Erosion wear behavior of laser

以下是整理的《医学英语⼝语：妇产科检查中英⽂对照》，希望⼤家喜欢！发红 redness 发疹 eruption 溃疡 ulcer 糜烂 erosion；erodet ⽩斑 vitiligo leukoplakia 阴蒂肥⼤ clitorimegaly 处⼥膜 hymen 阴道窥器 vaginal speculum 阴道分泌物 vaginal secretion；vaginal discharge 阴道横隔 transverse vaginal septum；transverse vaginal septa 宫颈糜烂 erosion of cervix 宫颈肥⼤ hypertrophy of cervix 宫颈息⾁ cervical polyp 宫颈粘膜炎 endocervicitis 宫颈腺囊肿 Naboth cyst 宫颈裂伤 cervical laceration 接触性出⾎ contact bleeding 前位⼦宫 anterial uterus 后位⼦宫 posterial uterus ⼦宫附件 uterine adnexa ⼦宫底 fundus of uterus 包块 mass 检查项⽬ 常规检查 全⾎细胞分析 whole blood cell test 红细胞 red blood cell；erythrocyte ⽩细胞 white blood cell；leucocyte ⾎红蛋⽩ hemoglobin ⾎⼩板 thrombocyte；thromboplastid ⾎型 blood type；blood group ⼤便常规 routine stool test ⼤便潜⾎试验 stool occult blood test 专科检查 阴道分泌物涂⽚ vaginal secretion smear 妊娠试验 pregnancy test 基础体温 basal body temperature，BBT 性激素 sexual hormone；gonadal hormone 雌激素 estrogen，E？？雌⼆醇？ estradiol，E2 孕激素 progesterone，P 睾酮 testosterone，T 促激素释放激素 luteinizing hormone，LH 腺垂体促卵泡激素 follicle stimulating hormone，FSH 催乳素 prolactin，PRL 抗精⼦抗体 anti-sperm antibody ，ASAB 抗⼼磷脂抗体 anticardiolipins，ACL 抗⼦宫内膜抗体 EMAb 宫颈粘液检查 cervical mucus examination 宫颈粘膜碘试验 Schiller test 宫颈管刮⽚ endocervical scraping smear ⼦宫颈涂⽚细胞学检查 cervical smear and cytological examination 超声检查 ultrasonography B超 B-scan 经阴道超声检查 transvaginal ultrasonography ⼦宫发育不良 hypoplasia of uterus 宫内节育器 intrauterine device，IUD ⽉经期⼦宫内膜 menstrual phase of endometrium ⼦宫内膜 endometrium 卵泡 follicle 孕囊 fertilized egg 囊肿 cyst；hydatidoma；hydatoncus ⼦宫肌瘤超声所见 ultrasound view of uterine myoma ⼦宫腺肌症超声所见 ultrasonic feature of uterine adenomyoma ⼦宫输卵管造影术 hysterosalpingography 单⾓⼦宫 unicornuate uterus 双⾓⼦宫 uterus bicornis 残⾓⼦宫 rudimentary horn of uterus 输卵管积⽔ hydrosalpinx；hydrops tubae；tubal dropsy 诊断性刮宫 diagnostic curettage；exploratory curettage 宫颈锥切术 conization of cervix 输卵管通液术 fluid infusion of fallopian tubes 经阴道后穹窿穿刺术 colpocoeliotomia posterior 宫腔镜 hysteroscope 阴道镜 colposcope ； vaginoscope 腹腔镜 peritoneoscope；ventroscope；laparo；laparoscope；laproscope 常⽤中医治疗 补肾滋阴 replenishing vital essence to tonify the kidney 疏肝养肝 soothing and nourishing the liver 健脾和胃 strengthening the spleen and stomach 补益⽓⾎ invigorating qi and enriching the blood 活⾎化瘀 promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis 理⽓⾏滞 regulating the flow of qi 清热凉⾎ removing pathogenic heat from blood 温经散寒 expelling pathogentic cold from channel 利湿除痰 removing dampness by diuresis and eliminating phlegm 解毒杀⾍ detoxicating and destroy intestinal worms 中医特⾊治疗 四黄⽔蜜外敷 application with ⽑冬青保留灌肠 retention-enema with hairy holly root 莪棱保留灌肠 retention-enema with zedoary and burreed tuber 激光治疗 laser therapy 针灸治疗 acupuncture and moxibustion therapy 常⽤西医治疗 保守治疗 expectant treatment ⼿术治疗 surgical therapy 药物治疗 drug treatment 放射治疗 radiotherapy ⼼理治疗 psychotherapy 物理疗法 physical therapy 抗炎 anti-inflammatory therapy 利尿 diuretic therapy 杀菌 sterilization 妇科⼿术 前庭⼤腺囊肿造⼝术 fistulization of bantbolin gland cyst ⽆孔处⼥膜切开术 excision of imperfcrated hymen ⼦宫颈息⾁切除术 excision of cervical polyp 全⼦宫切除术 panhysterectomy ； complete hysterectomy 经腹全⼦宫切除术 abdominouterectomy ； laparohysterectomy 经腹输卵管卵巢切除术 abdominal salpingo-oophorectomy ； laparosalpingo-oophorectomy ⼦宫肌瘤剔除术 myomectomy 会阴切开术 episiotomy ； sectio perinealis ； perineotomy 剖宫产 cesarean section ； abdominal delivery ； caesarean section ； cesarean delivery ⼈⼯流产 artificial abortion ； induced abortion ； abactio ； abactus venter 药物流产 anti-early pregnancy with drug ；induce abortion with drug。

氧化铝陶瓷多粒子冲蚀磨损的数值模拟∗胡彪;纪秀林;段慧;丁伟【摘要】采用LS⁃DYNA有限元分析软件建立多粒子冲蚀氧化铝陶瓷的有限元模型，运用LS⁃DYNA求解器对冲蚀过程进行仿真，通过观察靶材等效应力的分布分析冲蚀机制。

结果表明：靶材体积磨损率随着冲蚀角度的增大而增大，在冲蚀角度达到90°时，体积磨损率达到最大值，表现出典型的脆性材料的冲蚀特性；靶材的体积磨损率随着冲蚀速度的增大而增大，且具有良好的线性增长关系；靶材的体积磨损率整体上随着冲击粒子粒径的增大而增大，但在达到临界尺寸的一段时间内会随着粒径的增大而减小；靶材会吸收粒子的一部分动能转化为自己的内能，但随着粒子冲击结束而离开靶材表面，靶材表面形成微裂纹以及部分单元失效，因此靶材的能量随着单元的失效而减小。

%LS⁃DYNA was used to establish the finite element model of multi particles impacting on alumina ceramics, and the erosion process was simulated by using LS⁃DYNA solver� The erosion mechanism was analyzed by observing the distribution of Von Mises stress of the target� The results show that volume loss rate of the target is increased with increas⁃ing the impact angle, and volume loss rate reaches the maximum value at the impact angle of 90°, which exhibits erosio n characteristics of typical brittle materials� Volume loss rate of the target is increased with increasing the impact velocity, and they have good linear growth relationship� Volume loss rate of the target is increased with increasing the impact parti⁃cle size as a whole, but it is decreased within a period of time when the impact particle size reaches a critical size� The target absorbs part of the particles kinetic energy and transforms it intointernal energy, and when the particles leave the target surface,micro⁃crack and some elements failure are formed on the target surface, therefore, the target total energy is decreased with the failure of the elements.【期刊名称】《润滑与密封》【年(卷),期】2015(000)004【总页数】5页(P49-53)【关键词】冲蚀磨损;氧化铝陶瓷;脆性材料;多粒子;冲蚀机制【作者】胡彪;纪秀林;段慧;丁伟【作者单位】河海大学常州校区机电工程学院江苏常州213022;河海大学常州校区机电工程学院江苏常州213022;河海大学常州校区机电工程学院江苏常州213022;河海大学常州校区机电工程学院江苏常州213022【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TH117.1冲蚀磨损是固体颗粒随着高速流体对材料表面冲击造成的材料损坏，是一个动态的失效过程[1]。

The behavior of light in photoniccrystalsHave you ever wondered how light interacts with matter? Photonic crystals are fascinating materials that can manipulate the behavior of light in a unique way. In this article, we will explore the physics behind photonic crystals and the potential applications of these materials.What are photonic crystals?A photonic crystal is an artificial material that has a periodic structure on the scale of the wavelength of light. This means that the material has a repeated pattern that can interact with light in a controlled way. The periodic structure of photonic crystals can be created using various techniques, such as lithography, self-assembly, and holography.How do photonic crystals affect light?Photonic crystals can affect light in several ways. One of the most important effects is the photonic bandgap. A photonic bandgap is a range of wavelengths of light that cannot propagate through the photonic crystal. This is similar to the electronic bandgap in semiconductors, which blocks the flow of electrons in certain energy regions.The photonic bandgap arises from the interference of the electromagnetic waves within the periodic structure of the photonic crystal. When the wavelength of light is comparable to the distance between the features of the crystal, the wave experiences constructive and destructive interference, leading to the formation of the bandgap. The size and location of the bandgap can be engineered by adjusting the periodicity and shape of the photonic crystal.Another effect that photonic crystals can have on light is the modification of its dispersion relation. The dispersion relation describes the relationship between the wavelength and the direction of light propagation in a certain material. In photonic crystals, the dispersion relation can be altered by introducing defects or changing thestructure of the crystal. This can lead to the formation of photonic modes that have novel properties, such as slow light or supercollimation.Applications of photonic crystalsThe unique properties of photonic crystals have led to a wide range of applications in science and technology. One of the most promising applications is in the field of optical computing. Photonic crystals can be used as waveguides and resonators to create compact and efficient devices for signal processing and communication.Another application of photonic crystals is in the field of solar energy. The bandgap of photonic crystals can be tuned to match the absorption spectrum of solar cells, leading to higher efficiency and reduced waste heat. Photonic crystals can also be used as anti-reflection coatings to enhance the absorption of light in solar panels.Photonic crystals also have potential applications in the field of sensing. The high sensitivity of photonic crystal sensors to changes in the refractive index or chemical composition of the surrounding environment can be used for the detection of biomolecules, gases, and pollutants.ConclusionIn conclusion, photonic crystals are fascinating materials that can manipulate the behavior of light in a controlled way. The photonic bandgap and modification of the dispersion relation are two of the most important effects that photonic crystals can have on light. The unique properties of photonic crystals have led to a wide range of applications in science and technology, including optical computing, solar energy, and sensing. As research in photonic crystals continues to advance, we can expect to see even more exciting applications in the future.。

