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第一单元：Vocabulary Study：1.permanent2.had assembled3.discharging4.meekly5.apprentice6.partiality7.obscure8.exalted9.intruding 10cordially 11ambition 12.gallantlyCLOZE：BDCAB ADABB DBDAA CCDCB、Translation:1.His dream of becoming a footble star faded out as timewent by .2.A Boeiay/Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to climb the mountain.In a twinking ,it crash into the mountain and blew up .No one survied in the accident.3. Student have easy access to the resource in the libracy. so they are supposed to make the best of it .4.Titanic,the most luxurious ship in the world at the time .hit an icebery when she was under the way to the USA.Consequently, the ship sank into Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5.Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach ,they packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunshine.6.They have been to ST louis once and have a vague konwledge of its wonderful food ,but the day of their glory is over now ,they laspse into a humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless lindneer approches.第二单元：Vocabulary Study1.advocated2.extravagant3.vulnerable4.guru5.potential6.dispel7.shunned8.acclaimed9.enthusiasts10.stave off11.attendant 12.eventured CLOZE: CBDAD CDBAC BBCCD ABCAC.Translation:1.Some cyber gurus claim that internet will precent wars reduce pollution and combat various of inquality.2.Although,internet can undernible fosters communication, It will not put an end to wars . since wars are by no means cause by the failure of different people to understand each other equlty.3.The internet can help reduce energy comsumption and pollution ,only if doing things online replace realworld activies.4.The poor are not shunning the internet because they cannot affort it the problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it efficiently, therefore, it make more sense to improve universal literacy than universal.5.Thanks to internet ,income inequality between people doing similar jods in different countries has been reduced. however, the inequality between information works in poor countries and their porrest compatroits has been increased.6.If human nature remains stablely changed ,desipte the claim of technologist predict ,humanity cannot simply incent away its failing.第三单元：Vocabulary Study1.sank2.clear3.rainfall4.drought5.Flowering6.loose7.pores8.graze9.spine 10.trapped 11.venture 12.fertileCLOSE: CBDAB DBCCA ACDAC CADABTranslation:1.Many stuies indicate that thedesert air is so dry that it contains any moisture.2.Although the children form age 5 to 16 must go to school in Britain according to the laws ,about 1%of the children still can not read when they have primary school.3.After heared the news ,I knew i fell vestless again within a fornight .4.We think unanimouly to answer the question ,we must look more closely at the faces.5.Though out the world, goverment at all levels are taking effectively measures to prevent environment pollution.6.Some people think that the objective items ,such as multiple choices, should be used for an examation, others donot agree, because they believe that this kind test has some bad effect on students leaning.