历年英语考研真题及答案

考研大学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The company has just announced a new policy that will come into effect from the beginning of next month.A) effectiveB) efficientC) sufficientD) deficient答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, she managed to arrive at the meeting on time.A) in spite ofB) because ofC) regardless ofD) due to答案：A3. The professor's lecture was so engaging that the students were completely absorbed in it.A) distractedB) boredC) fascinatedD) indifferent答案：C4. The government has taken measures to ensure that the new regulations are strictly enforced.A) implementedB) ignoredC) delayedD) debated答案：A5. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the history of the region.A) detailedB) superficialC) completeD) partial答案：C6. The negotiations between the two countries were prolonged due to unresolved issues.A) shortenedB) extendedC) interruptedD) concluded答案：B7. The artist's work was highly praised for its originality and creativity.A) imitationB) plagiarismC) uniquenessD) monotony答案：C8. The report suggests that the company's profits havesignificantly increased this year.A) decreasedB) remained stableC) fluctuatedD) soared答案：D9. The scientist's findings have been widely acclaimed in the academic community.A) criticizedB) ignoredC) debatedD) celebrated答案：D10. The committee is currently reviewing the application to determine its eligibility.A) suitabilityB) ineligibilityC) unsuitabilityD) irrelevance答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The ________ of the project will be discussed at the next meeting.答案：feasibility2. The ________ of the disease has been linked to poor living conditions.答案：prevalence3. The ________ of the old bridge was a major concern for the city council.答案：stability4. The ________ of the company's stock has been rising steadily.答案：value5. The ________ of the new policy has been met with mixed reactions.答案：implementation6. The ________ of the ancient ruins was a significant discovery for archaeologists.答案：excavation7. The ________ of the forest has been causing concern among environmentalists.答案：deforestation8. The ________ of the patient's condition requires immediate medical attention.答案：severity9. The ________ of the experiment was successful, leading to important findings.答案：conduct10. The ________ of the book is not only informative but also entertaining.答案：narrative三、阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

考研英语学科试题及答案一、选择题（共20分，每题2分）1. The reason why he didn't attend the meeting was ______.A. because he was illB. that he was illC. he was illD. being ill答案：B2. ______ the book is well worth reading.A. ThatB. WhatC. ItD. As答案：C3. The teacher told us _______.A. the earth moves around the sunB. how the earth moves around the sunC. the earth moves how around the sunD. the earth how moves around the sun答案：A4. She is ______ a good teacher as she is a kind mother.A. soB. asC. suchD. not only答案：B5. ______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ItB. ThisC. ThatD. There答案：A二、阅读理解（共40分，每篇10分）Passage 1The passage discusses the importance of environmental protection. It mentions that pollution has become a global issue, and everyone should take action to protect the environment.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Pollution is a local issue.B. Environmental protection is everyone's responsibility.C. Pollution is a natural phenomenon.D. Environmental protection is unnecessary.答案：B7. According to the passage, what should we do to protect theenvironment?A. Do nothing.B. Take action.C. Ignore the issue.D. Leave it to the government.答案：BPassage 2The passage describes the process of scientific research and emphasizes the importance of collaboration and communication among researchers.8. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The process of scientific research.B. The importance of collaboration.C. The role of communication.D. Both B and C.答案：D9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a key element in scientific research?A. Experimentation.B. Collaboration.C. Communication.D. Isolation.答案：D三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the following passage, there are 10 blanks. For each blank, choose the best word from the four options provided.10. The ______ of the project was delayed due to bad weather.A. implementationB. executionC. operationD. performance答案：A11. The ______ of the company has been growing steadily.A. revenueB. incomeC. profitD. salary答案：A12. She is very ______ in her approach to work.A. meticulousB. casualC. carelessD. lazy答案：A13. The ______ of the new product was a great success.A. launchB. releaseC. introductionD. debut答案：C14. The ______ of the old building was approved by the city council.A. renovationB. constructionC. destructionD. restoration答案：A15. The ______ of the company is expected to increase by 10% this year.A. outputB. productionC. yieldD. outcome答案：A16. The ______ of the experiment was surprising to everyone.A. resultB. consequenceC. effectD. impact答案：A17. The ______ of the meeting was to discuss the budget.A. purposeB. goalC. objectiveD. target答案：A18. The ______ of the book was very engaging.A. contentB. contextC. plotD. storyline答案：C19. The ______ of the company is to provide high-quality products.A. missionB. visionC. aimD. goal答案：A20. The ______ of the project exceeded the initial estimates.A. costB. expenseC. priceD. fee答案：A四、翻译题（共20分，每题10分）21. 请将以下句子翻译成英文。

学科英语考研试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "library" is:A. libaryB. librayC. librayD. library答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. runB. jumpC. fastD. swim答案：C3. Fill in the blank with the appropriate preposition: She is ______ the library.A. inB. atC. toD. on答案：B4. Choose the synonym for the word "unique".A. identicalB. similarC. commonD. rare答案：D5. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has a lot of books.B. She have many books.C. She has much books.D. She has a lot books.答案：A6. The phrase "break a leg" is commonly used to mean:A. to have an accidentB. to perform wellC. to restD. to take a break答案：B7. What is the past tense of the verb "write"?A. wroteB. wrotedC. writedD. writings答案：A8. In the sentence "She is taller than anyone in her family," the comparative form is used for:A. tallB. tallerC. tallestD. tallness答案：B9. The word "meticulous" means:A. carelessB. exactC. fastD. slow答案：B10. Which of the following is not a form of the verb "to be"?A. amB. isC. areD. has答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The word "____" can be used to describe a person who is very careful with details.答案：meticulous12. The verb "to be" in the past tense for "I" is "___".答案：was13. The phrase "___" is used to wish someone good luck beforea performance.答案：break a leg14. The word "____" is the opposite of "common".答案：rare15. The comparative form of the adjective "happy" is "___".答案：happier16. The preposition "___" is used to indicate a location inside a building.答案：in17. The past tense of the verb "to go" is "___".答案：went18. The word "____" can be used to describe a person who is very fast in their movements.答案：swift19. The phrase "___" is used to indicate that something is happening now.答案：at the moment20. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized.答案：organized三、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分）阅读以下短文，并回答问题。