文献综述用国产Cr12MoV代替进口DC53材料制造滚刀1．研究背景无锡爱西匹钢芯公司主要使用滚剪机生产密封条橡塑成型骨架钢芯。

滚剪机系从德国引进,滚刀是滚剪机中的易耗零件。

为了降低成本，公司拟采用国产Cr12MoV滚刀代替进口DC53滚刀,国产滚刀的成本为进口滚刀的三分之一。

但在实际生产中发现，国产滚刀的使用寿命仅为进口滚刀的十分之一。

因此本实验的主要目的是研究国产滚刀使用寿命较低的原因并提出改进意见。

目前已知国产刀具的机械加工工艺为：锻打材料--车加工--热处理--磨加工--慢走丝加工。

国产刀具和进口刀具的主要失效原因均为刃部磨损。

工模具失效过程可分为早期失效、随机失效和耗损失效三个阶段，其中耗损失效是由于工模具经过了长期使用，损伤大量积累，从而到了模具寿命的终止期。

根据工厂的使用情况判断，本实验研究的失效刀具均为耗损失效。

【4】另外根据刀具工作环境可以初步断定刀具的磨损原理为表面疲劳磨损，即摩擦时表面有周期性的载荷作用，使接触区产生很大的变形和应力，并形成裂纹而破坏。

【5】2．DC53钢简介DC53是日本大同公司为了弥补冷作模具钢SKD11在高温回火时硬度不足与韧性较低的缺点而改良的冷作模具钢，如今已全面取代传统SKD11而广泛应用于精密模具等领域，为HRC62～63，因此强度及耐磨耗性比SKD11更优异。

(2)韧性较SKD11提高两倍。

在冷作工具钢中其韧性最高，因此可防止工模具开裂与崩缺，提高模具寿命。

(3)可改善SKD11中的粗大碳化物: 可将粗大碳化物的大小改善至1/3以下，因此可防止造成模具损伤原因之碎裂(Chipping)等。

同时DC53具有五种优秀的实用特性：(1)被切削性及被研磨性皆比SKD11优秀，所以加工工具寿命较长，加工工时数较省。

(2)淬火硬化能比SKD11高，所以可以改善真空热处理有关硬度不足之缺陷。

(3)在线切割上的优点：藉高温回火可消除残留应力，故可避免线切割加工产生破裂或变形。

收稿日期:2005204227; 修订日期:2005205212作者简介:陈　茜(19772　),四川中江人,助理工程师.从事技术管理工作1铸造技术FOUNDR Y TECHNOLO GY Vol.26No.6J un.2005液/固两相流冲蚀磨损机理及材料应用现状陈　茜1,鲍崇高2(1.甘肃省金川集团有限公司,甘肃金昌737104;2.西安交通大学材料科学与工程学院,陕西西安710049)摘要:冲蚀磨损存在的工况多,材料失效和工业工程破坏严重。

通过分析液/固双相流过流部件的材料应用及发展现状,冲蚀磨损机理研究现状等,对指导该工况下材料设计、性能研究,特别是新型抗冲蚀磨损材料的应用等至关重要。

关键词:冲蚀磨损;机理研究;材料应用中图分类号:T G174.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100028365(2005)0620548203Mechanism and Materials Application by Liquid 2Solid Du al PhaseE rosion Wear and Its R esearch AdvancesCH EN Qian 1,BAO Chong 2gao 2(1.Gansu Jinchuan Group Ltd.,Jinchuan 737104,China ;2.School of Material Sci.&Eng.,Xi ’an Jiaotong University ,Xi ’an 710049,China )Abstract :Erosion 2wear conditio n exist in many industry ,and materials failure and engineering dest royed are serious.In t his paper ,mechanism research and materials application by liquid 2solid dual p hase ero sion wear and it s research advances have been systematically st udied ,and it is very important to guidance materials design and performance st udy ,especially new materials application wit h resistant erosion wear.K ey w ords :Ero sion 2wear ;Mechanism research ;Materials application 1　工程背景冲刷腐蚀(Ero sion 2Corro sion )是金属表面与腐蚀流体之间由于高速相对运动而引起的金属损坏现象[1],是材料受冲刷和腐蚀协同作用的结果。

强激光与物质相互作用英语Possible article:Interactions between Matter and Strong Laser LightIntroductionStrong laser light can produce remarkable effects on matter, ranging from heating and ionization to acceleration and fusion. Understanding these interactions is not only fascinating from a scientific perspective but also holdsgreat significance for energy, medical, and industrial applications. This article will overview the basic principles, mechanisms, and applications of the interaction betweenstrong laser light and matter.Basic PrinciplesLight is an electromagnetic wave, characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. The behavior of a light wave can be described by Maxwell's equations, which relatethe electric and magnetic fields to the sources and media of the wave. When light interacts with matter, several phenomena can occur, depending on the frequency and intensity of thelight as well as the nature and state of the matter.One of the most important parameters of strong laserlight is its intensity, which is defined as the power of the light beam per unit area. The intensity can reach values of10^15 W/cm^2 or higher for modern lasers, which is equivalent to focusing the light energy of the Sun onto a tiny spot.Such high intensities can cause nonlinear effects, where the response of the matter depends on the square or higher powers of the electric field strength. Moreover, the highintensities can lead to relativistic effects, where themotion of the electrons in the matter becomes significant to the point of approaching the speed of light.Mechanisms of InteractionSeveral mechanisms can explain the interaction between strong laser light and matter. Some of the most importantones are:- Absorption: When a photon of the light energy is absorbed by an electron in the matter, the electron gains energy and may be excited to a higher energy level or even ionized from the atom or molecule. The probability of absorption depends on the frequency of the light and the electronic structure of the matter. For example, ultraviolet light is easily absorbed by molecules containing aromatic or conjugated rings, while infrared light is more likely to be absorbed by polar molecules.- Scattering: When a photon of the light energy collides with a particle in the matter, it may be scattered in different directions or absorbed and reemitted at a different frequency. Scattering can occur elastically, where the photon keeps its energy and only changes direction, or inelastically, wherethe photon loses or gains some energy in the process. Scattering can be used to diagnose the properties of matter, such as its size, shape, and composition.- Ionization: When the intensity of the light exceeds acertain threshold, called the ionization threshold, the probability of ionization increases dramatically. Ionization can lead to the formation of plasmas, which are collectionsof positively charged ions and free electrons that behave asa fluid with collective properties. Plasmas can emit intense radiation, generate magnetic fields, and accelerate chargedparticles to high energies.- Heating: When the light energy is absorbed by the matter, the temperature of the matter increases due to the excitation of the internal degrees of freedom, such as vibrations, rotations, or electronic transitions. The amount of heating depends on the rate of energy deposition and the thermal conductivity of the matter. Heating can be useful for a variety of applications, such as welding, cutting, and annealing.- Acceleration: When a strong laser light beam is focused onto a small target, the intense electric field can create a gradient of forces that pushes the surface electrons away from the center and attracts the ions towards it. This creates a net force that can accelerate the target towards the light source or even generate a shock wave. Acceleration can be used to produce high-energy particles, such as ions, electrons, and neutrons, which can be employed for medical imaging, cancer therapy, or material analysis.- Fusion: When two nuclei with positive charges are brought close enough, they can overcome their electrostatic repulsion and collide with enough kinetic energy to form a heavier nucleus. This process is called fusion and releases a large amount of energy, as predicted by Einstein's famous equation E=mc^2. Strong laser light can enhance the fusion rate by compressing and heating the nuclei to overcome the Coulomb barrier. Fusion can be a promising source of clean energy, but requires overcoming many technical and safety challenges.ApplicationsThe interaction between strong laser light and matter has numerous applications in science and technology. Some of the most promising ones are:- High-energy physics: Strong laser light can mimic and complement the experiments performed in particle accelerators, by producing high-energy particles with high precision and compactness. Strong laser light can also probe the quantum vacuum and test fundamental physics theories.- Material science: Strong laser light can modify and control the properties of materials, such as their surface texture, hardness, and conductivity. Strong laser light can alsocreate new materials by inducing rapid phase transitions orby synthesizing nanoparticles with specific shapes and sizes. - Medicine: Strong laser light can be used for non-invasive diagnostic imaging, such as optical coherence tomography, or for therapeutic treatments, such as laser surgery, cancer ablation, and photodynamic therapy.- Energy: Strong laser light can enhance the efficiency and safety of nuclear fusion, which could provide a virtually limitless and clean source of energy. Strong laser light can also enable the harvesting of renewable energy sources, suchas solar and wind, by improving their conversion and storage technologies.ConclusionThe interaction between strong laser light and matter is a fascinating and multidisciplinary field of research and innovation, with far-reaching implications for science, technology, and society. Exploring and harnessing these interactions requires advancements in laser technology, theoretical modeling, experimental techniques, and interdisciplinary collaborations. As the intensity of laser light continues to increase and its applications continue to expand, the future of this field looks bright and enlightening.。

