2015年北京第二外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题整理

2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士英语翻译基础考研真题英语翻译基础一、汉译英15分1、《中庸》Doctrine of the Mean2、音译transliteration3、颐和园the Summer Palace4、目的语target language5、不可再生资源non-renewable resource6、中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences7、地方人民检察院Local People's Procuratorates8、领土完整territorial integrity9、货到付款cash on delivery（COD）10、对外贸易经济合作部the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation11、洋务运动Westernization Movement12、中国国际广播电台China Radio International(CRI)13、改革重点the key points of the reform15、宪法修正案amendments to the Constitution英译汉15分1、（EMS）express mail service特快专递2、（GNP）gross national product国民生产总值3、（OPEC）Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国家组织4、mission commander指挥官5、The third party involvement第三方介入6、（IFF）International Football Federation国际足球联合会7、Non Aligned Movement不结盟运动8、House of Representatives众议院9、（IAEA)International Atomic Energy Agency国际原子能组织10、Direct dial to phone直拨电话11、（IQ)intelligence quotient智商12、computer assisted design计算机辅助设计13、Federal Bureau of Investigation联邦调查局二、段落英译汉60分人物传记类，讲述一个部落放牛郎成长为二十世纪最后一位伟大的解放者。

2015年北京第二外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题分享笔记各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京第二外国语大学翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

百科知识部分一、填空（每空0.4分，共12分）（一）1917年1月_________在《新青年》上发表__________,针对旧文学的形式主义等弊端，提出文学改良的“八事”。

（二）鲁迅接受进化论，是因为受了严复所译赫胥黎的___________的影响。

（三）胡适、陈独秀发表文章，提出了文学革命主张之后，积极响应的还有______、______等人。

（四）中国新文学早期，除了文学研究会、创造社之外，重要的还有：A_______，代表作家是________、___________；B_______，代表作家是_________、_________、________。

（五）1928年，创造社、太阳社的__________、___________、________等人对_______等人发动的批判，是新文学阵营左派之间的一场误会。

（六）中华全国文艺界抗敌协会于_______年在_______成立，其会刊是________。

（七）毛泽东主席的《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》发表后，解放区文坛出现了一批优秀作品，主要有小说__________、_________等，歌剧__________及长诗__________。

（八）茅盾的三个连续性的中篇《幻灭》、《动摇》、《追求》组成长篇小说__________。

（九）曹禺的_____、_____、_____、_____等优秀剧作，为现代话剧创作开创了一个崭新的局面。

（十）《新儿女英雄传》的作者是_______和_______。

二、选择，把正确答案填入空处（每空0.4分，共6分）（一）鲁迅发表的第一篇白话小说是__________。

A、《怀旧》B、《阿Q正传》C、《药》D、《狂人日记》（二）历史剧《屈原》是__________的代表作。

2015年北京第二外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题汇总各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京第二外国语大学翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

百科写作部分经济全球化(Economic Globalization) 是指世界经济活动超越国界，通过对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务、相互依存、相互联系而形成的全球范围的有机经济整体。

（简单的说也就是世界经济日益成为紧密联系的一个整体）。

经济全球化是当代世界经济的重要特征之一，也是世界经济发展的重要趋势。

进口税(import duty / import tax) 亦称进口关税。

指进口国海关对从外国进入本国的货物和物品征收的一种关税。

是关税中最主要的一种。

进口税在外国货物输入关境或国境时征收，或者外国货物从自由港、自由贸易区或保税仓库中提出运往国内市场销售，办理通关手续时征收。

保税区（Bonded Area ;the low-tax; tariff-free zone ;tax-protected zone)亦称保税仓库区。

这是一国海关设置的或经海关批准注册、受海关监督和管理的可以较长时间存储商品的区域。

是经国务院批准设立的、海关实施特殊监管的经济区域，是我国目前开放度和自由度最大的经济区域。

自由贸易协定Free Trade Agreement是两国或多国间具有法律约束力的契约,目的在于促进经济一体化,其目标之一是消除贸易壁垒,允许产品与服务在国家间自由流动.这里所指的贸易壁垒可能是关税,也可能是繁杂的规则等等.海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（英文为Economic Cooperation FrameworkAgreement，简称ECFA）是属于两岸特殊性质的经济合作协议，不违背世界贸易组织(WTO)精神；只规范两岸经济合作事项，如同两岸已签署的海空运等九项协议，不涉及主权或政治问题。