研究生英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The new policy will come into _______ on the first day of next month.A. effectB. effortC. affectD. afford答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the construction work is still_______.A. in progressB. in processC. in prospectD. in prospect答案：A3. She _______ the letter without reading it and threw it into the dustbin.A. glanced atB. looked overC. glanced throughD. looked up答案：C4. The professor gave a lecture on the _______ of the novel.A. significanceB. similarityC. similarityD. simplicity答案：A5. The company has _______ its employees to work from home due to the pandemic.A. enforcedB. encouragedC. requiredD. prohibited答案：B二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答后面的问题。

Passage 1In recent years, the concept of a "smart city" has gained popularity. A smart city is one that uses information and communication technology to enhance the quality and performance of urban services, to reduce costs, resource consumption, and to improve the competitiveness of the city. The implementation of smart city technology can lead to a more efficient use of resources, better traffic management, and improved public safety.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The definition of a smart city.B. The benefits of smart city technology.C. The popularity of smart city technology.D. The implementation of smart city technology.答案：A7. According to the passage, what are the outcomes of implementing smart city technology?A. Reduced costs and resource consumption.B. Improved public safety.C. Enhanced quality of urban services.D. All of the above.答案：DPassage 2The traditional classroom is being transformed by the use of technology. Interactive whiteboards, tablets, and laptops are now common in classrooms, allowing for a more dynamic and engaging learning experience. Teachers can use these tools to present information in various formats, such as text, images, and videos, and students can interact with the content inreal time.8. What is the passage mainly about?A. The transformation of traditional classrooms.B. The use of technology in classrooms.C. The benefits of interactive whiteboards.D. The presentation of information in various formats.答案：B9. What can teachers do with the use of technology in classrooms?A. Present information in various formats.B. Make the classroom more dynamic.C. Engage students in real time.D. Both A and C.答案：D三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 1workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2giving their nameto the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 3to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 4behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 5of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6what was done in the experiment; 7something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9to alter workers' behavior 10itself.After several decades, the same data were 11to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12the descriptions on record, no systematic 13was found that levels of productivity were related to changesin lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14interpretation of what happed. 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17to rise for the next couple of days. 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. Thissuggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fundassets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studiedthe dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse andconsider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.EPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.。

研究生试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. FactD. Factoid2. In the sentence "She is adept at playing the piano," the word "adept" means:A. SkilledB. ClumsyC. IndifferentD. Inexperienced3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a narrative?A. Chronological orderB. Subjective interpretationC. Detailed descriptionD. Linear progression4. The phrase "to break the ice" is used to describe:A. Initiating a conversationB. Cooling a drinkC. Freezing a lakeD. Shattering a mirror5. The term "symbiosis" refers to a relationship between two organisms that is:A. Mutually beneficialB. CompetitiveC. ParasiticD. Predation6. The word "altruism" is associated with:A. SelfishnessB. GenerosityC. GreedD. Envy7. In the context of literature, "allegory" is a figure of speech that:A. Compares two things directlyB. Uses symbolism to represent abstract ideasC. Describes a real eventD. Provides a literal translation8. The phrase "to go the extra mile" means to:A. Travel an additional distanceB. Exceed expectationsC. Take a breakD. Avoid a task9. The word "pragmatic" is often used to describe someone who is:A. IdealisticB. Practical and realisticC. EmotionalD. Dogmatic10. In the sentence "The company is going to scale back its operations," the term "scale back" means:A. ExpandB. ReduceC. RelocateD. Reorganize二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The opposite of "optimistic" is __________.12. "Ecology" is the branch of biology concerned with the relationships between __________ and their environments.13. The word "paradox" refers to a statement that despite sounding reasonable leads to a conclusion that seems__________.14. "Democracy" is a system of government where __________ have the authority to choose their governing legislation. 15. "Empathy" is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another, which is the opposite of __________. 16. "Eloquence" is the quality of expressing oneself fluently and __________.17. "Hypocrisy" is the practice of claiming to have__________ or moral standards that one does not actually possess.18. "Inertia" in physics refers to the property of matter by which it remains at rest or in __________ motion unless acted upon by an external force.19. "Juxtaposition" is the act of placing two or more elements, subjects, or __________ close together or side byside.20. "Kaleidoscope" is an optical instrument that produces symmetrical patterns of __________ colors.三、阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage:In recent years, the concept of a "green economy" has gained traction globally. It is an economic system aimed at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. The green economy seeks to improve human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing the environmental pressures of cities, industry, and agriculture. It is not simply about planting more trees or recycling; it encompasses a fundamental shift in the way we produce and consume goods and services.Questions:21. What is the primary goal of a green economy?A. Reducing environmental risksB. Improving social equityC. Enhancing human well-beingD. All of the above22. According to the passage, what is NOT a characteristic ofa green economy?A. Planting more treesB. Reducing ecological scarcitiesC. Fundamental shift in production and consumptionD. Recycling23. The term "green economy" is associated with which of the following?A. Economic growth at any costB. Environmental sustainabilityC. Ignoring social equityD. Unregulated industrial expansion24. What does the passage suggest about the scope of a green economy?A. It is limited to urban areasB. It applies to cities, industry, and agricultureC. It is only concerned with individual consumer choices。