短语1 数值模拟：numerical simulation2 力学性能：mechanical property3 铝合金：aluminum alloy4 应力分析：stress analysis5 钛合金：titanium alloy6 表面处理：surface treatment7 电磁场：electromagnetic field8 抗拉强度：tensile strength9 晶粒细化：grain refinement10 工艺参数：process parameter11 有机合成：organic synthesis12 表面质量：surface quality13 定向凝固：directional solidification14 生产管理：production management15 制备工艺：preparation technology16 拉伸强度：tensile strength17 冷轧：cold rolling18 速度场：Velocity Field19 电子束：Electron beam20 ANSYS软件：ANSYS software21 电磁搅拌：electromagnetic stirring22 铸铁：cast iron23 隔振：vibration isolation24 动力学仿真：Dynamic Simulation25 铜合金：copper alloy26 离心铸造：centrifugal casting27 色差：color difference28 金属基复合材料：metal matrix composites29 应变速率：Strain Rate30 气力输送：pneumatic conveying31 压铸：Die Casting32 金属氧化物：metal oxide33 正电子湮没：Positron annihilation34 热效率：heat efficiency35 凝固组织：solidification structure36 界面反应：interfacial reaction37 模具设计：mold design38 置换通风：displacement ventilation39 镁合金：Mg alloy40 熔模铸造：Investment Casting41 高铬铸铁：high chromium cast iron42 电磁力：electromagnetic force 43 生产实践：production practice44 AZ91D镁合金：AZ91D magnesium alloy45 机械振动：mechanical vibration46 机械系统：mechanical system47 温差：temperature Difference48 传热模型：heat transfer model49 耐磨性能：wear resistance50 硅溶胶：silica sol51 生产系统：production system52 色散关系：dispersion relation53 超声振动：ultrasonic vibration54 知识表达：knowledge representation55 真空系统：Vacuum system56 工艺控制：process control57 TiAl合金：TiAl alloy58 离心力：Centrifugal force59 连续铸造：Continuous Casting60 液压控制：Hydraulic control61 球墨铸铁：nodular cast iron62 流变模型：rheological model63 时效处理：aging treatment64 小波网络：wavelet network65 软件包：software package66 弹簧钢：spring steel67 冷却速率：cooling rate68 铸钢：Cast steel69 水平连铸：horizontal continuous casting70 技术改造：technological transformation71 脉冲电流：pulse current72 凝固过程：Solidification Process73 气缸盖：cylinder head74 制备技术：preparation technology75 复合形法：Complex method76 工艺分析：process analysis77 动力学建模：dynamic modeling78 消失模铸造：Lost Foam Casting79 真空干燥：vacuum drying80 余热：waste heat81 系统控制：system control82 铝硅合金：Al-Si Alloy83 响应面分析法：Response surface methodology84 铸造工艺：casting process85 气缸套：cylinder liner86 SIMPLE算法：SIMPLE algorithm87 工艺优化：technology optimization88 流场：fluid field89 工艺过程：Technological process90 氮化硼：boron nitride91 精密铸造：investment casting92 热循环：thermal cycling93 表面缺陷：Surface defects94 节能技术：energy-saving technology95 低压铸造：Low Pressure Casting96 界面结构：interface structure97 铁水：hot metal98 Al-Cu合金：Al-Cu alloy99 AZ91镁合金：AZ91 magnesium alloy 100 凝固模拟：Solidification simulation101 碳酸钾：potassium carbonate102 等离子弧：plasma arc103 抗裂性：crack resistance104 模锻：die forging105 冲蚀磨损：erosion wear106 注射成形：injection molding107 热压缩变形：hot compression deformation108 激光淬火：laser quenching109 超声检测：ultrasonic inspection110 磨球：Grinding ball111 冷变形：cold deformation112 强韧化：strengthening and toughening 113 气泡：air bubble114 保温时间：holding time115 白口铸铁：white cast iron116 电磁铸造：electromagnetic casting117 断口形貌：fracture morphology118 氢含量：hydrogen content119 浇注温度：pouring temperature120 锥齿轮：bevel gear121 灰铸铁：gray iron122 喷丸：shot peening123 排气系统：exhaust system124 水玻璃：Sodium silicate125 挤压铸造：Squeezing Casting126 密度分布：density distribution127 渣浆泵：slurry pump128 分型面：parting surface 129 A356合金：A356 alloy130 静磁场：static magnetic field131 网格剖分：mesh generation132 电磁连铸：electromagnetic continuous casting133 快速制造：rapid manufacturing134 压铸模：die-casting die135 韧性断裂：ductile fracture136 ADAMS软件：ADAMS software137 弯曲变形：bending deformation138 缸体：cylinder block139 变频控制：frequency conversion control 140 热应力场：thermal stress field141 压铸机：Die Casting Machine142 TiNi合金：TiNi alloy143 碳当量：carbon equivalent144 析出相：precipitated phase145 保温材料：thermal insulation material 146 对甲苯磺酸：p-toluene sulphonic acid 147 组织性能：microstructure and property 148 半固态成形：Semi-solid Forming149 TC4合金：TC4 alloy150 疲劳破坏：fatigue failure151 熔池：molten pool152 超声处理：ultrasonic treatment153 阀体：Valve Body154 压缩变形：Compression Deformation 155 扩散层：Diffusion layer156 缸套：cylinder liner157 铸钢件：steel casting158 性能计算：Performance calculation 159 缸盖：cylinder head160 微波炉：microwave oven161 浇注系统：pouring system162 Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金：Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy 163 炉衬：furnace lining164 规则推理：rule-based reasoning165 在线控制：on-line control166 共晶碳化物：eutectic carbide167 振动频率：vibrational frequency168 TA15钛合金：TA15 titanium alloy169 Cr12MoV钢：Cr12MoV steel170 变形镁合金：wrought magnesium alloy 171 功率超声：power ultrasound172 TiAl基合金：TiAl-based alloy173 Box-Behnken设计：Box-behnken design 174 专业课：specialized course175 金相组织：metallurgical structure176 模具寿命：die life177 研究应用：research and application 178 Al-Mg合金：Al-Mg alloy179 成本优化：cost optimization180 变形激活能：deformation activation energy181 干燥工艺：drying technology182 合金铸铁：alloy cast iron183 模具材料：die material184 铸态组织：as-cast microstructure185 电磁制动：electromagnetic brake186 球铁：ductile iron187 侧架：side frame188 气缸体：cylinder block189 洛伦兹力：Lorentz Force190 微观组织演变：microstructure evolution 191 显微组织：microscopic structure192 共晶组织：Eutectic structure193 冶金质量：metallurgical quality194 热震稳定性：thermal shock resistance 195 强迫对流：forced convection196 切削加工：cutting process197 过共晶Al-Si合金：Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy198 定量金相：quantitative metallography 199 磁感应强度：Magnetic Flux Density 200 半固态浆料：Semi-solid Slurry201 电磁泵：electromagnetic pump202 超声衰减：Ultrasonic attenuation203 加热时间：heating time204 半连续铸造：Semi-continuous Casting 205 液压站：Hydraulic station206 三元硼化物：ternary boride207 内应力：inner stress208 热裂纹：hot crack209 黄麻纤维：jute fiber210 泡沫陶瓷：foam ceramics211 砂型铸造：Sand casting212 油润滑：oil lubrication213 预热温度：preheating temperature 214 维氏硬度：Vickers Hardness215 高温合金：high-temperature alloy216 拉速：casting speed217 铝熔体：aluminum melt218 异型坯：beam blank219 高钒高速钢：high vanadium high speed steel220 静液挤压：hydrostatic extrusion221 等轴晶：equiaxed grain222 摩擦角：friction angle223 初生相：Primary Phase224 转向节：steering knuckle225 快速成型技术：rapid prototyping technology226 冷坩埚：Cold Crucible227 A357合金：A357 Alloy228 焊接结构：welding structure229 耦合场：coupled field230 AZ80镁合金：AZ80 magnesium alloy 231 止推轴承：thrust bearing232 铝镁合金：Al-Mg alloy233 真空熔炼：vacuum melting234 铝锂合金：aluminum-lithium alloy235 充型过程：filling process236 AZ61镁合金：AZ61 magnesium alloy 237 声流：Acoustic streaming238 金属凝固：metal solidification239 高速钢轧辊：high speed steel roll240 石墨形态：graphite morphology241 磁粉检测：Magnetic particle testing 242 颗粒级配：particle size distribution243 型砂：molding sand244 收缩率：shrinkage rate245 Mg-Li合金：Mg-Li alloy246 自动生产线：automatic production line 247 高频磁场：High Frequency Magnetic Field248 组织与性能：microstructure and property249 连续定向凝固：continuous unidirectional solidification250 充型：mold filling251 失效机制：failure mechanism252 梯度分布：gradient distribution253 制动鼓：Brake drum254 摄动分析：perturbation analysis255 铸造企业：foundry