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全英文研究论文模板(精华版)AbstractThe abstract provides a brief summary of your research paper. It should briefly introduce the topic, state the research objectives, highlight the methodology employed, summarize the findings, and mention the significance of the study.IntroductionThe introduction sets the stage for your research paper. Start by presenting a general overview of the topic and its importance. Then narrow down your focus to the specific research problem or question that you aim to address. Provide background information, highlight previous research on the topic, and identify any gaps or limitations that your study can address.Literature ReviewThe literature review is a critical analysis of existing research and scholarly articles relevant to your topic. It helps establish the theoretical framework and foundation for your study. Identify key concepts,theories, and methodologies employed in previous research to support your own study. Clearly state your research objectives and how they contribute to the existing body of knowledge.MethodologyIn the methodology section, explain the research design, methods, and data collection techniques you used. Clearly state your research question(s) and hypothesis(es), if applicable. Describe the sample or participants, data collection instruments, and any statistical analyses employed. This section should allow other researchers to replicate your study.Results and DiscussionPresent the results of your study in a logical and organized manner. Use tables, charts, and figures to support your findings. Then, provide a detailed analysis and interpretation of the results. Discuss any patterns, trends, or relationships observed. Relate your findings to existing research and theories. Identify any limitations or challenges encountered during the study.ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes your research, restates the main findings, and discusses their implications. Do not introduce new information here. Discuss how your study contributes to the field, highlights any future research directions, and suggests practical applications of your findings. End with a strong closing statement that emphasizes the significance of your study.ReferencesAppendix (if applicable)If you have additional materials, such as questionnaires, survey data, or supplementary information that supports your study, include them in the appendix. Label each appendix with a title or number for easy reference.Please note that this template is a general guide and can be adapted to fit the specific requirements of your research paper. As always, consult your advisor or instructor for any additional guidelines or specific formatting instructions.。
英文论文（优秀4篇）选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。
以下是可爱的编辑为大伙儿收集整理的英文论文（优秀4篇），希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语专业论文模板篇一很多学生忽视了毕业论文的重要性和现实意义，这是其写作质量不高的主要原因之一。
毕业论文是大学生在校期间向学校所交的较后一份书面作业。
英语专业学生在修完一般英语写作课程后，初步熟知和掌握了基本的写作要素和技巧，这时为了深化写作内容，进一步提高文字表达能力，须开始进行学术论文写作。
毕业论文写作在巩固了词的各种意义、搭配、用法、词序，句子的定义、结构、种类、用法，即写作的基本要素和技巧的同时，还能培养初步的研究、分析和总结问题的能力。
这就为学生在日后进一步从事相关学科的研究工作打下了坚实的基础。
《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》指出，“毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式”。
毕业论文写作的优劣、质量的高低是决定学生能否顺利毕业或可否被授予学位的重要依据。
因此大学生须重视和认真撰写毕业论文。
英语论文范文word 篇二Upon the completion of the thesis, I would like to take this opportunity toexpress my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Peng Xiaohua, who hasgiven me important guidance on the thesis. Without his help and encouragement,my thesis would have been impossible. Besides his help with my thesis,he hasalso given me much advice on the methods of doing research, which is of greatvalue to my future academic life.I am also obliged to other teachers whose lectures have broadened my scopeof vision in British and American literature and help me lay a necessaryfoundation for the writing of the thesis. I am also grateful to all the members ofthe faculty and staff in the College of Foreign Languages who have provided mewith a lot of help and guidance.Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all the friends andfamily members who have offered me help. Without their help,I could not havefinished my study and this thesis.英语专业论文模板篇三分层次提出教学要求：英语系按照学校的要求把XX级学生以入学成绩为依据分了两个层次，A层次普通学科专业班级，B层次体音美专业班级。
英语论文作文模板Introduction:In academic writing, crafting a well-structured essay is crucial for effectively conveying ideas and arguments. This essay will present a template for composing an English essay or paper, ensuring clarity, coherence, and academic rigor throughout.1. Introduction。
Begin with a hook or attention-grabbing statement related to the topic.Provide background information or context to orient the reader.Clearly state the thesis or main argument of the essay.Example:The issue of climate change has become increasingly pressing in recent years, garnering widespread attention from scientists, policymakers, and the general public alike. As the Earth's climate continues to undergo significant shifts, it is imperative to examine the causes, impacts,and potential solutions to mitigate this global phenomenon.2. Body Paragraphs。
英语作文论文模板英文回答：Introduction。
