20XX年托福TPO26阅读模拟试题及答案(2)-托福考

托福阅读TPO26(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO26(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Energy and the Industrial Revolution，希望大家喜欢!托福阅读原文【1】For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.【2】In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since thesteam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain’s most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.【3】The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.【4】Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvementsin road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.托福阅读试题1.Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”(paragraph 1)?A.To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century.B.To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain.C.To indicate that Britain’s energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel.D.To explain why coal mining became an important industryin nineteenth-century.2.What was “the problem of energy" t hat had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?A.Water and wind could not be used efficiently.B.There was no efficient way to power machinery.C.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.D.Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.3.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 2 asa development in cotton mills brought about by Watt’s steamengine?A.The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain.B.Increased mechanization.C.More possibilities for mill location.D.Smaller mills.4.The phrase “apparent in” in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.clearly seen in.B.aided by.C.associated with.D.followed by.5.According to paragraph 2, what was Britain’s most important export by 1850?A.Raw cotton.B.Cotton cloth.C.Steam-powered pumps.D.Coal.6.The word “consequent”(paragraph 2)in the passage isclosest in meaning toA.resulting.B.encouraging.C.well documented.D.immediate.7.What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?A.It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.B.It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.C.It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.D.It illustrates why historians have assigned great importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.8.According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the ironindustry?A.It helped make wood into charcoal.B.It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.C.It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.D.It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.9.According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the ironindustry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPTA.Steam-driven bellows were used to produce raw iron.B.By the 1850s Britain was the world’s largest producer of iron.C.Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron ofdifferent shapes and sizes.D.Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.10.The word “initiated”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.anticipated.B.accelerated.C.spread.D.started.11.Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation inrail transportation?A.Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.B.It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.C.It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.D.It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.12.The phrase “accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.in need of.ed to.C.tired of.D.encouraged by.13. Loo k at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turnhad further implications. Improvements in roadconstruction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■【A】However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entre nching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■【B】As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■【C】Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■【D】Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed,many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britaindepended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.A.For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as amajor element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.B.The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.C.An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.D.By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.E.Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.F.By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.托福阅读答案1.目的题，读highlight所在句，说英国有煤，但没法变成能量来运行机器，选项C同时说了由煤木有能量，是正确答案。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO26口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO26独立口语Task2题目： Some people like to have their cell or mobile phone with them at all times. Other people prefer not to bring their cell or mobile phone with them everywhere they go, or they choose not to own one at all. Which do you prefer? Explain why. 托福TPO26独立口语Task2满分范文： "I prefer not to bring cell-phones everywhere. There are some occasions I want to be detached from the world. For example, when I am readying a book in my study or in the library. It’s very annoying to hear the ring of the cell-phone or feel the vibrations. It always interrupts my train of thoughts. Having a cell-phone everywhere means you can be disturbed anytime. Nowadays, not just your friends will call you or send you message. More often than not, you receive spam messages or anonymous calls. It makes angry even to answer the calls. " 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO26口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

tpo26阅读及答案T0EFL考试成绩两年内有效，两年以后需要T0EFL成绩者，必须重新参加考试。

下面是小编为你们准备的关于tpo26阅读SUMER AND THE FIRST CITIES OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST答案，希望能帮助你们。

tpo26阅读SUMER AND THE FIRST CITIES OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST1. A选项的rainfall和B的melting snow做关键词定位至第五句，都正确，不选;C的silt确实讲过，但并没讲damaged crops，所以C错，选;D的timber, stone and metals定位至第四句，正确，不选2. 以elite to emerge做关键词定位至尾句，但这句话的these说明应该往前看，上句的this was done说明应该继续往前，前句说organization of irrigation和building canals非常重要，所以正确答案是D。

没再往前是因为已经有答案了。

A的new crop没提，B和C 犯了类似的错误，原文讲土壤肥沃，不是人有钱，所以都错3. sustain维持，所以正确答案是maintain，tain做词根表持有。

原文讲正式这些导致精英阶级的产生，并通过控制剩余产品来怎么样自身的存在，其他选项都不好，比如defend自身的存在前提是要受到威胁，而原文根本没这事儿，promote也不对，原文没讲elite要扩张4. 两个专有名词做关键词定位至第二句，说这两个族是以temple 为中心发展的，也就是B说的religious buildings，所以答案是B。

A 和C的urban settlement，D的destroy原文都没说5. sovereign统治者，至高无上的，所以正确答案是B。

代入，跟sovereign of all other gods并列的是the god of the sky，天神和其他神的什么，可以推出是管其他神的人，就像玉皇大帝和诸神，尽管creator创造者代入也说的算通，但天神不一定能和创造其他神的人并列吧，counselor和defender更不靠谱6. 以appearance of writing做关键词定位至第一个括号之后那句，说越来越复杂的管理体系导致了writing，所以正确答案是A。

