2005-2012

中国科学院研究生院2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：无机化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。

3．可以使用无字典存储和编程功能的电子计算器。

一、选择题 ( 共20题，每题2分，共40分 )1.下列各氧化物中，金属的原子轨道中不存在单电子的是：(A) Mn 3O 4 (B) Fe 3O 4 (C) Pb 3O 4 (D) Cr 2O 32. 根据软硬酸碱理论，下列金属离子中，最软的酸是：(A) Zn 2+ (B) Ca 2+ (C) Mn 2+ (D) Ni 2+3.下列金属中，与汞不能生成汞齐合金的是：(A) Zn (B) Ag (C) Fe (D) Cu4. 主量子数n=4, m s =1/2时，可允许的最多电子数为：(A) 6 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 85. 下列叙述正确的是：(A) 在复合反应中，反应级数与反应分子数必定相等(B) 通常，反应活化能越小，反应速率常数越大，反应越快(C) 加入催化剂，使正反应和逆反应的活化能减小相同的倍数(D) 反应温度升高，活化分子数减低，反应加快6. 下列含氧酸盐中热稳定性最差的是：(A) K 2CO 3 (B) ZnCO 3 (C) CaCO 3 (D) Na 2CO 37. 下列离子半径从小到大顺序正确的是：(A) Li +< Na +< Mg 2+<F -<S 2- (B) Li +< F - < Na + < Mg 2+<S 2-(C) Li +< Na + < F -< S 2- < Mg 2+ (D) Li +< Mg 2+ < Na + < F -<S 2-8. 下列物种中，键角最小的是：(A) NO 2- (B) NO 2 (C) NO 2+ (D) N 2O9. H 2O 2既可作氧化剂又可作还原剂，下列叙述中错误的是：(A) H 2O 2可被氧化生成O 2 (B) H 2O 2可被还原生成H 2O(C) pH 变小，H 2O 2的还原性也增强 (D) pH 变小，H 2O 2的氧化性增强10. 在Y X 2208923292 的放射衰变中，发射出的α粒子和β粒子数为：(A) 3α和2β (B) 5α和3β (C) 5α和5β (D) 3α和3β11. 下列物质中， m f H 不等于零的是：(A) O(g) (B) Fe(s) (C) C(石墨) (D) Ne(g)12. 已知 ϕ(Cr 2O 72-/Cr 3+)＞ ϕ(Fe 3+/Fe 2+)＞ ϕ(Cu 2+/Cu)＞ ϕ(Fe 2+/Fe)，则上述诸电对的各物种中最强的氧化剂和最强的还原剂分别为：(A) Cr 2O 72-，Fe 2+ (B) Fe 3+，Cu (C) Cr 2O 72-，Fe (D) Cu 2+，Fe 2+13. 关于V 2O 5的下列叙述中错误的是：(A)是酸性氧化物 (B)是无色晶体 (C)具有强氧化性 (D)可作为催化剂14. 室温下用CCl 4萃取I 2的分配系数D ＝2I C (CCl 4 )/2I C (H 2O), CCl 4萃取AtI 的分配系数D1＝C AtI (CCl 4)/ C AtI (H 2O)，则：(A) D>D1 (B) D<D1 (C) D=D1 (D)无法确定15. 对于常见分子筛的成分中，硅铝比越大，下列说法正确的是：(A) 耐酸性强，热稳定性差 (B) 耐酸性差，热稳定性差(C) 耐酸性强，热稳定性强 (D) 耐酸性差，热稳定性强16. 仅用一种试剂，即可将Ag +, Hg 2+, Zn 2+, Fe 3+ , Ni 2+ 五种离子区分开，这种试剂可选用：(A) H 2S (B) Na 2S (C) NaCl (D) NaOH17.锰的下列物种能在酸性溶液中发生歧化反应的是：(A) MnO 42- (B) MnO 2 (C) MnO 4- (D) Mn 2+18. 下列叙述错误的是：(A) Ce(OH)3在空气中易被氧化生成黄色的Ce(OH)4(B) Ce 4+的价电子构型为4f 0(C) 镧系元素草酸盐是难溶的(D) 钍和铀是人工放射性元素19. 下列混合物中，可以制成温度最低的制冷剂体系是：(A) 水＋甘油 (B) 水＋食盐 (C) 冰＋氯化钙 (D)水＋冰20. 对于下列基元反应 A ＋ 2 B → C ，其速率常数为 k ，若某一个时刻（时间以 s 计）A 的浓度为 2 mol · L -1，B 的浓度为 3 mol · L -1，则反应速率 υ＝：(A) 6k mol · L -1 · s -1 (B) 18k mol · L -1 · s -1(C) 12k mol · L -1 · s -1 (D) 36k mol · L -1 · s -1二、填空题 ( 共 5题，共30分 )21. （每空1分）相同温度，压力，体积下，两种气体（1，2）的摩尔质量分别为M 1和M 2（M 1>M 2）试比较，物质的量1 _____ 2，质量1_____ 2，平均动能1 _____ 2，平均速度 1 _____ 2，密度 1 _____ 2。

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专八改错2012真题The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least the first (1) ______ century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favoured certain k ind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _______sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _______ the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5) _______ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______ was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _______ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _______ literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______ extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov. The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with each other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) _____2011真题2010年真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally complete and perfectas instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be well 1equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say. 2There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or 3cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people areequally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice orthe engraving of Benares brass. Whereas this is not the fault of their language. 