2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题汇总各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

百科知识部分154. 古人对"六十岁"年龄的人的称呼是:(D)而立不惑知天命花甲155. 根椐《百家姓》,我国的复姓共有多少个?(B)70个76个80个86个156. 下列国家中哪一个国家的人口还不够一亿人:(C)尼日利亚印尼朝鲜巴西157. "国际护士节"是在每年的哪一天?(C)5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13158. 《二十四史》不包括下列哪部史书?(D)《史记》《金史》《明史》《清史》159. 图书的常见开本有三种,下列哪种不常见:(B)16开24开32开64开160. 下列不属于西方世界四大通讯社之一的是:(C)法新社美联社塔斯社合众国际社E.路透社161. 下列哪个不属于文学写作"小说三要素"之一:(A)时间人物环境情节162. 文学作品中"专指创造性的文章"称为:(B)编著纂163. 世界文学奖中奖金最多的奖项是:(C)列宁文学奖海明威奖诺贝尔文学奖歌德奖164. 世界上第一部长篇小说《源氏物语》出自哪个国家?(D) 中国美国印度日本165. 有"世界童话之王"之称的安徒生是何国人?(D)荷兰瑞典挪威丹麦166. 下列鲁迅作品中哪部不是杂文集:(C)《热风》《坟》《呐喊》《二心集》167. 名著《基度山伯爵》的作者是:(A)大仲马小仲马福楼拜雨果168. 下列作品哪部是小仲马所著?(D)《高老头》《红与黑》《伪君子》《茶花女》169. 下列哪位人物不是"意大利文艺复兴三杰"之一:(A)但丁达．芬奇米开朗琪罗拉斐尔170. 《威尼斯商人》中的吝啬鬼形象人物是:(B)阿巴公夏洛克葛朗台泼留希金171. .下列名著不属于列夫．托尔斯泰的三大巨著之一的是:(D) 《战争与和平》《安娜卡列尼娜》《复活》《悲惨世界》172. 戏剧《春香传》故事的源产地是:(C)中国日本朝鲜越南173. 我国最早的诗歌总集是:(A)《诗经》《全唐诗》《花间集》《诗品》174. 小说《金瓶梅》属于哪一类小说?(B)谴责小说言情小说市井小说侠义小说175. "香山居士"是我国古代哪位文学家的别称?(C)李白杜甫白居易王维翻译硕士高校排名第一批:1.北大招生30名，其中推免202.北外英语笔译60名(学制两年)(好像除了翻译基础和汉语百科，会考俄日法德其中一门二外)3.南开英语口笔译非在职和在职生各招收30名4.复旦英语笔译30名5.同济英语笔译德语笔译未列招生人数6.上海交大英语笔译未列招生人数7.上外英语笔译35人(下设法律翻译，公/商务笔译，专业编译三个方向)英语口译15人(下设会议口译方向，公/商务口译方向和陪同口译方向)法语口译5人8.南大英语笔译35人9.厦大英语口笔译各15人10.中南大学英语口笔译未列招生人数11.湖南师范英语口笔译未列招生人数12.中山英语笔译20人英语口译10人13.西南大学英语笔译未列招生人数14.广外英语笔译60人英语口译40人日语笔译20人日语口译10人法语口译10人其中英语翻译硕士复试参考书目991|翻译实务(笔译):1、《实用翻译教程(修订版)》，刘季春主编，中山大学出版社，2007年。

