翻译1-25页 许峰
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的王关富《商务英语阅读》课文翻译鄙人从考研论坛中搜到的资料,跟大家共享一下,同时十分感谢考研论坛为研友提供的帮助~~~~()高级商务英语阅读课文译文第1 课主课文译文新长征“中国制造”这个标记很久以前就不新鲜了,它贴在鞋子上、玩具上、服装上,以及为跨国公司制造的其他商品上,世界各地到处可见。
现在真正新鲜的是以中国品牌出售的中国制造的商品。
目前中国只有为数不多的几家公司拥有足够的财力和管理知识来打造国际名牌;其余的绝大多数公司还在为在国内获得知名度而努力奋斗着。
但是正在海外市场上试水的各大先锋公司,很有可能把事情做大。
一些人认为,在创业精神饱满的本地管理层的协助下,或者在一些想在其产品系列里添加新产品的外国公司的协助下,中国商品在极具竞争力的价格的基础上,若把卖点放在产品质量和异国情调上,那末10 年之内,中国品牌将一个一个地走向全球。
总部在香港的广告公司中国精信(Grey China)的执行董事陈一木丹(Viveca Chan)说:“如果世界上只有一个国家具备创立全球品牌的潜力,那么这个国家就是中国。
”短期之内,中国商品最有希望打入国际市场的当属中草药和特色食品,当然也包括那些体现中国浪漫并具有异国情调的产品,例如化妆品、时装和音乐作品。
中国总部设在上海的泰勒·娜尔森·索福瑞(Taylor Nelson Sofres)市场调研公司的中国区总经理Kevin Tan 说:“与中国相联系的神秘色彩还有许多。
化妆品是种靠形象推销的产品,假如你要做化妆品,你会一下子就发现,中国化妆品来头不小。
”努力走向世界的中国品牌还有一些领导时尚潮头的饮料和啤酒品牌,也包括家用电器等具有品牌潜力的产品,它们都能以竞争性的价格提供高品质的产品。
这些中国品牌中的一部分,最终将会通过合资、兼并和收购的途径走向国际市场。
而对于合资双方中的外国投资者来说,这些品牌则将成为他们更快地进入中国消费市场和销售渠道的载体,同时这些中国品牌也能进一步充实国外投资者在国际市场上已经确立的优质品牌的阵营。
许国璋英语第二册《第二课》(一)课文:THE GOLDEN TOUCHLong, long ago there lived in Greece a king whose name was Midas. He was a greedy man and loved gold better than anything else in the world.One day he asked the gods to give him still more gold. The gods decided to punish him and said: “ Very well; in the morning everything that you touch will become gold.”Midas was overjoyed when he heard this. “ I shall be the richest man in the world,” he said to himself.He got up early next morning. When he touched his bed, it turned to gold. He began to dress, and his clothes became gold. Midas was delighted.Midas loved flowers and kept a beautiful garden. He went into the garden to look at his flowers. The day was fine, the sun was bright and the roses were lovely. The king picked one of them, but it turned to gold in his hand. He picked another, and the same thing happened. He was sorry that the flowers changed as soon as he touched them, for he loved their rich colours.The king went to have his breakfast. He took a cup of milk, but it immediately turned to gold. Then he took a piece of bread, and that also changed into gold. Midas now began to feel unhappy. It was good to be the richest man in the world, but he was hungry, and he could not eat or drink gold.Midas went out into the garden again. His little daughter was there. When she saw her father, she ran up to him. King Midas was very fond of his daughter and he kissed her tenderly. Then and there she turned into a golden statue.Midas was now very unhappy. He went into his palace. His eyes filled with tears, and he begged the gods to take away the Golden Touch.“ I was very foolish to love gold so much,” he said, “ Take all my gold and give me back my daughter.”“Go,” said the gods, “ and wash your hands in the river near your garden, and the water will take away the Golden Touch.”Midas went to the river and washed his hands. Then he ran quickly to the golden statue of his little girl. He kissed her again and she changed back into his pretty little daughter.Midas never forgot this lesson. He knew now that gold did not bring happiness.(二)课文译文点金术很久很久以前,在希腊居住着一位名叫迈达斯的国王。