Globalization has brought about significant changes in the world, leading to increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries. This has had a profound impact on various aspects of life, including education. The purpose of this essay is to explore the impact of globalization on education and to discuss both its benefits and challenges.Benefits of Globalization on Education。
Increased access to knowledge and resources: Globalization has facilitated the sharing of knowledge and resources across borders. Students can now easily access online educational platforms, libraries, and databases, enabling them to explore a broader range of subjects andperspectives.Enhanced cross-cultural understanding: Globalization promotes intercultural exchange and collaboration. Educational institutions are increasingly offering international programs and student exchanges, which provide students with opportunities to learn about different cultures and develop global perspectives.Improved quality of education: Globalization has led to increased competition among educational institutions, motivating them to improve the quality of their offerings. This has resulted in the development of innovative teaching methodologies, the adoption of best practices, and the pursuit of excellence in education.Challenges of Globalization on Education。
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==英文论文大纲范例篇一：英语论文提纲范例Title:1. Introduction1.1. Understanding “interaction”1.1.1. “Interaction” in socio-culture theory1.1.2. Classroom interactions1.2. Classroom discourse1.2.1. What is classroom discourse?1.2.2. IRF Content-analysis of classroom discourse2. Classroom questioning and the function2.1. Definition of classroom questioning2.1.1. Conception of classroom questioning and its development2.1.2. The criteria for effective questioning in the classroom2.2. Categories of questioning and their functions the previously learnt structural knowledge)2.2.1 Questioning for linguistic knowledge (for students to recall or remember2.2.2 Questioning for comprehension (for students to translate, to grasp the meaning of materials)2.2.3 Questioning for application (for students to generalize, or to use learnt materials in new and concrete situations)3. Investigation on classroom questioning3.1 Purpose and object of investigation3.2 Method of investigation4. Conclusion篇二：英语毕业论文的提纲样本本科毕业论文的提纲格式样例A Contextual Study of Black English摘要：对全文进行概括性的总结，涉及到研究背景、研究目的、研究方法、研究发现等；重点放在研究发现上。
英文作文万议论文模板范文Title: The Importance of Education in Shaping a Better Future。
Education is an essential tool for shaping the futureof individuals and societies. It provides the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for personal and societal development. In this essay, we will discuss the importanceof education in shaping a better future, and how it can contribute to the overall progress of humanity.First and foremost, education plays a crucial role in empowering individuals to reach their full potential. Through education, individuals acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to pursue their passions and interests. This, in turn, enables them to contribute to the betterment of society and the world at large. Education also fosters critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, which are essential for addressing the complex challenges of the modern world.Moreover, education is a powerful tool for promoting social and economic development. By providing individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge, education can significantly improve their employment prospects and economic opportunities. This, in turn, can lead to higher living standards and reduced poverty levels. Additionally, education fosters a sense of civic responsibility and participation, which is essential for the functioning of democratic societies.Furthermore, education is crucial for promotingequality and social justice. It provides individuals with the opportunity to overcome barriers and achieve their full potential, regardless of their background or circumstances. Education can also challenge discriminatory attitudes and promote inclusivity, thereby contributing to a more equitable and just society.In addition, education plays a vital role in promoting sustainable development. By raising awareness about environmental issues and promoting sustainable practices,education can contribute to the preservation of the planet for future generations. Moreover, education can foster a sense of global citizenship and promote intercultural understanding, which is essential for addressing global challenges and promoting peace and cooperation.It is also important to recognize the transformative power of education in promoting health and well-being. Education can raise awareness about healthy lifestyles and preventive measures, thereby contributing to improved public health. Furthermore, education can empower individuals to make informed decisions about their health and well-being, leading to improved quality of life.In conclusion, education is a fundamental building block for shaping a better future. It provides individuals with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for personal and societal development. Moreover, education plays a crucial role in promoting social and economic development, equality and social justice, sustainable development, and health and well-being. Therefore, it isessential to prioritize and invest in education to ensure a brighter and more prosperous future for all.。