2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题答案笔记各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

百科知识部分【中国文学】一、填空1.国别史2.建安七子3.西洲曲4.南朝的宋初5.岑参6.温州杂剧7.酸甜乐府8.金瓶梅9.竟陵派10.阅微草堂笔记11，新青年12 故事新编13 戴望舒14 自叙传抒情小说15 倪焕之二、选择填空1、战国策2、九歌3、《文选》4、左思5、刘长卿6、苏轼7、_白朴8、施惠9、童心说10、黄遵宪11 星空12 郁达夫13 《幻灭》14 艾青15 青春之歌三、名词解释1．元曲——元代特有的文学艺术形式，包括元杂剧和散曲。

元杂剧是一种把诗歌、音乐、舞蹈、表演、宾白相结合，演出一个完整故事的戏曲艺术。

为平民百姓喜闻乐见。

散曲是由诗词演变而来、可以配乐演唱的歌曲，起源于民间小曲和少数民族音乐。

形式简单，坦率真挚，清新纯朴，所以会受到人民喜爱。

2．拟话本——短篇白话小说。

是明代文人模拟宋元话本写作的案头文学。

冯梦龙是其代表作家。

他毕生尽力于整理通俗文学，他编选加工的著名小说集“三言”（即《喻世明言》、《警世通言》、《醒世恒言》），对明代市民生活、道德意识都有深刻反映。

其中《杜十娘怒沉百宝箱》篇是最优秀的代表作。

在冯梦龙影响下，凌濛初也编写了有名的“二拍”（即《初刻拍案惊奇》、《二刻拍案惊奇》），收入小说78篇。

对市民意识的社会思潮有了一定的反映。

四、简要评述中唐“新乐府运动”对乐府诗歌的继承与发展。

思想上，汉乐府民歌继承并发扬了《诗经》的现实主义精神，广泛地反映了两汉人民的痛苦生活，反映了两汉的政治面貌和社会面貌，同时还深刻地反映了两汉人民的思想感情。

具体表现为：1对阶级剥削和压迫的反抗。

2对战争和徭役的揭露。

3对封建礼教和封建婚姻制的抗议。

4讽刺统治者卖官的政治丑剧和权门豪家的荒淫生活。

2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士考研真题答案分享各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

百科知识部分【中国文学】一、填空1山海经2《离骚》3山水诗4王昌龄5柳永6警世通言7临川四梦8桐城派9孔尚任10吴趼人的《二十年目睹之怪现状》。

11 呐喊和彷徨12 胡适《尝试集》13 爱情三部曲14 老舍15 高晓声二、选择1司马相如2曹丕3《诗品》。

4永明体5《使至塞上》6刘禹锡7柳宗元8红娘9金瓶梅10贾王史薛11 蘩漪12 沈从文13 上海屋檐下14 柳青15 平凡的世界三、名词解释1．江西诗派——以江西人黄庭坚为代表而得名。

主张以丰富的书本知识作为写诗的基础，“无一字无来处”。

积累古人的“佳句善字”，以备检用。

最著名的主张是："夺胎换骨"、"点铁成金"。

即或师承前人之辞、或师承前人之意的一种方法，目的是要在诗歌创作中“以故为新”。

还要求诗人以“自成一家”为努力目标，在下苦功掌握艺术技巧的基础上摆脱技巧的束缚而达到"无斧凿痕"的最高艺术境界。

成为宋代影响最大的流派。

江西诗派是中国古典诗歌发展过程中的一个重要环节。

其作品是宋诗的重要组成部分，其艺术风格是构成宋诗独特风貌的一个重要因素，它的诗歌理论也在中国文学批评史上占有一定的地位。

2．古文运动——中唐以韩愈、柳宗元为代表的文学家，为了挽救文坛危机，打着复古旗帜，提倡写秦汉那样的散文，反对骈文，并提出文以明道，文以载道，文以明理的主张，认为写文章应“有为而作”起讽喻和褒贬作用，同时也要重视作家的思想修养。