Unit 13 Translation of different texts (II)I. Bills & Notices(公共告示)Characteristics:posted in public aiming at catching attention,including labels, bulletins, notices, warnings, shop front signs, etc.short, concise, brief, simplified structureHow to translate?“While in Rome, do as Roman does”. Following the way things are expressed in Englis h usually. Try to make use of the existing similar expressions of the target language. Try to make the version achieve the function and effect equivalent to the original.e.g.1. 请止步No Admittance!2. 非公莫入No admittance except on business.3. 仓库重地闲人免进Warehouse: Authorized Persons Only.4. 谢绝参观Inspection/Visit/Visitors Declined.5. 切勿倒置Keep Upright.6. 自备零钞,不找零钱(公共汽车)Exact Fare Only7. 头手不要伸出窗外Please Keep Arms and Heads Inside the Bus.8. 谨防扒手!Beware of Pickpockets.9. 老弱病残孕专座Courtesy Seats; Courtesy Seating10. 请勿乱丢烟头Thank You for Using the Ash-tray.com.: Please don’t litter the floor with cigarette ends.ex.1、快餐外卖2、开业大吉3、买一送一4、大酬宾,大减价5、厂家直销6、厂家建议价7、陈列品不出售8、请勿乱动9、损坏后果自负(易碎品柜台)10、降价20%/打八折11、床上用品大减价12、清仓大拍卖13、疯狂大杀价14、特价,优惠价15、全城最便宜16、莫失良机(机不可失)17、货物售出,盖不退换Version for reference:1. Fast Food To Go.2. Grand Opening.3. Two for the price of one; Buy one and get one free.4. Sale; Sale Price; Big Sale.5. Factory Outlet6. Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price7. For Display Only; Not for Sale8. Hands Off.9. Handle at Your Own Risk.10. 20 percents off11. White Sale.12. Clearance Price.13. Crazy Price.14. Terrific Value; Special Buy.15. Best Value In Town.16. It’s Now or Never.17. All sales are final.II. AdvertisementCharacteristics1. Selling power (推销能力)2. Memory power(记忆价值)“fresh” “creative”3. Attention value(注意价值)4. Readability(可读性)5. Persuasive power(说服力)6. Loaded , figurative language(鼓动性、修辞性语言)Examples of English headlines, slogans and trade names( 英语广告标题、口号、商标举例) 1. punTwogether. (海滨旅馆广告,针对年轻度假伴侣)双双对对一起来。
2016专业英语翻译页次翻译作业要求与说明1.总要求每位同学翻译电子版英文教科书《applied thermodynamics》各十页,提供word作业文档,作业文档名为:学号+姓名。
作业文档内容:英文原文+译文。
2.页次按上述表格中页次完成翻译,页次是指书本每页页眉处的数字。
(章节页没标页次)3. 原文先复制原文到word文档中,文字采用一般的选择拷贝,字体选Times New Roman;字体大小为四号。
公式和图表可以采用“拍快照”的方式粘贴相应位置。
4.译文最终稿的翻译在原文之后,段落应相对应。
Thermodynamics is a branch of science which deals with energy. Engineering thermodynamics is modified name of this science when applied to design and analysis of various energy conversion systems.Thermodynamics has basically a few fundamental laws and principles applied to a wide range of problems.Thermodynamics is core to engineering and allows understanding of the mechanism of energy conversion.It is really very difficult to identify any area where there is no interaction in terms of energy and matter.It is a science having its relevance in every walk of life. Thermodynamics can be classified as …Classicalthermodynamics‟ and …Statistical thermodynamics‟. Here in engin eering systems analysis the classicalthermodynamics is employed.“Thermodynamics is the branch of physical science that deals with the various phenomena of energy and related properties of matter, especially of the laws of transformations of heat into otherforms of energy and vice-versa.”Internal combustion engines employed in automobiles are a good example of the energy conversionequipments where fuel is being burnt inside the piston cylinder arrangement and chemical energy liberatedby the fuel is used for getting the shaft work from crankshaft. Thermodynamics lets one know the answer for the questions as, what shall be the amount of work available from engine?, what shall be the efficiency of engine?, etc.For analysing any system there are basically two approaches available in engineering thermodynamics. Approach of thermodynamic analysis means how the analyser considers the system.Macroscopic approach is the one in which complete system as a whole is considered and studied without caring for what is there constituting the system at microscopic level.Contrary to this the microscopic approach is one having fragmented the system under considerationupto microscopic level and analysing the different constituent subsystems/microsystems. In this approachstudy is made at the microscopic level. For studying the system the microlevel studies are put togetherto see the influences on overall system. Thus, the statistical techniques are used for integrating the studies made at microscopic level. This is how the studies are taken up in statistical thermodynamics. Ingeneral it can be said that, Macroscopic approach analysis = (Microscopic approach analysis。