托福TPO26口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO26口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO26口语Task4阅读文本：EpiphytesIn rain forests, the canopy produced by the upper layer of branches may be so dense that few plants can grow on the shady ground below. Even so, many plants have adapted to life in the rain forest, developing fascinating strategies for survival. For example, various species known as epiphytes use a host plant as a platform for growth. Although epiphytes grow on a host tree, they take no nutrients from the tree itself. Attached to the tree, sometimes 30 or 40 meters high, these aerial plants have access to sunlight but not to nutrients from the soil below. As a result, they have developed unusual mechanisms that have allowed them to overcome this problem.托福TPO26口语Task4听力文本：Now listen to part of a lecture from a biology class.(male professor) OK, so a good example of this type of plant, common to the rainforest, is the Urn plant. The Urn plant wraps its roots around the branches of the trees or sometimes around the trunk near the upper part of the tree. They use the tree for support and this allows them to reside high in the trees, in the canopy, where they can get plenty of sunlight.Now, the Urn plant has a unique shape. It got its name because of the formation of its leaves creates a kind of urn or bowl where it can store water. The Urn plant has rather long stiff spiky leaves. The leaves are slightly overlapping and are tightly rolled into a kind of cone shape or a funnel shape. Its flowers are held on a single stem inthe center. Anyway, as I mentioned, the arrangement of the leaves forms a kind of receptacle or bowl at the base so that it is rainwater collects on the leaves it rolls down into the bowl where it can be stored.OK, so is unique shape helps it gather and store water. It also helps to gather other nutrients. This is because insects, dead leaves from other plants or other debris land on the leaves and then get washed down into the stored water. Gradually they decompose. The chemical break-down creates a nitrogen-rich food source in the stored water. So, the water supply contains a kind of liquid fertilizer that can be released to the plant whenever it needs the food.托福TPO26口语Task4题目：Using the example of the Urn plant, explain how epiphytes have adapted to life in the rain forest.托福TPO26口语Task4满分范文：Epiphytes is a kind of rain forest plant that uses a host plant as a platform for growth to get sunlight. And it also develops some mechanism to get nutrients since it's away from the soil. For example, Urn plant often wraps its root around the tree or the trunk of upper part of the tree so it resides high in the canopy to get plenty of sunlight. Then it has leaves of unique shape which help it get nutrients. Its leaves are long, stiff and spiky. They're slightly overlapping and rolled tightly to form a funnel/cone shape, and then its flowers are held on a single stem in the center. So the whole thing is shaped into a bowl. And when it rains, the rain water rolls down to be collected in the bowl. Then the debris of dead leaves and insects falls into the bowl and decomposes there to form a kind of fertilizer, which can be used by the plant when in need. (166 words)以上是给大家整理的托福TPO26口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

TPO阅读26第2篇第2题题目要求阅读文章后，回答以下问题：The passage suggests that one of the main reasons why the development of means other than whales for producing oil for lamps was slow was primarily that:A、different forms of oil were not as efficient for producing light as whale oilB、manufacturers were not willing to invest in new technologyC、many potential substitutes for whale oil already had established marketsD、the supply of whales was more than sufficient to meet the demand for oil答案解析该题询问了为什么除鲸外的其他生产石油灯台的方法发展缓慢的原因。

文章提到，尽管有其他可用的灯油替代品，但它们一直没有能够与鲸油竞争。

所以，推断出正确答案是A：不同的油形式并不像鲸油那样高效产生光亮。

正文解析本文主要介绍了在19世纪的时候，随着人们使用油灯以及精心设计的灯泡技术，石油作为照明燃料逐渐开始取代鲸油。

然而，正如题目所指的，为什么石油取代鲸油的发展比较缓慢呢？本文将详细分析出发点并回答此问题。

第一段：文章首先介绍了鲸油在照明领域的重要性以及随着灯泡技术发展，人们开始探索其他燃料的目的。

然后，文章指出鲸油独一无二的属性，这些属性使其在照明方面具有重要意义。

例如，鲸油有独特的鲸蜡，这使得它的燃烧时间更长，并且产生更亮的光。

这使得鲸油成为照明领域的首选燃料。

第二段：然而，随着时间的推移，鲸油供应的问题逐渐浮出水面。

tpo26-2阅读纯答案解析tpo35阅读答案解析tpo26-2阅读纯答案解析tpo26-2阅读纯答案解析TPO是托福考试最重要的备考资料托福阅读试题，下面小编为你们准备的关于tpo26-2阅读纯答案解析，希望能帮助你们。