enterprise256 超声波振动：Ultrasonic vibration257 测量系统分析：measurement system analysis258 固溶处理：solution heat treatment259 冷却速度：cooling velocity260 固液混合铸造：solid-liquid mixed casting 261 温度场分布：temperature distribution 262 部分重熔：Partial Remelting263 工艺措施：technological measures264 变形量：deformation amount265 模糊优化设计：Fuzzy optimal design 266 零缺陷：zero defect267 重力分离：gravitational separation268 晶粒：crystal grain269 离心力场：centrifugal force field270 凝固行为：Solidification Behavior271 铝铜合金：Al-Cu alloy272 组织和性能：microstructure and property 273 复合板：composite plate274 Al-Fe合金：Al-Fe alloy275 马氏体不锈钢：martensite stainless steel 276 冷却装置：cooling device277 铝合金车轮：aluminum alloy wheel 278 热应力分析：thermal stress analysis 279 Al含量：Al content280 挤压比：extrusion ratio281 相似准则：similarity criterion282 热疲劳裂纹：thermal fatigue crack283 原子团簇：atomic cluster284 湿型砂：green sand285 AZ91D合金：AZ91D alloy286 6061铝合金：6061 aluminum alloy287 锻造工艺：forging technology288 铸铁件：Iron casting289 表面复合材料：Surface composites 290 盲孔法：blind-hole method291 加热功率：heating power292 铸造合金：Cast Alloy293 低铬白口铸铁：Low chromium white cast iron294 初生硅：primary silicon 295 热节：Hot Spot296 锡青铜：tin bronze297 ZL101合金：ZL101 alloy298 真空感应熔炼：vacuum induction melting299 薄带连铸：strip casting300 真空压铸：vacuum die casting301 缩孔：shrinkage hole302 等温处理：Isothermal Treatment303 平均晶粒尺寸：average grain size304 抽芯：core pulling305 离心浇铸：Centrifugal casting306 铸铁管：cast iron pipe307 感应线圈：induction coil308 冷却介质：Cooling medium309 气体压力：gas pressure310 船用柴油机：marine diesel311 高温强度：high-temperature strength 312 3Cr2W8V钢：3Cr2W8V steel313 缺陷预测：defect prediction314 工艺方案：process scheme315 温度均匀性：temperature uniformity 316 电磁离心铸造：electromagnetic centrifugal casting317 横向应力：transverse stress318 超声声速：ultrasonic velocity319 残留应力：residual stress320 固化工艺：curing process321 精铸：Investment Casting322 铝锭：aluminum ingot323 短路过渡：short circuit transfer324 反重力铸造：counter-gravity casting 325 感应电炉：induction furnace326 稀土Y：rare earth Y327 工艺因素：Technological factor328 双辊铸轧：twin roll casting329 凝固速率：solidification rate330 含氢量：Hydrogen Content331 钢锭：steel ingot332 浆料制备：slurry preparation333 η相：η phase334 衬板：lining board335 压铸件：die casting336 水口堵塞：nozzle clogging337 陶瓷型芯：ceramic core338 车间布局：workshop layout339 安全操作：safe operation340 铸造不锈钢：cast stainless steel341 压铸模具：die casting die342 热裂：Hot Crack343 失效形式：failure form344 成形机理：forming mechanism345 AlSi7Mg合金：AlSi7Mg Alloy346 铸件缺陷：casting defect347 银合金：silver alloys348 反应层：reaction layer349 镍基高温合金：Ni base superalloy350 薄带：thin strip351 覆膜砂：coated sand352 CAE技术：CAE Technique353 性能预测：property prediction354 液态金属：liquid metals355 熔模精密铸造：investment casting356 空气压力：air pressure357 ZA合金：ZA alloy358 凝固传热：Solidification and heat transfer 359 侧向分型：Side Parting360 高温塑性：Hot Ductility361 黑斑：black spot362 点火温度：ignition temperature363 旋压机：spinning machine364 Al-Ti-B中间合金：Al-Ti-B master alloy 365 减排：discharge reduction366 射线检测：radiographic inspection367 耐热：heat resistant368 2024铝合金：2024 aluminum alloy369 技术现状：technology status370 复合变质：complex modification371 蠕墨铸铁：vermicular iron372 机械搅拌：mechanical agitation373 保温炉：holding furnace374 成形技术：forming technology375 碳化硅颗粒：SiC particle376 可锻铸铁：malleable iron377 模型控制：model control378 改性水玻璃：modified sodium silicate 379 熔炼工艺：melting process380 焊补：repair welding 381 异常组织：abnormal structure382 组织细化：structure refinement383 防止措施：preventing measures384 铸渗：Casting infiltration385 BT20钛合金：BT20 titanium alloy386 直流电场：direct current field387 铸造应力：casting stress388 初晶Si：primary Si389 夹紧装置：clamping device390 均衡凝固：Proportional solidification 391 熔模精铸：investment casting392 空心叶片：hollow blade393 ZL201合金：ZL201 alloy394 温轧：warm rolling395 不均匀变形：inhomogeneous deformation396 呋喃树脂砂：furan resin sand397 纸浆：paper pulp398 半连铸：semi-continuous casting399 锻锤：forging hammer400 延伸率：elongation rate401 焊接修复：welding repair402 冶金结合：metallurgical bond403 技术对策：technical measures404 结晶器振动：Mold Oscillation405 厚壁：thick wall406 WC颗粒：WC particles407 预处理技术：pretreatment technology 408 金属零件：metal part409 特种铸造：special casting410 低熔点合金：low melting point alloy 411 水模实验：water model experiment 412 复合管：clad pipe413 插装阀：plug-in valve414 金相试样：Metallographic specimen 415 抗吸湿性：humidity resistance416 近液相线铸造：near-liquidus casting 417 新设计：new design418 电机转子：motor rotor419 CAE：computer aided engineering420 交流变频：AC variable frequency421 下横梁：lower beam422 ZL102合金：ZL102 alloy423 模型参考控制：model reference control424 虚拟对象：virtual object425 加工图：processing maps426 立式离心铸造：vertical centrifugal casting427 抽芯机构：core pulling mechanism428 连铸连轧：casting and rolling429 残留强度：residual strength430 复合铸造：composite casting431 树脂砂：resin bonded sand432 AM60B镁合金：AM60B magnesium alloy 433 铸造CAE：casting CAE434 砂型：sand mould435 熔化：melting process436 高硼铸钢：high boron cast steel437 稳恒磁场：stable magnetic field438 Al-Ti-C晶粒细化剂：Al-Ti-C grain refiner 439 再生技术：regeneration technology 440 压铸工艺：die casting process441 管坯：tube billet442 厚大断面：Heavy section443 保护气体：protective gas444 性能特征：performance characteristics 445 Al-5%Fe合金：Al-5%Fe alloy446 半固态挤压：Semi-solid extrusion447 金属型铸造：Permanent mold casting 448 晶粒组织：grain structure449 综合经济效益：Comprehensive economic benefit450 半固态压铸：semi-solid die casting451 气膜：gas film452 硅酸乙酯：Ethyl Silicate453 自动化生产线：automatic production line454 Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金：Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy455 渗透检测：Penetrant testing456 W-Cu复合材料：W-Cu composites457 存放时间：storage time458 ProCAST软件：ProCAST software459 滑板：sliding plate460 铸造铝合金：casting aluminum alloy 461 水玻璃砂：Water-glass Sand462 电脉冲：Electrical pulse463 蜡模：Wax Pattern464 悬浮铸造：suspension casting 465 D型石墨：D-type graphite466 工艺性能：technological performance 467 Al-1%Si合金：Al-1%Si alloy468 悬浮性：suspension property469 差压铸造：counter-pressure casting 470 工艺原理：process principle471 铸轧：continuous roll casting472 行波磁场：traveling magnetic field473 型壳：Shell Mold474 金属型：permanent mould475 脱模机构：demolding mechanism476 调压铸造：adjusted pressure casting 477 喷砂：sand blasting478 界面换热系数：interfacial heat transfer coefficient479 Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金：Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy 480 电熔镁砂：fused magnesia481 充型速度：Filling Velocity482 泵体：pump body483 钢锭模：ingot mould484 Cu-Fe合金：Cu-Fe alloy485 辐射力：radiation force486 空化泡：Cavitation bubble487 渣池：slag pool488 原位生成：In-situ Synthesis489 热型连铸：heated-mold continuous casting490 缩松：dispersed shrinkage491 CO2气体保护焊：CO_2 arc welding 492 伺服控制系统：servo system493 端盖：End cover494 铸造技术：casting technology495 水力学模拟：Hydraulics simulation496 再生铝：secondary aluminum497 轴套：axle sleeve498 成形模具：forming die499 抗磨性能：Wear Resistance500 水模拟：water model501 快速铸造：rapid casting502 电磁软接触：electromagnetic soft-contact503 石膏型：plaster mold504 大型铸钢件：heavy steel casting505 移动磁场：traveling magnetic field506 