在语言上要“务去陈言”、“文从字顺”。

要把秦汉散文作为典范。

这个古文运动打击了骈文的写作，恢复了古文的创作传统。

四、论述题1、简述《史记》对中国文学的影响。

《史记》是伟大的历史著作，也是传记文学名著。

2015年北京第二外国语学院翻译硕士汉语写作与百科知识考研真题选择题1.哲学中讨论的最基本的关系是？2.法律限制人的言行等，体现了法律什么作用？3.国家宪法日是哪一天？4.机会成本指的是？5.离太阳最近的行星是？6.“东风不与周郎便，铜雀春深锁二乔”，诗句所发生故事的年代与作者相差多少年？（选项400500600700年）7.爱神是谁？（选项维纳斯、丘比特、阿波罗等）8.《百年孤独》是一部什么题材的作品？9.“自由是法律所许可的一切事的权利……”，作者是谁？（选项伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，林肯等）10.人体有多少块骨骼？（选项203204206209）11.第一座长江大桥是？12.药王是？13.以下关于爱国主义的认识错误的是？14.滑铁卢战役与谁有关？15.最大的区域性贸易集团是？16.最简单的有机化合物是？17.“命运交响曲”是贝多芬的第几交响曲？18.刘三姐是哪个民族的？（傣族、彝族、壮族）20.阿拉伯教育以什么教为主？（基督教，伊斯兰教，天主教）21．臭氧空洞形成的原因是？22.“芭蕾舞”一词是哪里传来的外来语？（选项德国法国比利时俄国）...................常用经济名词解释231、城市化：是由农业为主的传统乡村社会向以工业和服务业为主的现代城市社会逐渐转变的历史过程。

具体包括人口职业的转变、产业结构的转变、土地及地域空间的变化。

32、节能减排：指的是减少能源浪费和降低废气排放。

我国“十一五”规划纲要提出，“十一五”期间单位国内生产总值能耗降低20％左右、主要污染物排放总量减少10％。

这是贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会的重大举措；是建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的必然选择；是推进经济结构调整，转变增长方式的必由之路；是维护中华民族长远利益的必然要求。

33、CDM：是清洁发展机制(Clean Development Mechanism)的英文简称，它是为了应对二氧化碳等温室气体过量排放导致的全球气候变暖问题，世界上多数国家于1997年在日本京都签订的《京都议定书》中引入的三个灵活履约机制之一。

2015年北京第二外国语翻译硕士考研真题汇总各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京电影学院艺术硕士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的考研真题及经验，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

翻译硕士英语第一题是30个选择题，25个词汇题，词汇不难，有conspicious, patent, ，是专四水平，后5个是时态的一个题有三四个空吧，什么was， were， had， has 等等，反正当时看着特别混乱，大家还是打好基础吧第二题是阅读，前两个是选择，后两个是回答问题的，感觉后两个阅读有点难具体内容：有一个选allegiance 的意思，只记得其中一个是说 voilence, 最后一个是说美国的药品价格很高，民众抗议第三题是作文要求400字 human spend a major part of their adult life at work , how to get job satisfaction. What are the factors of job satisfaction. 大概是这个意思翻译基础第一题词汇翻译其实不难，还有去年原题教育部知识产权全球定位系统宪法修正案反倾销措施全国人民代表大会north american free trade zone 、IMF 、 non-proforming loan 、 Grant Contract of Land Ues Rights 、 forest coverage 、英译汉弹性休假制度世界文化遗产（13年原题）中国科学院（13年原题）新闻发布会（12年原题）扩大内需（12年原题）General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade（12年原题）amendement to the constitution（12年原题，今年考的是汉译英“宪法修正案”）anti-dumping measures（12年原题，今年考汉译英“反倾销措施”）government procurement（12年原题，今年考汉译英“ZF采购”）Intellectual Property Right （12年原题，今年考汉译英“知识产权”）enjoy present hardships to revive 卧薪尝胆第二题英译汉关键词 UK media outlets，the royal baby（考完试找到了出处）Media outlets in the UK went berserk over the arrival of the royal baby. Reporters camped for days outside the hospital where the Duchess of Cambridge stayed; TV presenters spent prime time slots speculating on the baby’s name or when it would ascend the throne; tabloid newspaper The Sun even changed its masthead to “The Son”on the day the royal birth was announced.不久前，英国各大媒体为王室宝宝的到来而狂热不已。

