Earthquake in Japan

关于地震的英语作文多篇关于地震的英语作文5篇关于地震的英语作文5篇关于地震的英语作文一Recently, the frequent earthquakes in Japan, so our school will hold the earthquake drill. As the rain on Monday, Tuesday, so exercise held in Wednesday morning, in the morning short class. Alarm, earthquake drill started, our teacher zhang still standing on the platform at the table, as if nothing had happened, we secretly said: “teacher zhang really have.“ Chapter "true to the earthquake, the teacher had been smashed." Some students think of at this time also in choir rehearsal, said: "dancing group may be killed." We will bag cap on his head and ran out of the classroom, we had 5, and 6 minutes in the hallway. In the playground, everyone comment in succession, and some said: "if it"s an earthquake, we had pinned upstairs." Some jokingly said: "it is heaven here" "No, there are too many bad things you do, here is hell!" I have heard, laughing play the thigh. Some also said: "the school also is really of, don"t won"t earthquake when it rains If you LIuxue86 can, why not Monday in earthquake drill" I don"t think we wenzhou will earthquake, because listen to mom and dad said, wenzhou is in the midst of a plate, history also does not have a record of the earthquake. I thought: let"s the prevention is the fire and the tsunami. But practice is also quite good, and they were afraid to one thousand. 关于地震的英语作文二On April 20, 2013 2 points at 8 o "clock in the morning, at this moment, sichuan ya "an 7 · 0 earthquake happened, people panic, a mess, after the earthquake, people were displaced, the homeless. Ya "anearthquake is terrible, you again let me involuntarily thought of the wenchuan earthquake in 2008. I remember, it was a big earthquake of wenchuan in 2008, at that time, many people were buried under the rubble, and narrowly escaped, and some children sitting on the ruins howled. And one more thing is my personal experience, that day, my teacher said to us ya "an in sichuan earthquake, have four children, two sacrifice, there are two very dangerous, the teacher let us dedicate a love, I donated 2 yuan, others than I donate, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 20 yuan... So many earthquake, reminds me of a song "unity is strength", so many earthquake, let us every day spent in fear of life. Disaster, how much you heartless, you don"t have a thought of people"s feelings, disaster, how cruel, and you are homeless. Disaster, in order to make our motherland stronger, become rich and strong, to flourish, please don"t hurt people. One party hard, p plus support. Yoann compatriots, you must be strong. I believe that you will be out of the shadows. I believe you, come on! 关于地震的英语作文三On April 20, 2013, from the beginning of the morning we had a power outage here, so it seems to be isolated, until in the evening, calls, open the computer, the first eye see ya go on qq, holding the confused mood point to go in, just know sichuan earthquake again!The earthquake is seven, I search the Internet to the news about ya, see one of my eyes moist, content is this: even if was badly injured in the earthquake, the little sister still keep a smile! When the interview to her, the children have been smiling, she told me: "uncle, I"m fine, I don"t cry. I am very strong." Aftershocks a pick up time, because of the little sister, I feel that nothing terrible earthquake. A smile is the sea, to beautify the whole of the earth. Even the earthquake, the littlesister is still so strong, still can smile, I admire the little sister of strong, at the same time also praying for the people of ya! Sister lily"s grandma also in ya "an, now not contact, she is very anxious,I also very anxious. But I see there are some indifferent people saya is a death, and the population of China is too much, perhaps can run off after they die. See these I feel very distressed, why don"t they know of others Others are one party hard eight party support, but they did say here somewhat ironic, if suffering is them, what will they think Compared with good-hearted person or many, many, our classmates are within your own space to send, wish ya "an people"s peace, praying for sichuan. In my mind, still remember the earthquake in 2008, is also in sichuan province, five years ago, a major earthquake, five years later, another earthquake! The witness is our unity of the Chinese people, the earthquake is our true feelings of the Chinese people, we did one party hard eight party support, ya, come on! Ya, come on! Sichuan, come on! Ya, I am praying for you. Let us together praying for ya! 关于地震的英语作文四On May 12, 2008, this is a let I can never forget the day, at 14:28 on this day, to wenchuan in sichuan province in China as the center, the eight at a time. An earthquake of magnitude zero. Immediately after the earthquake, the state sent rescue workers began a comprehensive relief work, efforts to make the loss to a minimum. The earthquake in sichuan get our beautiful home instantly turned into ruins. It makes many children became orphans How many parents lost their children How many families broken Cry tears dry, and the voice dumb, still save the die life. That all tore heart crack lung of cry, these gloomy picture, let my heart can"t calm. They are our brothers and sisters ah, our body with the blood, we are connected by ah, how canwe not grieved for the spirit of the dead Heaven, this is why you created those life here on earth, why do they have taken away You are cruel! On May 15, is the third day of the earthquake, rescue workers and death race, the whole of China and death race. Sichuan earthquake touched the hearts of the national people"s more affects our dear kind of premier wen jiabao"s heart.the prime minister said: "as long as there is a ray of hope, we will try all the power save, even if there is one under the ruins, we also