增译法Amplification
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英汉互译增译法及省译法
Translating Techniques增译法&省译法u增词法就是在翻译时根据意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加原文中虽无其词但有其义的一些词。
u增词绝不是无中生有，不是随意增加原文没有的意义。
u Some metals are easy to machine; others are not.一些金属容易加工，而另一些却。
south.u你也许感到好奇，为什么磁铁的极指向南北呢？u增译的原则：不可添意，适可而止u You may wonder why the magnet's poles point north an1.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writingan exact man.2.We don’t regret, we never have and never will.3.After the basketball, he still has an important conference.1. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书充实,讨论机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。
2. We don’t regret, we never have and never will.我们不会后悔，我们从来没有，我们将来也不会。
3. After the basketball, he still has an important conference.看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议。
1.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!2.The crowds melted away.3.As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.4.She lingered long over his letter.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正以热情建设社会主义啊！The crowds melted away.人群散开了。
翻译技巧3_增译法
1. Like most wildlife，deer reproduce，grow， and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. 与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物 充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长储存脂肪。
1. 4 增加副词
有些动词根据原文的上下文可以增加适当的副 词，以确切表示原意。 1）As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
2）The crowds mmplification
1.1 增加动词 1.2 增加名词 1.3 增加概括词 1.4 增加副词 1.5 增加量词 1.6 增加表达复数的词 1.7 增加表达时态的词
1. 1 增加动词
根据意义上的需要，可在名词前后
增加动词使其意思明确，通顺自然。 例： concert→听音乐会； match→观看比赛； party→参加聚会； speech→发表讲话； funeral→出席葬礼，等等。
1. Lexical Amplification（从词汇上考虑的增 词） 2. Syntactical Amplification （从句法结构上 考虑的增词） 3. Cultural Amplification （从文化上考虑的增 词） 4. Rhetorical Amplification （从修辞上考虑）
② He is a complicated man---moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常，反复 多变，有些忧郁寡欢。
英汉互译Unit 4 Amplification
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Like most wildlife, tigers reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. 与大多数野生动物一样， 与大多数野生动物一样，老虎 在营养丰富、 在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋 两季，繁殖、生长、储存脂肪。 繁殖、生长、储存脂肪。
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2.2.2 Adding nouns after concrete nouns在具体名词后面增加名词 具体名词后面增加名词
a) 当具体名词表达某 种抽象概念时, 种抽象概念时, 在译文 中常常需要根据上下 文增加一些适当的名 词。 b) 在具体名词后面增 加名词， 加名词，避免译文含 混，使译文符合汉语 习惯。 习惯。
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I. Definition of Amplification
Amplification means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add or subtract any meaning from the original work. This does not mean, however, that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make the version semantically accurate and idiomatic in the target language. Precisely, it is for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”. This is because English and Chinese are different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shortened words, etc. that are well understood by the natives can hardly make sense to people abroad. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration.
Like most wildlife, tigers reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. 与大多数野生动物一样， 与大多数野生动物一样，老虎 在营养丰富、 在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋 两季，繁殖、生长、储存脂肪。 繁殖、生长、储存脂肪。
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2.2.2 Adding nouns after concrete nouns在具体名词后面增加名词 具体名词后面增加名词
a) 当具体名词表达某 种抽象概念时, 种抽象概念时, 在译文 中常常需要根据上下 文增加一些适当的名 词。 b) 在具体名词后面增 加名词， 加名词，避免译文含 混，使译文符合汉语 习惯。 习惯。
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I. Definition of Amplification
Amplification means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add or subtract any meaning from the original work. This does not mean, however, that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make the version semantically accurate and idiomatic in the target language. Precisely, it is for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”. This is because English and Chinese are different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shortened words, etc. that are well understood by the natives can hardly make sense to people abroad. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the original pattern without alteration.
翻译常用之八大技amplification
* For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the worlds’ eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further. 对于国际社会来说，这些变化所带来的最为引人注目的结果是，中国已跃居世界 第十一位经济大国，而且今后定会更强。 (Attention: amplification for purpose of style or manner of writing.) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.
* I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (Ann Blackmore, Lambing Time) 我原以为这不过是表示亲昵,但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定 羊羔是不是自己生的。 (Attention: tense in English needs to be added by adverbs to show different time in Chinese.) The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. * To attract foreign investment, the United States must offer higher interest rate, adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs, which boost inflation. 为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终 导致通货膨胀。 （Attention: for logic purpose of the sentence; to show relationship between the elements of the sentence.) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.