轴承座：bearing seat507 混合稀土：rare earth508 铸态球铁：as-cast nodular iron509 砂芯：sand core510 铸造性能：casting properties511 真空差压铸造：vacuum counter-pressure casting512 玻璃模具：glass mold513 双联熔炼：duplex melting514 设备改进：improvement of equipment 515 铸坯质量：billet quality516 局部加压：Local Pressurization517 旧砂再生：used sand reclamation518 结晶速度：Crystallization rate519 壳体：shell body520 干强度：dry strength521 浇注系统设计：gating system design 522 慢压射：slow shot523 图像分析仪：image analysis system 524 温度曲线：Temperature profile525 水力效率：hydraulic efficiency526 单晶铜：single-crystal copper527 电渣重熔：electroslag refining528 铸造起重机：casting crane529 Cu-Cr合金：Cu-Cr alloys530 堆垛机：stacking machine531 巴氏合金：Babbitt alloy532 自抗扰控制器：auto-disturbance rejection controller(ADRC)533 陶瓷型：ceramic mold534 直流磁场：direct current magnetic field 535 漏气：air leakage536 泡沫陶瓷过滤器：foam ceramic filter 537 过共晶高铬铸铁：Hypereutectic High Cr Cast Iron538 壁厚差：wall thickness difference539 HPb59-1黄铜：HPb59-1 Brass540 旋转喷吹：Spinning Rotor541 水玻璃旧砂：used sodium silicate sand 542 冷却强度：cooling strength543 耐磨铸铁：wear resistant cast iron544 ZA35合金：ZA35 alloy545 钠基膨润土：sodium bentonite546 熔体净化：melt purification 547 油雾润滑：oil-mist lubrication548 初生α相：primary α phase549 铸造生产：foundry production550 高电位：High Potential551 钴基高温合金：cobalt base superalloy 552 Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金：Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy553 水平连续铸造：Horizontal continuous casting554 自硬砂：no-bake sand555 微区分析：micro-area analysis556 顺序凝固：sequential solidification557 非枝晶组织：Non-dendritic microstructure558 反变形：reverse deformation559 铬青铜：Chromium bronze560 湿型铸造：green sand casting561 配料计算：burden calculation562 热-力耦合：Thermo-mechanical Coupling 563 浇注时间：Pouring time564 铸造速度：Casting velocity565 亚共晶铝硅合金：Hypoeutectic Al-Si Alloy566 搅拌功率：power consumption567 热电场：thermoelectricity field568 铸铝合金：cast aluminum alloy569 陶瓷型铸造：Ceramic mold casting570 热凝固：Thermal coagulation571 界面压力：interface pressure572 多尺度模拟：multiscale simulation573 输送链：Conveyor Chain574 关键措施：key measures575 冒口系统：Riser system576 开炉：blowing in577 铜锡合金：Cu-Sn alloy578 无铅黄铜：unleaded brass579 球墨铸铁管：ductile cast iron pipe580 二次枝晶间距：secondary dendrite arm spacing581 GA-BP网络：GA-BP network582 铝合金熔体：aluminum alloy melt583 生产条件：production conditions584 铬铁矿砂：chromite sand585 再生效果：regeneration effect586 导向叶片：Guide Vane587 金属管：Metal tube588 空心管坯：hollow billet589 超高强铝合金：ultra-high strength aluminum alloy590 流变曲线：flow curve591 蠕化剂：vermicularizing alloy592 波浪型倾斜板：wavelike sloping plate 593 凝固特性：solidification characteristics 594 磨头：grinding head595 反白口：reverse chill596 黑线：black line597 净化技术：purifying technology598 中间合金：master alloys599 捏合块：Kneading Block600 硅相：silicon phase601 低过热度浇注：low superheat pouring 602 3004铝合金：3004 aluminum alloy603 液态压铸：liquid die casting604 中频感应电炉：intermediate frequency induction electric furnace605 球墨铸铁件：Ductile iron casting606 凝固路径：solidification path607 喷枪：spraying gun608 ZL201铝合金：ZL201 aluminum alloy 609 质量改善：quality improvement610 气路：gas circuit611 补缩设计：Feeding design612 油底壳：Oil sump613 汽缸体：cylinder block614 CREM法：CREM process615 铸造机：Casting machine616 提高措施：improving measure617 SIMA法：SIMA method618 铬系白口铸铁：Chromium white cast iron 619 高合金钢：High alloy steels620 增压系统：pressurization system621 收缩缺陷：shrinkage defect622 卧式离心铸造：Horizontal Centrifugal Casting623 测控仪：measuring and controlling instrument624 精铸件：Investment Castings625 制动阀：Brake valve 626 金属成型：metal forming627 有机纤维：organic fiber628 大气采样器：air sampler629 钢支座：steel bearing630 低频磁场：low frequency magnetic field 631 破坏面：failure surface632 偏轨箱形梁：bias-rail box girder633 数值处理：data processing634 双辊薄带：twin-roll thin strip635 合成铸铁：Synthetic cast iron636 堆冷：stack cooling637 行星轧制：planetary rolling638 铸造缺陷：foundry defect639 二次冷却：second cooling640 炉衬材料：lining material641 弥散强化：dispersion hardening642 2D70铝合金：2D70 aluminum alloy 643 A356铝合金：A356 Al alloy644 元胞自动机方法：Cellular Automaton method645 铸造温度：casting temperature646 铸造涂料：Foundry coating647 耦合模拟：coupled simulation648 充型能力：Filling ability649 复合尼龙粉：nylon composite powder 650 改性纳米SiC粉体：modified SiC nano-powders651 炉外脱硫：external desulfurization652 绿色铸造：green casting653 净化方法：purification method654 制芯：Core making655 铸态球墨铸铁：as-cast ductile iron656 复合轧辊：compound roller657 冷隔：cold shut658 薄壁件：thin-wall part659 铸钢车轮：cast steel wheel660 铁水质量：quality of molten iron661 热物理性能：Thermo-physical properties 662 7050铝合金：7050 Al alloy663 半固态金属加工：semi-solid metal forming664 半固态铸造：semisolid casting665 表面反应：Surface reactions666 KBE：knowledge-based engineering(KBE)667 倾斜板：inclined plate668 弯销：dog-leg cam669 多边形效应：polygonal effect670 脱模剂：releasing agent671 铜包铝线：copper clad aluminum wire 672 球化衰退：nodularization degeneration 673 低过热度：low superheat674 升降机构：lifting mechanism675 SLS：selective laser sintering(SLS)676 溢流槽：spillway trough677 制浆技术：pulping technology678 浇注工艺：casting process679 变形行为：deformation behaviors680 转移涂料：transfer coating681 牵引速度：haulage speed682 WC/钢复合材料：WC/steel composites 683 泡沫模样：foam pattern684 皮下气孔：surface blowhole685 超高强度铝合金：ultrahigh strength aluminum alloy686 薄带铸轧：strip casting687 造型线：moulding line688 工具杆：tool rod689 铸锭组织：ingot microstructure690 复合变质剂：composite modifier691 发热剂：Heating Agent692 液相线半连续铸造：liquidus semi continuous casting693 Mg-Al-Zn合金：Mg-Al-Zn alloy694 洛仑兹力：Lorenz force695 散射比：scattering ratio696 翻转机构：turnover mechanism697 超声铸造：Ultrasonic Casting698 A356：A356 alloy699 Mg-Li-Al合金：Mg-Li-Al alloy700 复合磁场：electromagnetic field701 单缸机：single cylinder engine702 快速产品设计：Rapid Product Design 703 真空阀：Vacuum valve704 界面传热系数：Interfacial heat transfer coefficient705 液态金属冷却：liquid metal cooling 706 散射衰减：scattering attenuation707 电磁场频率：Electromagnetic Frequency 708 半连续铸锭：semicontinuous casting ingot709 凝固补缩：Solidification Feeding710 Mg-Zn合金：Mg-Zn alloy711 连铸-热轧区段：CC-HR region712 TC11钛合金：titanium alloy713 损坏机理：failure mechanism714 元素分布：Distribution of element715 原位TiC颗粒：in-situ TiC particles716 均匀化处理：uniform heat treatment 717 使用要求：application requirement718 初生相形貌：morphology of primary phase719 枝晶形貌：dendritic morphology720 铸造废弃物：foundry waste721 AZ91D：AZ91D Magnesium Alloy722 高压铸造：high pressure die casting 723 细化变质：Refinement and Modification 724 结疤：scale formation725 连续铸轧：continuous casting726 热变形行为：Thermal Deformation Behavior727 壳型铸造：shell mould casting728 消失模：evaporative pattern729 手机外壳：mobile phone shell730 热管技术：heat pipe731 水韧处理：water toughening process 732 阻燃镁合金：Ignition proof magnesium alloys733 除尘装置：dust collector734 悬浮率：suspending rate735 非线性估算法：nonlinear estimation method736 电解铝液：electrolytic aluminum melt 737 双金属复合：bimetal compound738 离心浇注：centrifugal pouring739 抗磨损：abrasion resistance740 薄壁铸件：thin-walled casting741 盖包法球化处理：tundish-cover nodulizing process742 无定形二氧化硅：amorphous silicon dioxide743 排气槽：air vent744 