北京第二外国语学院《翻译硕士英语》考研样题I.Vocabulary and grammar(30’)Multiple choiceDirections:Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1.Thousands of people turned out into the streets to_________against the local authorities’decision to build a highway across the field.A.contradictB.reformC.counterD.protest2.The majority of nurses are women,but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _________.A.minorityB.scarcityC.rarityD.minimum3.Professor Johnson’s retirement________from next January.A.carries into effectB.takes effectC.has effectD.puts into effect4.The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to________government spending.A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget5.The heat in summer is no less_________here in this mountain region.A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive6.Taking photographs is strictly________here,as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A.forbiddenB.rejectedC.excludedD.denied7.Mr.Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will_________.A.pull backB.pull upC.pull throughD.pull out8.Since the early nineties,the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand,always-available products and services that suit the customer’s_________rather than the company’s.A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience9.The priest made the________of the cross when he entered the church.A.markB.signalC.signD.gesture10.This spacious room is________furnished with just a few articles in it.A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely11.If you explained the situation to your solicitor,he________able to advise you much better than I can.A.would beB.will have beenC.wasD.were12.With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks,it is really hard to tell they are gay or_________.A.straightB.homosexualC.beautifulD.sad13.His remarks were________annoy everybody at the meeting.A.so as toB.such as toC.such toD.as much as to14.James has just arrived,but I didn’t know he_________until yesterday.A.will comeB.was comingC.had been comingD.came15._________conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A.I was and always will beB.I have to be and always will beC.I had been and always will beD.I have been and always will be16.Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful,we will have to install_________solar heating device in our home.A.some type ofB.some types of aC.some type of aD.some types of17.I went there in1984,and that was the only occasion when I________the journey in exactly two days.A.must takeB.must have madeC.was able to makeD.could make18.I know he failed his last test,but really he’s_________stupid.A.something butB.anything butC.nothing butD.not but19.Do you know Tim’s brother?He is_________than Tim.A.much more sportsmanB.more of a sportsmanC.more of sportsmanD.more a sportsman20.That was not the first time he________us.I think it’s high time we________strong actions against him.A.betrayed…takeB.had betrayed…tookC.has betrayed…tookD.has betrayed…takeII.Reading comprehension(40’)Section1Multiple choice(20’)Directions:In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions.Read thepassages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity,but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx,once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,however,have helped reverse the decline of Welsh.Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English,and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages.Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages,spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language,particularly among young people,is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small,proud st month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly,the first parliament to be convened here since1404.The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom.With most of the people and wealth,England has always had bragging rights.The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,implemented by Tony Blair,was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland,Northern Ireland,and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution.Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament,the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than25percent.Its powers were proportionately limited.The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent.It cannot,unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh,enact laws.But now that it is here,the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly.Many people would like it to have more powers.Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in2003,of a new debating chamber,one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city.Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty.Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain,Portugal,and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women,boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones,the movie star,and Bryn Terfel,the opera singer.Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.And Wales now boasts a national airline,Awyr Cymru.Cymru,which means“land of compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales.The red dragon,the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur,is everywhere—on T-shirts,rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,”said Dyfan Jones,an18-year-old student.It was a warm summer night,and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli,an industrial town in the south,outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,Wales’s annual cultural festival.The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,”Dyfan continued.Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking,global youth culture and the new federal Europe,Dyfan,like the rest of his generation,is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.“We used to think.We can’t do anything,we’re only Welsh.Now I think that’s changing.”1.According to the passage,devolution was mainly meant toA.maintain the present status among the nations.B.reduce legislative powers of England.C.create a better state of equality among the nations.D.grant more say to all the nations in the union.2.The word“centrifugal”in the second paragraph meansA.separatist.B.conventional.C.feudal.D.political3.Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA.people’s desire for devolution.B.locals’turnout for the voting.C.powers of the legislative body.D.status of the national language.4.Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A.Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B.Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C.A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D.The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5.According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA.people’s mentality.B.pop culture.C.town’s appearance.D.possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history,one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock.But making sure it never happens again may not be possible,because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems.It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the20th century.The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world.With the explosion of wealth,that began in the19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before.The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,warmth,shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify.That remarkable promise became reality in many ernments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly(Social Security in the U.S.).Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees.Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—insome cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions?The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself,a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been.Ultimately I’m on my own.Now it became,ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the1980s.U.S.business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively,with huge Layoffs.The trend accelerated in the1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality.IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible,and a few of whom killed themselves.The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades.President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare.Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions.To make costs easier to control,companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans,which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future,to defined contribution plans,which specify only how much goes into the play today.The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the401(k).the significance of the401(k)is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee.Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron?Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’401(k)accounts.That is,the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it.Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s401(k)contribution with company stock,so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio;but that could be regarded as a freebie,since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case.First,some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems,prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.Second,Enron’s401(k)accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October,when the stock was falling,so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to. But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock.Many had placed100%of their401(k)assets in the stock rather than in the 18other investment options they were offered.Of course that wasn’t prudent,but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security.That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible.The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation.The shift back may take just as long.It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a20th-century quirk,and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that,like most people in most times and places,they’re on their own.6.Why does the author say at the beginning“The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A.Because the company has gone bankrupt.B.Because such events would never happen again.C.Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D.Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7.According to the passage,the combined efforts by governments,layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA.people’s outlook on life.B.people’s life styles.C.people’s living standard.D.people’s social values.8.Changes in pension schemes were also part ofA.the corporate lay-offs.B.the government cuts in welfare spending.C.the economic restructuring.D.the warning power of labors unions.9.Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA.the401(k)made them responsible for their own future.B.Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C.their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D.Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10.Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A.The401(k)assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B.Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C.Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D.Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Section2Answering questions(20’)Directions:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each e only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions1～3For40years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself.But the2,400school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition.The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on one weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season,when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’chances of reproducing successfully.Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs.They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn,when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well anisers of the event,which is led by about400Territorial Army volunteers,saymoving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the 55-mile trek.Dartmoor is home to10rare species of ground-nesting birds,including golden plovers, dunlins and lapwings.In some cases,species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin,South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB,took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl. She said the society had no objections to the event itself but simply wanted it moved to another time of year.“It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part but,having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal,”she said.“We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over.There is a risk of destruction and disturbance.If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.”Helen Booker,an RSPB upland conservation officer,said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk was detrimental.