tpo26-2阅读1.According to paragraph 1, water provides all of the following essential functions forplants EXCEPT A.improving plants’ ability to absorb sunlight. B.preventing plants from becoming overheated. C.transporting nutrients. D.serving as a raw material for photosynthesis. 2.Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemerals A.produce even more seeds than in a wet year. B.do not sprout from their seeds. C.bloom much later than in a wet year. D.are more plentiful than perennials. 3.How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3 A.Paragraph 2 provides a general description of desert plants, and paragraph 3 provides ascientific explanation for these observations. B.Paragraph 2 divides desert plants into two categories, and paragraph 3 provides furtherinformation about one of these categories. C.Paragraph 2 proposes one way of dividing desert plants into categories, and paragraph 3explains one problem with this method of classification. D.Paragraph 2 discusses two categories of desert plants, and paragraph 3 introduces a thirdcategory of plants.4.In saying that ephemerals will develop “vigorously“ when there isfavorableprecipitation, the author means that their development will be A.sudden. B.early.C.gradual. D.strong and healthy.5.The word “countering”i n the passage is closest in meaning to A.eliminating.B.making use of.C.acting against.D.experiencing. 6.According toparagraph 4, some desert plants with root systems that areextraordinarily well developed have A.relatively little growth aboveground. B.very leafy aboveground structures. C.non woody plant tissue resistant to wilting. D.water stored within their roots. 7.The word “assured”(paragraph 4)in the passage is closest in meaning to A.pure. B.diminished. C.guaranteed. D.deep. 8.What do “the date pa lm, tamarisk, and mesquite“(paragraph 4) have in common A.They are always found together. B.They depend on surface water provided by streams, springs, and lakes. C.They are phreatophytes. D.Their roots are capable of breaking through hard soils 9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthehighlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 5) Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known asaestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year. B.Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing theirmetabolic rate and body temperature. C.The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimesinvolves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature. D.When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known asaestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape. 10.It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that all of the places desertanimals retreat to A.provide shade from the sun. B.sometimes become crowded. C.are places where supplies of food are plentiful. D.leave the animals vulnerable to predators.11.According to paragraph 7, what special adaptation helps the ostrich copewith hotdesert conditions A.Each of its feathers is very short and dense. B.Its wings produce only lateral air movement when flapping. C.Its feathers are very thickly set on both its back and itswings. D.It can make its feathers stand up on its back. 12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit The increase in reward stilldid not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves werepressed into services The harsh conditions in deserts are in tolerable for most plants and animals. Despite theseconditions, however, many varieties of plants and animals have adapted to deserts in a numberof ways. Most plant tissues die if their water content falls too low: the nutrients that feed plantsare transmitted by water;water is a raw material in the vital process of photosynthesis;andwater regulates the temperature of a plant by its ability to absorb heat and because watervapor lost to the atmosphere through the leaves helps to lower plant temperatures. ■Water controls the volume of plant matter produced. ■The distribution of plantswithin different areas of desert is also controlled by water. ■Some areas, because of theirsoil texture,topographical position, or distance from rivers or groundwater, have virtually nowater available to plants, whereas others do.■ 13.Directions: Select from the seven phrases below the two phrases that correctlycharacterize special adaptations found primarily in desert annuals and the threephrases that correctly characterize special adaptations found primarily in desertperennials. Select each phrase you select in the appropriate column of the table. Thisquestion is worth 3 points. A.Woody structures. B.Explosive growth in wet years. C.Long, thin, shallow roots. D.Storage of water in plant tissue. E.Minimization of the amount of water used for photosynthesis. F.Short life cycle. G.Leaves designed to minimize water loss. 1 ) Adaptations of Annuals A B C D E F G 2 ) Adaptations of Perennials A B C D E F G tpo26-2阅读纯答案解析1.A选项的sunlight原文没有提到，所以错误，选;B项不容易找，可以找完C和D之后依靠并列在第三句的冒号之后找到，原文讲的是降低温度，也就是防止overheated，所以B正确，不选;C和D都在第三句的冒号之后，都正确，不选。

1.【考点分析】本题为修辞目的题，注意此类题目并不是考例子本身，而是要寻找其修辞的目的，然后与选项进行对比。

关键词为“英国有大量的煤”，在此前的几句话说大英帝国能源短缺，举例说明作为主要热源的木材供应减少，燃煤多但不能有效地转化成机械能。

这说明什么呢，这说明英国的能源短缺不是因为燃料缺乏，选C.【选项分析】A. 为了反对“18世纪英国面临能源短缺”的说法(根据原文，煤储量大这一事实，并不是构成反对能源短缺说的理由，这一选项与原文矛盾)B.为了解释为什么是煤，而不是其它能源变成了18世纪英国的主要民用与工业热量来源。