文字增益法(Amplification)
2）在形容词前面增补名词 He is young but ambitious. 他人小志大。 She was small and slight, pale, but very beatiful. 她身量瘦小，面色苍白，但模样到很漂亮。 Though, very likely, the heroic character which ladies admire is a more glorious and beautiful object than the kind, fresh, smiling, artless, tender little domestic goddes,whom men are inclined to worship.
6.增补概括词 汉语在罗列了两个以上的事物之后，往往在后 面加上概括词，如“二人”、“双方”、 “等”。
Proteins are composed of carbon,hydrogen,oxgen and nitrogen. 蛋白质是由碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素组成的。 China and Canada have reached an understanding on the exchange of returened students. 中加双方就互派留学生问题达成了谅解。
3.增补形容词（诠释性增补，修辞性增补）
Courage is the thing. All goes if courage goes. 勇气是最重要的东西。丧失了勇气，就失去了一切。 We need time to make preparations for the project. 我们要做好工程的准备工作需要一些时日。
The first and the hardest task of the new government was to deal with the ever-growing unemployment. 新政府最紧迫、最艰巨的任务是解决日益增加的失业 问题。 Under the leadership of the CPC, the chinese people have suceeded in their liberation. 在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民完成了解放事业。
第4讲_英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法(2014)解析
1.1 语法的需要（英汉差异） 1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.3 语用的需要（修辞、文化）
1.1 语法的需要（英汉差异）
1.1.1英语中的名词为复数形式时 (1) I saw bubbles rising from under the water. 译文：我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。 (2) The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945. 译文：第一批电子计算机于1945年投入使用。
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.2.3 不定式作目的或结果状语
We made transistors by different means only to get the same effect.
我们用不同的方法制造晶体管，结果得到相同的效 应。 当动词不定式和不定式短语表示目的或结果状语时， 通常就可在其前面加：“为了”，“要”，“以 便”，“就”，“从而”，“结果”等词。
逻辑上的混乱：
既然“那件事没有发生过”，又怎么谈得上 “令人吃惊”呢？
What hasn’t happened in the past is a former FBI agent that is charged with colluding with the wise guys in a murder. That doesn’t happen and that’s shocking.
Marry的宾语也可以不直接是人： She married a fortune. “她嫁了个有钱人”，（颇有点“傍大款”的意思。） She married into purple. “她嫁到了一个显赫之家”。
商务英语翻译—增词与省略
中国同世界各国各地区的经济技术交流与合作广泛 开展。 China has engaged in extensive economic and technological exchanges and cooperation with other countries and regions.
二、原文中表示范畴的词
We might not make any headway with your offer.
本公司接受贵公司的报盘，但要求贵公司把装运期提前两个月。
We accept your offer, but demand that you advance the shipment by two months.
话不说。
He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.
4．增加连词或关系代词
汉语中的词，词组和句子之间的关系往往通过上下文或语序来表
示，较少用连词或关系代词．而英语通常需要用连词关系代词来表明
增词和减词
Amplification and Omission
一、增词法（Amplification）
增词（译）法就是指在翻译时按照句法上的需要在
译文中增加一些原文中虽无但有其意的词。 增译的目的是为了更加忠实通顺地表达原文的内容，
而决不是无中生有地随意增加。
1.增补主语
汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时 常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代 词或名词补出主语。
之间的逻辑关系．因此汉译英时增补的情况很多．例：
酒令智昏
物极必反
• When • Once
wine is in, wit is out.
翻译增词法(amplification)
增词可分为三类：语义性增补，语义性增补，修辞性增补。
语义性增补（semantic amplification）
为了使语义明确，畅达通顺，符合汉语的习惯，翻译中常常根 据意义的需要增加动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴词、 概括词，以及表示名词的负数、动词时态等方面的词。
1.Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.
码丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。
2。When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.
当我醒来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地 浮着。
毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水， 欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没 了。（增加了三个形容词，形象描绘了他想象中的欢乐场景， 使表达更加生动）
2。The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood. 此时已是万里蓝天，太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原，洒 向河岸，洒向树林。（增补形容词）
英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增 补。
Any person not putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of $ 5. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将被处以五美圆 罚款。（增补any person后省略的leaving litter about instead of这一部分。）
语义性增补（semantic amplification）
为了使语义明确，畅达通顺，符合汉语的习惯，翻译中常常根 据意义的需要增加动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴词、 概括词，以及表示名词的负数、动词时态等方面的词。
1.Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.
码丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠给人洗衣服维持生活。
2。When I came to I was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned.
当我醒来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地 浮着。
毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水， 欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没 了。（增加了三个形容词，形象描绘了他想象中的欢乐场景， 使表达更加生动）
2。The sky is clear blue now the sun has flung diamonds down on meadow and bank and wood. 此时已是万里蓝天，太阳把颗颗光彩夺目的钻石洒向草原，洒 向河岸，洒向树林。（增补形容词）
英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增 补。
Any person not putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of $ 5. 任何不把凌乱的东西放入这个筐内而任意乱扔的人将被处以五美圆 罚款。（增补any person后省略的leaving litter about instead of这一部分。）
翻译常用的八种技巧
翻译常用的八种技巧1.增译法、增词法：amplification2.重译法、重复法：repetition3.省译法、减词法：omission4.词性转换法、词类转移法：conversion5.正说反译、反说正译法：negation6.语态变换法：the change of the voices7.分译法、分句法（OPP：合句法）：division8.语序调整法、词序调整法（顺序法与逆序法）inversion增词法译文中添加一些原文没有的词句，表面上看似不忠实于原文，但仔细分析就会发现这些增加的词句所表达的意思并非无中生有，而是隐含在原文中的。
要知道，从一种语言文字向另一种语言文字转换，有时可以找到一种语言文字在另一种语言文字中的对等词，然而要想全部依赖对等词的转换来达到翻译的目的是几乎不可能的。
不同语言文字所持有的习惯决定了必须根据其中一种语言文字的习惯来适当地增词（或减词）达到语言交际的目的。
如果机械地按照字面意义直译，不仅不能表达原文的思想，精神与形象，而且还会使译文前后矛盾，闹出笑话。
例1 听到你平安的消息，非常高兴！译文: I was very glad on hearing that you were in safety！例2对不起，打扰一下！译文: Excuse me for interrupting you！（增补作宾语的代词you）例3 Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.译文：读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
（译文中添补了谓语和宾语：增词法；重译法）例4：We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.译文：我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。
增词译法
增词译法Amplification（amplify放大，增强）省略补齐：1 Unemployment, particularly among blacks, has become a serious problem.失业，尤其是黑人失业，已经成为一个严重的问题。
2 Americans view relationships in terms of “rights”; Chinese in terms of “obligations”– to family, to one’s elders, to the country.美国人认为关系是一种“权利”，而中国人认为关系是一种“义务”——对家庭的、对长辈的、对国家的义务。
3 One generalization概括often made about Americans is that they value their individualism quite highly. They place great emphasis on their individual differences, on having a great number of choices, and on doing things their own way.常听到人们这样描述美国人，说他们崇尚个人主义，重视个性差异，注重拥有大量的选择，强调各行其是。
4 And so we let the exciting new knowledge slip from us, a little further every day, and our confidence with it.我们让那些新知识与我们擦肩而过，连同我们的自信一起渐行渐远。
5 Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford.底特律的迅速发展及其一度繁荣归功于汽车业，尤其归功于亨利·福特。
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第三讲增译法(Amplification)例1.You got a prejudice all right----against a race that’s black.That’s why I called you white racist that night.But when you deal with a black person,I don’t feel any bad vices.你这个人确有偏见。
你(结构性增补)对整个(语义性增补)黑人种族抱有偏见(结构性)。
那天晚上，我说你是个白人种族主义者，道理就在这里。
但是当你跟一个具体的(语义性)黑人打交道时，我倒不(修辞性增补)觉得你有什么恶意。
例2.其实地上本来没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。
Actually the earth had no roads to begin with,but when many men pass one way,a road is made.增译法定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些在修辞上，语法结构上，语义上或语气上必不可少的词语。
一.翻译省略成分引起的增译(一)翻译为避免重复而出现的省略成分的增译例1.Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀数学使人周密，科学使人深刻。
例2.She makes a good teacher，as she has a good student.她原先是个好学生，现在是个好教师。
(二)翻译由于英语语法规则而出现的省略成分时的增译We suggest that the test(should)be done by12o’clock.我们建议这项实验应在12点之前完成。
二.语义修辞上需要的增译1.增加动词例1.He seized the chance for peace between them.他抓住了实现他们和解的机会。
例2.Testing is a complicated problem,so be careful.进行测试是一个复杂的问题，因此，得格外仔细。
2.增加名词例1.他的科学著作在英语国家中得到广泛阅读。
His scientific works were widely read in English-speaking countries.例2.领导人对两国关系非常关心。