want to save him." Premier wen"s this sentence inspired countless people"s morale. Earthquake ruthless person love, we will never abandon those who are still waiting for the rescue compatriots, will never give upthose hopes very slim for life, one party hard, p plus support, the national people"s heart and the disaster area people"s hearts are together. Now we are going to unity is strength, unity, against the earthquake, through. In both north and south, young and old people, let us together to mobilize, in this war of no gunpowder smoke! Earthquake in many epic story let I will never forget: young mother with their own body to protect their children, with their bodies set up a living space of love;Old teacher tan qiangiu used his arms to protect the four students, silently walked on yourself;Boyfriend encouraged his girlfriend, with the voice of their weak let girlfriend got a chance to regenerate, died due to physical strength consumes too much on yourself. These stories have occurred in the quake, they use their own life in exchange for the lives of others, this spirit is great, worthy of praise, but also moving. The earthquake is miserable, it deeply shocked my heart. "Sunshine always after the rain" as long as we work together,united, will see the dawn of victory. 关于地震的英语作文五Earthquake prevention, basically have a good mentality, in times of danger, can remain calm and is important to keep calm, don"t panic, cannot lose reason, don"t panic, especially because of panic is the greatest danger. In addition to master the methods of some shock. During the earthquake emergency protection principle Dodging into the nearest room during an earthquake and promptly to safety is the good method of emergency protection. So-called nearest escape, that is, adjust measures to local conditions to make different strategies according to different situations.. In the earthquake, the first thing to keep a clear, calm mind, discriminant vibration condition in time, don"t jump off a building in the panic, it is very important. Second, can avoid under solid furniture, or, in the corner can be transferred to the main wall is more, running a small kitchen, bathroom and temporary suspension. Where strong bonding force, especially the pipeline after processing, has good strength and seismic coefficient is larger. During an earthquake, the door can"t open due to deformation, so during the earthquake, it is best not to close the door. At night, when the earthquake to race against time shift to safe places, don"t delay your time for looking for items, and dress, if possible, to snap the power immediately, shut off the gas, put out fire. Lighting had better use the flashlight, do not use matches, such as a candle flame In a word, can according to the layout and building indoor conditions when earthquake happens, weatherwise, find safe space and channels to avoid, reduce casualties. When the earthquake occurred in the school, want to be in strong and safe houses, can avoid under the desk, the podium, classroom building boiled water room, pipe supports,mustn"t run or jump off a building. During the earthquake, how to avoid vibration when they walk on the street When the earthquake hit, high-rise buildings shards of glass and building the outside concrete debris, and advertising signs, tin plate, strobe lights, etc., may fall cuts, so walking in the street, it is best to leather bags, or soft items around crown on his head, no items can also be used hand on his head, as far as possible, be prepared to defend themselves, to be calm, should quickly leave pole and walls, ran to the open areas.。

日本地震Japan EarthquakeThe earthquake that shook Japan with historic strength on Friday created a tsunami wave ten meters high. The water washed away boats, cars and houses in coastal areas north of Tokyo. It also led to tsunami warnings across the Pacific.Scientists recorded the magnitude of the earthquake at 9.0. The largest, with a 9.5 magnitude, shook Chile in nineteen sixty.The quake struck near the east coast of Honshu（本州）, Japan's main island. It was centered under the sea about one hundred thirty kilometers east of Sendai（仙台）. The tsunami washed away whole neighborhoods in Sendai.President Obama offered whatever assistance Japan needs. He had already planned to meet with reporters Friday, and began by talking about the disaster.BARACK OBAMA: "First and foremost, our thoughts and our prayers are with the people of Japan. This is a potentially catastrophic disaster and the images of destruction and flooding coming out of Japan are simply heartbreaking."Japan is, of course, one of our strongest and closest allies... On behalf of the American people, I conveyed our deepest condolences, especially to the victims and their families. And I offered our Japanese friends whatever assistance is needed. We currently have an aircraft carrier in Japan and another is on its way."The quake has produced powerful aftershocks(余震). It also raised concerns about possible effects on the world's third-largest economy. The economy was the second largest until China recently moved into that position.Japan was already struggling to rebuild economic growth and reduce its budget deficit and government debt.Japan has invested a lot of resources in preparing for earthquakes. Still, the nineteen ninety-five earthquake in Kobe （神户）caused an estimated one hundred billion dollars in damage.The value of the yen dropped Friday but then recovered.Japan is the world's third-largest importer of oil. World prices for oil fell after the quake. This followed weeks of increases because of unrest in the Middle East and North Africa. Oil traders said prices fell because of a belief that quake damage will hurt growth in Japan and reduce demand for energy.The quake happened about three hundred seventy kilometers northeast of Tokyo. It shook buildings in the capital, halting all train and subway traffic and leaving many people unable to get home.Joruji Shinozaki wrote on the VOA Learning English page on Facebook: Friday's earthquake was a nightmare. Suddenly the building where I live in Tokyo shook violently and objects began to fall.I was so scared because I've never experienced such a strong quake before in my life.Another Facebook user in Japan, Mitsutoshi Sato, wrote: It was a frightening experience. The blackout lasted for more than 10 hours around me. Thank each and every one of you in the world praying for Japan.周五,日本发生了历史性的强烈地震并引发十米高的海啸。