4The Eskimos can speak about snow with a great deal further precision and 5 subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language(one of those sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise andsubtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect in English, 6a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position is simply and obviouslythat the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The English 7 language will be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow, 8 presumably, if the environments in which English was habitually used madesuch distinction as important. 9 Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could beas precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if thesetopics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. For obvious historical reasons, 10 Englishmen in the nineteenth century could not talk about motorcars with theminute discrimination which is possible today: cars were not a part of theirculture. But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicles which send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when we are reading Scott or Dickens. Howmany of us could distinguish between a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham,a coupe, a gig, a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton,and a clarence ?2009年真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)_____ between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learntin early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener (2)__has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. (3)_____The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingIt may be something from twenty to seventy years. With the playground (4)_____ lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on whtin the very hour (5)_____it is learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the (6)_____same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in agebetween playmates to be more than five years. If therefore, a playgroundrhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or (7)_____even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitting overand over; very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three (8)_____hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live (9)____after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10)____original wording.2008年真题The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent (1)__________part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate (2)__________a given language to show that they are distinctive from another (3)__________race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States (4)___________split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a (5)__________ different language from those of Britain. There was even one (6)__________ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, thought, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English (7)__________ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone (8)__________ know, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. (9)__________ Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world (10)_________ That political independence and national identity can be completeWithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a commonlanguage.2007年真题From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest (1)_____________ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and (2)_____________ emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language (3)_____________ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the (4)_____________ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of a language with alarge proportion of such cries than we find in English. Ti is true that the (5)__________ absence of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in (6)____________ other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that such noises are (7)____________ similar on the lips of Frenchmen and Malaysians whose languagesare utterly different, serves to emphasize on the fundamental (8)___________ difference between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largelyreflex actions, instinctive to large extent, whereas language (9)___________ proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt (10)___________ and that are wholly conventional.2006年真题We use language primarily as means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in whichwe live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conven- (1)___________ tions as to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a (2)____________ particular message; the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabu- (3)____________ lary and a set of grammatical rules which inables him to communi- (4)___________ cate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other (5)____________English speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which heuses actively and that which he recognizes, increases in size as hegrows old, as a result of education and experience. (6)___________But, whether the language store is relatively small or large,the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the indi-vidual, unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to beseen by another member of his linguistic community; he has to give (7)__________the system a concrete transmission form. We take it for granted the (8)____________two most common forms of transmission—by means of sounds pro-duced by our vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And (9)____________these are among most striking of human achievements. (10)___________2005年真题A number of colleges and universities have announced steep tu-ition increases for next year—much steeper than the current,very low, rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed be-cause of a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing (1)__________in common stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the pricethat maximizes its net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in in- (2)__________come; and increasingly tihe outlook of universities in the UnitedStates is indistinguishable from those of business firms. The rise in (3)__________tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the