英语议论文模板英语议论文模板范文英语议论文万能模板简单优秀5篇英语议论文一直以来被认为是书面语篇中一种基本的文本模式。
而英语议论文对外语学习者来说也是较难的一种语篇类型。
参考一些英语议论文模板，问题或许就迎刃而解了。
下面这5篇英语议论文模板范文英语议论文万能模板简单是作者为您整理的英语议论文模板范文模板，欢迎查阅参考。
大学英语议论文篇一要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述。
1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义。
分析并举例使其更充实。
the good old prover________(名言或谚语)reminduthat ________(释义). indeed, we can learn manthingform it.first of all,________(理由一). for example, ____________(举例说明). secondly,________(理由二). another case ithat ________(举例说明). furthermore , ____________(理由三).英语四级英译汉的目的。
,要求和评分in mopinion, ________(我的观点). in short, whatever you do, please remember the say____a. if you understand it and applit to your studor work, you”ll necessarilbenefit a lot from it.2.大学英语议论文通用模板the topic of ①________(主题)ibecoming more and more popular recently. there are two sideof opinionof it. some people saa itheir favorite. thehold their view for the reason of②________(支持a的理由一)what imore, ③________(理由二). moreover, ④________(理由三).while otherthink that ia better choice in the following three reasons. firstly,________(支持b 的理由一). secondl(besides),⑥____________(理由二). thirdl(finally),⑦____________(理由三).from mpoint of view, i think ⑧________(我的观点). the reason ithat ⑨____________(原因). aa matter of fact, there are some other reasonto explain mchoice. for me, the former isurela wise choice .(2) 给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点some people believe that ①________(观点一). for example, thethink ②________(举例说明).and it will bring them ③________(为他们带来的好处).in mopinion, i never think thireason can be the point. for one thing,④____(我不同意该看法的理由一). for another thing, ⑤____(反对的理由之二). form all what i have said,i agree to the thought that ⑥____(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).英语六级考试写作技巧大学英语议论文篇二1. 问题现状英语四级英译汉的目的，要求和评分怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)in recent days, we have to face i problem——a, which ibecoming more and more serious. first, ________(说明a的现状).second, ________(举例进一步说明现状) confronted with a, we should take a serieof effective measureto cope with the situation. for one thing, ________(解决方法一). for another ________(解决方法二). finally, ________(解决方法三).personally, i believe that ________(我的解决方法). consequently, i’m confident that a bright future iawaiting ubecause ________(带来的好处).说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发，较后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测)1. 说明事物现状事物本身的优缺点(或一方面) 你对现状(或前景)的看法nowadaymanpeople prefer a because it haa significant role in our daillife. generally, itadvantagecan be seen afollows. first ________(a的优点之一). beside____________(a的优点之二).but evercoin hatwo sides. the negative aspectare also apparent. one of the important disadvantageithat ________(a的一个缺点).to make matterworse,____________(a的第二个缺点).through the above analysis, i believe that the positive aspectoverweigh the negative ones. therefore, i would like to ________(我的看法).(from the comparison between these positive and negative effectof a, we should take it reasonabland do it according to the circumstancewe are in. onlbthiway, ________(对前景的预测).推荐英语议论文模板范文(精篇三姓名：性别：女民族：汉族政治面貌：团员出生日期：婚姻状况：未婚学历：大专毕业院校：师范学院毕业时间：所学专业：英语教育外语水平：英语（pets—3）电脑水平：熟练工作年限：3年联系方式：工作类型：全职期望行业：培训机构、教育、科研院所期望职位：幼儿教育、教师、培训工作地点：不限期望月薪：1000—20xx20xx年9月—20xx年6月就读于xx幼儿师范学校，多次获得奖学金20xx年9月—20xx年6月就读于师范学院，多次获得奖学金。
[THESIS TITLE]by[Your Name]A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of[Name of Degree][Name of University]2004Approved by ___________________________________________________Chairperson of Supervisory Committee______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Program Authorizedto Offer Degree _________________________________________________ Date __________________________________________________________[NAME OF UNIVERSITY]ABSTRACT[Thesis Title]by [Your Name]Chairperson of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Elsa LeavittDepartment of ScienceA thesis presented on the history of astronomy and the solar system, beginning with the birth of the solar system, and covering the geology, atmosphere, and moons of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus.TABLE OF CONTENTSList of Figures (ii)List of Tables (iii)Preface (iv)Introduction (1)Chapter I: Case Study (2)Statement of Problem (3)Purpose of Study (3)Description of Terms (5)Chapter II: Conceptual Framework (12)Physiology of Problem (13)Sociology of Problem (21)Chapter III: Methodology (40)Selection of Celestial Bodies (41)Selection of Subjects (43)Collection of Data (50)Analysis of Data (57)Chapter IV: Findings and Discussion (60)Description of Findings (63)Summary (71)Glossary (73)Bibliography (75)Appendix A: Questionnaire (77)Appendix B: Consent Form (78)Appendix C: Data Figures (79)Pocket Material: Map of Case Study Solar SystemsiLIST OF FIGURESNumber Page1.Mercury (12)2.Venus (13)3.Earth (14)4.Mars (16)5.The Asteroid Belt (17)nd Forms (18)7.Site Topography (21)8.Views (24)9.Functional Relationships (28)10.Spatial Magnitudes (36)iiACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe author wishes to express sincere appreciation to Professors Smith and Jones for their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. In addition, special thanks to Dr. Elsa Leavitt whose familiarity with the needs and ideas of the class was helpful during the early programming phase of this undertaking. Thanks also to the members of the school council for their valuable input.iiiGLOSSARYAsteroid. A very small planet ranging from 1,000 km to less than one km in diameter. Asteroids are found commonly around other larger planets.Atmosphere. The gaseous mass that surrounds any planet, including Earth.Density. The number (as of particles) per unit of measure.Galaxy. A system of stars independent from all other systems.Moon. The natural satellite of any planet.Orbit. The path taken by a satellite around a celestial body.Planet. A large, nonluminous mass, usually with its own moons, which revolves around a star. Planets are found everywhere in the galaxy.Solar. Having to do with the sun.ivC h a p t e r1THE SOLAR SYSTEMTo Customize This Thesis:Insert your information in place of the sample text, and then click Save As on the File menu. In the Save as type list, click Document Template.To Create a Document from the TemplateTo open the thesis template as a document, on the File menu, click New. The customizations you made will appear in the document.To change the spacing between, for example, body text paragraphs, click in a paragraph, and then click Paragraph on the Format menu. On the Indents and Spacing tab, under Spacing, reduce the number in the After list, and make additional adjustments as needed.iTo save your style changes, with the cursor blinking in the changed paragraph, click Styles and Formatting on the Formatting menu. In the Styles and Formatting pane, right-click the selected style and choose Update to Match Selection.How to Insert a Picture or CaptionOn the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click the command that corresponds to the type of element you want to insert. To insert a caption, in a new paragraph, on the Format menu, click Styles and Formatting. In the Styles and Formatting task pane, click All styles in the Show list, and then make the selection you want in the list.1BIBLIOGRAPHY[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication]. [Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].[Last, First Name of Author].[Title]. [Publisher],[year of publication].2INDEXAAristotle, 3FFrom a Galaxy, 2GGeocentric theory, 2 HHeliocentric theory, 3 MMariner space mission, 2Mercury, 3Milky Way, 2OOrbitMercury, 3PPlanets and Moons, 2RRotationMercury, 3SSolar systemcreation, 2geocentric theory, 2heliocentric theory, 3Mariner mission, 2Voyager mission, 2TThe Solar System, 2VVoyager space mission, 23i Endnotes are notes that youcan use to explain text in adocument. To insert anendnote, click where youwant to insert the notereference mark. On theInsert menu, point toReference, and then clickFootnote. Click Endnote,make any other selectionsyou want, and then clickInsert.4。
毕业论文英文作文范文模板Title: Graduation Thesis English Essay Template。
Abstract:This graduation thesis aims to provide a comprehensive and structured template for writing an English essay on a specific topic. The template includes the necessary sections, such as introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Each section is accompanied by guidelines and examples to help students effectively organize and present their ideas. By following this template, students can ensure that their graduation thesis meets the academic standards and effectively communicates their research findings.1. Introduction。
The introduction serves as the opening of the essay, providing background information on the topic and presenting the research question or thesis statement. It should capture the reader's interest and provide a clear overview of the essay's purpose and scope. For example:Background information: Provide context and significance of the topic.Research question/thesis statement: Clearly state the main argument or question to be addressed in the essay.2. Literature Review。
辩论式议论文英文作文模板辩论式议论文：一方认为…另一方认为…我的观点模版1Some people believe (argue, recognize, think)that (观点1). But other peopl e take an opposite side. They firmly believe that (观点2) .As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, (论据1). More imp ortantly, (论据2). Most important of all, (论据3).In summary, (总结观点). As a college student, I am supposed to (表决心).或:From above, we can predict that( 预测).模版2People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that (观点1), while others point out that (观点2). As far as I am concerned, the fo rmer/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3.To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 F rom above, we can predict that 预测.模版3There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。