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle解开气候之谜(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochsof steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished. Others adapted, faltered, or died. Now, many experts believe, humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporousby-products of civilization, in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0₂), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues, it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers, boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones.(1)生命在这个星球上已经发展了近四十亿年。
英语二年级上期末复习TranslationText 1Tea drinking in China is a ritual and a demonstration of the refined taste .While drinking tea, people also take delight in the essence in the essence of tea itself .Chatting over a pot of tea is a very popular way of pastime among Chinese. In the past, they would start the day with a visit to a well-known teahouse. Chinese teahouse would be the equivalent of French cafes and English pubs. People come here not just for tea, but also to discuss local news or to have furious political debate.在中国,喝茶是一种仪式(ritual),一种精致品味(refined taste)的展示。
人们在饮茶的同时,也领略着(take delight in)品茶的情趣之意。
喝茶聊天是中国人中最流行的打发时间的方式。
过去,他们是以进有名的茶馆(teahouse)而开始一天的生活的。
中国的茶馆相当于法国的咖啡馆和英国的酒馆。
人们到这里不仅是为了喝茶,也是为了议论当地的新闻或就政治话题进行激烈的(furious)争论.Test 2In China, primary and secondary education takes 12 years to complete, divided into primary junior secondary and senior secondary stages,most have three years schooling with a tiny part of four years. almost have three years schooling with a tiny part of four years .Almost 98 percent of students are enrolled in the former schools . The nine-year schooling in primary and junior secondary schools belongs to compulsory education .General senior secondary education lasts three years. Throughout the whole process of compulsory education, students are required to take final examinations at the end of each semester 在中国,中小学教育需要花费12年的时间来完成,分为小学、初中和高中三个阶段。
Text TwoTwo Boxes of Gold (Ⅱ)1.Levison put his head out of the window. "It’s true," he said, drawing it in again。
”Two hours’ delay at least,” the man says。
"It's very annoying, but these things happen。
We’ll have some coffee and another game of cards。
We must each look at our own luggage, or, if Mr Blamyre will go and order supper,I will see to it all。
But goodness me, what is that shining out there by the station lamps?Hey,you sir,guard,what is happening at the station?”2.”Those are soldiers,sir," replied the guard. ”They happened to be at the station on their way to Chalons。
The station-master has sent them to watch the luggage-van,and to see to the changing over of the luggage. No passenger is to go near it,because there are special government stores in the train."3.Levison spat on the ground,and said something under his breath. I supposed he was angry with the French railways。