“If people are tramping past continually it can harm the chances of successful nesting.There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.”A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from early March to mid-July,and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March, when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period.There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in 2004,“but until then any change was unlikely.The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline,it would increase pressure to move the Challenge,”he said.Major Mike Pether,secretary of the army committee that organises the Challenge,said the event could be moved if there was the popular will.“The Ten Tors has been running for42years and it has always been at this time of the year.It is almost in tablets of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour.However,although the RSPB would like it moved,75per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is,”he said.Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season,most of the children were on holiday in the summer,and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some54sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops known as“Tors”with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching621m.The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker.The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range.The origin of the event stretches back to1959when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers.In the first year203youngsters took up the challenges.Since then teams,depending on age and ability,face hikes of35,45or55miles between 10nominated Tors over two days.They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.1.What is the Ten Tors Challenge?Give a brief introduction of its location and history.2.Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?3.What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons?Questions4～5Mike and Adam Hurewitz grew up together on Long Island,in the suburbs of New York City.They were very close,even for brothers.So when Adam’s liver started failing,Mike offered to give him half of his.The operation saved Adam’s life.But Mike,who went into the hospital in seemingly excellent health,developed a complication—perhaps a blood colt—and died last week.He was57.Mike Hurewitz’s death has prompted a lot of soul searching in the transplant community.Was it a tragic fluke or a sign that transplant surgery has reached some kind of ethical limit?The Mount Sinai Medical Center,the New York City hospital where the complex double operation was performed,has put on hold its adult living donor liver transplant program,pending a review of Hurewitz’s death.Mount Sinai has performed about100such operations in the past three years.A1-in-100risk of dying may not seem like bad odds,but there’s more to this ethical dilemma than a simple ratio.The first and most sacred rule of medicine is to do no harm.“For a normal healthy person a mortality rate1%is hard to justify,”says Dr.John Fung,chief of transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.“If the rate stays at1%,it’s just not going to be accepted.”On the other hand, there’s an acute shortage of traditional donor organs from people who have died in accidents or suffered fatal heart attacks.If family members fully understand the risks and are willing to proceed,is there any reason to stand in their way?Indeed,a recent survey showed that most people will accept a mortality rate for living organ donors as high as20%.The odds,thankfully,aren’t nearly that bad.For kidney donors,for example,the risk ranges from1in2,500to1in4,000for a healthy volunteer.That helps explain why nearly40%of kidney transplants in the e from living donors.The operation to transplant a liver,however,is a lot trickier than one to transplant a kidney.Not only is the liver packed with blood vessels,but it also makes lots of proteins that need to be produced in the right ratios for the body to survive.When organs from the recently deceased are used,the surgeon gets to pick which part of the donated liver looks the best and to take as much of it as needed.Assuming all goes well,a healthy liver can grow back whatever portion of the organ is missing,sometimes within a month.A living-donor transplant works particularly well when an adult donates a modest portion of the liver to a ually only the left lobe of the organ is required,leading to a mortality rate for living-donors in the neighborhood of1in500to1in1,000.But when the recipient is another adult,as much as60%of the donor’s liver has to be removed.“There really is very little margin for error,”says Dr.Fung.By way of analogy,he suggests,think of a tree.“An adult-to-child living-donor transplant is like cutting off a limb. With an adult-to-adult transplant,you’re splitting the trunk in half and trying to keep both halves alive.”Even if a potential donor understand and accepts these risks,that doesn’t necessarily mean the operation should proceed.All sorts of subtle pressures can be brought to bear on such a decision,says Dr. Mark Siegler,director of the MacLean for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicago.“Sometimes the sicker the patient,the greater the pressure and the more willing the donor will be to accept risks.”If you feel you can’t say no,is your decision truly voluntary?And if not,is it the medical community’s responsibility to save you from your own best intentions?Transplant centers have developed screening programs to ensure that living donors fully understand the nature of their decision.But unexamined,for the most part,is the larger issue of just how much a volunteer should be allowed to sacrifice to save another human being.So far,we seem to be saying some risk is acceptable,although we’re still vaguer about where the cutoff should be.There will always be family members like Mike Hurewitz who are heroically prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice for a loved one.What the medical profession and society must decide is if it’s appropriate to let them do so.4.Describe in your own words the liver transplant between the two brothers Mike and Adam.5.What is the major issue raised in the article?III.Writing(30’)Some people see education simply as going to school or college,or as a means to secure good jobs; other people view education as a lifelong process.In your opinion,how important is education to people in the modern society?Write a composition of about400words on your view of the topic.1.坚定的决心请随时随地问自己：我到底想要什么?是想要，还是一定要？如果是想要，我们可能什么都得不到；如果是一定要，我们一定能够有方法得到。