高中生物必修二知识点总结(精华版)

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高中生物必修二知识点总结(精华版)

生物必修2复知识点

第二章 基因和染色体的关系

第一节 减数分裂

一、减数分裂的概念

减数分裂是有性生殖中形成生殖细胞的特有细胞分裂方式。在减数分裂过程中,染色体只复制一次,细胞连续分裂两次,新产生的生殖细胞中的染色体数目比体细胞减少一半。相比之下,体细胞主要通过有丝分裂产生,有丝分裂过程中,染色体复制一次,细胞分裂一次,新产生的细胞中的染色体数目与体细胞相同。

二、减数分裂的过程

1、的形成过程:精巢(哺乳动物称)

间期:染色体复制(包括DNA复制和蛋白质的合成)。

前期:同源染色体两两配对(称联会),形成四分体。四分体中的非姐妹染色单体之间常常交叉互换。

中期:同源染色体成对排列在赤道板上(两侧)。

后期:同源染色体分离;非同源染色体自由组合。

末期:细胞质分裂,形成两个子细胞。

减数第二次分裂(无同源染色体)

前期:染色体排列散乱。

中期:每条染色体的着丝粒都排列在细胞中央的赤道板上。

后期:姐妹染色单体分开,成为两条子染色体。并分别移向细胞两极。

末期:细胞质分裂,每个细胞形成两个子细胞,最终共形成四个子细胞。

2、卵细胞的形成过程:卵巢

附:减数分裂过程中染色体和DNA的变化规律

三、与卵细胞的形成过程的比较

的形成和卵细胞的形成过程有一些不同。的形成过程中,没有变形期,一个精原细胞形成四个。而卵细胞的形成过程中,有变形期,一个卵原细胞形成一个卵细胞和三个极体。

相同点是,和卵细胞中染色体数目都是体细胞的一半。它们属于体细胞,通过有丝分裂的方式增殖,但它们又可以进行减数分裂形成生殖细胞。

四、注意

1.同源染色体:①形态、大小基本相同;②一条来自父方,一条来自母方。

2.精原细胞和卵原细胞的染色体数目与体细胞相同。因此,它们属于体细胞,通过有丝分裂的方式增殖,但它们又可以进行减数分裂形成生殖细胞。

3.减数分裂过程中染色体数目减半发生在减数第一次分裂,原因是同源染色体分离并进入不同的子细胞。所以减数第二次分裂过程中无同源染色体。

五、受精作用的特点和意义

n is the process in which sperm and egg cells recognize and

fuse to form a zygote。The head of the sperm enters the egg cell

while the tail remains outside。Soon。the nuclei of the sperm and

egg cells fuse。restoring the number of chromosomes in the

zygote to that of a somatic cell。Half of the chromosomes come

from the sperm and half come from the egg cell.

sis and n play important roles in maintaining the constancy of

chromosome number in the cells of organisms。and are crucial for

ic inheritance and n.

Step-by-step analysis of sis and mitosis:

1.Is cell n equal。Unequal n results in the n of egg cells

during sis.

2.Number of chromosomes in the cell: If odd。it is the

second tic n (secondary spermatocyte。secondary oocyte。late

anaphase of second tic n)。If even。it is mitosis or the first tic n.

3.r of chromosomes in the cell: If there are homologous

chromosomes。it is mitosis or the first tic n。There is synapsis。tetrad n。and n of homologous chromosomes during the first tic n。If there are no homologous chromosomes。it is the second tic n.

4.n of sister chromatids: If there are no homologous

chromosomes。it is the late stage of the second tic n。If there are

homologous chromosomes。it is the late stage of mitosis.

n 3: Sex-Linked Inheritance 1.n: ic control genes are located on sex chromosomes and are

always associated with sex.

2.Characteristics of sex-linked inheritance:

1) Characteristics of X-linked recessive inheritance:

① More common in males than females ② Inheritance in

alternate ns (crossed inheritance) ③ If the mother is affected。all

sons will be affected。while daughters will be carriers.

2) Characteristics of X-linked dominant inheritance:

① More common in females than males ② Continuous onset

of disease ③ If the father is affected。all daughters will be

affected。while sons will be carriers.

3) Characteristics of Y-linked inheritance:

① Males are affected。while females are not ② Father →

son → grandson

Note: Common types of ic diseases (remember):

X-linked recessive: color blindness。hemophilia

X-linked dominant: vitamin D-resistant rickets

Autosomal recessive: congenital deafness-mutism。albinism

Autosomal dominant: polydactyly

Chapter 3: The Nature of Genes

n 1: DNA is the Main ic Material

1) The ic material of some viruses is RNA。(2) The ic

material of the vast majority of organisms is DNA.

n 2: The Structure of DNA Molecules

1.DNA's constituent elements: C。H。O。N。P

2.The basic unit of DNA: deoxyribonucleotide (four kinds)

3.The structure of DNA:

① Two parallel and reverse deoxyribonucleotide chains are

twisted into a double helix.

② The outer side consists of a basic backbone composed of

alternating deoxyribose and phosphate。The inner side is

composed of base pairs connected by hydrogen bonds.

③ There is a certain regularity to base pairing: A = T。G ≡ C

(complementary base pairing principle).

4.Characteristics:

① Stability: The order of deoxyribose and phosphate in DNA

molecules is stable and unchanging. ② Diversity: The order of base pairs in DNA molecules is

diverse (mainly)。and the number and n of bases are different.

③ Specificity: Each DNA molecule has its own specific order

of base pairs.

3.计算1:在两条互补链中,T和C的比例互为倒数关系;2:在整个DNA分子中,A+G=C+T=A+T=G+C的比例相等。

4.整个DNA分子中,G+C的比例与分子内每一条链上的该比例相同。

第三节 DNA的复制

DNA复制发生在细胞核中,只在细胞分裂间期进行,包括有丝分裂的间期和减数第一次分裂的间期。DNA复制的基本条件包括模板(即亲代DNA的两条链)、原料(即游离在细胞中的4种脱氧核苷酸)、能量(由ATP提供)和酶(如DNA解旋酶、DNA聚合酶等)。DNA复制的过程包括解旋、合成子链和形成子代DNA,其特点为边解旋边复制和半保留复制。DNA复制的原则是碱基互补配对原则。DNA复制能够精确进行的原因是因为独特的双螺旋结构为复制提供了精确的模板,而碱基互补配对原则保证了复制的准确性。DNA复制