第四单元Vocabulary Study1.Physical2.accumulation3.diversity4.precipitated5.muscular6.pathological7.symptomatic8.vigorous9.psychologically 10.Anxiety 11.restored 12.refreshedCLOSE: ACDCB BCCBD CDCBA ADCDBTranslation:1.I find that walking along the quiet lake can provide refreshment form a day is sedentary jod.2.Exercising and relexing youself is often prescribed as an effective cure for fatigue.3.The less active you are ,the faster aging process accelerates and the more vulnerable you became to physical and psychological problems.4.We are collecting money for repairs to the chur .if any of you would like to make a contribution ,we shall be most grateful.5.The scientist are currently focus on making experiment,in hope of finding effective methods to cure cancers.5.The speach that the chairman delivered at the conferences made much sense to regain the confidence of empolyees.第五单元Vocabulary Study1.uniform2.distinguish/recognize3.ascertained4.recognized5.unique6.outlet7.tactile8.rigid9.secure 10.acquisition 11.fruitful 12.foundationCLOSE :ADBBA DDCBA CCADB DCABATranslation:1.Tt is generally accepted that the upbring of the childild with the home is closely related to the education of the child in school.2.Jennifer is the chief of personal for the NewYork Heracal Tribune ,where she is also responsible editcrical work in the fied of public relations .3. It was two years ago that Jeff met Rose at his sister"s birthaday party ,they had been communited with each other by email since then the more Jeff know Rose ,the more he like her.4. The measure is effective not only in providing job opportunity for the laid-off works ,but also in limiting price increases.5Similarly , they inefficiency treated the political and economical back ground of the cinspiracy.6Tremendacs capital has met the needs of rapid economic growth on one hand and has caused the in flation on the other hand.第六单元Vocabulary Study1.As a matter of fact2.are plagued3.versus4.have ben reflecting on5.positive 6is implementing 7.will enroll 8.has been enriched 9.aspiration 10.academic 11.well-informed mitment toCLOSE:: BBACB BCAAD CBABD BBCCBTranslation:1.Passing the English examination should enhance your chances of getting the post.2.The discovery of god in the valley will enrish the mountain area.3. Only when police confronted her with evidence ,did she admited that she had stolen the money.4. The meting will afford you an opportunity of hearing good public speakers.5. An offical statement laid to rest the remain fears aout possible redundancies in the industry.6.MARY IS pretty bright ,ASa matter of ,her teacher told me that she is certain to get a university place this year.第七单元：Vocabulary Study1.downsized2.dynamic3.yield4.had guaranteed5.inflict6.budget7.priority8.accelerating9.shirk 10.vitally 11.jiopardize 12.criteria CLOSE：CDBCA BCBBA DDABA BCCDCTranslation:1.Black people in this area complained to the goverment that they had been subjected to repeated racial attacks from the local police officers.2.The goverment officers are inclined to apply the science and technology to short -term projects ,which is benifical to scientific development.3.The precious manager did not want to invest time and money in training the employees who could leave the company any times,an a result of which ,there was a scrious talent drain.4.We are collecting money for repairs to the church ,if any of you would like to make a contribution ,we shall be most grateful .5.The scientist are currently focus on making expeiments,in hope of finding efctive methods to cure cancers.6.The speach that the chairman delivered at the conferences made much sense to regain the confidence of empolyees.