Title:Earthquake in JapanThe recent seismic event in Japan has left the nation and the world in a state of shock and concern.The earthquake,which struck with a magnitude that is still being assessed,has resulted in significant damage to infrastructure,loss of life,and widespread disruption to daily life.This essay will delve into the impact of the earthquake,the response from the government and international community,and the longterm implications for Japan.The Immediate AftermathThe earthquake hit without warning,its tremors felt across a wide area of the country. Buildings swayed,roads cracked,and the ground itself seemed to shift beneath the feet of the populace.In the immediate aftermath,there was munication lines were disrupted,making it difficult for emergency services to coordinate their efforts.The scale of the disaster was immense,with the epicenter and surrounding areas bearing the brunt of the destruction.Humanitarian EffortsThe Japanese government,along with international aid organizations,quickly mobilized to provide assistance.Search and rescue teams were deployed to comb through the rubble, looking for survivors.Medical personnel worked tirelessly to treat the injured,and temporary shelters were set up to house those who had lost their homes.The outpouring of support from around the world was a testament to the global communitys commitment to helping those in need.Economic and Infrastructure ImpactThe economic impact of the earthquake is still unfolding.Businesses have been forced to close,and the cost of rebuilding will be substantial.The damage to Japans infrastructure is extensive,with transportation networks,power grids,and communication systems all affected.The recovery process will be long and arduous,requiring significant investment and coordination.Cultural and Psychological EffectsBeyond the physical damage,the earthquake has had a profound psychological impact on the Japanese people.The event has shaken the sense of security that many felt,and thefear of aftershocks and potential tsunamis has left a lasting impression.The cultural fabric of the country has also been affected,with many historic sites and landmarks damaged or destroyed.Looking AheadAs Japan begins the process of recovery,it is clear that the path forward will be challenging.The nation will need to balance the immediate needs of its people with the longterm goals of rebuilding and modernizing its infrastructure.The international community will also need to continue to provide support,both in terms of financial aid and technical expertise.In conclusion,the earthquake in Japan is a stark reminder of the power of nature and the fragility of human life.It has brought about a period of great hardship,but also one of unity and resilience.The world will be watching as Japan rises from the rubble,and the lessons learned from this disaster will undoubtedly shape the nations future.。

地震的英语作文带翻译Earthquakes, natural disasters that occur without warning, have the power to reshape landscapes and alter the course of human history. They are a stark reminder of the immense forces at work beneath the Earth's surface. In this essay, we will explore the various impacts of earthquakes on humanity, from the physical destruction they cause to the psychological and societal effects that can linger for generations.An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the Earth, caused by the breaking and shifting of tectonic plates. These massive slabs of solid rock move slowly past each other, and when the stress between them becomes too great, they snap, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves. The point within the Earth where the rupture begins is called the focus, and the point on the surface directly above it is the epicenter.The physical destruction caused by earthquakes can be catastrophic. Buildings collapse, bridges crumble, and roads are torn asunder. In densely populated areas, the loss oflife can be staggering. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, for example, claimed the lives of over 230,000 people across 14 countries. The 2010 Haiti earthquake resulted in the deaths of an estimated 100,000 to 316,000 individuals.Beyond the immediate devastation, earthquakes can alsotrigger secondary disasters. Landslides, tsunamis, and firescan follow in the wake of a major quake, compounding the damage and making rescue efforts more difficult. The 1923 Great Kanto earthquake in Japan triggered a massive firestorm in Tokyo that left over 100,000 people homeless.The psychological impact of earthquakes is profound. The fear and anxiety caused by the unpredictable nature of these events can lead to long-term mental health issues, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Survivors often experience a sense of vulnerability and helplessness, as they realize the powerlessness of human constructs against the forces of nature.Societal effects of earthquakes are also significant. They can lead to economic downturns, as cities are rebuilt and industries are disrupted. In some cases, they can even lead to political instability, as seen in the aftermath of the 2011 earthquake in New Zealand, which led to a change in building codes and regulations.However, earthquakes also have the power to bring people together. In the face of such a powerful and destructive force, communities often rally around one another, displaying remarkable acts of courage and compassion. The international response to earthquake disasters, with aid and support from around the world, is a testament to the global community's ability to unite in times of crisis.In conclusion, earthquakes are a force of nature that can have far-reaching and long-lasting effects on individuals and societies. While we cannot prevent these events, we can workto mitigate their impact through improved building codes,early warning systems, and disaster preparedness education.By doing so, we can hope to protect not only the physical structures we live in but also the communities that call them home.翻译：地震是突如其来的自然灾害，它们有能力重塑地貌并改变人类历史的进程。