A4 Paper Size Format for RFIT (Title in 18-point Times font) 1st Author1,2, 2nd Author2, 3rd Author1,2 (List authors on this line using 12 point Times font) 1Name of first affiliation, City, State/Region, Mail/Zip Code, Country2Name of second affiliation, City, State/Region, Mail/Zip Code, Country(authors' affiliation(s) listed here in 12 point Times font)Email: contact.author@Abstract — Use 9 point Times New Roman Bold font for the abstract. Set your line spacing to be 10 points rather thansingle space. Indent the first line by 0.125 inches and type theword "Abstract" in 9 point Times New Roman Bold Italic.This should be followed by two spaces, a long dash (option /shift / minus), two spaces, and then the first word of yourabstract (as shown above). Please try to keep the length ofyour abstract to 100 words or less. Times font is anacceptable substitute for Times New Roman font. After theabstract, you should list a few key words from the IEEE approved “Index Terms” LIST that describe your paper. The index terms are used by automated IEEE search engines toquickly locate your paper. Typically, you should list about 5to 7 key words, in alphabetical order, using 9 point TimesNew Roman Bold font. An example is shown next.Index Terms — Ceramics, coaxial resonators, delay filters,delay-lines, power amplifiers.I. I NTRODUCTIONPlease read through this entire template before you start using it to create your paper! This will save you and the RFIT Committee considerable time, and improve your chances for acceptance. The following information is provided to help you prepare the Initial Submission as well as the Final Paper for submission to RFIT. (Many authors submit the same paper for the initial as well as the final submission. This is a common practice. See item #4 below.) A contributor should remember that:1) Deadlines are absolute, don't even ask!2) Summaries may not exceed four pages, including all figures, tables, references, etc. Additionally, there is a size limit on the electronic version of all Summaries. In Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF), submissions may not exceed 1 Megabyte.3) Acceptance rates have historically run at approx-imately 50%. There is not sufficient room within the Technical Program to accept all submissions.4) Many submitters with previous experience realize that, if their submission is accepted, they will be required to submit a version of their Final Paper to be published in the Symposium Digest. As the Digest paper will be similar in length to the Summary, many contributors opt to prepare their Summary in the format required for the Digest. This template contains the instructions for the proper preparation of such a document. 5) Although not required, you are encouraged to employ this format. This document is being made available as a template for your convenience. If you elect not to use this template, please remember that you must still adhere to the general guidelines embodied in this document concerning, but not limited to, font size, margin size, page limits, file size, etc. (Note: Starting in 2004, Index Terms are required.)II. O VERVIEW OF THE D IGEST F ORMATWe are requesting that you follow these guidelines as closely as possible so that the Digest has a professional look and resembles the MTT Transactions. All paragraphs of text, including the abstract, figure captions, and refer-ences, should be justified at the left and the right edges. For the Title use 18-point Times (Roman) font. Its paragraph description should be set so that the line spacing is single with 6-point spacing before and 6-point spacing after (Format --> Paragraph --> Indents and Spacing). The font description for the Author List and Authors' Affiliation(s) should be 12-point Times. The paragraph descriptions should be set so that the line spacing is single with 6-point spacings before and after. Use an additional line spacing of 12 points before the beginning of the double column section, as shown above.III. D ETAILED T EXT F ORMATTINGUsing 210 x 297-mm (8.27 x 11.69-inch) A4 paper, the top and bottom margins are 31.75-mm (1.25 inches), and the left and right margins are 19-mm (0.75 inches). Except for Title, Authors and Affiliations, use a double column format. The column width is 83-mm (3.27 inches) and the column spacing is 5.8-mm (0.23 inch).Each major section begins with a Heading in 10 point Times font centered within the column and numbered using Roman numerals (except for A CKNOWLEDGEMENT and R EFERENCES), followed by a period, a single space, and the title using an initial capital letter for each word. The remaining letters are in SMALL CAPITALS. The paragraph description of the section heading line should be set for 18 points before, 6 points after, and the line spacing should be set to exactly 12 points.set your line spacing at "exactly 12 points" with 0 points before and after. Indent each paragraph by 0.125 inches. Further details are provided in the remainder of this paper for specific situations. A. Major SubsectionsAs shown, denote subsections with left justified 10-point Times Italic. Order them with capitalized alphabetic characters (A, B,...). Follow the letter designation with a period, a single space, and then the subsection title capitalizing the first letter of each word. The paragraph description of the subsection heading is set to "exactly 12-point" line spacing with 6 