第八单元Vocabulary Study1.acid2.shaded3.knock-on4.Drain5.banks6.spacing7.band8.needles9.filter 10.altitudes 11.variables anismCLOSE: CACDA BAACD DBDCB ACDABTranslation:1.Mexico city is one of the most popucated cities in the world.2.The finding shows that a substantial difference between the opinions of men and woman.3. I can’t r emember whether i left my credit card home or in the car .4.We cannot assume the suspects to be gulity simly because they are deliveed to remain silent.5.The main question that faces Chinese economists at present is how to use the price levers and the competition system to direct resources into areas which yield better returns.6.It is assumed in the next 20 years the most surprisiing development will take pace in the space flight ,but now space craft a being developed and they can be used many times instand of only one.第九单元：Vocabulary Study1applied 2repentance 3penetrated 4monkey-like 5contrast 6impressed 7passionate 8awakened 9succeeded 10blossoms 11expectant 12opportunityCLOSE: CDBAA DABCC DBCBC DABBATranslation:1.On those days and nights when I was waiting for the results of the Entrance Examination,my heart was filled with wonder(or uncertainty).Iwondered what the fouture held for me,of surprise and excitement or disappointment and sorrow.2.The little girl ran swiftly to catch up with her mother and stretched out her hand to her mother,crying for more candies and drinks.But the mother persisted that they had bought encough.3.His wife was sent into the operation room.He walked to and fro outside,smoking one cigarette after another.When he saw the door opened,he felt a thrill of tenseness.4.Under the gaze of his colleagues,he flushed with embarrassment and bowwed hi head.He casually took up a newspaper and hid hi face behind it,petending to be reading it.5.They fixed all their attention on the research project on hand.They believed that as long as they didn’t lose heart,they woule succeed in thesse experiments in time.6.She had just given birth to an infant when her husband left/deserted her.In despair,she shut herself and the infant in aroom,claiming that they would perish together.Thanks to the policemen who came in time,the mother and the daughter escaped death by a hair’s breath(or had a narrow escape).第十单元：Vocabulary Study：1.in his own right2.make good use of3.ready for4.went forth5.are looking forward to6.figure out7.assembled8.were dissolving9.withstand 10.controversy 11.an obstacle 12.resembleCLOSE：CABBD ADADA DDCCC BCADATranslation:1.we must figure out how to solve the tissue-rejecuion problem.2.his behavior under fire approved him a man of courage.3.In addition to the impressiveness of the settings,there is aue of the camera that at times seems magical.4.At first,no ready technical data were available,but we managed to go without.5.She has some difficulty in giving shape to her ideas.But she resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks.6.The most part of their designs corresponds to actual needs and regulations on environmental demand,the other part needs reconsidering.一个小男孩的梦想马克吐温1我小的时候，我们那密西西比河西岸的村镇上，玩伴们都只有一个水恒的志愿。
Unit 1●翻译：（黑体的汉字表示与教师用书不同，斜体的汉字表示重点翻译不要遗漏）passion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity—sometimes only the trials of adversity canfoster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. (Para.6)慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力——有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。