2024年黄冈达标名校中考二模英语试题含答案注意事项1．考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回．2．答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用0．5毫米黑色墨水的签字笔填写在试卷及答题卡的规定位置．3．请认真核对监考员在答题卡上所粘贴的条形码上的姓名、准考证号与本人是否相符．4．作答选择题，必须用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应选项的方框涂满、涂黑；如需改动，请用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案．作答非选择题，必须用05毫米黑色墨水的签字笔在答题卡上的指定位置作答，在其他位置作答一律无效．5．如需作图，须用2B铅笔绘、写清楚，线条、符号等须加黑、加粗．Ⅰ. 单项选择1、—I always get nervous when I start a(an) with others?—Take it easy. Believe in yourself.A．education B．introduction C．communication D．exhibition2、CNSA announced that China's Chang'e-4 probe landed on the far side of moon on January 3rd, 2019. It is historic moment for the Chinese to explore space.A．a; an B．an; a C．the; a D．the; an3、Most students have to study all the subjects _____ they are not interested in them.A．as if B．even if C．so that D．as long as4、There is _____ pollution in the world. We must stop it.A．much too B．too much C．many too D．too many5、Listen, someone ______ in the room.A．was singing B．sang C．sings D．is singing6、— He had a lot of _____________. And he gave away much to people in poor places.—Oh, what a kind man he was.A．energy B．wealth C．time7、If you are hungry, you ________ line up at the restaurant for a meal. You can order food at Meituan Waimai on you phone.A．can’t B．mustn’t C．shouldn’t D．needn’t8、(2017·甘肃白银·10)—I wonder if these are Danny's glasses.—They________be Danny's. He doesn't wear glasses.A．can't B．must C．mustn't D．can9、—Do you prefer basketball with me?—No, I’d rather stay at home and watch TV.A．play B．to playC．playing D．played10、black clouds in the sky! I think it’s going to rain.A．What B．What a C．How D．How aⅡ. 完形填空11、“ What does ‘doing the right thing’ mean to you”? One Friday, my teacher asked our class to think about the question. We would hand in an article on it by Monday, and be prepared to do the things we will 1 .The whole weekend, I was trying to think about something that would 2 my teacher and be easy to follow. I talked to my parents, called my grandmother and asked my neighbor. Everyone had good 3 , but I didn’t think I could achieve them.On Sunday afternoon, my parents said they were going to my Aunt Mary’s house. That usually 4 that I would have to play with my four-year-old cousin Andrea 5 we visited. I showed her a cartoon, and then I sat down and started to write my article.Soon I felt two 6 on me. It was Andrea. “What are you doing?” she asked. “I have to write an article about what ‘doing the right thing’ means to me.” I answered. Andrea laughed. “That’s easy,” she said. “Doing the right thing means being 7 to your family and friends. Never lie. Eat lots of fruit and vegetables. Take a bath when you’re dirty.”I looked at my little cousin with great 8 . Then I jumped up and gave her the biggest hug. Not only had Andrea answered a very difficult question for me, but I could 9 follow them. All I had to do was to be nice, not to lie, to keep myself clean and healthy. So when I wrote my article, I 10 the story about Andrea and how she had answered my question.Two weeks later, I received my article with an A+ and a little note written by my teacher: “Always do the right thing and give Andrea an A+, too!”1．A．read B．talk C．list D．see2．A．guide B．move C．help D．advise3．A．lessons B．articles C．abilities D．answers4．A．meant B．showed C．told D．thought5．A．before B．while C．after D．by6．A．fingers B．arms C．eyes D．ears7．A．angry B．bad C．serious D．nice8．A．courage B．surprise C．fear D．pain9．A．recently B．normally C．hardly D．easily10．A．included B．kept C．began D．compareⅢ. 语法填空12、In one’s life, one usually has little understanding of oneself. When you succeed, you may be very proud. When you 1．, you may lose heart. If you don’t g et a thorough understanding of yourself, you may miss lots of 2．(chance) inlife.To get a thorough understanding of yourself is to know well 3．yourself. Y ou may know your strong points and weak 4．(one). You may hope for a wonderful future, but be sure not to expect too much because not all dreams can 5．(realize). You may be confident enough to meet challenges, but first you should know what to do.To get a thorough understanding of yourself, you should have a real sense of self-appreciation. Maybe you think you are not a tall tree 6．just small grass, as long as you get full confidence, you are sure to face any trouble.To get a thorough understanding of yourself also 7．to look after yourself. When you are angry, find a quiet place so that you won’t be hurt. When you are sad, tell your friends about it to 8．the mood into a good one. When you are tired, get a good sleep. If you don’t take good care of yourself, you won’t be able to stay away from 9．(ill).So if you get a thorough understanding of yourself, you 10．(get) a full control of yourself and find your life full of color.