高铬白口铸铁：high chromium cast iron745 熔炼炉：smelting furnace746 过滤机理：Filtration mechanism747 汽车覆盖件模具：auto panel die748 低合金高强度钢：Low-alloy high-strength steel749 精铸模具：investment casting mould 750 铝板带：aluminum plate751 球状石墨：nodular graphite752 铸轧区：casting-rolling zone753 接线盒：junction box754 铁水净化剂：purifying agent for molten iron755 石墨块：graphite block756 优质铸件：high quality casting757 处理温度：treatment temperature758 高尔夫球头：golf head759 固相体积分数：solid volume fraction 760 纳米SiC颗粒：SiC nanoparticle761 检测仪器：testing instrument762 Mg17Al12相：Mg_(17)Al_(12) phase 763 攻关：tackling key problems764 硬化机理：Hardening mechanism765 真空吸铸：vacuum suction766 热分析技术：thermal analysis technology 767 高频调幅磁场：High Frequency Amplitude-modulated Magnetic Field768 坯料制备：blank production769 补缩通道：feeding channel770 水基涂料：water-based coating771 球铁件：Ductile Iron Castings772 稀土Er：rare earth Er773 陶瓷型壳：Ceramic shell774 精密电铸：precision electroforming 775 发气性：Gas evolution776 充型凝固：Mold Filling and solidification 777 铝带：aluminum strip778 新SIMA法：new SIMA method779 AZ91HP镁合金：AZ91HP magnesium alloy780 电子束冷床熔炼：electron beam cold hearth melting781 粘砂：metal penetration782 物理冶金学：physical metallurgy783 砂处理：Sand preparation 784 铸造裂纹：casting crack785 气冲造型：air impact molding786 金属模：metal mould787 磷共晶：phosphor eutectic788 近液相线半连续铸造：nearby liquidus semi-continuous casting789 液固反应：liquid-solid reaction790 呋喃树脂：furane resin791 汽缸盖：Cylinder Cap792 充型模拟：Simulation of mold filling 793 铸造工艺CAD：casting technology CAD 794 粘土砂：Clay sand795 冲天炉熔炼：cupola smelting796 射料充填过程：filling process797 半固态金属：semisolid metals798 大型铸件：heavy casting799 电机端盖：motor cover800 熔铸工艺：casting process801 加入方法：Joined technique802 区域熔化：zone melting803 真空除气：Vacuum Degassing804 相平衡热力学：phase equilibrium thermodynamics805 溢流系统：overflow system806 Al-Ti-C中间合金：Al-Ti-C master alloys 807 晶界碳化物：grain boundary carbide 808 净化装置：purification equipment809 液穴形状：sump shape810 铝合金铸造：Aluminum Alloy Casting 811 修模：Tool modification812 SKD61钢：SKD61 steel813 软化退火：Softening Annealing814 大齿轮：Large Gear815 合金渗碳体：Alloy cementite816 工艺性能试验：technological property tests817 硅碳比：Si/C ratio818 冷却曲线：Cooling Curves819 壁厚不均：non-uniform wall thickness 820 V法铸造：V process821 铸造系统：casting system822 电渣加热：electroslag heating823 残余内应力：residual stress824 表面清理：surface cleaning825 黄斑：macular region826 电磁振荡：Electromagnetic Oscillation 827 初始组织：initial structure828 气密性能：air permeability performance 829 电极调节：electrode adjustment830 气体速度：gas velocity831 抑制方法：suppressing method832 孔洞率：void ratio833 废品率：reject rate834 气动装置：pneumatic actuator835 应急发电机：emergency generator836 缺陷修复：Error repair837 有机高聚物：organic polymer838 理论成果：theoretical achievements 839 凝固曲线：Solidification curve840 元胞自动机法：cellular automaton841 ZL101铝合金：ZL101 Al alloy842 高韧性球墨铸铁：High toughness ductile iron843 搅拌方式：stirring method844 沉积坯尺寸：deposit dimension845 高锌镁合金：high zinc magnesium alloy 846 雕铣机：carves-milling machine847 铸造模拟：Casting simulation848 精益设计：lean design849 无余量精密铸造：Investment Casting 850 热顶铸造：hot-top casting851 羊油：mutton tallow852 压射速度：injection speed853 DOE试验：DOE experiment854 超声波振荡：ultrasonic oscillation855 酯固化：ester cured856 缸盖罩：cylinder head cover857 尺寸变化率：dimension variance rate 858 大型铸铁件：heavy iron castings859 单晶铜线材：copper single crystal wire 860 厚大断面球墨铸铁：heavy section ductile iron861 钛镍合金：Ti-Ni alloy862 实型铸造：Full Mold863 6082合金：6082 Alloy864 奥贝球铁：austenite-bainite nodular-iron 865 白口组织：white microstructure866 铸轧工艺参数：casting process parameters867 铸铁轧辊：cast iron milling roll868 强化处理：strengthen treatment869 半固态成型：semi-solid processing870 深腔：deep cavity871 耐热镁合金：Heat resistant magnesium alloys872 斜滑块：inclined sliding block873 回炉料：recycled scrap874 半固态坯：semi-solid billet875 感应熔炼：inductive melting876 链板：chain board877 含泥量：sediment percentage878 模料：mould material879 复合界面：compounded interface880 铸造方法：casting methods881 模温：mold temperature882 轻合金：light alloys883 增碳工艺：recarburation process884 定位装置：location equipment885 加压速率：pressurization rate886 半固态流变成形：Semi-solid Rheoforming887 复杂铸件：Complicated casting888 高强度灰铸铁：High strength grey cast iron889 针孔度：pinhole degree890 中频感应加热：intermediate frequency induction heating891 石墨转子：graphite rotor892 修磨机：Grinding machine893 动态顺序凝固：dynamic directional solidification894 针状组织：acicular structure895 粒度配比：particle size distribution896 铝合金壳体：aluminum alloy shell897 内冷铁：Internal chill898 铸件质量：quality of casting899 精炼效果：refining effect900 发动机缸体：cylinder body901 增碳剂：carburizing agent902 7005铝合金：7005Al alloys903 复合孕育：Multiple inoculations904 复合孕育剂：compound inoculation905 气孔缺陷：blowhole defect906 铁液质量：quality of molten iron907 钛铝合金：TiAl alloys908 7A09铝合金：7A09 aluminium alloy 909 SiC颗粒增强：SiC particle reinforcement 910 沉淀相：precipitated phases911 铝母线：aluminum bus912 凝固分数：solid fraction913 球化组织：spheroidized microstructure 914 蠕铁：vermicular iron915 组织均匀性：microstructure uniformity 916 压铸型：die-casting die917 镁合金压铸机：magnesium alloy die casting machine918 凝固微观组织：solidification microstructure919 灰铸铁件：Gray iron casting920 最大剪应力：ultimate shear stress921 热挤压成形：hot extrusion922 铝合金铸件：aluminium alloy cast923 抗湿性：humidity resistance924 耳子：rolling edge925 结合面：joint face926 推管：ejector sleeve927 黑点：black spot928 铝铸件：aluminum casting929 固相分数：Solid fraction930 快干硅溶胶：Quick-dry silica sol931 激冷铸铁：Chilled iron932 负压消失模铸造：Negative pressure EPC 933 LC9铝合金：LC9 aluminium alloy934 接触层：Contact layer935 工频炉：main frequency furnace936 消失模涂料：lost foam casting coating 937 高温均匀化：high temperature homogenization938 均热炉：pit furnace939 镁合金轮毂：magnesium wheel940 平砧：flat anvil941 铝合金扁锭：aluminum alloy slab942 凝固界面：solidifying interface943 低温冲击功：Low Temperature Impact Energy944 复合发泡剂：Composite Foaming Agent 945 交叉型芯：Crossed Core946 SCR连铸连轧：SCR continuous casting-rolling947 FS粉：FS powder948 AZ81镁合金：AZ81 alloy949 ZL109活塞：ZL109 piston950 掉砂：dropping sand951 型腔壁厚：cavity wall thickness952 铝件：aluminum part953 导向装置：guide mechanism954 彩色云图：color contour image955 柴油机缸体：Diesel engine cylinder block 956 圆盘铸锭机：casting wheel957 热风冲天炉：Hot-blast cupola958 充氧压铸：pore-free die casting959 铝钛硼细化剂：Al-Ti-B refiner960 保温冒口：Insulating riser961 共晶相：Eutectic phase962 夹砂：sand inclusion963 无冒口铸造：Riserless casting964 充芯连铸：continuous core-filling casting 965 熔体混合：melt mixing966 保护渣道：mold flux channel967 碱性酚醛树脂：alkaline phenolic resins 968 细深孔：Long-deep hole969 行星减速机：planetary reducer970 直接铸型制造：direct casting mold manufacturing971 引锭头：dummy bar head972 静置炉：holding furnace973 工艺出品率：process yield974 真空法：vacuum process975 石灰石砂：limestone sand976 整体浇注：monolithic casting977 混料工艺：mixing procedure978 螺旋套：screwy sheath979 胶凝机理：gelling mechanism980 覆砂铁型：permanent mould with sand facing981 球铁铸件：ductile iron casting982 成型率：molding rate983 球状组织：spherical structure984 电弧冷焊：arc cold welding985 钢液流场：flow field of molten steel。

