Cytokines（细胞因子）
Cytokines are proteins secreted by the cells of innate and adaptive immunity that mediat many of the functions of these cells. Cytokines are produced in response to microbes and other antigens. and different cytokines stimulate diverse responses of cells involved in imminity and inflammation. In the activation phase of adaptive immune responses, cytokines stimulate the growth and differentiation of lymphocytes, and in the effector phases of innate and adaptive immunity, they activate different effector cells to eliminate microbes and other antigens.Cytokincs also activate stimulate the development of hematopoictic cells. In clinical medicine cytokines are important as therapeutic agents and as targets for specific antagonists innumerous immune and inflammatory diseases,
细胞因子是由多种细胞产生的，具有调节先天免疫与适应性免疫细胞功能作用的多肽分子。细胞因子在有微生物和其他抗原作用细胞时产生，不同的细胞因子刺激反应细胞产生不同的反应，其中涉及免疫反应和炎症反应。免疫反应的反应阶段，细胞因子刺激淋巴细胞的增长与分化；效应阶段,它们激活不同的效应细胞消除细菌和其它抗原。细胞因子也刺激祖细胞的生长。在临床医学方面，细胞因子很重要,因为可以作为治疗因子和作为特定免疫和炎性疾病的靶制剂。
The nomenclature of cytokines is often based on their cellular sources. Cytokines that are produced by mononuclear phageocytes were called monokines,and those produced by lymphocytes were called lymphokines.。With the development of anticytokine antibodies and molecular probes, it became clear that the same protein may be synthesized by lymphocytes,，monocytes,and a variety of tissue cells,,including endothelial cells and some epithelial cells. Therefore, the generic term cytokines is the preferred name for this class of mediators
细胞因子是根据其来源细胞而命名的。由单核细胞产生的细胞因子称为单核因子；由淋巴细胞产生的因子称为淋巴因子。随着抗细胞因子抗体和分子探针的发展,显然,同种蛋白质可能是由淋巴细胞、单核细胞以及各种组织细胞,包括内皮细胞和某些上皮细胞合成。因此,通用术语细胞因子是这类介质的首选名字。General properties of cytokines（细胞因子的一般特性）
Cytokincs are polypcpeptides produced in response to microbes and other antigens that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactions. Although cytokinesarc structurally diverse. they share several properties.
细胞因子是微生物和其他抗原的刺激诱导细胞产生和调节免疫和炎症反应的可溶性蛋白。虽然细胞因子的结构不同。但是他们具有某些共性。
Cytokine secretion is a brief, self-limited event. Cytokines arc not usually stored as preformed molecules. and their synthesis is initiated by new gene transcription as a result of cellular activation. Such transcriptional activation is transient, and the messenger RNA encoding most cytokincs are unstable, so cytokine synthesis is also transient. The production of some cytokincs may additionally be controlled by RNA processing and by post transcriptional mechanisms, such as protcolytic release of an active product from an inactive precursor. Once synthesized, cytokines arc rapidly secreted, resulting in a burst of release as needed