de- (4)__________mand for education. The biggest cost of being in the school is fore- (5)___________going income from a job (this primarily a factor in graduate—andprofessional—school tuition): the poor one’s job prospects, the more (6)__________sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to (7)_________students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, givingstudents a governance role, and eliminate required courses, Sky- (8)__________high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students ascustomers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the (9)_________rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost tothem of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumnidonations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education inorder to obtain salaries earlier from professional teams. And untilthey were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy Leagueschools colluded to limit competition for the best students, byagreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather thanpurely of need—just like business firms agreeing not to give dis-counts on their best customer. (10)________参考答案2012年1. going 后加on2. certain 改成some3. rather 后加than4. is 改为was5. in 改为at6. 去掉the7. view 后加that8. 删掉was9. statement 改为statements10.and 改为but2011年1. grew 后加up2. conscience 改成consciousness3. soon 改成sooner4. the 去掉5. disagreeing 改成disagreeable6. imaginative 改成imaginary7. literal 改成literary8. in 去掉9. which 前加in10. Therefore, 改成Nevertheless2010年1 be后插入as;2 their改为its;3 There改为It;4 Whereas改为But5 further 改为much6 come改为bring;7 similar改为different;8 will改为would;9 as important去掉as;10 the part去掉the2009年1. 答案：the further--- a further2. 答案：when---until3. 答案：their---his4. 答案：something---anything5. 答案：therefore---however/nevertheless/yet6. 答案：删掉in the general中的the7. 答案：currently---current8. 答案：over and over ∧--- again9. 答案：live --- alive10. 答案：删掉to let alone中的to2008年1. 答案：in result--- in consequence2. 答案：moves---movements3. 答案：distinctive---distinct/different4. 答案：time ∧ --- when5.答案：accepted--- acknowledged/confirmed/realized6. 答案：those---that7. 答案：删去on8. 答案：At---In9. 答案：carry ∧ with --- on10. 答案：Since---For2007年1. 答案：and – or2. 答案：show后面添加that或把show改成showing3. 答案：删去the4. 答案：and – but/whereas/while5. 答案：large – larger6. 答案：in – on7. 答案：return – in response/reaction/answer8. 答案：删去on9. 答案：增加a10. 答案：these – those2006年1. 答案：agreeing – agreed2. 答案：∧words – these3. 答案：in his disposal – at his disposal.4. 答案：enables – enable5. 答案：the other English speakers –other English speakers6. 答案：old – older7. 答案：seen – understood8. 答案：删去it9. 答案：And – But/Yet/However/Nevertheless10. 答案：most – the most2005年1. 答案：investing – invested2. 答案：irrespective ∧ - of3. 答案：those – that4. 答案：fact ∧ economic – that5. 答案：in the school －去掉the6. 答案：poor – poorer7. 答案：∧which －in或把which改成that, 或删去which8. 答案：eliminate – eliminating9. 答案：shorten – lessen/reduce/minimize/weaken10. 答案：discount on – discount to。