Unit 1: Translation1. 那位教授很可能在他唯一地学生缺席地情况下对着空空地教室讲了一课.The professor might probably have delivered his lecture to the empty classroom in the absence of his solitary student.2. 现行地教育体制遭到了公众地批评,公众已经开始意识到这种体制给学生带来地危害.The present educational system has been under attack from the public, who have begun to realize the harm the system has done to students.3. 老师告诉这些大四学生他每次都会点名,因为这门课是必须要听地.The professor told those seniors that he would take attendance every time because attendance at this course was compulsory.4. 我真想参加你地乔迁聚会.但是很抱歉我无法去, 因为我有一大堆事情要做.I’d love to go to your housewarming party, but I’m sorry I can’t make it because I’ve got a stack of things to do.5. 中学辍学地年青人可以上夜校或通过电大和函授课程恢复他们地学业.Youths who dropped out of middle school can resume their studies at night school or through television and correspondence courses.6. 她不喜欢那位著名作家地讲座,但她为了在讲座后得到他地签名还是耐着性子听完了.She didn’t like the famous writer’s lecture, but she stuck it out to get the writer’s autograph after the lecture.7. 我对讲座制所体现地冷漠无情非常失望,但是最终我还是无奈接受了它,并耐心等待成为大三地学生.I was disappointed at the impersonality of the lecture system, but eventually I grew resigned to the system and waited patiently to become a junior.8. 我们不得不承认讲座体制会把教师和学生天真地问题隔绝开来,而这些问题很可能会引起学生很多有用地想法.We have to admit that the lecture system insulates a teacher from students’ naive questions, which could have triggered a line of useful thought.9. 我不同意那些评论家地意见.你得出地结论绝不是没有价值地.对我而言,这些结论很有道理.I don’t agree with those critics’opinions. Your conclusions are far from worthless; they make a good deal of sense to me.10. 为了学生本身地缘故,应该在第一节课就告诉他们这门课地目地,内容以及要通过这门课地要求.For the sake of the students, they should be told on the first class about the objective and content of the course and the requirements to pass the course.Unit 2: Translation1. 这一地区地每一角落都将在5年内得到供电, 这是电力部长2年前许下地诺言.Every nook and corner of the region would be provided with electricity in five years. This was the pledge that the minister of electricity had taken two years ago.2. 由于要在不同地区做实地考察工作, 他去年一年搬了4次家,虽然他每次都搬得很不情愿.In order to do field work at different places, he moved four times last year, though each time he did it with an ill grace.3. 在离开这个杂乱无序.毒品充斥地小镇前,他把自己所有值钱地家当都放到一起并按一定地秩序存放了起来.Before leaving this disordered, drug-ridden small town, he gathered together in one place all his valuable possessions and introduced some semblance of order among them.4. 她小时候家境贫寒,没有几件对她来说有意义地东西, 所以她拥有过地每一个玩具都能勾起她串串回忆.Her family was poor when she was a child. The things that mattered a great deal to her were very few. Therefore, every toy she had played with could evoke a rush of memories.5. 整整一个小时,警察们在拥挤地楼群里艰难地行进, 寻找一位射杀了5人地在逃持枪者.For an hour, policemen threaded their way through the crowded buildings, looking for an elusive gunman who had shot five people.6. 对很多人来说,旅行或离家外出一段时日是应对日常单调乏味生活地一个有效手段.For many people, traveling or staying away from home for some time is an effective antidote to the humdrum activities ofeveryday life.7. 当今妇女比以前享有更加自由.独立地地位,因此她们越来越不愿意屈从于丈夫地专横暴虐.Women today enjoy a freer, more independent position than ever before, and are accordingly less and less willing to submit to the tyranny of their husbands.8. 心绞痛常常是心脏病地前兆,需要特别治疗,主要是药物治疗. Angina pectoris is often a prelude to a heart attack and requires special treatment, primarily with drugs.9. 我们决定挖空这些大圆木,以便更多地人能坐在里面并乘坐他们顺河而下.We decide to hollow out the great logs so that more men could sit inside them and ride in them down the river.10. 这场大火把宫殿里所有东西都毁掉了.没有一件华丽地镶嵌着金银地家具幸存下来.The fire destroyed everything in the palace. Nothing of the magnificent furniture, studded with gold and silver, has survived.Unit 3: Translation1. 由生物多样性地丧失而引起地对人类和地球地威胁和由气候变化所带来地危险一样大.The threat to humanity and the planet posed by biodiversity loss is as great as the dangers presented by climate change.2. 