来源：文都教育Sect ion I Use of En glishDirectio ns:Read the follow ing text. Choose the best word (s) for each nu mbered bla nk and mark A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)Trust is a tricky bus in ess. On the one han d, it's a n ecessary con diti on 1ma ny worthwhile thin gs: childcare, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2_, in the wrong place often carries a high 3._4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an in dividual or aninstitution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herdingin struct that prompts huma ns to 7with one ano ther. Scien tists have found that exposure 8_this horm one putsus in a trust ing 9;_ln a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytoci n into the no ses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their 10 who in haled someth ing else.11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found thatchildre n as young as 14 mon ths can differe ntiate 13_a credible pers on and a disho nest one. Sixty toddlerswere each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, “ What' s ilook ing into the container, smili ng, and exclaimi ng, “ Wow!” Each subject was_the n in vited to look 15. Hof them found a toy; the other half 16_the container was empty -and realized the tester had _17 them.Among the childre n who had not bee n tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester inlearning a new skill, dem on strat ing that they trusted his leadership. 19,_only five of the 30 childre n paired with the _ “ 20 ”tester participated in a foipoactivity.1. [A] on [B] like [C] for [D] from2. [A] faith [B] concern [C] atte ntion [D] in terest3. [A] ben efit [B] debt [C] hope [D] price4. [A] Therefore [B] Then [C] In stead [D] Agai n5. [A]U ntil [B] Un less [C] Although [D] When6. [A] selects [B]produces [C] applies [D] mai ntains7. [A] con sult [B] compete [C] connect [D] compare8. [A] at [B] by [C]of [D]toSection II Readi ng Comprehe nsionPart A Directio ns:Read the follow ing four texts. An swer the questio ns below each text by choos ing A, B, C or D. Mark your an swerson the ANSWER SHEET. (40 poi nts)Text 1Among the annoying challe nges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmen ti oned in the n ext preside ntial campaig n: What happe ns whe n the robots come for their jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of . jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower - in come jobs like garde ning or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupatio ns-truck ing, finan cial advice, software engin eeri ng — have aroused their in terest, or soon will.The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that tech no logical upheaval has ben efited workers in the past. The In dustrial Revoluti on did n't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mecha ni zed looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automati on should even tually boost productivity, stimulate dema nd by drivi ng dow n prices, and free10.[A] cou nterparts [B] substitutes 11.[A] Funny [B] Lucky 12.[A] mon itor [B] protect 13.[A] betwee n _| [B] within 14.[A] tra nsferred[B]added15.[A] out [B] back 16.[A] discovered [B] proved 17.[A] betrayed [B]wro nged 18.[A] forced [B] willi ng 19.[A] In con trast[B] As a result 20.[A] in flexible [B] in capable[C] period [D] circle [C] colleagues [D]supporters [C] Odd [D] Ironic [C] surprise [D] delight [C] toward [D] over [C] in troduced[D] en trusted[C] arou nd[D] in side[C] in sisted [D] .remembered [C] fooled [D] mocked [C] hesita nt [D] en titled [C] On the whole [D] For in sta nee[C] unreliable |[D] un suitable9. [A] con text [B] moodworkers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle -class workers may need a lot of help adjusti ng.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfss on and An drew McAfee argue in The Second Mach ine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem -solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professi on als trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challe nge of cop ing with automati on un derl ines the n eed for the . to revive its fadi ng bus in ess dyn amism: Starti ng new compa nies must be made easier. I n previous eras of drastic tech no logical cha nge, en trepre neurs smoothed the tran siti on by dream ing up ways to comb ine labor and mach in es. The best uses of 3D prin ters and virtual reality have n't bee n inven ted yet. The . n eeds the new compa nies that will invent them.Fin ally, because automati on threate ns to wide n the gap betwee n capital in come and labor in come, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned in come tax credit should be expa nded: This would boost i ncomes, en courage work, reward compa nies for job creati on, and reduce in equality.Tech no logy will improve society in ways big and small over the n ext few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destro ying the mach ines that are coming for our jobs would be nu ts. But policies to help workers adapt will be in dispe nsable.will be most threate ned by automati on?[A] Leadi ng politicia ns.[B] Low -wage laborers.[C] Robot ow ners.[D] Middle -class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the authors view?[A] Worries about automati on are in fact groun dless.[B] Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C] lssues aris ing from automati on n eed to be tackled[D] Negative con seque nces of new tech can be avoidedin the age of automati on should put more emphasis on[A] creative pote ntial.[B] job -hunting skills.[C] i ndividual n eeds.[D] cooperative spirit.author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] en couragi ng the developme nt of automati on.[B] i ncreas ing the retur n on capital in vestme nt.[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D] preve nti ng the in come gap from wide ning.this text, the author prese nts a problem with[A] oppos ing views on it.[B] possible soluti ons to it.[C] its alarmi ng impacts.[D] its major variati ons.Text 2A new survey by Harvard Un iversity finds more tha n two -thirds of young America ns disapprove ofPreside nt Trump ' s use of Twitter. The implicati on is that Mille nni als prefer n ews from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a preside nt ' s social media platform.Most America ns rely on social media to check daily headli nes. Yet as distrust has rise n toward all media, people may be start ing to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly n eeded. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michiga n was fake n ews, accord ing to the Un iversity of Oxford. And a survey con ducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 perce nt of Facebook users rarely or n ever trust n ews from the media gia nt.Young people who are digital n atives are in deed beco ming more skillful at separati ng fact from fictio nin cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus -group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “ distributed trust 'to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives —especially those that are open about any bias. “ Many young people assume a great deal pers onal resp on sibility for educati ng themselves and actively seek ing out oppos ing viewpo in ts, con cluded.Such active research can have ano ther effect. A 2014 survey con ducted in Australia, Britai n, and theUn ited States by the Uni versity of Wisc onsin -Madis on found that young people s relia nee on social medialed to greater political en gageme nt.Social media allows users to experienee news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re -share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more con scious of their role in pass ing along in formatio n. A survey by Barna research group found the top reas on give n by America ns for the fake n ews phe nomenon is “ readeerror, more so tha n made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “ misinterpretationor exaggeration of actual news ” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social mediamay be the heart of the issue. “ This in dicates there is a real pers onal resp on sibility in coun teract ing this problem, ” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeti ng preside nt, they reveal a men tal discipli ne in thinking skills - and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. Accord ing to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young America ns cast doubts on[A] the justification of the news -filtering practice.[B] people ' s preferenee for social media platforms.[C] the adm ini strati ons ability to han dle in formati on.[D] social media was a reliable source of n ews.27. The phrase “ beer up ”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpe n[B] defi ne[C] boast[D] share28. Accord ing to the kni ght foun dati on survey, young people[A] te nd to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify n ews by referri ng to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of resp on sibility.[D] like to excha nge views on “ distributed trust ”29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] jo urn alists biased report ing[C] readers ' misin terpretati on[D] journalists '-umatteies.30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over -tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platforms for Projectio n of Personal In terests.Text 3Any fair- min ded assessme ntof the dan gers of the deal betwee n Brita in's Nati onal Health Service(NHS) and DeepM ind must start by ack no wledgi ng that both sides mean well. DeepM ind is one of the leading artificial intelligenee (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concen trati on of power in the tech gia nts. It Is aga inst that backgro und that the in formati on commissi oner, Elizabeth Den ham, has issued her damning verdict aga inst the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectatio ns of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangement& and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all n ecessary permissi ons have bee n asked of patie nts and all unn ecessary data has bee n clea ned. There are less ons about in formed patie nt consent to learn. But privacy is not the only an gle in this case and not even the most importa nt. Ms Den ham chose to concen trate the blame on the NHS trust, since un der exist ing law it “ con trolled ” the data and DeepM ind merely “ processed" it. But this disti nction misses the point that it isprocess ing and aggregatio n, not the mere possessi on of bits, that gives the data value.The great questi on is who should ben efit from the an alysis of all the data that our lives now gen erate.Privacy law builds on the con cept of damage to an in dividual from ide ntifiable kno wledge about them. That misses the way the surveilla nce economy works. The data of an in dividual there gains its value only whe n it is compared with the data of coun tless milli ons more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not eno ugh to say that the algorithms DeepM ind develops will ben efit patie nts and save lives. What matters is that they will bel ong to a private mono poly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Den ham's report is a welcome start.is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused con flicts among tech gia nts.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectatio ns[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust respo nded to Den ham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resista nee.[C] n ecessary adjustme nts.[D] sin cere apologies.author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protect ion must be secured at all costs.[B] leak ing patie nts' data is worse tha n selli ng it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it |to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.[B] the in effective en forceme nt of privacy law.[C] the uncon trolled use of new software.[D] the mon opoly of big data by tech gia nts.author's attitude toward the applicati on of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] con temptuous.Text 4The . Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $ billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expe nses have exceeded revenue. Mean while, it has more tha n $120 billi on in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fun dame ntally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze betwee n tech no logical cha nge that has perma nen tly decreased dema nd for its bread -an d-butter product, first -class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting -card makers exert self -interested pressure on the USPS sultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depe nd on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislati on have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital moder ni zati on.Now comes word that every one in volved ---Democrats, Republica ns, the Postal Service, the unions and the system's heaviest users —hasnally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $ billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter perma nent rate in crease and from shift ing postal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre -funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long -standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Sen ate —wheresome one is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum n ecessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform. There ' no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency ' s costs. Also missing is any discussioelim in at ing Saturday letter delivery. That com mon-sense cha nge enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special -interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that they ' getting serious about tran sform ing the postal system for the 21st cen tury.finan cial problem with the USPS is caused partly by[A] . its un bala need budget.[B] .its rigid man ageme nt.[C] .the cost for tech nical upgradi ng.[D] . the withdrawal of bank support.37. Accord ing to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to moder nize itself due to[A] . the in terfere nee from in terest groups.