2.In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armorthat normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. (Para.12) 在事情发生的那一瞬间，我们的安全感被冲破了，平时处于我们与我们对世界的种种看法之间的自我保护的精神盔甲被剥离了。
toto put aside their personal pleasure in order to care for the baby.Unit 4●翻译：1.Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caughtup in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling th rough long stretches of prose. (Para.1)过去总是不费什么劲儿就能让自己沉浸在一本书或者一篇长文章中，被其中的叙述或不同的论点深深吸引。
研究生英语综合教程（下）Unit 1Reading focus愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。
幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳•麦克高恩咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。
诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来——甚至最终会成功发达。
那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面——一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质——是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人——他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义——或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。
Lesson 11.就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
2.显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
3.埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事件发生后，在1990 年的一个法案很少引人注意的一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用的责任上限定为7 500 万美元。
即使对旅游业、渔业等造成的经济损失高达数十亿美元，责任方也仅需要支付7 500 万美元。
4.不过，如果认为我们目前仍然低估的只是那些突然间引人注目的风险，那是非常愚蠢的。
Lesson21It is a cliché,as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare,but when something is beyond our experience,we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
2Lest you should ever forget the smallness of being human,the iconic Mount Fuji,instantly reco gnisable yet somehow different on every viewing,is an extinct volcano.唯恐你会忘记作为人类的渺小，标志性富士山，一眼即能认出但不知何故每次观看又呈现出不同景象，就是一座死火山。
3It surprised me,over the following months that the gas attack seemed to dominate the national media coverage,whereas Kobe,after the initial weeks of horrifying footage,slipped somewhat i nto the background.在随后的几个月里，让我吃惊的是毒气攻击似乎占据了国家媒体报道的主要内容，而阪神大地震经过了最初几周骇人听闻的电视报道后，已经退居次位了。
Unit 1Text A 的参考译文论读书总的来说，书本的寿命要比我们自己长。
常常是写书的人早已化为了一堆黄土而其著作却依旧立在书架上积聚尘土，但恰恰是死后占有这一席之地的欲望促使人们笔耕不坠。
所以，当我们手中摆弄和翻动这些方块形物体的时候，设想我们手里抚弄的不是具体的书本，而是盛着我们自己回归大地的骨灰的瓮，那也没什么不对。
毕竟，写一本书投入进去的，说到底是一个人只有一次的生命。
有人说过进行哲学思考就是一步步趋向死亡。
不管是谁说的，这种说法从几种意义来说都是有道理的，因为一个人绝不会因为写一本书而变年轻。
同样读一本书也不会使人更年轻。
既然如此，我们自然倾向于读好书。
然而，困难在于文学中的“好”是通过区别“坏”来鉴定的。
此外，要写出一本好书，一个作家必须阅读大量平庸读物，否则他是没法找到必要的写作标准的。
这可能就会为坏文学作品在最后审判日为自己辩护的最佳理由。
既然我们精力不济，既然读书很耗费时间，我们就必须找出一个能让我们至少表面上省时省力的方法来。
当然不可否认长时间读一本厚厚的、情节发展缓慢的平庸小说所带来的乐趣，但我们最终目的毕竟不是为读书而读书，而是为了学到点什么。
因此，我们需要一些最大限度地浓缩人生矛盾困境的作品，需要一些在浩如烟海的书籍中类似指南针一样的作品。
当然，这个指南针的职责是由文学评论及评论家们来担当的。
不幸的是，指南针的针摆动得太没谱了。
对某些人来说它指北，而对另一些人来说却是指南。
评论家的问题有三：第一，他可能是个作品低劣的平庸文人，而且就和我们自己一样无知；第二，他可能对某一类作品特别偏爱或者干脆从出版社得到好处；第三，如果他是一个有才华的作家的话，他会将他的评论写成一篇独立于原作的文学作品，在这一点上乔治·路易斯·博尔赫斯就是一个典型例子。
结果，你可能会只读他的评论而不去管他评论的那本书了。
无论何种情况，你都会发现自己漂流在海洋中，紧紧抓住一只你不知道它能漂浮多久的木筏。
Unit1Text1我的父亲----来自一位著名男演员的女儿的叙述埃米〃米特福德我并不真正了解父亲，他不是个很容易相处的人。
我觉得他比较以自我为中心,还有一点虚荣,有时候还会让人觉得有距离感。
公众们肯定都认为他很随和,其实在家的时候他基本上都是独处,不怎么跟我们交流的。
我小的时候父亲很少在家的，因为那时几乎没有什么关于他的记忆。
他对家庭生活一直是有一些生疏。
对他来说，工作总是放在第一位，而且记忆中他总是在外地演戏或是排练。
他喜欢别人找他签名，也喜欢被别人认出的感觉。
他获得过几个奖项，并为此感到骄傲。
记得在他获得大不列颠影帝奖时，我们必须到白金汉宫去领取奖牌。
那真是令人难以臵信的无趣。
还有其他数以百计的人拿同样的奖项，所以你得一直坐在那等好几个小时。
每当有人来拜访我们家时，父亲总爱把他的奖项拿出来炫耀。
我上过公立学校，但是因为缺乏学习兴趣并且总是缺课，被勒令退学了。
最主要的是我一点也不想去那上学，因为这样我就和我的朋友们分开了。
把我送到那个学校读书他一定很高兴，但事实上到最后这一切只是浪费钱而已。
我想我一定让他感到非常失望。
后来我也试着做过几份工作但是都不能安心长久地做下去，然后我意识到我真正想做的是生活在乡村，并且，这也是我现在做的事情。
作为一家人，无论是情感上还是空间上我们都有距离。
这些日子我们很少见到彼此。
我和父亲的性格大相径庭。
我的兴趣一直都在乡村，而他则喜欢书和音乐，尤其是歌剧，这恰恰是我所讨厌的。
如果他们来看我,他们的衣着也完全不适合在乡村穿—貂皮大衣和漂亮的但不适合在田间走长路的小皮鞋。
