate of deposit 银行存款单circulation 流通foreign exchange surrender business 外汇止付业务debt service accounts 一般结算账户revoke 撤销reference rate 参考利率foreign-funded enterprises 外资企业ceiling 最高限额retain 留存advise 通知lift 解除export proceeds 出口收入verify 查证，核验enter 记入，登记receipts 收入call money 活期贷款fraud of foreign exchange 骗汇designated foreign exchange banks 指定办理外汇的银行capital account transactions 资本账户下的交易第四部分会计Ⅰ财务会计communicate 传达；告知；交流financial statement 财务报表monetary 货币的warrant 为……提供充足的根据outlet 销售点，销路sound 健康的，合理的bookkeeping 记账，簿记transactions 交易virtually 实质上apply to 适用于day-to-day 日常的evaluate 评价，评估corrective action 矫正的行为merchandise 用于买卖的货物，商品inventory 库存，存货creditors 债权人venture (为盈利而进行冒险的)企业；短期投资，商业冒险monitor 监控analyze 分析keep up with 跟上Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报Business Weekly 商业周刊（杂志）Forbes 福布斯（杂志）Fortune 财富（杂志）projection 预测，估计；规划项目disclose 透露，披露authorities 当局income tax 所得税nonprofit organizations 非盈利性组织profit-oriented 利润导向的budgets 预算payrolls 工资单recession (经济衰退)standard of living 生活水平auditing 审计in accordance with 符合，按照comply with 遵守，符合tax returns 纳税申报单management consulting 管理咨询cost accounting 成本会计成本会计是成本管理系统中的一个子系统。

Intelligent Control Systems Intelligent control systems are a crucial component of modern technology, playing a pivotal role in various industries such as manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and more. These systems utilize advanced algorithms and artificial intelligence to make decisions and control processes autonomously, leading to improved efficiency, productivity, and safety. The integration of intelligent control systems has revolutionized the way we interact with machines and has paved the way for the development of smart technologies that can adapt to changing environments and optimize performance. One of the key advantages of intelligent control systems is their ability to adapt to dynamic environments and unforeseen circumstances. Traditional control systems are often rigid and require manual intervention to adjust parameters, whereas intelligent control systems can learn from data, identify patterns, and make decisions in real-time. This adaptabilityis especially valuable in industries where conditions are constantly changing,such as in manufacturing plants or autonomous vehicles. By continuously monitoring and analyzing data, intelligent control systems can optimize processes and respond to fluctuations with minimal human intervention. Furthermore, intelligent control systems have the potential to enhance safety and reduce the risk of human error.In high-risk environments such as nuclear power plants or medical facilities, the implementation of intelligent control systems can help prevent accidents andensure compliance with safety regulations. These systems can detect anomalies, predict potential failures, and take corrective actions to mitigate risks before they escalate. By incorporating machine learning algorithms and predictive analytics, intelligent control systems can improve the overall reliability and security of critical infrastructure. In addition to improving efficiency and safety, intelligent control systems also have the capacity to enhance user experience and streamline operations. For example, in smart homes, intelligent control systems can automate household tasks, adjust lighting and temperature settings, and even anticipate occupants' preferences. This level ofpersonalization not only simplifies daily routines but also contributes to energy conservation and cost savings. Similarly, in healthcare settings, intelligent control systems can optimize patient care, monitor vital signs, and assist medicalprofessionals in making informed decisions. By leveraging data-driven insights and real-time feedback, these systems can improve the quality of care and patient outcomes. Despite the numerous benefits of intelligent control systems, there are also challenges and ethical considerations that need to be addressed. One of the primary concerns is the potential for bias in decision-making algorithms, whichcan perpetuate existing inequalities and discrimination. For example, inpredictive policing or hiring practices, intelligent control systems may inadvertently reinforce stereotypes or favor certain groups over others. It is essential for developers and policymakers to implement safeguards and transparency measures to ensure that these systems are fair, unbiased, and accountable. Moreover, the increasing reliance on intelligent control systems raises questions about data privacy and security. As these systems collect and analyze vast amounts of sensitive information, there is a risk of unauthorized access, data breaches, and misuse of personal data. It is imperative for organizations to implementrobust cybersecurity measures, encryption protocols, and data protection policies to safeguard against cyber threats and uphold user privacy rights. Additionally, there is a need for greater transparency and user consent regarding the collection and use of data by intelligent control systems. In conclusion, intelligentcontrol systems have the potential to revolutionize industries, improve efficiency, and enhance user experience. By leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, these systems can adapt to changing environments, optimize processes, and reduce the risk of human error. However, it is crucial to address ethical concerns, such as bias and privacy issues, and to establish guidelines for responsible development and deployment of intelligent control systems. With proper oversight and accountability mechanisms in place, intelligent control systems can continue to drive innovation and transform the way we interact with technology.。

Quizzes for Chapter 11单选(1分)图灵测试旨在给予哪一种令人满意的操作定义得分/总分∙ A.人类思考∙ B.人工智能∙ C.机器智能1.00/1.00 ∙D.机器动作正确答案：C 你选对了2多选(1分)选择以下关于人工智能概念的正确表述得分/总分∙ A.人工智能旨在创造智能机器该题无法得分/1.00 ∙B.人工智能是研究和构建在给定环境下表现良好的智能体程序该题无法得分/1.00∙C.人工智能将其定义为人类智能体的研究该题无法得分/1.00∙ D.人工智能是为了开发一类计算机使之能够完成通常由人类所能做的事该题无法得分/1.00 正确答案：A 、B 、D你错选为A 、B 、C 、D3多选(1分)如下学科哪些是人工智能的基础？得分/总分∙ A.经济学0.25/1.00 ∙ B.哲学0.25/1.00∙ C.心理学0.25/1.00∙D.数学0.25/1.00正确答案：A 、B 、C 、D 你选对了4多选(1分)下列陈述中哪些是描述强AI (通用AI )的正确答案？得分/总分∙ A.指的是一种机器，具有将智能应用于任何问题的能力0.50/1.00∙ B.是经过适当编程的具有正确输入和输出的计算机，因此有与人类同样判断力的头脑0.50/1.00 ∙C.指的是一种机器，仅针对一个具体问题 ∙D.其定义为无知觉的计算机智能，或专注于一个狭窄任务的AI正确答案：A 、B 你选对了5多选(1分)选择下列计算机系统中属于人工智能的实例得分/总分∙ A.Web 搜索引擎 ∙ B.超市条形码扫描器∙ C.声控电话菜单该题无法得分/1.00 ∙D.智能个人助理该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A 、D 你错选为C 、D6多选(1分)选择下列哪些是人工智能的研究领域 得分/总分∙ A.人脸识别0.33/1.00 ∙B.专家系统0.33/1.00 ∙C.图像理解 ∙D.分布式计算正确答案：A 、B 、C 你错选为A 、B7多选(1分)考察人工智能(AI)的一些应用，去发现目前下列哪些任务可以通过AI 来解决得分/总分∙A.以竞技水平玩德州扑克游戏0.33/1.00 ∙B.打一场像样的乒乓球比赛∙ C.在Web 上购买一周的食品杂货0.33/1.00 ∙D.在市场上购买一周的食品杂货正确答案：A 、B 、C 你错选为A 、C8填空(1分)理性指的是一个系统的属性，即在_________的环境下做正确的事。