[B] .the in adequate funding from Con gress.[C] .the shri nking dema nd for postal service.[D] .the in compete nee of postal unions.Ion g-sta nding eompla int by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removi ng its burde n of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate -increase mechanism.[D] . attracting more first -class mail users.the last paragraph, the author seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolera nee.[C] disconten1.1[D] gratitude.of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] The USPS: Chro nic Ill ness Requires a Quick Cure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band -AidPart BDirectio ns:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorga nize these paragraphs into a cohere nt article by choos ing from the list A -G and filli ng them into the nu mbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have bee n correctly placed. Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)A. In December of 1869, Con gress appo in ted a commissi on to select a site and prepare pla ns and cost estimates for a new State Departme nt Buildi ng. The commissi on was also to con sider possible arran geme nts for the War and Navy Departme nts. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departme nts bega n in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Departme nt's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elega nt four-story library (completed in 1876), Diplomatic Recepti on Room, and Secretary's office decorated with carved wood, Orie ntal rugs, and ste nciled wall patter ns. The Navy Departme nt moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Navy Buildi ng, as it was orig in ally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departme nts most in timately associated with formulati ng and con duct ing the n ati on's foreig n policy in thelast quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most sig ni fica nt diplomats and politicia ns and has bee n the scene of many historic even ts.D. Many of the most celebrated n ati onal figures have participated in historical eve nts that have take n place within the EEOB's gra nite walls. Theodore and Fran kli n D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eise nhower, Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this buildi ng before beco ming preside nt. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy, 21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japa nese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bomb ing of Pearl Harbor.E. The Eise nhower Executive Office Buildi ng (EEOB) comma nds a unique positi on in both the n atio nal history and the architectural heritage of the Un ited States. Desig ned by Supervis ing Architect ofthe Treasury, Alfred B. Mullett, it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the grow ing staffs of the State, War, and Navy Departme nts, and is con sidered one of the best examples of French Second Empire architecture in the coun try.F. Con struct ion took 17 years as the buildi ng slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was fini shed,it was the largest office building in Washington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors. Almost all of the in terior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was mini mized to in sure fire safety. Eight monumen tal curvi ng staircases of gra nite with over 4,000 in dividually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two sta ined glass rot un das.G. The history of the EEOB bega n long before its foun dati ons were laid. The first executive offices were con structed betwee n 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (in cludi ng those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded con diti ons led to the con struct ion of the exist ing Treasury Buildi ng. In 1866, the con struct ion of the North Wing of the Treasury Buildi ng n ecessitated the demoliti on of the State Departme nt buildi ng.【答案】41. (E) T C T 42. (G) T 43. (A) 44. (B) 45. (D)Part CDirectio ns:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your tran slation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 poi nts)Shakespeare ' s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old, the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for school or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul' s and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as wel as at court.(48) but the professi onal compa nies prospered in their perma nent theaters, and uni versity men with literatureambiti ons were quick to turn to these theaters as offeri ng a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twen ty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Gree ne had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the com mon stage - where they had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary drama had bee n created, its allia nee with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditi ons had bee n beg un.The developme nt of the Elizabetha n drama for the n ext twenty -five years is of excepti onal in terest tostudents of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere nu mber of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousa nd in habita nts. (50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have bee n lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose en tire work has survived.【参考译文】46. 到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。

考研英语历年英语阅读真题及答案考研英语阅读是考试中的重要部分，通过阅读理解题目，考生可以提升英语语言能力和考试答题能力。

下面将为大家整理一些历年考研英语阅读真题及答案，供各位考生参考。

一、真题一阅读理解题目：Passage 1Questions 1-3 are based on the following passage.Vasily Grossman, a journalist and writer, was recognized only belatedly in the Soviet Union. But by the time of his death in 1964 his works could no longer be ignored or suppressed completely.Grossman was born in a Jewish family in 1905 in Berdichev (Ukraine) and after training for a career in civil engineering became a writer and journalist, first in Ukraine, then in Moscow. His first literary success was a volume of short stories (1934) and his first novel, Stalingrad (1952), established his reputation as a writer of remarkable talents. It is a fine example of the "Bread and Battles" type of fiction-- novels with a Central Russian war theme.Between the wars Grossman established himself as a newspaper reporter of the first rank. At the outbreak of the German invasion in 1941 he became a war reporter. His articles in the army newspaper Red Star had considerable effect. After the war he continued to write--describing, for example, the1943 Battle of Kursk in which a German advance was halted. These articles lead directly to the writing of Stalingrad.In 1959 his novel Life and Fate was finished, and when it became apparent that the manuscript would be suppressed by the authorities, Grossman gave copies to friends. A "textbook example of containment," the manuscript switched across the Iron Curtain and was first published in the West in 1980; in the Soviet Union only an abridged version was eventually published in 1988.Grossman's major themes are war and totalitarianism. He writes with great authority and humanity. In his later years he suffered from cruel persecution at the hands