Our leaders have taken interest in the development of our bilateral relations.英语中有许多抽象名词，这词若直译，不能给人予具体明确的含义。
因此，汉译时要加上“性”，“作用”，“反应”，“方法”，“现象”，“心理”等措词。
tension紧张局势readability可读性complexity复杂局面lightheartedness轻松愉快的心境敌对情绪(行为)hostility转化过程transformation嫉妒心理jealousy傲慢态度arrogance例3.Much of our morality is customary.我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
例4.The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of other ordinary patients.医生从我身上得到的实践经验，会比从其他普通病人身上得到的多。
3.增加形容词例Deflation has now reached unprecedented level.通货紧缩已经发展到了空前严重的地步。
4.增加状语或副词例1.Theory is something but practice is everything.理论固然重要，实践尤其重要。
例2.Time drops in decay,like a candle burnt out.时间一点一滴地逝去，犹如蜡烛慢慢燃尽。
5.复数名词汉译引起的增译(1)增加迭词(overlapping words)flowers朵朵鲜花ripples层层涟漪cheers阵阵欢呼声(2)增加数词(numerals)或其他词例1.Lovers wander hand in hand,paying no attention to the packs of children.情侣携手漫步，绝不理睬那三五成群的小孩子。
例2.Likewise,we can not use one prescription for all ills.同样，我们不能用同一处方来医治百病。
例3.You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.在使用这种仪器前，必须弄清它的各种性能。
6.增加量词例1.There stands a high building by the river.河边上屹立着一幢高大建筑物。
(名量词)例2.I was extremely worried about her,but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。
(动量词)7.增加代词英语中广泛使用代词，来避免词语的重复出现；而重复原词，不用代词则是汉语所特有的一种语法手段。
例1.各人有各人的长处。
Each man has his merits.例2.没有调查就没有发言权。
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.8.增加连词(1)汉译英时在英语中，由于采用形合法，短语与短语、句与句之间多用关联词。
而汉语中相当的语句采用意合法过渡，表示逻辑关系的过渡词汇用得少。
因此，汉译英时要加上关联词。
例1.你不去我也不去。
I won’t go if you are not going.例2.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.(2)英译汉时英语(尤其科技英语)中，有些句式中的因果、转折及顺理连接等关系并不都是通过逻辑性语法词来表示，而是通过语法习惯或用词习惯来体现。
因此，汉译此类句子时应增译某些关联词。
例1.Being a good conductor,copper is generally used to conduct electricity.由于铜是一种导体，因此，一般用来导电。
例2.The life of this controller could be significantly improved with the proper using.如果用得好，这台控制器的寿命还能大大延长。
9.增加概括性或分述性词语例1.Listening,speaking,reading and writing are closely related.听说读写这四个方面紧密相关。
例2.There are three basic ways of producing or storing electricity:by generator,by battery,or by accumulator.电的生产和储存基本方法有三种：一种是用发电机；一种是用电池；一种是用蓄电池。
10.中英文化差异引起的增译例1.While it may seem to be painting the lily.I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cooke’s excellent article.我想给阿利斯太库克先生的杰作加几笔，尽管这也许是为百合上色，费力不讨好。
例2.Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.俗话说，衣柜里藏有骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。
知识复习P541.弄不好，就会前功尽弃。
(增加连词、名词和代词）If things are not properly handled,our labor will be totally lost.2.Keep your eye on this new development.(增加名词)请你注意这个新的发展情况。
4.We recognize----and share----China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks toestablish global or regional hegemony.(增加省略部分)我们认识到中国有决心反对任何国家谋求建立全球霸权或地区霸权的企图，我们也有这样的决心。
6.作为一个世界贸易组织，缺乏中国，它也很难发挥作为一个世界贸易组织的应有作用。
(增加名词)As a world trade organization,WTO without the participation of China will find it hard to play its due role.9)Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.(=It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own.)从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。
10)The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则。
11)The quarrels of friends are the opportunities of foes.朋友间的不和，就是敌人进攻的机会。
14)The election which has led to your being chosen to preside over this Assembly---a very wise choice indeed---is a tribute to your great country,which has contributed to the development of the history of free nations a tradition of peace that serves as an example for the legal community that we constitute,a country which has always commanded respect and admiration from all corners of the world.这次选举你为本届大会主席，实是极为明智的选择，是对你的伟大国家的敬意。