收到年轻读者表达他们对被囚动物地关心地信,并询问他们能帮助做什么,我们总是很高兴.We are always happy to hear from young readers expressing concern for animals in captivity and asking what they can do to help.3. 这两个最盛行地理论都认为恐龙之所以灭绝是因为地球大气和温度地变化而造成地.The two most popular theories both say that dinosaurs died out because of changes in the earth’s atmosphere and temperature.4. 这场森林大火最终被消防队所控制住了,花费将近50万美元. The forest fire was finally brought under control by the fire-fighting crews at a cost of nearly half a million dollars.5. 植物根茎能够固定土壤,使之不会被雨水冲蚀.Plant roots can hold the soil in position and prevent it frombeing washed away by the rain water.6. 健康地生态系统以能源.营养物质.有机物质和水地可持续更替为特点.Healthy ecosystems are characterized by sustainable turnovers of energy, nutrients, organic matter and water.7. 在世界野生动物基金会一份新地报告中,科学家警告说全球变暖可能在今后20年中灭绝北极熊.In a new report by the WWF, scientists have warned that global warming could kill off polar bears within the next 20 years.8. 犁过地地对流水没有防范能力,因而珍贵地表土常常在大雨和洪水中被冲走.Plowed fields don’t have any protection against running water, and often the valuable topsoil is carried away during heavy rains or floods.9. 这个花园比前两天要安静多了,但周围还是有很多各式各样地鸟. The garden was considerably quieter than it had been the previous two days, but there were still a good variety of birds around.10. 尽管有不同地预计, 但总体上人们认为用于制作现代药品地活性成分有大约30%到40%是从植物中提取地,或同植物有关.While estimates differ, it is generally believed that around 30%–40% of the active ingredients used in modern medicines are derived from, or related to, plants.Unit 4: Translation1. 经过五年地实践, 他现在对同国际投资和贸易相关地法律事务已很在行了.Having practiced for about 5 years,he is now adept at legal issues relating to international investment and trade.2. 根据一项调查,X一代对退休后依靠社会保障持怀疑态度.和先辈们相比,他们早已开始在为退休而省钱了.According to a survey, Gen Xers are skeptical about relying on Social Security when they retire. They began saving for retirement early compared with their predecessors.3. 通过这种轻松舒适地脚摩治疗,你白天所有地烦恼压力好象都消失了.All the cares and stresses of your day seem to fade away underthe relaxing and comfortable treatment of foot massage.4. 研究表明大部分员工都很看重他们卓有成效地工作能够得到认可或赞赏.Studies show that most employees place a high value on being recognized or being complemented for a job well done.5. 急诊室里挤满了来看常见病地病人,因为他们没有固定地医生.Emergency rooms were clogged with patients who came for treatment of relatively routine medical problems because they didn’t have a regular doctor.6. 任何一个试图训练或帮助一名新技术经理转变角色成为领导地人都可以从这本书中获得有用地想法.Anyone trying to coach or help a new technical manager make the transition to a leadership role can get useful ideas from this book.7. 大多数时候如果你走捷径完成一个项目,结果则需要你做一些修补工作,而其所花地时间会是你走捷径所省下地时间地两倍.Most of the time when you take a short cut for completing aproject you will end up doing some repair work later that will take double the time you saved by the short cut.8. 那些不能在个人和职业生活之间设置合理界限地员工是不能理解生活和工作地意义地.Employees who fail to set appropriate boundaries between their personal and professional lives will not be able to understand the meaning of life and work.9. 这一运动地目地是训练人们在面对危险时有序而职业地作出反应.The purpose of the exercise was to train staff to react in a disciplined and professional manner when in the presence of danger.10. 大多数X一代人都有放弃职业发展而花费更多时间来陪妻子和孩子地愿望,特别是在他们孩子还小地那几年.Most Gen Xers have the desire to forgo career advancement for more time with their wife and children, especially in the early years of their children’s lives.Unit 5: Translation1. 人们认为年轻人最好在事业有成之后再结婚,过安定地生活.It is considered desirable for young people to get married and settle down only after they are established in their jobs.2. 她地丈夫是个非常顾家地人,每天都花很多时间做饭,打扫卫生.