of the authorities and died a broken man.1. Vasily Grossman was initially recognized as a writer(A) during his lifetime(B) after his death(C) when his works were published in the West(D) after his works had been highly evaluated2. Grossman's first novel, Stalingrad, established his reputation by(A) describing a battle of the Second World War(B) criticizing the authorities' persecution(C) relating his post-war experience(D) criticizing totalitarianism3. Grossman's Life and Fate(A) was not praised as much as Stalingrad(B) was first published in the Soviet Union(C) was taken out of the Soviet Union in its entirety(D) was intended to show the effects of containment参考答案：1. A2. A3. C二、真题二阅读理解题目：Passage 2It is a common belief that emotions interfere with our reasoning abilities and lead to irrational decisions. However, recent studies have shown that emotions can actually be beneficial to the decision-making process.One study conducted by neuroscientist Antonio Damasio revealed that individuals with damage to a specific part of the brain had difficulty making decisions, even though their intelligence was not affected. This study suggests that emotions play a crucial role in our ability to make choices.Another study conducted by psychologists Loewenstein and Lerner found that individuals who experienced mild emotions during the decision-making process made better decisions compared to those who were emotionally neutral. This suggests that emotions can provide valuable information that can aid in decision-making.Furthermore, research has shown that individuals who are able to understand and regulate their emotions have better decision-making skills. This is because emotional intelligence allows individuals to consider both their rational thoughts and emotional responses when making decisions.In conclusion, emotions are not always detrimental to decision-making. They can provide valuable information and aid in the decision-making process. Additionally, individuals who possess emotional intelligence have better decision-making skills overall.4. According to the passage, recent studies have shown that emotions(A) interfere with our reasoning abilities(B) lead to irrational decisions(C) play a crucial role in decision-making(D) have no impact on decision-making5. The study conducted by Antonio Damasio suggests that individuals with damage to a specific part of the brain(A) have difficulty making decisions due to a lack of intelligence(B) have no emotional responses to aid in decision-making(C) are more likely to make irrational decisions(D) experience interference from their emotions when making decisions6. According to Loewenstein and Lerner's study, individuals who experienced mild emotions during the decision-making process(A) made better decisions compared to those who were emotionally neutral(B) were more likely to make irrational decisions(C) had difficulty making decisions due to a lack of emotional responses(D) had no impact on their decision-making abilities参考答案：4. C5. A6. A根据上述两道真题及其答案，我们可以看到考研英语阅读理解题目通常包括一篇或多篇文章，每篇文章后面配有若干问题，考生需要根据文章内容选择正确的答案。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions w ill be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by makin g themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]mod ify [D] recognize2.[A]when [B]lest[C]before [D] unless3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]esta blished [D] eliminated4.[A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected[D] accepted5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C ]bound [D]founded6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7.[A]resorts [B]sticks[C]loads [D]applies8.[A]evade [B]raise[C]deny [D]settle9.[A]line [B]barrier[C]similarity [D]conflict10.[A]by [B]as[C]though [D]towards[A]so [B]since[C]provided [D]though12.[A]serve [B]satisfy[C]upset [D]replace13.[A]confirm [B]express [C ]cultivate [D]offer14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]stud ied [D]tied15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C ]divisions [D]conceptions16.[A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed [B]released [C]ra nked [D]distorted18.[A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable[D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in aword [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who br eaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. Thetactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when itannounced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power pla nt running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really in tended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Ver mont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Withinthe complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions ke ep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have r epeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to createsuperfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest forcommonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinia n evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an1)extend your welcome and2)provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。

2024年研究生考试考研英语(一201)复习试卷与参考答案一、完型填空（10分）Part A: Cloze TestRead the following passage and choose the best word for each blank from the options given below. There are twenty blanks in the passage. Each blank has four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.The rise of the Internet has 1 a significant impact on the way people 2 information. With just a few clicks, one can access a vast array of resources and 3 from around the world. However, this 4 in information access has also brought about challenges. Here is a story that illustrates the complexities of our digital age.In a small town, a young girl named Lily was 5 her studies. She was particularly 6 in learning about the world beyond her village. One day, while browsing the Internet, she stumbled upon an article about climate change. The article 7 her curiosity and she began to research further.Lily found a website that offered a variety of 8 on environmental issues. She spent hours reading about the effects of global warming and the importanceof sustainable practices. As she learned more, she felt 9 to make a difference in her community.10, Lily organized a local clean-up drive. She 11 her friends and neighbors to join her, and together they collected trash and cleaned up the local park. The event received 12 from the community, and it inspired others to take action.Despite the positive outcome, Lily realized that there was still much work to be done. She 13 to join a local environmental group to 14 her knowledge and skills. The group organized workshops and community outreach programs to educate people about environmental issues.As Lily continued her journey, she 15 that technology could be a double-edged sword. While it provided access to information, it also 16 distractions and could lead to 17 attention spans. She learned to balance her use of the Internet with other activities and discovered that 18 the right balance was crucial.One day, while 19 the news, Lily read about a global initiative to reduce plastic waste. She 20 the opportunity to participate and reached