南京市2005年中考文化考试数学本试卷分第I 卷（选择题）和第II 卷两部分．第I 卷1至2页，第II 卷3至8页．共120分．考试时间120分钟．第I 卷（选择题 共24分）注意事项：1．答第I 卷前考生务必将自己的考试证号、考试科目用2B 铅笔填涂在答题卡上．2．每小题选出答案后，用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑．如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案．不能答在试卷上．下列各题所附的四个选项中，有且只有一个是正确的．一、选择题（每小题2分，共24分）1．如果a 与-2互为倒数，那么a 是（ ）A 、-2B 、-21 C 、21 D 、22．比-1大1的数是 （ ）A 、-2B 、-1C 、0D 、1 3．计算32x x 的结果是 （ ）A 、9x B 、8x C 、6x D 、5x4．9的算术平方根是 （ ）A 、-3B 、3C 、± 3D 、81 5．反比例函数y = -2x的图象位于 （ ） A 、第一、二象限 B 、第一、三象限 C 、第二、三象限 D 、第二、四象限 6．二次函数2(1)2y x =-+的最小值是 （ ）A 、-2B 、2C 、-1D 、17．在比例尺为1：40000的工程示意图上，将于2005年9月1日正式通车的南京地铁一号线（奥体中心至迈皋桥段）的长度约为54.3cm ，它的实际长度约为（ ） A 、0.2172km B 、2.172km C 、21.72km D 、217.2km8.下列四个几何体中，主视图、左视图与俯视图是全等图形的几何体是（ ）A 、球B 、圆柱C 、三棱柱D 、圆锥9．如图，在△ABC 中，AC =3，BC =4，AB =5，则tan B 的值是（ ） A 、43 B 、34 C 、53 D 、5410．随机掷一枚均匀的硬币两次，两次正面都朝上的概率是（ ） A 、41 B 、21 C 、43 D 、1ＢＣＡ11．如图，身高为1.6m 的某学生想测量一棵大树的高度，她沿着树影BA 由B 向A 走去，当走到C 点时，她的影子顶端正好与树的影子顶端重合，测得 BC =3.2m ，CA =0.8m ， 则树的高度为（ ） A 、4.8m B 、6.4m C 、8m D 、10m12.下图是甲、乙两户居民家庭全年支出费用的扇形统计图．根据统计图，下面对全年食品支出费用判断正确的是（ ） A 、甲户比乙户多 B 、乙户比甲户多 C 、甲、乙两户一样多 D 、无法确定哪一户多二、填空题（每小题3分，共12分）13．10在两个连续整数a 和b 之间，a <10<b ， 那么a ，b 的值分别是 ． 14．写出两个一元二次方程，使每个方程都有一个根为0，并且二次项系数都为1： ． 15．如果两个相似三角形对应高的比是1：2，那么它们的面积比是 ． 16．如图，将一张等腰直角三角形纸片沿中位线剪开，可以拼出不同形状的四边形，请写出其中两个不同的四边形的名称： ．三、（每小题6分，共24分）17.计算：2221211a a aa a a --÷+++．18.解方程组20328.x y x y -=⎧⎨+=⎩，19.解不等式组 2(2)331.34x x x x ++⎧⎪+⎨<⎪⎩≤，并写出不等式组的整数解．20.已知：如图，E 、F 是四边形ABCD 的对角线AC 上的两点，AF =CE ，DF =BE ，DF ∥BE ． 求证：（1）△AFD ≌△CEB ．（2）四边形ABCD 是平行四边形．甲 21% 23% 25% 31% 衣着 食品教育 其他乙24% 19% 23%34%衣着 食品 其它 教育 （第16题图）ＢＡ ＢＤ Ｃ Ｅ Ｆ四、（每小题6分，共12分）21.如图，在两面墙之间有一个底端在A 点的梯子，当它靠在一侧墙上时，梯子的顶端在B 点；当它靠在另一侧墙上时，梯子的顶端在D 点．已知∠BAC =60°，∠DAE =45°，点D 到地面的垂直距离DE =32m ，求点B 到地面的垂直距离BC ．22．一张圆桌旁有四个座位，A 先坐在如图所示的座位上，B 、C 、D 三人随机坐到其它三个座位上，求A 与B 不相邻而坐的概率．五、（第23题8分，第24题6分，共14分）23．（8分）某水果店有200个菠萝，原计划以2.6元/千克的价格出售，现在为了满足市场的需要，水果店决定将所有的菠萝去皮后出售．以下是随机抽取的5个菠萝去皮前后相应的质量统计表（单位：千克）（1）计算所抽取的5个菠萝 去皮前的平均质量和去 皮后的平均质量，并估计这200个菠萝去皮前的总质量和去皮后的总质量．（2）根据（1）的结果，要使去皮后这200个菠萝的销售总额与原计划的销售总额相同，那么去皮后的菠萝的售价应是每千克多少元？24．如果将点P 绕定点M 旋转180°后与点Q 重合，那么称点P 与点Q 关于点M 对称，定点M 叫做对称中心．此时，点M 是线段PQ 的中点．如图，在直角坐标系中，△ABO 的顶点A 、B 、O 的坐标分别为（1P 1，P 2，P 3，…中的相邻两点都关于△ABO 的一个顶点对称： 点P 1与点P 2关于点A 对称，点P 2与点P 3关于点B 对称，点P 3与点P 4关于点O 对称，点P 4与点P 5关于点A 对称，点P 5 与点P 6关于点B 对称，点P 6与点P 7关于点O 对称，…，对称中心分别是A ，B ，O ，A ，B ，O ，…，且这些对称中心依次循 环．已知点P 1的坐标是（1，1），试写出点P 2、P 7、P 100的坐标．六、（第25题8分，第26题7分，共15分）25．（8分）某种洗衣机在洗涤衣服时，经历了进水、清洗、排水、脱水四个连续的过程，其中进水、清洗、排水时洗衣机中的水量y (升)与时间x (分钟)之间的关系如折线图所示： 根据图象解答下列问题：A圆桌 60 ︒ 45 ︒ ＡＢ Ｃ Ｄ Ｅ（1）洗衣机的进水时间是多少分钟？清洗时洗衣机中的水量是多少升？ （2）已知洗衣机的排水速度为每分钟19升． ① 求排水时y 与x 之间的关系式；②如果排水时间为2分钟，求排水结束时洗衣机中剩下的水量．26．在平面内，如果一个图形绕一个定点旋转一定的角度后能与自身重合，那么就称这个图形是旋转对称图形，转动的这个角称为这个图形的一个旋转角．例如：正方形绕着它的对角线的交点旋转90°后能与自身重合（如图），所以正方形是旋转对称图形，它有一个旋转角为90°． （1）判断下列命题的真假（在相应括号内填上“真”或“假”）：①等腰梯形是旋转对称图形，它有一个旋转角为180°．（ ） ② 矩形是旋转对称图形，它有一个旋转角为180°．（ ） （2）填空：下列图形中，是旋转对称图形，且有一个旋转角为120°的是 ．（写出所有正确结论的序号）：①正三角形；②正方形；③正六边形；④正八边形 ． （3）写出两个多边形．．．，它们都是旋转对称图形，都有一个旋转角为72°，并且分别满足下列条件： ①是轴对称图形，但不是中心对称图形； ②既是轴对称图形，又是中心对称图形．七、（本题8分）27． 在一块长方形镜面玻璃的四周镶上与它的周长相等的边框，制成一面镜子，镜子的长与宽的比是2：1，已知镜面玻璃的价格是每平方米120元，边框的价格是每米30元，另外制作这面镜子还需加工费45元．设制作这面镜子的总费用是y 元，镜子的宽是x 米． （1）求y 与x 之间的关系式． （2）如果制作这面镜子共花了195元，求这面镜子的长和宽．八、（本题11分）28．如图，形如量角器的半圆O 的直径DE =12cm ，形如三角板的△ABC 中，∠ACB =90°，∠ABC = 30°，BC =12cm ．半圆O 以2cm/s 的速度从左向右运动，在运动过程中，点D 、E 始终在直线BC 上．设运动时间为t (s)，当t =0s 时，半圆O 在△ABC 的左侧，OC =8cm ．（1）当t 为何值时，△ABC 的一边所在的直线与半圆O 所在的圆相切？（2）当△ABC 的一边所在的直线与半圆O 所在的圆相切时，如果半圆O 与直径DE 围成的区域与△ABC 三边围成的区域有重叠部分，求重叠部分的面积．AE C B／分 15南京市2OO6年初中毕业生学业考试数 学本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷两部分．第1卷1至2页，第Ⅱ卷3至8页．共120分． 考试时间120分钟．第Ⅰ卷(选择题 共24分)注意事项：1.答第Ⅰ卷前考生务必将自己的准考证号、考试科目用2B 铅笔填涂在答题卡上.2.每小题选出答案后用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。