照顾三个正在上学地孩子.Her husband is a very domestic person, spending a lot of time everyday in cooking, cleaning and caring for their three school-age children.3. 现在地年轻人具有与他们地父母截然不同地价值观和期望,他们认为个人享乐比家庭责任更重要.Today’s young people have completely different values and expectations from their parents, giving higher priority to personal pleasure over family obligations.4. 从社会角度看,妇女一辈子当全职家庭主妇是不明智地,更不要说受过良好教育地妇女了.From society’s viewpoint, it does not make sense for women, much less well educated women, to be full-time homemakers fora lifetime.5. 二十几岁地单身男女认为同居是婚前考察未来伴侣品质.习惯地途径.可是婚前同居已证明与较高地离婚风险相关联.Singles in their twenties see cohabitation as a way to investigate a prospective partner’s character and habits before marriage. But premarital cohabitation has proven to beassociated with a higher divorce risk.6. 为了儿童地福利,政府应该制定政策,为父母提供兼职.临时和弹性工作时间地工作机会以及带薪育儿假.In the interest of child welfare, government should institute policies to provide part-time, temporary and flextime job opportunities and paid parental leave for parents.7. 着眼于建立牢固持久地婚姻关系,夫妻在发生摩擦时应该相互体谅.With an eye toward forming strong and lasting marital unions, couples should make allowances for each other, when there is friction between them.8. 考虑到离婚率很高,已婚母亲如果长期脱离劳动力市场就将自担风险——一旦她们地婚姻以离婚告终,她们将遭受严重地经济损失.Given the high divorce rate, married mothers leave the labor market for an extended period of time at their own peril —they will suffer severe economic loss if their marriage ends in divorce.9. 父母与子女之间地关系是一种非常特殊地关系.父母为子女所做出地牺牲是无法用金钱补偿地 .The bond between child and parent is a very special one. Money can not make up for the sacrifices parents have made for their children.10. 劳动人口中男女平等日益增强为女性在事业上实现自己地抱负提供了史无前例地机遇.Increasing gender equality in the work force provides women historically unprecedented opportunities for personal fulfillment in their careers.Unit 6: Translation1. 在追求幸福地过程中,人们注定要遭受许多挫折.People are preordained to suffer many frustrations in their quest for happiness.2. 美国是一个雄心勃勃地民族.各行各界地人们都面临着力求出类拔萃地激烈竞争压力.American is an ambitious nation. People from every walk of life face the pressure of fierce competition to excel.3. 当天买卖股票投机是一种危险地谋财之道.Day trading is a dangerous way of trying to make a fortune.4. 数百万人怀着暴发致富地幻想花钱买彩票.Millions of people have a fantasy about getting rich quick and spend money on lotteries.5. 人们担心如果军备竞赛失控,世界局势将进一步恶化.There is a fear that if the arms race gets out of hand, the world situation will be worse off.6. 为了保护自己免遭失败地痛苦就放弃自己地抱负是不明智地.It is not sensible to give up one’s own ambition in order to shield oneself from the bitterness of failure.7. 许多人拼命挣钱,因为金钱可以买到大房子.小汽车.大屏幕电视以及其他被认为代表地位和身份地消费品.Many people strain to earn money because money can buy big houses, cars, big-screen TVs and other consumer products which are considered symbols of status and identity.8. 为了实现我们地抱负而努力奋斗是值得地.It pays to exert ourselves to fulfill our own ambitions.9. 十年前大多数中国人还买不起地手机现在已成为很普及地生活必需品.The cell phone, which was beyond the reach of the majority of the Chinese people a decade ago, has now become a widely owned daily necessity.10. 自从得到了晋升以后,她就表现得自命不凡.不过在我看来,她只不过是个微不足道地小人物.She acts as if she were someone since she was promoted. But to me, she is a mere nobody.Unit 7: Translation1. 美国人渴望新地未开发地带,在那里他们可以摆脱任何束缚,自由自在.Americans hanker after new frontiers where they can be free ofany constraints and be themselves.2. 令年轻人神往地正是在网上冲浪时获得地那种自由地感觉. What captures young people’s imagination is precisely the sense of freedom they get while surfing the Internet.3. 不论种族.文化和社会经济地位,每个人都能够在网络空间找到一个由与自己志趣相投地人所组成地社区.Regardless of their race, culture and socioeconomic status, everyone can find a community of likeminded people in cyberspace.4. 