父亲对我的婚姻更是完全反对。
他一直希望我和我的丈夫分开。
我想我丈夫出身太卑微了。
而父亲一定是想让我嫁给一个有名望的人，但结果并不能使他如愿。
而且事情往往就是这样。
我们夫妇俩并不打算要孩子，但是我的父亲总是不停地谈论着他想抱孙子。
人总不能仅仅因为自己迫切地想抱孙子就逼着别人要孩子吧。
我看电视时从来不看他。
研究生英语阅读的重要性 n
本文旨在探讨研究生英语阅读在学术研究和职业发展中的作用。
n
研究生英语阅读在学术研究和职业发展中扮演着至关重要的角色。
首先，研究生需要具备阅读英语学术文献的能力，以便掌握最新的研究进展和理论框架。
英语是国际学术交流的主要语言，大多数研究生领域的前沿研究都是用英语发表的。
因此，研究生需要能够流利地阅读和理解英语学术文章，才能更好地理解和应用研究成果。
英语阅读还能帮助研究生拓展视野和提高综合素质。
通过阅读英语书籍、报纸和杂志等不同类型的英语文献，研究生可以了解不同文化背景下的思想和观点，增强跨文化交际的能力。
此外，英语阅读还能提高研究生的语言表达和写作能力，为未来的学术发表和职业发展打下坚实的基础。
为了提高英语阅读能力，研究生需要付出一定的努力和时间。
除了在课堂上参加英语阅读课程和讨论课外，还可以通过自主阅读和练习来提高阅读水平。
例如，可以选择一些与自己研究领域相关的英语学术文章进行阅读，并尝试翻译和总结文章的主要内容。
此外，还可以利用各种英语学习资源，如英语词典、阅读理解练习等，来提高英语阅读技能。
英语阅读是研究生在学术研究和职业发展中不可或缺的一部分。
研究生英语教程课后翻译1.没有调查，就没有发言权He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.2.努力实现和平统一We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland.3.把钟拆开比把它再装起来容易It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together.4.你三个星期之内完成这项设计不容易It was not easy for you to finish the design in three weeks.5.交翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.6.他越是要掩盖她的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露The more he tried to hide his warts，the more he revealed them.7.你干嘛不去问他Why don’t you go and ask him about it？8.最好把毛衣穿上，外面相当冷You should better put on your sweater ，for it’s quite cold outside.9.不努力，不会成功One will not succeed unless one works hard10.什么事也不要落在别人后面No matter what you do，you should not lag behind anyone11.我们必须要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems.12.你要母鸡多生蛋，又不它米吃；要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草。
Unit 2 READING MORE"Light, refined, learned and noble, harmonious and orderly, clear and logical, the cookingof France is, in some strange manner, intimately linked to the genius of her greatest men."--Marcel Rouff, French journalist and writerA CUISINE CRISIS1 What could be more French than an outdoor market on a sunny Sunday morning? Theair is filled with vital scents from the herbs and fruits and vegetables piled high in thegreengrocers' creative geometrics. A whiff of the Atlantic blows off the oysters on thefishmongers' bed of ice. Wild game--hare, venison, boar--hangs from the butchers'racks, sausages and cheeses are laid out to savor and smell.有什么比晴朗的星期日早晨的一个户外市场更具法国特色？空气中弥漫着香草和水果散发出的气味，而且这些水果被水果商摆成各种有创意的图形。
鱼贩的冰床上的牡蛎透露着一点点大西洋的痕迹。
在肉贩的货架上挂出了一些野味：野兔、鹿肉和野猪，而一些香肠和奶酪的摆出使这个小摊更具一番风味。
研究生英语阅读综合教程上Reading More 翻译Unit 1 Why Do We Work?Lawyers practice a difficult and demanding profession. They expect to be well compensated. In thinking about what that means, it can help to consider the basic question, “Why do we work?” Samuel Johnson supplied an obvious answer when he famously observed, “No man but a blockhead ever wrote，except for money.” But I am not being paid to write this article, and instead of labeling myself a blockhead, let me refer to the insight of eminent psychologist Theodor Reik: "Work and love—these are the basics. Without them there is neurosis."律师们从事的是一项要求很高又费神的职业。
他们期待优厚的报酬。
在思考这句话的含义时，考虑一下这个基本问题会对我们有所帮助：“我们为什么工作？”塞缪尔·约翰逊在他的著名论断“除了笨蛋没有人会写作，除非为了钱。
”中显然给出了答案。
但我写这篇文章时并没有人付我钱。
，而且我非但不会把自己当作傻瓜，还想引用一下著名的心理学家西奥多·赖克的深刻见解：“工作和爱——这是基本需求。
没有这两样，人就会得神经官能症。
”Why do we work? For money, but also for sanity. We expect and need to be compensated in nonmonetary ways. Noneconomic compensation matters to top-flight lawyers—otherwise, they would have long ago fled to investment banks. Law firms that want to recruit and retain the best (and the sanest) must compensate not only in dollars but also in psychic gratification. Accordingly, managers of elite firms need to think consciously about what lawyers are looking for beyond money. Here are some key noneconomic elements of compensation.我们为什么工作？为钱，也为有明智的头脑。