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、Father’s Day has a very short history. It was started because there was a Mother’s Day. And just because some Americans thought that if we had a Mother’s Day, we should also have a Father’s Day. Father’s Day has become important in North America. And shopkeepers found it was a good way to get people to buy presents for their fathers, presents from their shops.By the way, very few countries have a Father’s Day, though some have Children’s Day, or a special day for boys and another for girls. More and more countries are having Mother’s Day, so maybe Father‘s Day will also become popular before too long. Now, what do people in North America do on Father’s Day? The newspapers, radios, and TV tell children what they should do－buy a Father’s Day present for your father. They even tell a wife to buy a Father’s Day present－not for her father but for her husband, even if he is not yet a father. And they tell grandchildren to buy aF ather’s Day present for their grandfathers.The important thing to remember about Father’s Day is that American children can show their love to their fathers in a more open way.1．Father’s Day was started just because ________.A．there was a Mother’s Day B．there was a Children’s DayC．people liked their fathers a lot D．fathers were more important2．Which of the following is NOT true?A．Many countries have a Father‘s Day.B．Father’s Day has a long history.C．Father’s Day has become important in North America.D．Maybe Father’s Day will become popular before too long.3．In America, people have a Father’s Day to ________.A．go shopping with their fathers B．help their fathers do somethingC．show their love to their fathers D．get money from their fathers4．On Father’s Day, shopkeepers always want ________.A．people to buy as many presents as possibleB．children to buy presents only for their fathersC．women to buy presents only for their husbandsD．grandchildren to buy a Father’s Day present only for their grandfathers5．It can be learned from the article that ________.A．the writer is against Father’s DayB．many countries have a Father’s DayC．shopkeepers can get more money on Father’s Day than usualD．We don‘t need to have a Father’s DayB14、Thousands of people have been killed in a massive(大规模的) earthquake in Japan. The quake -- the most powerful to hit Japan in more than 100 years -- caused massive____and many people are missing and feared dead.The 8.9 magnitude quake struck Friday(March 11) off Japan's eastern coast, and prompted(引发) tsunami warnings（海啸警报）across the Pacific as far away as South America and the U.S. West Coast. Several days after a 8.9-magnitude earthquake and resulting 10-meter-high tsunami devastated the coastline. The United States Geological Survey says it was the fifth largest earthquake since 1900. The largest, with a 9.5 magnitude, shook Chile(智利) in 1960.In Japan, the tsunami swept away boats, cars and hundreds of houses in coastal areas north of Tokyo. The quake shook buildings in the Japanese capital and caused several fires. All train and subway traffic in Tokyo has been stopped, and thousands of people there were unable to get back home. People are just trying to find clean water. Food supplies are running out. In the convenience stores, there are no rice balls left. There is no bottled water left. People are facing a really serious situation in the days ahead for these people that are living in areas that were only moderately（普通的）damaged. The final death toll could range from the thousands to tens of thousands, depending on how many of these communities are gone.Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said the government would do everything it can to minimize（使降到最低）the effects of the disaster. And in Washington, President Obama said the United States is ready to help the people of Japan. 1．The underline word damage means_____________ in the article.A．illness B．disaster C．terror D．danger2．Which is true according to the passage?A．Thousands of people have been killed in a massive earthquake in Japan.B．Only people in areas that were only moderately damaged are facing a really serious situation in the days.C．The tsunami devastatednot only the coastline in Japan, but also the areas across the Pacific as far away as South America and the U.S. West Coast.D．The massive earthquake caused the tsunami.3．According to the passage, which earthquake is the largest one since 1990 ?A．the one happened in Japan on March 11, 2011B．the one in Chile in 1960C．the fifth largest earthquake since 1900D．We don't know.4．If you're in Tokyo these days, what you can't get from the convenience store?A．newspapers and magazinesB．some medicineC．paper napkins and toothpastesD．rice balls and bottled water5．The passage can't be in/on __________.A．March 10th newspapers B．TV C．Internet D．RadiosC15、Many places in the world need more fresh (淡的）water. Every country is trying to find ways to turn salt water into fresh. Why aren't there many factories like the Symi factory?In some places，the sun isn’t hot enough，or it doesn’t shine every day. In these places, other ways of heating sea water can be used. These ways cost more money, but they work faster than the sun. By boiling (煮沸）sea water with high heat, a lot of fresh water can be made quickly.But heating is not the only way to get fresh water from salt water. Other ways are tried. One way is freezing (冷冻). The fresh part of salt water freezes first. To get fresh water，the pieces of ice are taken out.Which way is the best? The one that gives the most water for the least money. It may be a different way for each place. Symi’s way seems very good for small，hot places, It doesn’t make very much water at a time，but the factory is easy to be built and doesn’t cost a lot!That’s why people i n many dry places talk about Symi!1．From the passage we know that fresh water ___________.A．can be used in many ways B．is needed in every countryC．is needed in many countries D．is very important for factories2．