(偷梁换柱型干扰项。

根据本段倒数第3句话，当时主要的能量来源是木材)C.为了表明英国的能源短缺不是缺乏燃料所致(正确：not the result of a lack of fuel 与原文的had large amounts of coal 形成对应)D.该选项是玩穿越，本段并没有提到19世纪，更没有提到采煤成为19世纪主要行业)2. 【考点分析】本题为细节题，考察利用关键词定位以及对同一含义的不同词汇与句子结构的理解能力。

要想让18世纪的工业革命成为可能，一定要得以解决的“能源方面的问题”是什么?根据第一段前半部分，能源是工业革命兴起的主要原因毋庸置疑，那么能源问题是什么呢?根据关键词“the problem of energy” 定位到倒数第2句话：”Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there we re not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery.” 这句话表明，能源问题就是有燃料但缺乏用燃料来驱动机器的有效方式，这个问题必须得到解决才能使得工业革命成为可能，所以选B。

注意：means 和ways 是近义词，另外阅读里经常还有method, approach, avenue.【选项分析】A. 水与风不能得到有效的利用(这个选项与第一段第3句意义矛盾)B. 缺乏驱动机器的有效方式(正确：对应第一段的倒数第2句)C.蒸汽引擎需要大量的煤，而煤是供应不足的(与倒数第2句矛盾，原文说Great Britain had large amounts of coal)D.人类与动物都不够强壮，无法为工业活动提供能源(是第2句的偷梁换柱，原文说18世纪之前，人们的能量来源有植物、动物与人力)3. 【考点分析】本题为排除信息题，考查蒸汽引擎引发的纱厂变化除了哪一个。

托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题（含答案）托福阅读文本：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using thereeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.托福阅读题目：1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6.According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.托福阅读模拟题答案：BDCBB CBDAD CA。