H款系列激光测距仪使用说明书The user’s manual for the series laser range finder in Model H感谢您购买本公司H系列手持激光测距仪Thanks for purchasing our series hand-held laser range finder products in Model H初次使用仪器前，请先仔细阅读完全条款和使用说明。

Before using this device please first read the safety policy and direction for use carefully一、安全条例I.Safety policy在使用仪器之前请仔细阅读本说明书中的所有条款和操作指南，没有按照说明书所指引的操作指南有可能会造成仪器损坏、影响测量精度、对使用者或第三者造成人身伤害。

Before using this product,please read all the terms and operational guide listed in this manual carefully.The improper operation not in accordance with the direction of use may result in damaged device,influence on measuring accuracy and the personal injury on the user or other third party.不要试图用任何方式自行打开或修理仪器，严禁非法改装或改变仪器激光发射器的性能。

请妥善保管仪器，不要放置在儿童可以接触到的地方，避免无关人员使用。

Do not try to open or repair the device by yourself in any way,the illegal modification or change on the performance of the laser transmitter in this device is strictly prohibited.Please keep this device properly,do not place this device on somewhere the children could touch and reach,please avoid any use by other irrelevant persons.严禁用仪器激光照射自己或他人的眼睛及身体其他部位。

Particle erosion on carbon nanofiber paper coated carbon fiber/epoxycompositesNa Zhang a ,b ,1,Fan Yang a ,1,2,Changyu Shen b ,Jose Castro c ,L.James Lee a ,⇑aDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,The Ohio State University,OH 43210,USA bDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China cDepartment of Integrative Systems Engineering,The Ohio State University,OH 43210,USAa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 2October 2012Accepted 1May 2013Available online 15May 2013Keywords:A.Carbon fiberB.WearC.Finite element analysis (FEA)D.Electron microscopya b s t r a c tCarbon fiber (CF)woven fabric (52%by weight)reinforced epoxy composite and carbon nanofiber (CNF,12%by weight)paper coated on the surface of the CF/epoxy composite were fabricated by resin transfer molding (RTM).The surface erosion characteristics of molded CF composites were investigated by sand erosion test using silica particles with a size around 150l m as the erodent.The eroded surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and weight loss.The CNF paper was able to provide a much stronger erosion resistance compared to the CF reinforced epoxy composites,which is attributed to the high strength of CNFs and their nanoscale structure.Finite element (FE)computer simulations were used to qualitative interpret the underlying mechanisms.Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionPolymer composite materials often exhibit poor erosion resis-tance [1–6].Improving erosion resistance of light weight compos-ite materials is crucial for many industrial applications such as wind turbine blades [7–9].Tilly [3–5,10]presented a thorough analysis of various parameters affecting erosion,including particle properties,impact parameters,particle concentration,type of rein-forcement and temperature.For erosive wear resistance,materials can be classified into ductile and brittle categories according to their behavior with respect to the impinging angle and erosion process [12].In brittle erosion,the weight loss increases linearly with time,while in a ductile type the particles may be embedded in the target surface causing a weight gain initially,followed with a linear weight loss as a function of time by further impingement.The maximum weight loss was found at about 90°and 30°impact angles for brittle and ductile erosions,respectively [10–12].Both glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites show brittle characteristics [12–15].In this study,we present a new approach for improving the erosive resistance of composites using a thin protective layer of paper made of carbon nanofibers (CNFs)on the composite surface.A series of sand erosion experiments were carried out to compare the particle erosion performance of CF based composites with and without surface protection by the CNF puter simulations of finite element (FE)meth-od were used to explain the underlying mechanisms for the ob-served performance difference between the two composites made of microscale CFs and nanoscale CNFs.2.Experimental 2.1.MaterialsThe CNF used in this study was a vapor grown carbon nanofiber,Pyrograf Ò-III (PR-24-XT-HHT),obtained from Applied Sciences Inc.(Cedarville,OH).The length of CNFs is about 30–100l m and the average diameter is about 100nm.The carbon fiber woven fabric used in this work was an IM7-12k,5harness,370g/m 2fabric obtained from Textile Industries,Inc.An epoxy resin,EPIKOTETM RIM 135with an epoxy equivalent weight (EEW)of about 166–185,and a diamine curing agent,EPIKURETM RIM H 137with an amine value of about 400–600mg [KOH]/g,were provided by Hexion Specialty Chemicals (Houston,TX).This is a low tempera-ture and low viscosity resin designed for manufacturing wind tur-bine blades.Silica sand,blocky,sharp edged green particles with a size about 150l m and a hardness of 2600Knoop were selected as the erodent.A scanning electron micrograph of the silica sand is shown in Fig.1.1359-8368/$-see front matter Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/positesb.2013.05.003Corresponding author.Address:The Ohio State University,125A Koffolt Laboratories,140West 19th Avenue,Columbus,OH 43210,USA.Tel.:+16142922408;fax:+16142923769.E-mail addresses:zhangna163163@ (N.Zhang),yangyangyang99@ (F.Yang),shency@ (C.Shen),castro.38@ (J.Castro),lee.31@ (L.J.Lee).1These authors contributed equally to this work.2Present address:Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,Univer-sity of Toronto,Toronto,ON,Canada M5S 3G8.2.2.Fabrication of CNF nanopaper and CNF nanopaper coated glass fiber/epoxy compositesA vacuum filtration technique was used for preparing the nano-paper.In this set up,a 90mm diameter glass filter holder with a stainless steel screen membrane support was placed over a conical flask.Once the hydrophilic polycarbonate membrane filter with a pore size of 0.4l m (Millipore Inc.)was placed plain flat in the set up and clamped,it was connected to a vacuum aspirator pump.The nanoparticle solution was prepared as follows:the CNF parti-cles were dispersed in deionized (DI)water and sonicated using a Branson Digital Sonifier [(S450D),75%amplitude]for 30min.The resulting suspension was cooled down for 30min in a refrigerator and sonicated for 30sec again,then filtered through the filtration set up previously described under a pressure of $400kPa.Vacuum was applied for about 20min after all the water was filtered away.The CNF nanopapers were dried overnight at room temperature.The thickness of CNF nanopapers was 0.28±0.02mm with a poros-ity of 94%.Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM)was used to impregnate the CF and CNF nanopaper coated CF preforms,which consisted of three layers of CF fabrics with andwithout a single layer of CNF nanopaper.The performs were placed and sealed a vacuum bag.Before mold filling,vacuum was applied to force the bag to press tightly against the fiber stack.The epoxy mixture was degassed in a vacuum chamber for 15min,and the resin was introduced into the fiber preforms.The samples were cured room temperature (around 25°C)for 24hr and post-cured 80°C for an additional 15hr.The CF and CNF nanopaper contents in the composites were controlled at 52and 12wt.%,respectively,measured by a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA).2.3.Particle erosion testRectangular samples of size 12.5Â80mm molded composite plaques for the erosion epoxy and CNF/epoxy composites showed brittle with the maximum erosion rate at normal impinging angle was chosen as 90°in this frame with a rectangular opening was placed the test specimens to keep the eroded area The conditions under which the erosion are listed in Table 1.A standard test procedure each erosion test.Before testing,the samples were burnished to re-move the pollutants from the sample surface.After each test,spec-imens were degreased with acetone,dried in a jet of cold air and weighted with a precision balance (Explore,ep214C).The weight loss by sand abrasion (with an accuracy of 0.1mg)was used to quantify the erosion resistance.Each data point was obtained from the average value of five measurements.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)images were collected using a field emission scanning electron microscope,Hitachi S-4300(Tokyo,Japan).The samples were gold-sprayed to reduce charging of the surface.3.Finite element simulationTo investigate the mechanisms of particle erosion,Finite ele-ment (FE)simulations were carried out for CF/epoxy composites with and without CNF nanopaper coating.It is difficult to track the actual erosion process which involves a large number of colli-sion events.Most of the existing work simulated only one or a few particle collision events [16–20].However,the trend can still be obtained for the erosion rate as a function of various parameters such as impinging angle,velocity,and target properties [16,19].In this study,one collision event with periodically distributed par-ticles was simulated.Qualitative comparisons were made between the experiments and the simulations.This study aims at providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the particle erosion per-formance of CF and CNF reinforced epoxy composites.Three-dimensional simulations were carried out using the gen-eralized FE codes ABAQUS/EXPLICIT version 6.9.Fig.2illustrates the configuration for the simulation of CF/epoxy composite.The eroding particles were simplified as spheres which were projected to the target surface in periodic arrays.The CF woven fabric has an Fig.1.Scanning electron micrograph of silica sand particles.Table 1Erosion test conditions.Impingement angle (°)90Impingement area (mm 2)600Impingement time (s)15Erodent feed rate (g/min)453.4Test temperature (°C)20Nozzle to sample distance (mm)25.4Nozzle diameter (mm)8Air pressure (MPa)0.47Fig.2.FE configuration of the particle erosion on surface of CF/epoxy composite.Part B 54(2013)209–214Fig.3a.The diameter of the eroding particle is0.15mm according to the experiments.The diameter of the CFs is adjusted so that the carbon content is52%by weight,consistent with experiment mea-surements.The model contained117,153linear solid elements with reduced integration(type C3D8R).Fig.3b shows the RVE for the CNF nanopaper.The dimensions are the same as the CF/epoxy case except the coating thickness,for which a smaller value of 0.05mm was applied.Utilizing the geometric symmetry,the RVE for CNF nanopaper only needs to contain one fourth of the config-uration of that for CF/epoxy composite.The right graph in Fig.3b is a magnification of thefiber skeleton for a small portion of the CNF nanopaper model.Since the randomly interweavedfiber configura-tion in experiments cannot be easily constructed in meshing,a uni-formly distributed orthogonal frame of beams is used instead to represent the highly interlaced CNF network.A square cross sec-tion instead of a circular section is used for CNF for simplicity. Thefiber diameter of CNF in simulation is chosen as0.5l m which is larger than that observed in the experiments.This is because thinner CNFs would needfiner mesh and hence more computa-tional expense.In spite of this,a large number of elements are needed due to the huge difference between the CNF diameter and the dimension of simulation RVE which depends on the size of eroding particles.The CNF inter-space is chosen as2.82l m so that the carbon content would be12%by weight in the nanopaper, consistent with our experiments.The obtained model contains 1,060,428C3D8R elements,corresponding to more than100CPU hours for a typical run on a2.6GHz computer for3l s of simula-tion time.Although this simplified model is different from the actual composites,we expect that it can provide qualitative inter-pretation of the experimental observations.Periodic boundary conditions are applied on the lateral bound-aries by coupling the degrees of freedom of the corresponding nodes on the opposite faces using the linear equations for CF/epoxy version2.1.For all configurations the mesh is refined near theimpinging location so that the eroded mass could be accuratelycaptured.The silica particles are modeled using the linear elastic constitu-tive law.While epoxy,CF and CNF are modeled using the elastic–plastic constitutive law with linear isotropic hardening.The mate-rial parameters are listed in Table2[22–25],where q is the density, E is the Young’s modulus,v is the Poisson’s ratio,r y is the yield stress,E is the Young’s modulus,E p is the hardening modulusand r s is the material strength.The physical meaning of the parameters can be revealed by the stress–strain(r–e)relation for uni-axial stretch deformation in small deformation range as in Eq.