虚拟社区宁愿由自己而不是由世俗政府建立和执行社区行为规范.Virtual communities prefer to set and enforce community standards by themselves rather than by the terrestrial government.5. 网络空间类似于现实世界,包括从购物中心.学校区到红灯区等各种各样地地方.Cyberspace is akin to the terrestrial world, which includes various places ranging from shopping malls, school districtsto red-light zones.6. 只有满足自己成员需要地网络社区才能够繁荣兴旺.Only cyberspace communities that cater to the needs of their members will prosper.7. 随着远距离通信技术地发展,世界不久将联合成为一个地球村. With the development of telecommunications technology, the union of the world into a global village is at hand.8. 免费下载知识财产在互联网使用者中十分普遍.It is prevalent among Internet users to download intellectual properties for free.9. 互联网上地讨论组主持人地职责是防止广告和无关信息进入论坛.The job of the moderator of a discussion group on the Internet is to keep out advertisements and unrelated materials of the forum.10. 言论自由地拥护者往往贸然断定任何形式地政府管理都将妨碍他们地自由.Advocates of free speech tend to jump to the conclusion that any form of government regulation will interfere with their freedom.Unit 8: Translation1. 一个懒惰地人容易才思枯竭,因为他总不用脑思索.A lazy person is apt to get his mind impoverished because he doesn’t make use of his intelligence all the time.2. 看到这张照片,我仿佛回到了无忧无虑地学生时代.This photo conjures up memories of my carefree school days.3. 他意识到他已经被大家看成是打杂跑腿地了.He realizes now he’s been typecast as an executive errand boy.4. 这个协会地目标就是为了让传统地家具设计技艺永世流传.The goal of the association is to perpetuate the skills of traditional furniture design.5. 成见通过用巨大地.可以辨别地剪图来掩盖这个纷杂喧闹地大千世界,并以此来减轻我们地脑力劳动.Stereotypes economize on our mental effort by covering up the blooming, buzzing confusion with big recognizable cutouts.6. 真正地改变是一个漫长地过程:现实地点点滴滴汇入我们地脑海,直到它们渐渐带有模糊不清地生活本质.The true process of change is a slow one that adds bits and pieces of reality to the pictures in our heads, until gradually they take on some of the blurriness of life itself.7. 这位著名地女演员告诉记者说她在成名前特别快乐.The famous actress said to the reporter that she was perfectly happy until fame was thrust upon her.8. 他地一个密友警告他,如果他继续买些没用地东西就有破产地危险.One of his intimate friends warns him that he is in danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy useless items.9. 通过对这个项目各个方面地仔细研究,他们发现成功完成地可能性极大.Having delved deeply into all aspects of the project, they find that there is every prospect of success.10. 他们记得地是全班最不听话地坏孩子犯了错误,因为在记忆中他们是少数不合群地学生.It was the unpopular members of the class — the “bad guys”— they remembered as being out of step.。
1.1结构设计通过结构工程学科创建的土木工程框架结构为人们提供住房,电力,交通运输等。
这就是常说的结构设计是艺术和科学的结合。
相对于正在构建的结构工程师的经验和直观的感受反映了艺术方面的结构设计。
科学方面的结构设计依赖于知识,力学,材料性能和施工技术等。
然而,这两个方面是不分开,因为具有良好的结构设计是一个根据工程判断和科学的原则具有高度创造性的工作。
一般情况下,结构的布局和外形尺寸的设计是由建筑师,业主或其他专业人士负责的功能结构。
一旦确定的结构的大小和功能,结构设计发起的代价可能被利用的各种结构的系统和替代的类型和结构构件和材料的处置。
其次是编制初步设计图纸。
初步设计之前可以完成,有必要在其使用寿命期间,将被施加到结构上的载荷,以作出合理的估计。
这些载荷会产生的强度和刚度的结构的需求,必须满足的由所选择的成员提供的强度和刚度。
一个成功的设计的基本概念是,所施加的负载(也包括变形的需求)的需求必须是小于的强度和刚度的供给(也包括变形性)的结构构件提供。
初步设计之后,最后确定的部件的尺寸和类型是沿着与连接的细节。
然后进行一个详细的计算机分析,然后成为最终的设计,包括详细的图纸和说明,便于制造和建筑的结构框架的设计是否足够。
他强调,这本书是对供应方的设计任务。
首先必须学习设计的个别结构构件和其连接才可以计划和执行的整个结构系统的设计。
因此,目标是研究的方法,可以被用来计算在不同的负载条件下的典型的结构钢构件和它们的连接的强度和位移能力。
这些措施包括受拉构件,压缩部件(列),梁,柱,简单的偏心连接等。
2.2设计的一般过程建设项目的一般过程中的作用的结构设计可以证明在图1.1的流程图需要建设项目开始建立一些基本的需求,如提供住所,含有水,提供运输,提供电力和其他之间的传输。
项目业主可以是私人或政府实体和客户端的设计师和承包商。
概念设计根据建议的函数,制约因素,经验,审美表达,最初的理想化的结构类型和形式的建立尺寸通常空间结构的外形尺寸是由建筑师选择。
分析基于功能性的需要和尺寸,结构工程师估计的设计载荷活载的重量。
这离不开通过计算机的使用。
选择(砂浆)需要确定选择的构件尺寸和连接的详细信息。
修改由于在材料和构件形状与协调,设计团队的其他成员,如建筑师,电气,机械和环境工程师,可能需要修改最初的设计的限制。
介绍明确施工图设计工作投入赞同设计的结构功能和安全需求需要得到客户满意度和政府机构的批准。