第26套Newspaper in Western EuropeBy the eighteenth century,newspapers had become firmly established as a means of spreading news of European and world affairs,as well as of local concerns, within European society.One of the first true newspapers was the Dutch paper Nieuwe Tijdingen It began publication in the early seventeenth century at about the same time that the overseas trading company called the Dutch East India Company was formed The same ships that brought goods back from abroad brought news of the world,too.1.According to paragraph1，what was true about the Dutch paper Nieuwe Tijdingen?A.It reported news mainly about ships and trade goodsB.It was established in the eighteenth centuryC.It was among the first real newspapers in Europe.D.It was published by an overseas trading company.Dutch publishers had an advantage over many other publishers around Europe because the Netherlands’highly decentralized political system made its censorship laws very difficult to enforce Throughout Europe in the seventeenth century, governments began recognizing the revolutionary potential of the free press and began requiring licenses of newspapers—to control who was able to publish news. Another tactic,in France and elsewhere on the continent from the1630s onward,was for governments to sponsor official newspapers.These state publications met the increasing demand for news but always supported the government’s views of the events of the day2.Paragraph2suggests that the main reason why governments began to license newspapers wasA.to make sure that newspapers were of high qualityB.to provide their countries'publishers with an advantage over other European publishersC.to reduce competition among government-sponsored newspapersD.to help control the public's attitudes about the news3.According to paragraph2,what was true about official government newspapers?A.They made censorship laws more difficult to enforceB.They expanded the revolutionary potential of the pressC.They appeared first in the Netherlands,D.They always agreed with the government's opinion.By the eighteenth century,new conditions allowed newspapers to flourish as never before First,demand for news increased as Europe’s commercial and political interests spread around the globe—merchants in London,Liverpool，or Glasgow,for example,came to depend on early news of Caribbean harvests and gains and losses in colonial wars Europe's growing commercial strength also increased distribution networks for newspapers.There were more and better roads,and more vehicles could deliver newspapers in cities and convey them to outlying towns Newspaper publishers made use of the many new sites where the public expected to read,as newspapers were delivered to cafes and sold or delivered by booksellers.4.According to paragraph3,why did demand for news increase in the eighteenth century?A.People wanted to read about the new books being sold by booksellersernments wanted to make sure their colonies were being governed efficiently.C.Merchants needed to know how their businesses would be affected by events in other countries.D.Owners of cafes needed to predict how foreign harvests might affect food pricesSecond,many European states had established effective postal systems by the eighteenth century.It was through the mail that readers outside major cities and their environs—and virtually all readers in areas where press censorship was exercised firmly—received their newspapers.One of the most successful newspapers in Europe was a French-language paper(one of the many known as La Gazette,)published in Leiden,in the Netherlands,which boasted a wide readership in France and among elites throughout Europe.5.The word“exercised”in the passage is closet in meaning toA.critizedB.rejectedC.appliedD.defended6.In paragraph4,why does the author mention a French language paper that was published in Leiden?A.To show that the most successful newspapers in Europe tended to be French-language newspapersB.To illustrate the important role played by the mail in the distribution of newspapersC.To provide evidence that newspapers were being read by the elites of EuropeD.To establish that the Netherlands had one of the most effective postal systems in EuropeFinally,press censorship faltered in one of the most important markets for news—England—at the turn of the eighteenth century after1688.debate raged about whether the Parliament or the Crown had the right to control the press,and in theconfusion the press flourished.The emergence of political parties further hampered control of the press because political decisions in Parliament now always involved compromise,and many members believed that an active press was useful to that process.British government’s control of the press was reduced to taxing newspapers, a tactic that drove some papers out of business.7.The word"emergence”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.influenceB.activityC.riseD.success8.The word"tactic”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.strategyB.situationC.requirementD.reason9.According to paragraph5,many members of Parliament held which of the following views about the English press?A.It had the effect of increasing tensions between Parliament and the monarchyB.It created pressure that encouraged political opponents to reach agreementC.It helped create the confusion that led to the emergence of political parties.D.It could be more effectively controlled by compromise than by taxing newspapersEighteenth-century newspapers were modest products by modern Western standards. Many were published only once or twice a week instead of every day,in editions of only a few thousand copies.Each newspaper was generally only four pages long. Illustrations were rare，and headlines had not yet been invented.Hand-operated wooden presses were used to print the papers,just as they had been used to print pamphlets and books since the invention of printing in the fifteenth century.10.According to paragraph6，all of the following are true of eighteenth-century newspapers EXCEPTA.They usually were published no more than twice a weekB.They generally consisted of four pagesC.They included numerous illustrations.D.They had no headlinesYet these newspapers had a dramatic impact on their reading public Regular production of newspapers(especially of many competing newspapers)meant that news was presented to the public at regular intervals and in manageable amounts. Even strange and threatening news from around the world became increasingly easy for readers to absorb and interpret Newspaper readers also felt themselves part of thepublic life about which they were reading This was true partly because newspapers, available in public reading rooms and in cafes,were one kind of reading that occupied an increasing self-aware and literate audience.Newspapers also were uniquely responsive to their readers.They began to carry advertisements,which both produced revenue for papers and widened readers'exposure to their own communities.Even more important was the inauguration of letters to the editor in which readers expressed their opinions about events Newspapers thus became venues for the often rapid exchange of news and opinions.11.The word"thus"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consequentlyB.regularlyC.in additionD.soon12.According to paragraph7，newspapers had all of the following effects on their readers EXCEPTA.They found it easier to understand news from other countriesB.They became more successful in business than those who did not read newspapersC.They became better connected to their local communities.D.They could write about their own opinions on current events13.Look at the four squares■that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage:And even when it was possible to apply laws limiting speech,authorities were reluctant to do so because of the growing economic importance of the commercial book market.Dutch publishers had an advantage over many other publishers around Europe because the Netherlands’highly decentralized political system made its censorship laws very difficult to enforce.