我们期待并且需要以非货币的方式获得回报，非经济报酬对一流的律师们来说很重要——要不然，他们早就跑到投资银行去了。
律师事务所如果要招募并挽留住最好的（也是最有头脑的）律师的话，就必须不仅仅以美元的方式，而且还要以精神满足的方式支付报酬。
相应地，一流律师事务所的经理们需要认真地考虑，除了钱律师们还在寻找什么。
以下是非经济报酬的一些关键因素。
Professional identity职业认同感Many lawyers define themselves with reference to the privileges and attributes of their profession. When firms recognize professional prerogatives, they provide an important form of compensation.许多律师从行业的特权和性质来诠释他们自己。
当律师事务所认可了他们的职业特权时，便提供了一种重要的补偿方式。
For example, Lawyers pride themselves on belonging to a learned profession. By providing opportunities for continued intellectual growth, law firms can simultaneously provide a form of compensation and reinforce a core value of the professio n. This isn’t hard to do. Organize and host seminars with leading scholars, support scholarship in-house with resources such as research assistance and create venues for lawyers to engage in serious discourse.例如，律师们以属于一个学识渊博的行业而引以为豪。
通过提供进一步增长知识的机会，律师事务所能够在提供一种回报方式的同时加强行业的核心价值。
做到这一点并不难，组织并主办由最好的学者主讲的研讨班，利用诸如研究援助等资源提供内部奖学金，并为律师们提供进行严肃讨论的场所。
Another core professional value is autonomy. A law firm pays psychic compensation when it understands and accepts that in matters of professional judgment, lawyers are their own masters. In this regard, firms should encourage a diversity of approaches, letting each lawyer develop his or her own style of practice. Empowering lawyers in this way inculcates a heightened sense of personal responsibility, which in turn reinforces the drive for individual excellence.另一个核心行业价值是自主性。
当一个律师事务所理解并接受了在职业性判断这样的事情上律师们是自己的主人，它就是在支付精神报酬。
从这个意义上说，律师事务所应该鼓励以多样化的方式让每位律师形成自己的行事风格。
以此种方式授权律师既强调了一种高度的个人责任感，又反过来加强了个人追求卓越的驱动力。
Equally important to professional autonomy is that firms need to take care not to impinge on a lawyer's exercise of considered professional judgment, even when that means refusing a client. Lawyers are not the servants of their clients. In appropriate circumstances, telling the client “No” is an act of the highest professionalism. A lawyer is well-paid with the confidence that the firm will stand behind him or her in such circumstances.与职业自主性同样重要的是，律师事务所需要注意不要干涉律师运用他们经过深思熟虑的职业判断，即便那意味着拒绝客户。
律师不是客户的仆从，在适当的条件下，对客户说“不”是一种体现最高职业素养的行为。
在这种情况下，当一名律师深信律师事务所会在背后支持他，他便获得了丰厚的报酬。
Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self-worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation.最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。
很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。
对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。
Personal pride个人自豪感Few of us make it through the rigors of a legal education without having a deeply internalized sense of excellence for its own sake. Lawyers compensate themselves with the powerful self-affirmation of a job well done.很少有人会这样：在经历严格的法律教育之后，没有体验到纯粹的、深深融合进自己性格的追求卓越的精神。
工作出色的律师们用强有力的自我肯定来犒赏自己。
As a matter of both compensation and reputation, an elite firm cannot afford to impede the drive to excellence, even when it’s not cost effective in the short term, This means, for example, that firm management should applaud the writing and rewriting of a brief to the highest standard even when a cynical perspective would suggest that the extra effort will have no practical effect. 从报酬和声望的角度来说，一家顶级律师事务所承担不起阻挠追求卓越的动力所带来的后果，即使从短期来看这并不合算。