The Symi factory _________.A．is a fresh water-making factory B．can be built everywhereC．doesn’t need sunshine every day D．can make much fresh water at a time3．Which is the best way for small and hot places to get fresh water?A．Freezing the sea water in cold places. B．Boiling or heating the sea water.C．The way in sunny places. D．The Symi’s way.4．The writer is mainly talking about _______.A．water-making factories in different countriesB．how to make good use of the sunlightC．the ways of making fresh water from sea WaterD．hot places and dry places5．Which of the following is NOT true?A．New ways are tried to get fresh water.B．A lot of fresh water can be made quickly by heating.C．The best way is to get the most fresh water with the least money.D．The Symi's way doesn't work in dry places.D16、Do you get angry when your friends sing loudly while you are trying to work or when your best friend does not wait for you after school?If you do，you need to take control of your feelings．Getting angry with others can cause you to 1ose friends．Gary Egeberg，an American high school teacher，has written________________to help you control your feelings．It tells how to stay cool when bad things happen．The book says that getting angry only makes problems worse．It can never make them better．“Getting angry is not a natural way to act，”the book says．It is just a bad habit，like smoking．The book says you can control your anger easily-all you have to do is to tell yourself not to be angry.The book gives many tips to help you if you get angry easily．Here are the top three．Keep a record．Every time you get angry，write down why you are angry．Look at it later and you will see you get angry too easily．Ask your friends to stop talking to you when you get angry．This will teach you not to be angry．Do something different．When you get angry，walk away from the problem and go somewhere else．Try to laugh．1．If you often get angry，________．A．nobody will wait for you after schoolB．you will do worse in your studyC．smoking can be a good helpD．you will have fewer friends．2．Gary Egeberg is someone who________．A．knows how to control your feelingsB．makes a living by writing booksC．is fond of keeping wild animalsD．gets angry easily with his students3．According to the book，one can put anger under control by ________．A．staying away from 0ther peopleB．never talking with your friendsC．making yourself know not to get angryD．singing loudly and dancing4．From the first tip we can make the conclusion(结论)that ________．A．writing helps to control one's feelingsB．one's anger is built upon one's experienceC．a geed habit helps to take away a bad oneD．people think better when they are cool5．Which is the best title(标题)of the passage?A．How to make more friends．B．How to keep cool when angry．C．What to write about anger．D．When to stop getting angry．E17、Ctrip now delivers train tickets to even more cities across China!Click here to see1．We may read the material above mostly _________.A．in a train report B．on the Internet C．in a picture book D．on trains or subways2．This advertisement is probably given by __________.A．Ctrip Travel Agent B．a train station C．a ticket company D．a delivery agent3．If a man books two tickets one week in advance and a ticket costs ＄110, he should pay ____.A．＄110 B．＄220 C．＄198 D．＄224．If we book China train tickets with Ctrip, __________.A．we can`t get information about timetableB．we can get our tickets at homeC．we can`t get our tickets on timeD．we can choose cities in Australia with home delivery5．Ctrip Travel Agent services are available _________.A．across China B．only 7 days in advanceC．in different languages D．at the train statioF18、What do you usually do when a flying insect lands on your arm? You may blow it away．But what if that insect is a ladybug（瓢虫）? It is possible that you would let it stay．What is it about ladybugs that we like?Farmers once thought ladybugs were a good lucky sign．A ladybug in the field meant the crops would be successful andthat the weather would be good．The farmers may have thought too highly of such a small bug，but in fact ladybugs do help out with the crops．They eat harmful insects．Actually，it is not the adult ladybug that eats other insects．It's the baby ladybug．When the baby ladybugs hatch（孵化），they are very hungry and will eat mites，aphids，mealy bugs，green flies，and other crop-destroyers．In the 1800s，ladybugs were brought all the way from Australia to California and set free among orange trees that were dying from being eaten by insects．They completely saved all the trees．Ladybugs go about their daily business without worrying much about anything．Very few birds or insects will eat a ladybug because it gives off a dangerous fluid（液体）．Ladybugs also protect themselves by playing dead．They fall off leaves and never move until their attacker goes away．So the next time you see a ladybug，think about what it may be doing．Maybe it is off to save an orange tree．Maybe its next move will be to roll off a leaf and play dead or_____a bird about 100 times its size．Maybe it's letting you know that the weather will be good tomorrow．Who knows? Ladybugs are special that way．1．Ladybugs were brought from Australia to California in the 1800s to____．A．add more ladybugs to areaB．report the weather for farmersC．act as a lucky sign of good cropsD．save orange trees by eating insects2．From the passage we know that ____．A．it's the adult ladybug that eats most o{ the harmful insectsB．ladybugs often roll off a leaf and play dead to attack the birdsC．ladybugs can give off a dangerous fluid to protect themselvesD．the baby ladybug mainly eats mites，aphids，mealy bugs，and oranges3．The underlined phrase "stand up to" most probably means ____．A．watch B．supportC．save D．fightⅤ.书面表达19、书面表达文段表达假如你是李华, 你打算邀请你们班的英国交换生Peter周末去老舍茶馆体验中国的茶文化。