■Throughout Europe in the seventeenth century, governments began recognizing the revolutionary potential of the free press and began requiring licenses of newspapers—to control who was able to publish news.■Another tactic,in France and elsewhere on the continent from the1630s onward, was for governments to sponsor official newspapers.■These state publications met the increasing demand for news but always supported the government's views of the events of the day.■14.Summary:By the eighteenth century,newspapers had become established as a means of spreading news of European affairs within European society.ernments tried to control what news got published by sponsoring official newspapers,taxing publishers,requiring newspapers to be licensed,and instituting press-censorship laws.B.England was the most Important market for news,but disruptions caused by conflict over how the government should control the press resulted in many British newspapers being driven out of business.C.Censorship laws were established and enforced differently across Europe because of differences in the political systems of the various countries.D.Europe's expanding commercial and political interests led to increased demand for news and also to improved systems for distributing newspapers,E.Although eighteenth-century newspapers were modest by modern standards,they made current events accessible to the reading public and facilitated the rapid exchange of news and opinions.F.Newspapers'regular presentation of strange and threatening news from around the world had the effect of making their readers feel more closely connected to their own local communities.The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe（15年11月14日）Paragraph1One of the most important factors driving Europe’s slow emergence from the economic stagnation of the Early Middle Ages(circa500-1000B.C.E.)was the improvement of agricultural technology.One innovation was a new plow,with a curved attachment(moldboard)to turn over wet,heavy soils,and a knife(or coulter) in front of the blade to allow a deeper and easier cut.This more complex plow replaced the simpler“scratch”plow that merely made a shallow,straight furrow in the ground.In the lands around the Mediterranean,with light rains and mild winters,this had been fine,but in the wetter terrain north and west of the Danube and the Alps, such a plow left much to be desired,and it is to be wondered if it was used at all.【Cleared lands would more likely have been worked by hand tilling,with little direct help from animals,and the vast forests natural to Northern Europe remained either untouched,or perhaps cleared in small sections by fire,and the land probably was used only so long as the ash-enriched soil yielded good crops and then abandoned for some other similarly cleared field.】Such a pattern of agriculture and settlement was no basis for sustained cultural or economic life.1.The word“stagnation”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.instabilityck of growthC.dependence on othersD.decline2.According to paragraph1,what was the main advantage of the new plow over the scratch plow?A.The new plow created straighter rows.B.The new plow was easier for animals to pull.C.The new plow could dig deeper into the soil.D.The new plow was easier to make3.The word“sustained”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.continuedB.establishedC.ordinaryD.active4.According to paragraph1,the scratch plow was particularly unsuited toA.the lands around the MediterraneanB.places where the soil was often dryC.places where land was cleared and worked by handD.places where the soil was particularly wet and heavy5.Paragraph1implies which of the following about agriculture before the introduction of the new plow?A.Limited rainfall had prevented large-scale agricultural development.B.Most of Europe’s developed agricultural communities were located in the south.C.Several other important innovations immediately preceded the development of the new plow.D.Much of Europe’s forestland had been converted to agricultural use.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（原文加【】的地方）A.Tilling by hand was so difficult that cleared land in Northern Europe was often abandoned and allowed to return to its natural forested state.B.Cleared land was probably tilled by hand,while the forests of Northern Europe were cleared only in small sections and used for short periods.C.In the vast natural forests of Northern Europe,farmers had to work the and by hand, with little direct help from animals.D.Fire enabled northern European farmers to enrich cleared land enough to cultivate their crops for short periods of time.Paragraph2With the new heavy plow,however,fields could be cleared,sowed,and maintained with little more difficulty than in the long-settled lands of Southern Europe,while the richness of the new soils,the reliability of the rains,and the variety of crops now possible made for an extremely productive agriculture.The new tool,however, imposed new demands,technical,economic,and social.The heavy plow was a substantial piece of capital,unlike a simple hand hoe,and this had the same sorts of implications that capitalization always has—it favored the concentration of wealth and control.Moreover,making full use of it required more animal power,and this had a host of implications of its own.The full importance of this was even more apparentin the centuries after1000,when oxen began to give way in certain parts of Western Europe to horses.7.The word“implications”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.requirementsB.inequalitiesC.consequencesD.disadvantages8.What can be inferred from the information that the new plow“favored the concentration of wealth and control”?A.Wealthy farmers in the south had a significant economic advantage over farmers in the north.B.The production and sale of the new plow became an important source of capital.C.The new plow was more popular in parts of Europe where oxen were used for farming than in parts where horses were used.D.Greater economic equality existed in northern Europe before the introduction