points before and after. B. EquationsEquations should be centered in the column and numbered sequentially. Place the equation number to the right of the equation within a parenthesis, with right justification within its column. An example would be (1)or(2)Note that a period is used to properly punctuate the previous sentence. It is placed at the end of the second equation. Make sure that any subscripts in your equations are legible and are not too small to read! When referring to an equation, use the number within parenthesis. For example, you would usually refer to the second equationfont for all special characters, or better yet, use Equation Editor™ or MathType™. The paragraph descri ption of the line containing the equation should be set for 6 points before and 6 points after. The paragraph spacing will need to be set to "single" rather than "exactly 12 point" so that the height will autoscale to fit the equation.IV. F IGURESFigures should utilize as much of the column width as possible in order to maximize legibility. Use a sans serif font, such as Helvetica or Arial. Helvetica and Arial are larger and much easier to read than Times. Using 6- to 9-point Helvetica usually results in a legible figure. Do not use any font smaller than 6-point! It must be legible. When referring to a figure, use the abbreviation Fig. followed by its number. Place figure captions directly below each figure. Use 9-point Times with the paragraph spacing set at "exactly 10 points". Set a tab at 0.5 inch. Type "Fig. #." (# is the numeral) then tab over to the 0.5 inch mark before beginning the text of the figure caption. Note that figure captions are always (left and right) justified, rather than centered, even if they are less than a single full line in length. See the captions for Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.Within Microsoft Word there are several options for placing figures within your paper. Often the easiest is to insert them between existing paragraphs allowing the figures to remain in that relative position. The paragraph description where the figure is inserted must be set to "single" spacing rather than "exactly 12 points" in order to allow the line to autoscale in height to display the entire figure. Some disadvantages of this approach are that you don't have total flexibility in placing figures, and that thefigures will move as text is inserted or deleted in any part of the document before the figure. If you elect to use this approach, it is recommended that you nearly complete the editing of your text before inserting any figures. Remember to allow room for them, however. Then begin inserting figures starting from the beginning of your document. Do not lump all figures at the end of the paper! If you have difficulties with the titles on your figures, you can always elect to add in the titles as separate text boxes, rather than importing the titles with the graph. This is sometimes helpful in getting a lengthy vertically-oriented title to display correctly.Notice that prior to the graph, a single 12-point line is used to separate the preceding text from the graph. The equivalent of a blank line should exist between the bottom of the graph (the x-axis caption) and the figure caption. (In this particular case, there was no need to add a blank line between the x-axis label and the figure caption, because there was already adequate spacing provided by the image border.) After the figure caption, there should be a single 12-point blank line before the text resumes.More flexibility is obtained in inserting figures if you can place them exactly where you would like them to be on a page. This can be accomplished by inserting the figure, selecting the figure, and then choosing "Format Picture...". Various settings allow you to place the figure at an absolute position on a page; specify if the text is supposed to flow around the figure or if the figure should move with the text, etc. If you elect to let the text flow around the figure, then remember that you will have to insert a separate text box for the caption, otherwise the figure caption is likely to become separated from the figure.When importing a graph from Excel into Word, it is often helpful to special-paste it in as a “Picture (Enhanced Meta-file)”. This saves file memory for Word documents. Be aware that the usual Copy --> Paste procedure will copy the entire Excel spreadsheet into your Word file. The Copy --> Paste Special --> Picture (Enhanced Metafile) command copies only the graph as a static picture.If you decide to use color traces in your graphical data, be absolutely certain that there is no ambiguity about your graphical information when printed on a B&W printer. Here is a common example of what can go wrong with the numbering and sizing of axis titles on a graph. In this case, the graph was initially pasted at a much larger size than the column width, and then reduced to fit:Table I on the second page was inserted using "Insert", "Text Box", creating the text contained in Table I, and then formatting the text box using all the settings available under "Format", "Text Box...". Table I also serves as an illustration of one of the rare instances when the double