地震的英语文章：地震 EarthquakeEarthquake is one of the most severe natural disasters. It's shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of Earth's rocky ourter shell. Its results can be very horrible. The Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 and Japan Earthquake in 2011 are the most severe earthquakes in recent years, causing huge casualties and property losses. But earthquakes almost never kill people directly. Many deaths and injuries in earthquaking result from falling objects and the collapse of buildings.地震是最严重的自然灾害之一。

它是由地球岩层的大板块突然断裂和移动而引起的地面晃动。

地震的后果相当严重。

2008年的汶川地震和2011年的日本地震是近几年来最严重的地震，造成了巨大的伤亡和财产损失。

但是地震几乎没有直接造成死亡。

许多在地震中的死和伤都是落物和房屋倒塌造成的。

地震的英语文章：Sichuan Earthquake May 12, is a shock and make other people very tragic day.In at 14:28 on May 12 of this moment, in Mianyang City in Sichuan. Deyang City. Chengdu, and several other cities have taken place up to the 8.0 earthquake, the moment was beautiful harmony in the city suddenly changed Has become a ruin! The whole street full of dust, the sky Hun Chenchen ......The moment occurred in Sichuan has become a hell on earth, it rocked the whole of China, the whole world!People in the first moment, have sacrificed their own love, to do their share of love.14:28, the students are in the classroom lessons, and this sudden earthquake, the majority of students buried in the ruins of a thick, heavy casualties, so that people have concluded the sad tears, Yidi Lei said that the water on A love, a love ......People's Liberation Army who risked their lives to the risk of ambulance personnel, in order to rescue more than one life. One minute delay, it will make numerous personnel killed. In order to rescue more than one life, the trouble, Ye Weimian night digging. Each rescued one life, they see hope.Premier Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council meeting earthquake relief headquarters immediately after the car came to the DujiangyanCity streets to see the rain shock absorber of the masses.Premier Wen Jiabao also made a special trip to the new primary schools, visit the rescue of earthquake was buried in the ruins of the situation in the primary and secondary school students. He braved danger, follow mud, climbing on the rubble pile, into the rescue site, watching the scene, the two lines can not help but shed tears. He went to the remains of three people killed bow.During the earthquake occurred countless times over five aftershocks. In the rising number of deaths, was rescued also rising, according to statistics, Sichuan earthquake death toll more than54,000 ......Ten China, the world moved in the earthquake, many adultchildren to pay in order to save their lives.People will always remember them!Surmount earthquake relief.The more the more difficult to hold on, hold on, Sichuan!四川大地震5月12日,是一个另人震惊而又使人无比悲痛的日子。

‘齐齐哈尔大学学报“(哲学社会科学版)2023年5月Journal of Qiqihar University(Phi&Soc Sci) May 2023　 收稿日期:2022-12-05 作者简介:代华(1979-),男,讲师,博士㊂主要从事中国近现代社会史研究㊂ 基金项目:安徽省教育厅人文社科研究重点项目:救灾恤邻:1923年日本关东震灾与中国社会应对(SK2019A0420)□历史学研究1923年日本关东大地震与我国灾害谣言应对代　华(黄山学院旅游学院,安徽黄山245041)摘　要:日本关东大地震发生前,上海等地已出现印有种种灾祸谣言的传单㊂关东大地震的发生加剧了谣言的传播㊂面对谣言的蔓延,地方政府采取颁布禁令㊁收缴传单等方式加以管理,加强地震等自然现象的科普宣传也在多方力量的推动下同时进行㊂谣言实际上是民众对自然力量认知匮乏的体现,也与科学知识普及率低有关㊂回顾百年前的灾害谣言对于今天的社会治理仍有一定的历史警示意义㊂关键词:关东大地震;灾害谣言;辟谣中图分类号:K261;K313.45 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-2638(2023)05-0124-05The 1923Kanto Earthquake in Japan and the Response of Disaster Rumors in ChinaDAI Hua(School of Tourism,Huangshan University,Huangshan Anhui 245041,China) Abstract :Before the great Kanto earthquake in Japan,leaflets printed with various disaster rumors appeared in Shanghai and oth⁃er places.The Kanto earthquake intensified the spread of such rumors.In the face of the spread of rumors,the local government has a⁃dopted measures such as issuing bans and collecting leaflets to manage them.The popularization of science about natural phenomena such as earthquakes has also been promoted by various forces at the same time.The existence of rumors is actually a manifestation ofpeople's lack of understanding of natural forces,and is also related to the low prevalence of scientific knowledge.Reviewing the disas⁃ter rumors a hundred years ago still has certain historical warning significance for today's social governance. Key words :Kanto earthquake;disaster rumors;dispel rumours 在自然灾害或人为灾害发生前后,谣言总是相伴而行;但在许多时候,灾害并未发生,而有关灾害的谣言却四处肆虐㊂我们将这两种情况下发生的谣言称为 灾害谣言’㊂”[1]早在日本关东大地震发生前,灾害谣言在上海㊁苏州等地广为流传;东京㊁横滨遭遇强烈地震后,‘申报“等媒体不仅对灾情㊁救灾及灾后重建等内容进行报道,与此同时,类似大劫业已临头’之传单”[2]亦引起报刊的重视,谣言㊁辟谣与地震知识交织在一起㊂目前,学界关于关东大地震的研究成果主要集中在灾区救护㊁华工惨案等方面,至于关东震灾与灾害谣言之间的关系及影响却鲜有涉及㊂有鉴于此,本文以灾害谣言为中心,探讨关东大地震与我国灾害谣言之关系,阐述各地的辟谣方式和内容,总结民众关于科学知识的认知水平,以期推动地震灾害史的研究㊂一㊁关东大地震与我国灾害谣言的传播1923年9月1日,日本关东地区突发强烈地震,此次震灾中共有14余万人丧生,20多万人负伤,史称关东大地震㊂人口稠密的东京地区受灾惨烈,死亡人数达到7.1万人,其中大火烧死5.6万人,海啸吞没了1万人,房屋倒塌压死了3千余人㊂地震还造成东京城内85%的房屋倒塌,横滨96%的房屋被夷为平地㊂[3]它是20世纪地震史上 三大毁灭性地震”事件之一,同时又是最大地震火灾,经济财富损失最惨重的灾难性大地震㊂[4]关东大地震发生后,‘申报“‘时报“‘民国日报“‘大公报“等对灾情灾况及时进行了报道, 至惨之巨灾” 有史以来之大惨剧” 千古之浩劫”等语句纷纷出现在大众视野中,媒体一方面表达对灾区的同情,感叹地震带来的巨大破坏力,同时也对灾害谣言进行刊载和评论㊂[5]受关东大地震的影响,以地震㊁海啸等自然现象为主题的谣言在天津㊁上海㊁广州㊁汉口㊁南京㊁苏州等地出现并迅速传播㊂9月7日,天津‘大公报“刊发‘摇惑听闻之亟宜查禁“一文: 自日本地震奇灾发现后,本埠即有一种摇惑听闻之传单,署名者为北京世界宗教大同会,语极离奇,据称本年八月十五日后,全球五天不明,并附有吃尿登高等救济方法,可免大劫,荒诞不经,无从考究,以致无识之徒,造作种种谣言,人心因大浮动㊂”[6]9月14日,上海的‘申报“以‘天文台又辟日月无光之谬说“为题,刊载了相似的内容: 近因日本发生地震巨灾,竟有人刊发传单,谓阴历八月十五以后,五日五夜,全球震动,日月无光,人类将死去三分之一云云㊂”[7]9月21日的‘广州民国日报“刊文‘查禁邪说“指出: 自日本发生巨灾后,广州市内,竟有奸人散布传单,藉端摇惑人心 谓阴历八月十五后,发现地震日蚀,震响殒星,及大海啸,大风雪,大冰电,大雷震,五日五夜,日月无光,全球人数,死去三分之一等语㊂”[8]类似上述的谣言信息在众多报刊中皆有登载,虽然谣言传播的地点不同,但描述的内容相似㊂事实上,此种灾害谣言在关东大地震发生前即已存在㊂9月9日,中央观象台在送给‘申报“馆的 附通知”中对此有过说明㊂该通知指出: 近日京中发现一种离奇之传单,妄谈天象,自侈预言,一般社会之人心,颇呈惶惑不安之状况,又适值日本地震大灾,人心恐慌愈甚㊂其实每逢日月食,本台所制历书中,均详细登载”㊂[9]9月10日,‘苏州晨报“的评论指出: 每逢春季或是秋季必有一种传单发现,传单上说神说鬼,说天说地,又像恫吓,又像劝善,他的作用,简直令人不可思议㊂现在正当秋令,应当有传单发现的期间,他的说法,说得比较往年,格外来得凶些,更兼受着日本巨灾的影响,虽则不经之谈,然而,还有一部分没有常识的人,将信将疑㊂但是,我敢问一句,以前的传单,是否有效验,倘使说以前的没有效验,那末这一次的自然和以前的一样㊂”[10]由此不难看出,类似 八月十五日后”全球蒙难等内容的谣言并非因为关东大地震的发生而出现,只不过是东京㊁横滨强烈地震发生后,先前谣言和关东大地震事件叠加在一起,被附会成各种极端自然现象即将到来,甚至出现 