of the new plowParagraph3The powerful,rugged farm horse was itself a product of improvement during the Middle Ages,and it was part of complex set of technical changes and capabilities.The introduction of new forms of equipment for horses transformed this animal into the single most important assist to human labor and travel.Instead of the old harness used by the ancient Greeks and Romans,there appeared from Central Asia the rigid, padded horse collar.Now,when the horse pulled against a load,no longer did the load pull back against its neck and windpipe but rather rode on the sturdy shoulders.When this innovation was combined with the iron horseshoe,the greater speed and stamina of the horse displaced oxen wherever it could be afforded.The large importance of this lay not only in more efficient farmwork,but in swifter and surer transportation between town and countryside.The farmer with horses could move products to market more frequently and at greater distances than with only oxen,and the urban development that was to transform the European economic and social landscape after the eleventh century was propelled in large part by these new horse-centered transport capabilities.9.According to paragraph3,which of the following contributed to the dramatic rise in the agricultural use of horses in Europe?A.A powerful new breed of farm horse was brought to Europe from Central Asia.B.Farmers began using rigid,padded collars that allowed horses to pull heavy loads more easily.C.For the first time,horses became cheaper than oxen.D.Farmers began studying the farming techniques used by the ancient Greeks and Romans.10.According to paragraph3,what role did horses play in the larger social changes of the eleventh century?A.The raising and selling of horses became important economic and cultural activities in Europe.B.Horses stimulated the growth of urban areas by providing quick,reliable transportation.C.Owners of successful horse-based farms became influential members of society.D.Horse transportation enabled Europeans to interact with other cultures like those of Central Asia.Paragraph4Another indicator of how compelling and important was the new horse agriculture was its sheer cost.Unlike oxen and other cattle,horses cannot be supported exclusively on hay and pasturage,they require,particularly in northern climates where pasturing seasons are short,cropped food,such as oats and alfalfa.Unlike grass and hay,these are grown with much of the same effort and resources applied to human nourishment,and thus their acquisition represents a sacrifice,in a real sense, of human food.The importance of this in a world that usually lived at the margins of sufficient diet is hard to overstate.The increased resources that went into making the horse central to both the medieval economy and in a separate but related development, medieval warfare,are the surest sings of the great utility the animal now assumed.11.The word“exclusively”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.cheaplyB.easilyC.reliablyD.solely12.In paragraph4,why does the author emphasize the amount of effort and resources needed to grow alfalfa and oats?A.To illustrate how valuable horses were by showing how much farmers were willing to sacrifice to keep themB.To provide evidence that,in medieval Europe,both horses and humans lived at the margins of a sufficient dietC.To argue that it made more sense to devote land to growing food for humans than to growing food for horsesD.To explain why oxen and other cattle that ate grass and hay continued to be more common than horses13.Look at the four squares[]that indicate where the following sentencecould be added to the passage.In fact,it sliced the ground so thoroughly that fields could be planted after only one plowing rather than the two needed before.One innovation was a new plow,with a curved attachment(moldboard)to turn over wet,heavy soils,and a knife(or coulter)in front of the blade to allow a deeper and easier cut.【】This more complex plow replaced the simpler“scratch”plow that merely made a shallow,straight furrow in the ground.【】In the lands around the Mediterranean,with light rains and mild winters,this had been fine,but in the wetter terrain north and west of the Danube and the Alps,such a plow left much to be desired,and it is to be wondered if it was used at all.【】Cleared lands would more likely have been worked by hand tilling,with little direct help from animals,and the vast forests natural to Northern Europe remained either untouched,or perhaps cleared in small sections by fire,and the land probably used only so long as the ash-enriched soil yielded good crops and then abandoned for some other similarly cleared field.【】Such a pattern of agriculture and settlement was no basis for sustained cultural or economic life.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passageis provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Agricultural innovations with important social and economic consequences occurred in eleventh-century EuropeAnswer choicesA.Light rains and unpredictable winters had made most of the soil in Europe unsuitable for enough agriculture to sustain economic developmentB.Farmers switched from oxen to horses to pull their plows because inexpensive pasturage for oxen decreased significantly in the centuries after1000B.C.E.C.The introduction of iron horseshoes enabled farmers to transport goods farther than they could with the more expensive oxen.D.Improvements in the design of plows opened up vast areas of land in Northern Europe that had previously been unusable for sustained agriculture.E.With help from a new kind of harness from Asia,horses were able to pull the new heavy plow and to transport goods to market more quickly and frequently.F.The horse came to be valued so greatly that farmers devoted some of their land to growing crops for their horses rather than using this land to grow food for their families.Mating Songs of FrogsThe calling or singing of frogs plays an important role in their reproduction—specifically,in helping individuals find and select mates.Sound hasmany advantages as a communication signal.When sounds are broadcast,the auditory receptors do not need to be in a particular orientation relative to the sound source in order to receive stimulation.Loud songs,particularly those made by choruses of frogs calling together,can travel long distances and thus attractdistant frogs.Sounds travel around large obstacles.These advantages are not found in the visual modality,where the receiver must be attentive and have its visual receptor orientated in the correct direction.Further,most frogs and toads breed at night,when light levels are low but sounds can be easily localized.We can conclude that auditory signals are used by frogs and toads because they can be effective over long distances at night.1.According to paragraph1,all of the following are mentioned as true of the mating calls of frogs EXCEPT:A.They can reach frogs in far-off locations.B.They are not blocked by objects of substantial size.C.They are often combined with non-auditory signals.D.They