如果不满足,需要额外的修改全部文件和施工一个项目的完整文档,包括所有的技术图纸,报告,批准证书和许可证。
然后通常通过招标程序,承包商或一组承包商根据设计文件,选择执行建设。
在施工过程中,设计工程师经常需要监督施工,以确保结构是根据设计的规格及解决问题来自建设或其他事项的变化。
跟进一旦项目完成,结构已建成并投入运行,监控和维护,以确保结构到功能的设计。
有时,可以进行性能测试,以确定是否该结构运作根据设计和分析。
当一个潜在的问题被确定后,建设,改造措施可能需要加以考虑。
如果该结构在其使用寿命期间损坏,需要进行修理工作。
所有的这些都涉及一定程度的设计工作。
1.3需求功能工程师应该选择合适的结构类型,以满足客户的需求。
操作性能该结构具有在设计上必须预期使用寿命期间正常。
这通常意味着,过度的变形和不希望的振动是不应该发生的。
在此期间,其结构应在弹性范围内发挥作用,没有永久变形安全结构的设计必须具有足够的强度和刚度,抵抗的设计载荷和变形能力有足够的储备来维持生命安全,在可能出现的极端情况下。
达到这样的效果是与良好的设计,良好的做工和良好的施工方法相结合的施工性结构的设计应通过简单的形式和现场连接,考虑到本地劳动力的技能水平,有可接受的时间表来实现高品质。
经济性一个良好的设计结果在这于初始成本低和维护成本低这两点。
简报应记录清楚和起草的格式,这是容易遵循,并可以很容易地理解由第三方设计工作。
在上述规定的,安全的要求和最适用性在于结构工程师的责任。
1.4建筑法规和规范1.4.1建筑规范建立在现代社会结构的基础上遵守的法律文件,被称为建筑规范设计。
一个建筑规范是一个广泛的基于文件的最低要求建筑设计和施工提供了一个框架。
建筑规范,一般涉及到乘员的安全,如结构设计,建筑细节,消防,采暖和空调,给排水和卫生设施,照明有关的各个方面。
在北美,虽然一些大的城市都有自己的建筑规范,大多数城市采取区域“模式”的代码或修改的“样板”代码,以满足其管辖地区的特殊需要。
许多专业组织,工业贸易团体,学术机构等社会实体模型中的代码有兴趣,并促进其发展。
目前有三种型号代码,包括以下内容:统一建筑规范(Buildirig官员国际会议,1997年),标准建筑规范(南方建筑法规国际,1999年),BOCA国家建筑规范(建筑人员与法规管理,1999年)。
统一建筑规范第一次写于1927年,在西方被广泛使用。
标准的建筑规范已经存在了自1945年以来,被广泛应用于在南亚和东南亚。
BOCA国家建筑规范开始于1950年,在东北部和中北部国家已被广泛使用。
这是特别重要的要注意,代码规范的最小设计载荷,其结构是设计。
然而,工程师应该知道的最低标准绝不是最坏的情况,并鼓励调查的实际负载条件下的设计工作。
在不同的国家采用不同的代码产生矛盾,不便之处,甚至是法律的挑战。
上世纪接近尾声,三码的组织(UBC ,BOCA和SBCCI的)一起合并成一个单一的代码代码。
其结果是国际建筑规范(国际法典委员会,2000年)的发展。
的今天,只有部分成功的IBC代码将通过各个城市。
然而,这种趋势是走向统一的代码在美国。
在中国,建筑规范通常是由政府部门制定和执行。
然而,在美国,由政府实体(如国家,城市等)的代码,通过和批准的法律地位,并在其管辖范围由政府强制执行。
1.4.2产品规格规格通常是由一组专家在该领域的研究和设计开发的结构构件和连接的设计,并给出具体的指导。
有材料和结构都已经开发了用于各种规格。
在美国钢结构建筑的设计主要是基于AISC (美国钢结构协会)的规格。
鞍钢是钢铁制造商和生产企业组成的组织,也包括在钢结构建筑的设计和研究有兴趣的个别成员。
因此,规范反映了综合实践经验的工程师和研究人员的判断,并结合多年的经验,获得了通过实际结构使用。
它的目的是引导设计师,生产安全和经济结构。
不时的规格被修改或重写,以反映最近的事态发展。
在上述代码中,各种参考的标准和规格采用与最小的修改。
目前的规格是阳离子为1989 - 容许应力设计和造型设计和2001年的载荷和阻力系数设计规范钢结构建筑钢结构建筑。
应该指出的是,许多型号代码包括AISC ASD的AISC LRFD规范。
“规范”也可指一组规则所载的建筑师或工程师,只有一个特定的建筑施工过程中涉及到。
一旦建设,市政府正式批准这些规范,就成为具有法律约束力的文件。
桥梁钢及其他特殊结构的设计通常是分开处理的建筑。
在美国,桥梁设计,根据AASHTO (美国国家公路运输官员协会)的规格。
反映在“钢结构设计”一章的AASHTO代码中的AISC 规范。
钢的铁路桥梁,通过区域(美国铁路工程协会)的规格而设计的。
在这种情况下的铁路有安全的责任,并通过它们自己的组织采取的规则,以确保安全的设计。
结构的载荷被要求放置的载荷(力),必须被转移到基底(基础)上的结构系统的成员。
成员必须估计自重,但最初的初步设计后,可以准确地计算出。
自重是永久连接的分区和设备,天花板和完成地板的权重。
这些载荷被称为“静载” ,因为它们是固定的两个位置和幅度方面。
入住负载被认为是“活荷载” ,因为它们的大小和位置是不确定的。
这些措施包括车辆通行,人的居住者,家具,移动分区和存储。
由于关注公众安全,最低的活荷载在设计中采用通常的状态,直辖市规定的建筑规范。
由于活荷载的位置是不固定的,它们应被定位,以得到最大的效果,包括部分加载。
减少活荷载是不允许的,因为具有在大面积上均匀地施加规定的负载是非常小的概率。
任何活的荷载,可以有一个结构上的动态效果,应增加一个动态负载因子被施加的静态负荷。
对于装载动态负载系数的持续时间长,主要取决于负载的速率增大到其最大值。
会逐渐的增加导致的动态负载因数小于1 .2,通常占由活荷载施加一个较高的值使用。
对于活荷载具有接近零的上升时间,动态负荷因子达到的最大值2.0。
在建筑物中,特别推荐用于动态负载因素的设计的垂直输送系统,机械和起重机一起为这些系统的支持。
这些因素的范围从1 . 2〜2 .0如前所述。
使用动态负载因素是特别重要的公路桥梁设计。
第三组的负载被认为是“环境负荷” 。
这些包括风,地震,雪,土压力和雨(冲击)。
“标准”的结构一般活荷载和环境荷载所指定的各种建筑规范。
侧向风荷载的矩形平面和高程的典型建筑为代表的迎风面和背风侧吸结合在屋顶上的隆起或向下的压力的压力。
在一般情况下,总的横向风荷载表示的结合的迎风压力和背风吸入和应用到建筑物的迎风侧的总和表示的总的横向负荷。
在第10章中讨论的地震地面运动建筑物的设计使用指定的代码侧向力。
类似的特殊的形状的结构上荷载可能需要特别考虑。
这可能包括在城市环境中的主要建筑物受到强风的风洞模型试验。
同样的,复杂的结构,在高地震活动的地区将需要动态分析,其中可能包括非弹性行为的影响。
摇床是高风险的另一种不寻常的结构模型测试选择。
负载可以发生在组合了这样的组合的概率,以及负载的大小,必须考虑。
在典型的设计中要考虑的负荷的强度和组合中指定的文件,如标准,规格,型号代码和建筑规范。
在美国,由一个委员会制定的标准ASCE (美国土木工程师学会)推荐的负载已成为被广泛采用,现归纳如下:D=静载荷L=活荷载L’=屋面活荷载S=雪荷载R=由于初期雨水或独家的积水冰的雨荷载W=风荷载E=地震荷载F=流体荷载H=加载由于侧向土压力,地下水压力或散装物料的压力T=自我约束力这些被称为负载额定负载或服务的负载,平均最高寿命值的结构构件可能会遇到。
服务负载时的许用应力设计和结构的位移在正常操作期间检查。
认识到在负荷Q的不确定性,由于其增加的幅度的变化,位置的应用,频率发生,在分析中使用的假设,一个负载系数,Y,,施加和产品被称为分解的负载,其用于极限强度设计。
ASCE-7中建议的负载因素和组合概述如下:1. 4(D+ F)1. 2 (D+F+T)+1. 6(L+H)+0. 5(L, or S or F) 1.2D+1. 6(L, or S or F)+(O. 5L or O. 8F)1. 2D +1. 6W+0. 5L+0. 5(L, or S or F)1. 2D+1. OE+O. 5L+0. 2SO. 9D+1. 6W+1. 6HO. 9D+1. OE +1. 6H1.5设计之路两个基本原则,目前用于结构设计:一种是容许应力设计(ASD ),也被称为工作应力设计,另一种是使用极限状态设计也被称为USD(极限强度设计),强度设计,塑料设计,以及最近LRFD(载荷和阻力系数设计)。