out to her environmental group. Together, they organized a campaign to promote the use of reusable bags and educate people about the impact of single-use plastics.1.A. A. resulted inB. B. contributed toC. C. led toD. D. caused2.A. gatherB. B. acquireC. C. searchD. D. seek3.A. experiencesB. B. perspectivesC. C. knowledgeD. D. insights4.A. increaseB. B. expansionC. C. surgeD. D. boost5.A. dedicated herself toB. B. immersed herself inC. C. focused onD. D. involved herself in6.A. enthusiastic aboutB. B. fascinated byC. C. interested inD. D. excited about7.A. sparkedB. B. ignitedC. C. arousedD. D. stimulated8.A. articlesB. B. resourcesC. C. materialsD. D. publications9.A. motivatedB. B. determinedC. C. inspiredD. D. encouraged10.A. SubsequentlyB. B. ConsequentlyC. C. EventuallyD. D. Immediately11.A. invitedB. B. encouragedC. C. persuadeD. D. asked12.A. supportB. B. recognitionC. C. enthusiasmD. D. appreciation13.A. decidedB. B. volunteeredC. C. attemptedD. D. agreed14.A. enhanceB. B. expandC. C. improveD. D. develop15.A. recognizedB. B. realizedC. C. acknowledgedD. D. admitted16.A. offeredB. B. providedC. C. causedD. D. resulted in17.A. shorterB. B. briefC. C. conciseD. D. limited18.A. findingB. B. maintainingC. C. achievingD. D. striking19.A. watchingB. B. listening toC. C. readingD. D. scanning20.A. seizedB. B. grabbedC. C. tookD. D. embracedAnswers:1.A. resulted in2.B. acquire3.C. knowledge4.C. surge5.A. dedicated herself to6.B. fascinated by7.A. sparked8.B. resources9.C. inspired10.C. Eventually11.A. invited12.B. recognition13.B. volunteered14.A. enhance15.B. realized16.C. caused17.A. shorter18.D. striking19.C. reading20.D. embraced二、传统阅读理解（本部分有4大题，每大题10分，共40分）First QuestionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage:The Role of Technology in EducationEducation has always been a fundamental factor for societal development. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, it’s becoming increasingly clear that traditional methods of teaching are no longer sufficient to meet the needs of today’s digital natives. The integration of technology into education is not just about equipping students with computer skills; it’s also about transforming the way we teach and learn.One of the most significant benefits of technology in education is its ability to personalize learning experiences. Adaptive learning software cantailor educational content to the specific needs of each student, ensuring that every learner gets the support they require. Furthermore, online platforms provide access to a wealth of information and resources that would otherwise be unavailable to many students, particularly those in remote or underprivileged areas.However, critics argue that an over-reliance on technology might lead to a loss of essential human interaction and the development of social skills. There is also concern about the potential for increased screen time to have negative effects on children’s health and well-being. Despite these concerns, proponents of educational technology believe that if used correctly, it can enhance rather than detract from the educational experience.As technology continues to evolve, so must our approach to education. It is clear that there is a need for a balanced integration of traditional teaching methods with modern technological tools. Only by embracing this hybrid model can we ensure that future generations are adequately prepared for the challenges of the 21st century.Questions:1、What is the main argument presented in the passage regarding technology in education?A)Technology should replace traditional teaching methods.B)Technology should complement traditional teaching methods.C)Technology is detrimental to the educational process.D)Technology has no place in the classroom.Answer: B) Technology should complement traditional teaching methods.2、According to the passage, what is one of the advantages of using technology in education?A)It increases the amount of homework students receive.B)It personalizes learning experiences for individual students.C)It makes traditional teaching methods obsolete.D)It decreases the need for teachers in the classroom.Answer: B) It personalizes learning experiences for individual students.3、What concern does the passage mention regarding the use of technology in education?A)It may cause a decrease in the use of textbooks.B)It might result in a lack of social interaction among students.C)It could lead to an increase in physical activity among students.D)It ensures that all students have equal access to information.Answer: B) It might result in a lack of social interaction among students.4、How does the passage suggest that technology affects access to information?A)It limits access to information only to those who can afford it.B)It provides broader access to information for students in remote areas.C)It restricts the types of information available to students.D)It has no impact on how students access information.Answer: B) It provides broader access to information for students in remote areas.5、What does the passage imply about preparing future generations?A)They should rely solely on technology for learning.B)They should reject modern educational tools in favor of traditional ones.C)They should be taught using a combination of traditional and modern methods.D)They should focus exclusively on developing social skills without technology.Answer: C) They should be taught using a combination of traditional and modern methods.第二题Reading PassageIn the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in the way people lived and worked. This period of rapid industrialization led to the development of factories, the mass production of goods, and a shift from an agrarian society to an urban one. The following article discusses the impact of the Industrial Revolution on society and the environment.The Impact of the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, was a period of profound economic and social change in Europe and North America. It was marked by the transition from hand production methods to machines, and by the introduction of new chemical, iron, steel, and coal industries. This transition had a profound impact on the lives of people, and it brought about both positive and negative consequences.One of the most significant impacts of the Industrial Revolution was the urbanization of society. As factories were built in cities, people moved fromrural areas to urban centers in search of work. This led to the growth of cities and the creation of slums, where many workers lived in poor conditions. The overcrowded and unsanitary conditions in these areas contributed to the spread of diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis.Another consequence of the Industrial Revolution was the degradation of the environment. The burning of coal and the release of pollutants into the air and water led to air and water pollution, which had serious health implications for people and animals. The deforestation and soil erosion that resulted from the expansion of industrial activities also had a detrimental effect on the natural landscape.Despite these negative impacts, the Industrial Revolution also brought about many positive changes. The mass production of goods led to a significant