can be received without the frog’s needing to orient itself toward the directionof the signal.2.The author provides information about"the visual modality"in order toA.emphasize that visual information plays a significant part in frog breedingB.explain why some frogs breed at night,while others breed during the dayC.indicate the resourcefulness with which frogs overcome obstacles in sound travel during the breeding processD.argue that auditory signals have advantages over visual signals for frog reproductionMale frogs do most of the courtship calling.Other male frogs can respond by adding their voices to form a calling chorus.Male frogs can also vocalize to each other as part of aggressive displays.Aggressive calls can be distinct from the advertisement calls used to attract females.Females can respond to male songs by moving toward the sound source or by selecting certain males as reproductive partners.In some species females also respond to males by calling:receptive pairs can even perform duets.Predators may also cue in on calling frogs as potential prey.3.The word"potential"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.occasionalB.possibleC.easyD.hiddenFrog songs contain several potentially important pieces of information about the calling male.First,sound amplitude can indicate the size of the individual that is Galling.Since many frogs exhibit indeterminate growth(i.e.,they keep getting bigger as they get older),size is a good predictor of relative age.In many species,callamplitude is increased by specialized vocal sacs that can enlarge as the animal grows; thus,older frogs produce louder calls.The male’s age matters to the female because older frogs have successfully survived the environmental hazards that the offspring they sire will soon be facing.Amplitude can also convey information on how far away the calling frog is or,for choruses,how many frogs are calling together.An intensely vocalizing chorus may indicate a particularly favorable breeding site.Sound amplitude(subjectively:loudness)can be an ambiguous cue for a female,however.A very intense sound can indicate an old male at some distance or a younger male that is close.A close,small chorus could be confused with a louder chorus that is farther away.4.The word"favorable”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.well populatedB.distantC.extensiveD.advantageous5.According to paragraph3，female frogs who listen to frog songs are trying to determine whether a future mateA.can protect future offspring from predatorsB.has an important social position within the male chorusC.has reached an age that indicates the ability to survive environmental challengesD.is young enough to be able to produce many offspring6.It can be inferred from paragraph3that female frogs are seeking mates whoA.can inhabit a variety of breeding sitesB.can occupy habitats at a distance from those of younger male frogsC.have protected previous mates from environmental hazardsD.are likely to pass on traits that strengthen their offspring's chances of survivalSound frequencies-or pitch-can also convey information about the calling male because the vocal apparatus grows larger as the frog grows older.In some frogs,the pitch of individual sounds varies with so that older and larger males give lower-pitched calls.Sound pitch is affected by temperature;small males can mimic the lower pitch of larger,older males by calling from colder locations.Finally,the length of time that an individual can afford to spend calling is a good indicator of his health.Many frogs invest considerable energy in calling,both because they do not feed and because it is a physically demanding behavior that relies on rapid muscular contractions of the vocalization apparatus.This effort can be debilitating in a male frog that is not in top physical condition.Calling in tree frogs is said to be the most energetically expensive behavior yet measured in any vertebrate.7.The word"ambiguous"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.unexpectedB.unclearC.importantD.unhelpful8.The word"convey"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.transmitB.add toC.amplifyD.correct9.Paragraph4implies that young frogs may call from cold areas for which of the following reasons?A.To indicate superior strength over older malesB.To appear more attractive to females by sounding older than actuallyareC.To be able to spend less energy in producing their callD.To compete against fewer males for a female’s attention10.In paragraph4,why does the author mention that tree frog calling is said to be“the most energetically expensive behavior yet measured in any vertebrate"?A.explain why it is important for tree frogs to be in top physical conditionB.To distinguish tree frogs from other species of frogsC.To indicate that survival is more difficult for frogs than for other vertebratesD.To emphasize how physical effort calling requiresSound frequencies and the overall temporal pattern(rhythm and rate)of the song can also reveal the species of the calling male.The frequencies sounds and their temporal patterns are species-specific.The species of a potential mate is extremely important to the female.Females that choose to mate with members of another species risk losing the energy invest in eggs because the hybrid offspring will not survive and reproduce.11.It can be inferred paragraph5that having species specific songs benefits frogs in which of the following ways?A.It enables frogs to better protect eggs from being damaged by members of other species.B.It make it possible for frogs to judge their distance from potential mates.C.It helps frogs to avoid having offspring that cannot survive and reproduceD.It makes it possible for frogs to invest more of their energy into producing eggs.Thu complexity of a frog song can also affect how attractive it is to a female.The songs of male tungara frogs,for example,can consist simply of short high-frequency“whines”or by several lower-frequency"chucks."More females approach loudspeakers playing whines plus chucks than whines alone.The addition of chucks,however,also has the disadvantage of attracting bats that eat the frogs.。

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托福TPO26独立口语Task2题目：Some people like to have their cell or mobile phone with them at all times. Other people prefer not to bring their cell or mobile phone with them everywhere they go, or they choose not to own one at all. Which do you prefer? Explain why.托福TPO26独立口语Task2满分范文："I prefer not to bring cell-phones everywhere. There are some occasions I want to be detached from the world. For example, when I am readying a book in my study or in the library. It’s very annoying to hear the ring of the cell-phone or feel the vibrations. It always interrupts my train of thoughts. Having a cell-phone everywhere means you can be disturbed anytime. Nowadays, not just your friends will call you or send you message. More often than not, you receive spam messages or anonymous calls. It makes angry even to answer the calls. "以上是给大家整理的托福TPO26口语T ask2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。