column format requirement can be violated. Certain figures and tables will require the full-page width to display. It is usually best to place these figures and tables at the top or bottom, rather than in the middle of a page. Tables should be entered within a single column if this can be done cleanly, without the entry becoming too crowded.V.C ITING P REVIOUS W ORKWhen referencing a journal article [1], a conference digest article [2] or a book [3], place the reference numbers within square brackets. To simultaneously cite these references [1]-[3] use the format just demonstrated. The reference list is the last section and references are listed in the order cited. Use 9 point Times. The paragraph description is set for a line spacing of exactly 10 points with 0 point spacing before and after. A 0.25 inch hanging indention should be specified.Generally speaking, references should be very detailed. For journal articles, list all authors by initials and last name, the title of the paper in quotations (capitalizing only the first letter of the first word, unless it would beFig. 1. Estimated relationship between the time an author spends reading these instructions and the quality of the author's digest article.Fig. 2. Example of an improperly titled figure. The numerics and the labels on the axes are illegible. This will cause a submission to be rejected. Don’t let this happen to you!capitalized in a sentence, e.g., a proper noun), the journal name in italics, the volume number, the issue number, the page numbers, and the date. Use the examples provided [1]–[3] as a guide.VI.F ILE S UBMISSION F ORMATSBeginning in 2004, the IEEE has mandated that all published papers comply with certain IEEE conference standards for electronic searchability. Please note that a detailed checklist is available on the submission site to help guide authors through the task of converting their Word documents into PDFs. Going forward, this will ensure compatibility with the new search requirements for the IEEE Xplore database.Therefore for RFIT, we ask all authors to convert their Word documents to Portable Document Format (PDF), prior to submission for verification purposes. A simple and specific guideline is posted on the submission site. This will also avoid some of the pitfalls associated with having the author submit a paper using Word, and then having an automated system convert it to PDF without a through check. As always, with a conversion to PDF, authors should very carefully check a printed copy. Some conversion problems that have been known to occur are: 1) A full 4-page Word document may “spill over” onto a fifth page, upon being converted.2) A text box that overlays a graph in Word might disappear when converted to PDF. This depends on how the graph was pasted into the Word document (the text box may become covered by the graphic in the PDF).3)Arrows in a drawing may become slightly discon-nected from their stems, and/or shifted in position.4)Check all special symbols and equations, especially right-hand brackets.5)Don’t expect the two bottom lines of a double column to line-up exactly with each other.Authors should perform a careful check to catch minor nuisances and resolve any problems encountered.To ensure compatibility with the new search requirements for the IEEE Xplore database and maintain the quality of the published work, we require you to submit your final manuscript electronically in two formats: 1) pdf file, and 2) the source file. The accepted source file formats are: MS Word, TeX DVI format, Adobe Framemaker interchange format or RTF format, and (La)TEX. All source files must be contained in a single file such as a single MS Word (.doc), rich text (.rtf) or Framemaker (.fm) file. For (La)TeX source files, create a single ZIP-file which contains the DVI-file and the corresponding EPS-files for the graphics. Name the ZIP-file "xxxx_dvi.zip", where the "xxxx" part of the name is whatever you wish.VII.C ONCLUSIONAlthough reading these instructions may have been an unpleasant experience, following them will improve the quality of your paper and the RFIT Digest. Table I summarizes much of the detail provided and illustrates one of the rare instances where the double column format can be violated. If you have comments, suggestions, or are willing to volunteer your time to improve these instructions, please contact one of the RFIT TPC Co-Chairs.A CKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors wish to acknowledge the assistance and support of the RFIT Steering Committee.R EFERENCES[1] P. Gould, J. Lin, O. Boric-Lubecke, C. Zelley, Y.-J. Chen,and R.-H. Yan, “3V GSM base station RF receivers using0.25µm BiCMOS,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory &Tech., vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 369-376, Jan. 2002.[2] X. Yang, C. Cao, J. Lin, K. K. O, and J. Brewer, “A2.5GHz constant envelope phase shift modulator for low-power wireless a pplications,” IEEE RFIC Symp. Dig., June 2005, pp. 667-670.[3] B. Floyd et al, “A silicon 60GHz receiver and transmitterchipset for broadband communications,” in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. Dig. Tech. Papers, Feb. 2006, pp. 184–185.。