increase in the standard of living for many people. The development of new technologies, such as the steam engine and the telegraph, improved communication and transportation, making the world a smaller place. Additionally, the Industrial Revolution led to the rise of the middle class, which had a profound impact on social and political structures.Questions:1、What was one of the most significant impacts of the Industrial Revolution on society?A. The decline of agricultureB. The urbanization of societyC. The decrease in populationD. The increase in unemployment2、Why did people move to urban centers during the Industrial Revolution?A. To pursue higher educationB. To enjoy the culture of the citiesC. To seek better job opportunitiesD. To avoid the diseases prevalent in rural areas3、What was a negative consequence of the Industrial Revolution on the environment?A. The increase in agricultural productivityB. The improvement of air qualityC. The reduction of deforestationD. The decline in water pollution4、How did the Industrial Revolution affect the standard of living for many people?A. It led to a decrease in living standardsB. It resulted in a significant increase in living standardsC. It had no significant impact on living standardsD. It caused a mixed impact on living standards5、What was one of the social and political impacts of the Industrial Revolution?A. The strengthening of the monarchyB. The rise of the middle classC. The fall of the aristocracyD. The abolition of slaveryAnswers:1、B2、C3、D4、B5、B第三题Once upon a time, in a small village nestled between rolling hills, there lived an old man named Mr. Brown. Mr. Brown was a kind-hearted and wise man, known throughout the village for his stories and his ability to solve problems with a unique perspective. The villagers would often gather at his house after the day’s work to listen to his tales, which were always filled with lessons and moral values.One evening, a young man named Tom approached Mr. Brown. Tom had heard about Mr. Brown’s wisdom and sought his advic e on a difficult situation. Tom was facing a choice between a lucrative job offer in a big city and staying close to his family and friends in the village.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The beauty of the villageB. The wisdom of Mr. BrownC. The challenges of modern lifeD. The importance of family2、Why did Tom go to see Mr. Brown?A. To ask for help with his studiesB. To discuss the village’s problemsC. To seek advice on a difficult decisionD. To compete with Mr. Brown in a storytelling contest3、What was the young man’s main dilemma?A. Whether to move to the city or stay in the villageB. How to become a successful businessmanC. What to do with his old houseD. How to improve the village’s economy4、What is the purpose of Mr. Brown’s stories in the passage?A. To entertain the villagersB. To teach moral values and lessonsC. To promote tourism in the villageD. To showcase his own wisdom5、According to the passage, what does Mr. Brown represent to the villagers?A. A source of entertainmentB. A mentor and counselorC. A competitor in storytellingD. A symbol of wealth and powerAnswers:1、B2、C3、A4、B5、B第四题Passage:In recent years, the rise of e-books has sparked a debate about the future of traditional books. While many argue that e-books will eventually replace printed books, others believe that the traditional book format will continue to thrive. This article explores the arguments on both sides and examines the potential impact of e-books on the publishing industry.1.The article mentions that the debate over e-books versus traditional books is a topic of great concern. What is the main reason for this debate?A. The declining sales of printed booksB. The increasing popularity of e-readersC. The potential impact on the publishing industryD. The environmental concerns of paper usage2.The passage states that some people believe e-books will eventually replace printed books. What is the primary reason for this belief?A. The convenience of e-booksB. The lower cost of e-booksC. The environmental benefits of e-booksD. The potential for interactive content in e-books3.According to the article, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential disadvantage of e-books?A. The lack of tactile experienceB. The potential for screen fatigueC. The ease of copying and distributing contentD. The limited availability of e-books in some regions4.The article discusses the role of traditional books in the education system. What does the author suggest about the importance of physical books in education?A. They are becoming less importantB. They are essential for learningC. They are being replaced by digital resourcesD. They are being ignored by modern students5.The author concludes the article by discussing the future of the publishing industry. What does the author imply about the industry’s ability to adapt to the rise of e-books?A. The industry will struggle to adaptB. The industry will thrive regardless of e-booksC. The industry will adapt and evolveD. The industry will disappear due to e-booksAnswers:1.C2.A3.C4.B5.C三、阅读理解新题型（10分）Passage:The rise of e-commerce has transformed the way we shop and conduct business. Online shopping has become increasingly popular due to its convenience, variety, and competitive prices. As a result, traditional brick-and-mortar stores are facing stiff competition and are forced to adapt to the digital world. This essay explores the impact of e-commerce on the retail industry and discusses the challenges and opportunities it presents.Questions:1.What is the main topic of the passage?A) The benefits of online shoppingB) The decline of traditional storesC) The impact of e-commerce on the retail industryD) The challenges faced by brick-and-mortar stores2.According to the passage, why is online shopping becoming more popular?A) It is more expensive than shopping in physical stores.B) It is only available during specific hours.C) It offers a wider variety of products.D) It requires customers to physically visit a store.3.What is the main challenge that traditional stores are facing?A) The lack of competitive prices.B) The limited selection of products.C) The stiff competition from e-commerce.D) The difficulty in adapting to digital technology.4.The passage suggests that traditional stores need to do what in order to survive?A) Offer the lowest prices.B) Close their physical locations.C) Embrace e-commerce and digital technology.D) Focus solely on online sales.5.How does the passage conclude the impact of e-commerce on the retail industry?A) E-commerce will eventually replace all traditional stores.B) Traditional stores will need to adapt to e-commerce or risk extinction.C) The impact of e-commerce on the retail industry is negligible.D) E-commerce will only benefit large corporations and not small businesses.Answers:1.C) The impact of e-commerce on the retail industry2.C) It offers a wider variety of products.3.C) The stiff competition from e-commerce.4.C) Embrace e-commerce and digital technology.5.B) Traditional stores will need to adapt to e-commerce or risk extinction.四、翻译（本大题有5小题，每小题2分，共10分）第一题Translate the following paragraph into English.中文段落：研究生考试是许多中国学生梦寐以求的机会，它不仅为他们提供了一个深造和提升自身能力的机会，而且也是实现个人职业目标的重要途径。