主谓一致(一)一、主谓一致三原则主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：1). 语法一致原则(grammatical concord)2). 意义一致原则(notional concord)3). 就近原则(principle of proximity)1. 语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
Tom is a good student. 汤姆是个好学生。
They often play football on the playground. 他们经常在操场上踢足球。
2. 意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义，这是谓语动词用单数形式。
My family are having lunch now.我们一家人现在正吃午饭。
Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.这本书20美元太贵了。
3. 就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。
Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。
There is a pen and some books on the desk.课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
二、以-s 结尾名词的主谓一致1. 以“s＂结尾的表示学科、游戏和疾病等名词，常用单数。
学科：economics（经济学）；linguistics（语言学）；mechanics（力学、机械学）；statistics （统计学）；electronics（电子学）；logistics（后勤学）；physics （物理学）；genetics（遗传学）；mathematics（数学）；politics（政治、政治学）游戏：billiards（台球，弹子戏）；cards（牌戏）；bowls（保龄球）；darts (投标游戏)疾病：diabetes（糖尿病）；mumps（腮腺炎）；measles（麻疹）；rabies（恐水症；狂犬病）Mathematics seems easy to me.我似乎觉得数学不难。
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.Darts is essentially a free and easy game.注意：①如果表示“学科”以为的含义时，便可用复数。
My mathematics is /are rather shaky(摇晃的). 比较：Politics is the art or science of government. What are your politics? 你的政治观点如何？②当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。
例如：Three darts are thrown at each turn.2．国名、报刊、商店、机构等名称（表单一政治实体），多用单数。
The New York Times is published daily.The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s’.the United Nations …+ 单数注意：这些专有名词，不表示以上含义，而表示群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名词，用复数。
The Himalayas (喜马拉雅山脉)have a magnificent variety of plant and animal.The Niagara Falls (尼亚加拉大瀑布) are perhaps the most famous waterfall in the world.3. 人名: “the +姓氏的复数形式”表示一家人，用复数。
The Blacks are on holidays.补充：the +形容词/过去分词，表一类人或物时，用复数；The poor are getting poorer; the rich richer.The old are self-conceited because of their rich experience while the young are proud for their youthfulness.注意：但如果表示具体的某人或物，或者表示抽象概念时，用单数。
The deceased (死亡的) was his grandfather. (具体某人或物，用单数)The beautiful only has value confirmed by the ugly. (抽象概念)4．以-s结尾的单、复数同形的词，根据意义来确定单、复数。
barracks （营房），headquarters（司令部，总部），means（方法，手段），series（系列），species（种类），works（工厂）等名词单、复数同形。
跟在这些名词后面的动词单复数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数。
This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。
Every means has (All means have) been tried. 各种办法都试过了。
A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language lab use.There are two series of readers(读本)：one for beginners and one for advanced students.补充：这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep，bellows(风箱), gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。
注意：news（消息）是不可数名词，只作单数用。
5．由两个相同部分组成的工具、衣服等作主语时用复数。
His trousers /glasses are black.注意：如果前面带上了单位词，则由单位词的单、复数来决定句子谓语动词的单复数形式。
One pair of pliers(钳子) isn’t enough.. Two pairs of pliers are missing.此类单词有：scissors(剪刀)，pincers(钳子)，shorts(短裤)，suspenders(吊裤带); shoes等。
6．少数以-s结尾的名词用作单、复数的含义不一样。
What’s the odds?The odds are against us.The odds are in your favor because you have more experience.三、集体名词的主谓一致1. 通常作复数的集体名词有：police, people, cattle, militia(民兵)，poultry(家禽)，vermin(害虫)等。
The British police have only very limited powers.The militia were called out to guard the borderland（边境）.Poultry are dear in the city. Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides(皮革)。
2．通常作不可数名词的集体名词，包括foliage，machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise等, 这类名词后的动词用单数形式。
The merchandise has arrived undamaged.All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3．既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词如：audience, committee, crew, family, government, jury，enemy, group, class, public, team, party等, 当指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。
That family is a very happy one.My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来。
四、主语＋as much as,…..的主谓一致当主语后带有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except等引导的词组时，其后的谓语动词形式取决于前面主语本身的形式。
His brother rather than his parents is to blame.My wife, more than anyone else in the family, is anxious to go there again.Bill, together with his sisters, wa s hurt in the accident.No one except two girls was late for dinner.技巧：有重心找重心，跟着重心走。
五、由and / both…and连接的并列结构作主语的主谓一致意义一二三1．用and或both...and连接并列主语，指两类不同的人或物或概念时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Social and political freedom are limited here.Walking and riding are good exercises．Plastics and rubber never rot．What I said and think are no business of yours.2．用and或both...and连接并列主语，如果并列主语指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。
识别方式：and后面的名词没有冠词。
A knife and fork is on the table．Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit．The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor．Truth and honesty is the best policy.比较：The novelist and poet is going to Europe next year.这位小说家兼诗人打算明年去欧洲。
