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目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。
TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。
托福语法基础 61. When ---in arctic regions; the Aleuts construct igloos as temporary winter shelters.A travelB to travelC traveling themD traveling2. Most substances contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is ---of its liquid.A than the higher densityB higher than the densityC the density is higher than thatD the higher the density3. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---clearly understood.A noneB noC notD nor4. Desert animals ---a means of retaining moisture in such a hot; dry climate if they are to survive.A needB needingC to needD was needed5. ---state of Wyoming is a lso known as the “Equality State” because Wyoming women were the first in the nation to vote.A TheB There is aC That theD As the6. Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter ---.A than cane sugar doesB does cane sugarC cane sugarD than cane sugar7. Ground plans and contour maps of the Earth ---from aerial photographs.A can be drawnB can drawC to drawD drawn8. By the middle of the twentieth century; painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert ---over art.A influence worldwide a greatB a great worldwide influenceC influence a great worldwideD a worldwide influence9. ---millions of galaxies exist in the vast space outside the Milky Way.A It is estimated thatB An estimate thatC That is estimatedD That the estimated10. The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals depends on the soil ---the plants grow.A whichB which inC in whichD in11. The operetta first ---as a popular form of musical theater in the nineteenth century.A to emergeB emergingC has emergedD emerged12. ---complex organic catalysts originating in living cells.A EnzymesB Enzymes areC Enzymes which areD Enzymes while they13. In the eastern part of New Jersey ---; a major shipping and manufacturing center.A lies the city of ElizabethB the city of Elizabeth lies thereC around the city of Elizabeth liesD there lies the city of Elizabeth around14. Work in parapsychology; ---; has attracted a relatively small number of scientists.A is a very controversial fieldB which a very controversial field isC a very controversial fieldD a field very controversial which15. ---; the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive; a senate; and a house of representatives.A In 1827 they draftedB The draft in 1827C In 1827 was draftedD Drafted in 182716. Sociological studies have found that deeply hold values and principles are highly resistant to change.17. For centuries large communities of people have living on houseboats in parts of the world where theclimate is warm and the waters are calm.18. Benjamin Franklin made the first bifocal spectacles for self by sawing the lenses of his eyeglasses inhalf.19. Not only do artificial reefs provide fish with food and shelter; they also serve as importantly underwaterlandmarks.20. The United States Department of Agriculture supervises the quality; clean; and purity of meat.21. All birds; alike most reptiles and a few primitive mammals; develop from embryos in eggs outside themother’s body.22. The expansion of adult training programs has resulted partially from the feminist movement; whichencouraging women to improve their skills for the job market.23. The most significant cosmological characteristic of the galaxies are the red shift in their optical spectra.24. James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names of some worksyears after their completion.25. Duke Ellington’s orchestra; playing his original compositions and arrangements; achieving a fine unityof style and made numerous innovations in modern jazz.26. Moles are almost completely blind; although its tiny eyes can distinguish light from dark.27. Noise is a psychological term referring toward unpleasant; unwanted; or intolerable sound.28. Elizabeth Blackwell; the first woman medical doctor in the United States; founded the New YorkInfirmary; an institution that have always had a completely female medical staff.29. Criminal contempt; committed in the presence of the court; may consist of disorderly behavior;disrespectful; or disobedience of a judge’s orders.30. The Cubist movement in art was a reaction against traditional methods of portray reality.31. During the 1600’s skilled shoemakers scarce were in what is now the United States.32. If a atom loses any of its electrons; it becomes positively charged and can combine chemically withother atoms.33. The National Education Association conduct extensive research on a great many aspects of education.34. The pain-killing agent most commonly administered in dentistry is the local anesthetic; who producesloss of feeling only in a specific area.35. Certain types of computers work properly only in environments with controlled precisely temperatures.36. The gorilla; while not as curious than the chimpanzee; shows more persistence and memory retention insolving a problem.37. The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times; and the literature of many countries includes talesof fairies and their relationship to humans.38. Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.39. Salt Lake City; Utah’s capital and largest city; is industrial and banking center.40. A rat’s sharp teeth can gnaw through wood; plaster; or soft metallic such as lead.。
雅思写作之万能句型结构
1.主语+谓语+宾语
这是最基本的句型结构，例如“我喜欢读书”可以表达为“I enjoy reading books”。
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
这种句型结构可以用来表达给予或获得某物的行为，例如“他给了我一本书”可以表达为“He gave me a book”。
2.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
这种句型结构可以用来补充说明宾语的性质或状态，例如“我认为学习英语很重要”可以表达为“I think that learning English is important”。
3.主语+系动词+表语
这种句型结构可以用来表达状态或感觉，例如“他很开心”可以表达为“He is happy”。
4.并列句
1
这种句型结构可以用来表达两个或多个并列的概念或事实，例如“我喜欢读书和看电影”可以表达为“I enjoy reading books and watching movies”。
5.复合句
这种句型结构可以用来表达一个主句和一个或多个从句，例如“虽然我很喜欢读书，但是时间不够”可以表达为“Although I enjoy reading books, I don't have enough time”。
6.倒装句
这种句型结构可以用来强调某个词语或表达方式，例如“只有通过努力学习才能取得好成绩”可以表达为“Only by studying hard can you achieve good grades”。
7.强调句
这种句型结构可以用来强调某个词语或表达方式，例如“我最喜欢的科目是英语”可以表达为“My favorite subject is English”。
2。
托福雅思写作高分语法规则规则1修饰语（描述事物的单词或短语）应靠近其修饰的单词或短语。
示例：Purchased last week, the new preparation materials helped the student study.常见错误：Purchased last week, the student studied with her new preparation materials.规则2确保代词指代一个特定的名词，并与其指代名词的单数或复数形式保持一致。
示例：The professor is a favorite at the university, but he is now taking a semester off.常见错误：The professor is a favorite at the university, but they were now taking a semester off.规则3牢记句子主语，确保主语始终与动词保持一致。
示例：Each of the authors involved in writing the book was a sociologist.常见错误：Each of the authors involved in writing the book were sociologists.规则4当一个句子中存在两个或多个并列成分时，应使用同类语法形式。
示例：The teacher thought he was a good student because he turned in his papers on time, tested well on exams and appeared enthusiastic.常见错误：The teacher thought he was a good student because he turned in his papers on time, tested well on exams and his enthusiasm was high.规则5当主语是动作的执行者时，选择主动语态（而非被动语态）。
托福考试必备托福英语语法整理托福考试必备托福英语语法参与托福考试必备的，英语语法学问点，趁现在就把握它吧。
下面是学习啦我给大家整理的托福英语语法，供大家参阅!托福英语语法：一般现在时的用法1)、常常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语：every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)、表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
留意：此用法假如消失在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)、现在时刻的状态、力量、性格、共性。
I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 其次句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
托福英语语法：一般过去时的用法1)、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?2)、表示在过去一段时间内，常常性或习惯性的动作。
雅思语法
雅思考试的语法要求非常高，以下是雅思语法的一些重点：
1. 时态
雅思考试中要求考生能够正确使用各种时态。
有些场合需要使用
过去时态，有的需要使用现在时态，而有的则需要使用将来时态。
考
生需要在语法上灵活掌握各种时态，特别是在写作和口语部分要注意
时态的正确使用。
2. 主谓一致
主谓一致是英语语法中最基本和最重要的一部分。
它强调了主谓
关系必须是在人名、代词、数词等主语和动词、助动词等谓语之间达
成一致。
考生需要对主谓一致，特别是在使用不定代词、复合主语和
虚拟语气时，要更加注意。
3. 语态
语态是指句子所表达的动作或状态与说话者的关系。
英语语法中
有主动语态和被动语态两种，考生要能够掌握这两种语态的正确应用。
在雅思考试中，有时候考生需要写被动语态的句子，特别是在写作中，需要认真掌握被动语态的用法。
4. 复合句
复合句是由两个或两个以上分句组成的句子，其中至少有一个从句。
在雅思考试中，有很多题型需要考生使用复合句来回答问题或表
达自己的观点，如：听力、阅读、写作等。
考生需要掌握各种连接词
的用法，并在语法上灵活应用它们。
5. 倒装句
倒装句是英语语法中的一种句型，被广泛应用在雅思考试的各个
部分。
它的特点是主语和谓语动词在句子中位置颠倒。
考生需要能够
准确理解和使用倒装句，并了解不同情景下的倒装结构。
总之，雅思考试的语法要求非常高，考生需要通过大量的练习来
巩固和提高自己的语法水平。
只有在语法正确的基础上，才能获得更高的雅思分数。
雅思口语语法知识点总结一、一般现在时：一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或陈述现在的事实、真理、心得体会等。
1. 关于第三人称单数形式，一般动词加s。
例如：She goes to school every day.2. 并不是所有单词在加s或es，不规则变化。
例子：I go to school every day.二、一般过去时：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或已经完成的动作。
1. 一般动词变化为过去式。
例如：I went to school yesterday.2. 动词to be的过去式。
例如：He was at home yesterday.三、现在进行时：现在进行时表示现在进行的动作。
1. 动词to be的现在进行时。
例如：He is playing basketball now.2. 现在分词短语。
例如：She is studying in her room.四、过去进行时：过去进行时表示在过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
1. 动词to be的过去进行时。
例如：She was cooking dinner when I arrived home.2. 过去分词短语。
例如：We were watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.五、一般将来时：一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或已经预定好的事情。
1. 动词will。
例如：I will visit my family next week.2. 动词going to。
例如：She is going to start a new job next month.3. 现在进行时。
例如：We are leaving for the airport at 3 o'clock.六、现在完成时：现在完成时表示过去某个时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作或者发生的动作与现在相关。
1. 动词have/has。