(1).e¼rE;r<r yrþrÀr yp;r P r y(ð1ÞIt can be seen from Table2that the plastic strain set is very small,reflecting the brittle property of these materials.In order to model the erosion of the target materials,a criterion is needed for the element removal.For the brittle erosion,the mass removal is caused by the spalling mechanism involving the evolu-tion of micro-cracks,which is very difficult to model by the FE method.Some researchers used Johnson–Holmquist model and the corresponding equation of state to model the failure behavior of the brittle materials[21].However,the large amount of ele-ments and the multi-phase properties of composites would cause huge computational expense if complex models are applied.There-fore a simplified criterion based on equivalent stress is applied here for the element removal.The element is removed once the equivalent stress r at its integration point reaches the critical value r cri as in Eq.(2).Here r0is the deviatoric stress tensor, r cri is cho-sen as the material strength r s.This criterion can be simply imple-mented in the dynamic shear failure option available in ABAQUS/Computational RVEs with mesh for(a)CF/epoxy composite and(b)CNF nanopaper.The inset graph shows the enlarged view of the skeleton of CNFs in portion indicated by the square.N.Zhang et al./Composites:Part B54(2013)209–214211r ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi3r 0:r 0r ¼ rcri4.Results and discussionsImages of the CF woven fabric and CNF Fig.4a and b,respectively.After uniformly stream impacting for a given time,the CF/epoxy was severely eroded while the surface protected by paper coating did not show much erosion.The inspected by SEM (Fig.4c and d).As can be seen,sists of the removal of matrix materials in the resin that the exposed fibers are no longer bonded to when the epoxy matrix fails to support the fibers.fibers could easily break into fragments,removal during erosion.The failure mode in process involving surface matrix removing,surface micro-cracking,fiber/matrix debonding,fiber breakage and material removal [10–12].As shown in Fig.4c,many micro-cracks caused by the im-pact of erodent particles can be seen in carbon fibers,and many small fragments of fibers also can be seen on the eroded surface.For the surface protected by the CNF nanopaper coating,there are few exposed segments of carbon nanofibers after particle ero-sion as shown in Fig.4d.many CNFs can partake the impact force and the fiber network be-haves as a whole shielding during particle collision.While for CF/epoxy composites,the fiber spacing is comparable or even larger than the size of the eroding particles,therefore,the resin matrix is not well protected.The pure epoxy plaque shows a better parti-cle erosion resistance than its CF/epoxy composite,but the resis-tance is not as good as the CNF nanopaper coating.Our FE simulation results further interpret the experimental served differences between CF/epoxy composite with and without nanopaper during particle erosion.The eroded volume is calcu-as the amount caused by the single impingement.The eroded volume for CF/epoxy is about three times as that for CNF nanopaper.addition,the erosion results are more sensitive to the impinging location for CF/epoxy composite than for CNF pares the eroded volume at different impinging positions CF/epoxy composite and CNF nanopaper.The eroded volume plotted versus a surface distance of several times of the REV range utilizing periodicity.Five representative positions A,B,C,D,and investigated for CF/epoxy composites while two positions woven fabric,(b)SEM image of CNF nanopaper,(c)SEM images of eroded CF/epoxy composite surface,composite surface.Fig.5.Mass loss of different materials after 15sec erosion test.212N.and G are investigated for CNF nanopaper as indicated in Fig.6b.For CF/epoxy composite the eroded volume at position E is nearly40% smaller than that at position A.While for CNF nanopaper the rela-tive difference for eroded volume between the two positions is below10%.The largest erosion rate occurs when particle impinges at the resin rich position in both cases.The simulation results pro-vide qualitative explanation to the fact that the eroded surface of CNF nanopaper is much smoother than that of CF/epoxy composite.Comparison of the effect of impinging positions on the eroded volume for CF/epoxy composite and CNF nanopaper.(a)The eroded volume versus curve for CNF nanopaper and right for CF/epoxy;(b)Top view of the different impinging positions,where L is the distance betweenfiberContour plot of von Mises stress for(a)CF/epoxy and(b)CNF nanopaper at maximum erodent indentation,(c)von Mises stress versus the distance from position along the x axis on the target surface.The horizontal dash lines in(c)indicate the critical stresses for CNF/CF and epoxy,respectively.The much smaller erosion rate of CNF nanopaper can be attrib-uted to its nano-sized structure.For CF/epoxy composite thefiber spacing is larger or comparable to the eroding particle size and the relative weak resin cannot be effectively protected.While for the nanopaper thefiber spacing is much smaller,a large number of in-ter-connectedfibers can partake the impact force of the particle to-gether at the impinging position.This effect can be demonstrated by comparing the stress distribution for the two target materials. Fig.7a and b plot the contour of von Mises stress at maximum ero-dent indentation for CF/epoxy composite and CNF nanopaper, respectively.For both targets the erodent impinges at the positions corresponding to the largest erosion,i.e.position A for CF/epoxy composite and F for CNF nanopaper.It shows that for CNF nanopa-per the stress endured by the CNFs is much higher than that by the epoxy resin while for CF/epoxy composite the stresses infiber and resin do not differ much.In both cases,the resin is the main source for eroded volume due to its much lower strength than thefibers. The stress distribution can be more clearly seen in Fig.7c where the von Mises stress on the target surface is plotted against the dis-tance from the initial impinging position along the x axis.For Fig.7c the erosion criteria is switched off in the simulations for comparison convenience.The peaks and valleys on the curve of CNF nanopaper correspond to the high stresses on CNFs and low stresses on epoxy.It can be seen from Fig.7c that although the nanofibers in CNF nanopaper experience very high stress near the impinge location,the epoxy resin actually experiences a lower stress than that in CF/epoxy composite because the stress is mainly endured by the CNFs for CNF nanopaper as indicated by the dark strips in Fig.7b.The intensely distributedfibers play an important role in partaking the impacting force,leading to smaller stress in the weak resin.While for CF/epoxy composite thefiber may be far away from the impinge location due to the largefiber inter-space.The impact force is mainly endured by the weak resin. Fig.7c represents the instantaneous stress distribution for a case study.The nanopaper may not lose any weight at this time point because the endured stresses by both CNF and epoxy are lower than the critical CNF/CF and epoxy stresses marked on Fig.7c.On the other hand,some epoxy near the impinging point of the CF/ epoxy composite may be ablated away because the endured stress there reaches the critical value.Although qualitative,this simpli-fied analysis provides an explanation for the observed differences of particle resistance between the two composite materials.5.ConclusionsIn this study,carbon nanofiber(CNF)nanopaper was prepared by thefiltration method and used to protect the carbonfiber (CF)/epoxy composites through vacuum assisted resin transform molding(VARTM)process.The CNF nanopaper can achieve much better particle erosion resistance than the conventional CF/epoxy composites.Ourfinite element simulations of the particle erosion experiments,although highly simplified,are able to provide qual-itative insight regarding the underlying mechanisms.The CNF nanopaper is indicated as a good protective coating material for wind turbine blades and other related applications in aerospace and transportation industries.AcknowledgementsThefirst author would like to acknowledge the China Scholar-ship Council for theirfinancial support to enable the author to study at The Ohio State University.The authors would like to thank NSF and Nanomaterial Innovation Ltd.for partialfinancial support of this work.Carbonfiber mats were donated by Textile Industries, Inc.and the epoxy resin was donated by Hexion.References[1]Miyazaki N,Takeda N.Solid particle erosion offiber reinforced plastics.JCompos Mater1993;27(1):21–31.[2]Tsiang TH.Sand erosion offiber composites:testing and evaluation.In:ChamisCC,editor.Test Methods and Design Allowables for Fibrous Composites,vol.2.ASTM STP1989:1003;55–74.[3]Tilly GP.Sand erosion of metals and plastics:a brief review.Wear1969;14:241–8.[4]Tilly GP.Erosion caused by airborne particles.Wear1969;14:63–79.[5]Tilly GP,Sage W.The interaction of particles and material behaviour in erosionprocess.Wear1970;16:447–65.[6]Miyazaki N,Hamao T.Effect of interfacial strength on erosion behavior of FRPs.J Compos Mater1996;30(1):35–50.[7]<>.Last accessed on September262012.[8]Dalili N,Edrisy A,Carriveau R.A review of surface engineering issues critical towind turbine performance.Renew Sust Energy Rev2009;13(2):428–38. 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