人类将死去三分之一”的恐怖场景㊂10月10日,‘申报“在 国庆纪念增刊”中以‘辟妖篇“为题,对灾害谣言出现的前因后果作了详细的说明,内容如下:每岁当夏秋之间,必有人播散一种印刷物,必曰大祸临头,死者枕藉,仓余粮米,道无行人,抄写流传,可免灾厄㊂有识者固嗤其妄,付之一笑,而主持地方治安之责者,亦不加顾问也㊂今岁亦为同样之宣传,其种类不一,就北方言之,则有陕西太白山发现刘伯温碑记,除言本年秋季有灾难外,更言明岁上元甲子,真主将出,其言悖谬,且及危害国体,复有云,八月十五日后,全世界黑暗五日,惟尝粪登高,始可幸免,种种荒诞不经之言,殊堪捧腹,其他所发怪诞之传单,更不可枚举㊂六七月间,尚有一四川人邓绍云者,发布一预言,其语稍雅驯,亦作是言,则蛊惑及于上流社会,不幸而日本大震灾之事发现,于是靡然从风,群相惊愕,一若世界末日,转瞬将至,彼之预言,固信而有征也㊂于是无论何人,周旋晤对之间,必道此事㊂我亲见一银行中之行员,每月所入不过十余元,斥其所得五元,以印发此传单五千纸,谓将以造福也㊂呜呼,民愚至此,可胜叹哉㊂[11]由上可知,谣言在每年出现的时间较为固定,地方管理者和有识之士对此或不加过问,或付之一笑㊂随着关东大地震这一偶然事件的发生,加之好事者的推波助澜,加剧了谣言的 可信度”和 说服力”,也就使得谣言具有一定的 信徒”基础㊂对此,‘苏州晨报“刊文揭示道: 自东洋猝遭巨灾,好事者谣言纷起,至谓中国将有巨灾,且过东洋,盲从者信之”㊂[12]在此情形下, 靡然从风,群相惊愕”也就在情理之中了㊂中国科学社对谣言进行揭露: 东邻日本,近罹地震大灾,死亡损失,不可纪数,凡在人类,同深怆恻㊂我国壤地密迩,见闻较切,人心激动过甚,讹言因以朋兴㊂如近日各报所载,北京有所谓世界宗教大同会 大劫业已临头’之传单,此种荒谬绝伦之传说,竟不胫而遍中国㊂据连日报纸所载,各处愚昧无知之徒,被其惶惑迷骇者,实已不少㊂”[2]二㊁辟谣: 辟其谬而释群疑”鉴于谣言㊁传单蛊惑民众甚至扰乱秩序,上海㊁武汉㊁广东等地纷纷颁布禁令,收缴传单,并将辟谣和地震科普知识联系在一起进行开展㊂9月13日,‘申报“在评论‘两辟谣“中强调了辟谣的重要性和急迫性㊂ 然余以为谣虽足以扰乱人心,辟之固不可缓,但无本之谣,久而自息,所宜致力者,仍在实际耳㊂天灾之谣,出诸怪诞,原不足论,若人祸之谣,则态度既明,人即共见,即或扰乱人心,害亦有限,故表明态度,实视辟谣为尤急也㊂”[13]在上海,徐家汇天文台㊁淞沪护军使分别采取措施对谣言传单表明立场㊂徐家汇天文台的通告云:传单 以致人心惶惶,亲至本台或来函询问者络绎不绝,本台鉴于迷信者之众,深恐此种误会,危及社会治安,特行声明其毫无根据,妖言惑众,深望开通之华人,各向亲友中力为解释,而祛群疑㊂”[14]淞沪护军使何丰林则从维护上海形象和地方治安稳定的角度出发,声色俱厉地警告造谣者㊂其布告曰: 近来时局不靖,谣诼繁兴,沪上为华洋荟萃之区,中外观瞻所系㊂本使负有地方责任,早经迭次宣言,抱定保境安民宗旨,终始不渝㊂所冀闾阎安堵,匕鬯不惊,用慰中外商民之喁望,诚恐流言传播,摇惑人心,市虎杯弓,为患滋大,用再剀切布告,俾众周知㊂倘有破坏治安,扰乱秩序之行为,无论何人,概予拿办㊂本使为维持地方安宁计,决不能稍示姑容,仰商民人等各安生业,勿得轻听谣言㊂”[15]汉口同样对传单进行严禁,斥责其为 信口雌黄,谣惑群众”㊂汉口警察厅苏厅长 深恐影响治安,特于日前出示严禁”,并指出 邪说妖言,意图扰乱自非力辟严禁,不足以维治安而正人心”㊂他要求 除通传各警察署所,严行查禁外,为此布告,仰即一体知悉”㊂[16]广东方面对于 一般愚民,易惑难晓,今公安局长,又悬为厉禁,布告周知,其关于民智问题者,尚小,其裨益于时局问题,实大㊂记者窃叹吴局长之知所先务,尤愿握有社会教育之责之教育局长,派遣演讲人员,力辟邪说也”㊂[17]随后对传单查禁方法进行了具体布置,认为此种谣言 最足摇惑人心,妨害公安,亟应严行查究㊂除分令外,为此令仰该区分署,即便遵照,查明此种传单,由何处发出,并由某印刷馆承印具报核办㊂以后如再有散布者,立即将该传单没收,并将派送人及承印商店司事拘案究办,以息谣诼,而安人心,切切此令㊂”[8]苏州方面也表明了态度,这在‘苏州晨报“中有所体现: 我听说八月节后,将天地昏黑,日月大蚀,造此谣言者,521　第5期1923年日本关东大地震与我国灾害谣言应对可杀㊂”[18]以上的列举具有一定的典型性,它是地方管理者对谣言态度发生转变的力证,即由原先的放任无视走向取缔㊁禁止,这种变化的出现是强化地方治理的体现㊂事实上,在地方管理者取缔传单的同时,加强地震等自然现象的科普宣传也在同时进行㊂其中阐释地震发生的机制原理是媒体宣传的重点,现将其列举如下:中央观象台认为, 自然界中之物理的现象,色色形形,不一而足,地震亦此等现象中之一也㊂据科学家种种岩石之弹性实验,地球实系一大弹性体,由地下之原动点发生地震,而传及于各地,与投石水中,以一点为动源,而渐次波及与四方,其理正同㊂故欲研究地震所起之原因,必须考察其与地质地理气象诸学科之关系,并加以物理学天文学测地学上之精密的实验,而后略有统系可寻焉㊂”[19]汉口警察厅出示的严禁令中解释为: 地震之原理,澄诸科学,有三种原因,其一由冷缩横压力,致地壳破裂,地层缘裂缝而上下运动者,谓之断层地震;其二地层生大洞穴,上层强压,而骤然陷落者,谓之陷落地震;其三因火山作用而起者,谓之火山地震,至于大风雪大冰雹,寒带地方,间或有之㊂汉口为长江流域,接近温带,又不滨海,且地质坚厚,何至发生上项绝大危险㊂”[16]中国科学社在‘辟天灾谣言通告“指出, 夫日蚀在朔,月蚀在望,即令全蚀,为时不过数分㊂自非居南北极端,决无数日不见日出之理,此天文常识,不待深辩㊂至地震海啸,虽无由前知,然此二者必与火山地带有关㊂日本因地居火山带中,地震乃其常事,即如此次东京一带之大地震,在历史上亦有统计可稽,决非如谣言所云㊂此种荒谬无稽之谈,发之者托为警世救人,实则欲以危言耸词,撼动人心,阴遂其聚徒造乱之志,听者不察,误于倾信,庸人自扰,为害犹浅,将使社会失其安宁,世界传为笑柄,则有害于国家者甚大㊂盖意中拟议天灾,灾未必来,存心制造人祸,祸乃终至,以科学研究增加自然界智识,尽人事所当为,不作无益之恐怖,文明人之异于野蛮者,在此而已,特此宣言,敬乞公鉴㊂”[2]除了上述机构部门外,一些有识之士也积极撰文阐述地震发生原理,以消除民众的疑惑㊂署名为翼溟的‘地震“一文,从地震原因㊁地震方向㊁地震速度及距离㊁轻微的地颤㊁地震与地壳㊁地震之害等方面详细解释了地震原理,其目的是以释群疑”㊂[20]作者章鸿钊以‘日本震灾与我国所得的教训“为题,首先从地震的测算㊁预防以及作为一门学科等方面解释,指出裂隙带与地震发生关系,最后他就震源及震后疫情防控和未来建筑改良等方面提出若干建议㊂[21]可以说是对地震及其灾后处理的一次科普㊂耿光的‘日本地震之研究(续)“从二十个方面对地震进行了全面的研究,[22]如此等等,这些都为民众了解地震知识㊁消除疑惑㊁杜绝谣言起到了很好的作用㊂不仅如此,‘申报“还多次对历史上的地震进行统计,如9月18日的‘世界大地震调查录“,从全球地震的视角出发,统计了1755年至1923年间世界上9次规模较大的地震,标注了地震发生地点,列举了伤亡人数㊂[23]10月10日,‘近十五年中国重要地震记“一文,统计了自宣统元年云南东部地震至民国十二年的川边地震㊂该文作者翁文灏认为 考之本国,地动现象实亦数见不鲜,见之历史记载者三千余次”㊂他提醒读者, 以上皆经确实调查,信而有征者,足见吾国地震现象亦极重要,灾情之巨,范围之广,较之世界有名地震各邦,殆无逊色,吾人对此固不必轻信谣言惊心末劫㊂”[24]由上可知,有关地震原理的解释,无论是机构部门还是个人,他们虽然从不同层面进行解释,其出发点都是告知读者地震是一种自然现象,无论是中国抑或世界历史上均发生过若干次,而且地震的发生需具备一定的条件,而非传单中违背常理的描述㊂其目的是打消民众顾虑,理性对待自然现象㊂正如汉口方面驳斥 汉口为长江流域,接近温带,又不滨海,且地质坚厚,何至发生上项绝大危险”㊂需要提及的是, 由摄影者不惜生命,一一实地摄入影片的”东京㊁横滨大灾影片自周二起陆续上映于夏令配克㊁维多利亚及虹口大剧院[25];在法租界三洋泾桥南首法国大影剧院日夜开演的日本地震影片, 将东京等灾地一一摄入,阅之如入其境”[26];梧州路中国大剧院开映‘日本地震“[27]㊂这些地震记录片的播放也在一定程度上是对地震常识的普及㊂经过多方辟谣和科学知识普及,对于民众疑惑的消除起到了一定的积极作用,署名张衡香的作者认为, 日本地震海啸之谣言,喧传一时,一般人民,颇为惊恐,若大祸之将临者㊂经各报纸据科学原理,多方解说,谣传始息,群疑始释㊂余因之知科学智识之普及,于今不可稍缓也㊂”[28]三、舆论关于自然力量与科学能力之反思关东大地震 虽由各方极力辟谣,然中下社会仍极恐慌㊂昨前两日适值天气阴暗,好事者遂谓谣言灵验,今日或将有昏黑之事,因之各扶乩台各善堂㊂昨日多数举行祈祷大会,男女各信徒并相偕屏除荤食,团聚礼拜,祈祷免灾云㊂”[29]这种现象的反复出现,实际上是民众对自然力量缺乏理性认知的结果,也与科学知识普及率低有关㊂1.感叹大自然力量的强大9月8日,‘申报“刊发评论指出: 我自见了日本的大地震大火灾后,就觉得为人争权夺利,一切都无谓了㊂因为人力虽大,究竟还敌不过天,人定胜天这句话是靠不住的㊂”[30] 9日,该报再次刊发题为‘天作孽与自作孽“的 时评”,认为 天灾,非人力所能抵抗”[31]㊂由上可知,关东大地震惨况给予民众的影响,舆论深感人类在大自然面前的渺小和无力,表露出对大自然的恐惧㊂‘日本震灾和精神上的损失“一文在详细描述灾区损失的基础上,得出了 自然界势力的强大和人力无权的感觉”㊂之所以有这种体会,该文做了如下的解释:我们近世的文明,建筑在一个很重要的观念上,就是培根所说的 征服天然”㊂一切自然现象的研究,都是想了解天然的定律,懂得天然的定律,才能够驱策天然的势力㊂但是在我们应用天然势力的当中,竟发生了一种势力,他的伟大同我们的力量比起来,简直是不可方物㊂我们几十年几百年铢积寸累所得的,他可以用几分钟的力量,毁灭净尽㊂这样看起来,我们征服天然的信仰,不是要完全扫地吗?我们岂不要说: 吃饭,饮酒,而且寻乐,因为明天你容许就要死了”吗?[32]关东大地震的发生,让民众冷静地审视人与自然的关621齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)　系,并流露出对大自然的崇敬,同时也认识到人类自身的不足㊂2.感知科学能力的不足与局限至于科技在应对地震灾害时能起到多大的作用,‘日本震灾与我国所得的教训“一文认为:科技无法解决这方面的难题㊂ 世界上地震区域,果然大略有个限制,若要完全去消灭这种灾害,无论科学怎样进步,人类决没有回天的能力”[21]㊂‘时报“的‘日本之祸福“一文认为 日本此次之大地震,天灾也,天灾非人力所可挽回”㊂不过,该文补充道 天灾之患,患在不知,若有先见之明,则虽无挽回之术,未尝无预防趋避之法,以人力胜天也”[33]㊂该文强调了灾害预防的重要性㊂然而,科学预测真的能够 趋避”吗?科学真的做到 以人力胜天”吗?对此,9月8日的‘晨报副镌“刊载‘日本的震灾“一文提出了不同的看法,该文首先肯定了日本在地震预测方面的水平,同时又对科技的效果提出了质疑㊂日本的地震测量机关是世界闻名的,这回来了如此的大祸,居然没有一点儿预报,我因此发生两种感想:一,科学的力量还有限得很,如果真要控制自然,我们还须切实做研究的功夫,什么现在是科学万能时代的话,都未免太乐观而且夸大了;二,我根本对于人类的组织怀了疑,就是少数人替大多数人做事是否靠得住,对于第二层,我觉得尤其危险,因为即使第一层障害去了,科学真有点像万能了,大地震真在地震的指针上有了严重的报告了,但是那班受着国家豢养的什么理学博士们,究竟是不是寸步不离的在那里忠诚的守候着,实在大可疑虑㊂而据近日报上所载,竟连震源都不曾考查确定,不是这班先生们的本领简陋得可以,就是人类的科学知识浅薄得可以了㊂[34]不仅如此,是相信预言还是相信科学,舆论也倍感困惑,这实际上也是对科学能力质疑的一种表现㊂‘新闻报“刊载的‘预言“具有一定的典型性㊂日本此次地震,真是有史以来未有的奇灾,并且是任何人所梦想不到的㊂但是举世所梦想不到的事情,偏偏那大正新教中的预言,竟是一语道着㊂(大正新教预言,说一九二三年日本将迁都,似乎早知今年东京将有奇变),此中玄秘,真是不可思议了㊂照科学的原理研究起来,这些术数家的预言,完全是荒诞不经,但有时又往往有些奇验,所以欧洲人士,也颇重视那些预言家㊂至于中国向来流传的预言,如烧饼歌推背图之类,虽然不免有人伪造附会,但合诸后来的时世,也多少有几分相符之处㊂由此看来,我们也竟不敢决定说除科学界以外,便没有其他神秘的学术哩㊂[35]3.提出改善科学知识普及方法即便对科学能力产生质疑,仍旧有观点认为这是民众 昧于科学智识,不知地震海啸之原理,遂将无稽谣传,信以为真,良可慨叹”㊂于是给出了如下普及科学知识的方法: 1.关于家庭方面㊂家庭中之有科学智识者,于暇时聚家人于一室,演讲普通科学,一则可以灌输科学智识于家人,一则可以防止家人之不正当消遣,一举两得,何乐而不为㊂2.关于社会方面㊂(1)报纸杂志,皆宜辟科学栏,聘专家主任之,使一般读者,咸得科学智识,惟此举效力,仅可及于中上社会;(2)学校学生,于假期内,宜集合团体,于游戏集合之所,随时演讲,或发送普通科学之白话印刷物,以便普及于下级社会㊂[28]上述方法易于操作,具有一定的实践意义㊂实际上,通过家庭㊁社会两个层面,分门别类地对 中上社会” 下级社会”进行科普,确实可以起到良好的作用㊂但就学校而言,其本身也是自然科学知识科普和学习的重要场所㊂9月12日,‘申报“刊登署名为肖丞的‘地震“一文,为我们呈现出地震知识科普的画面㊂该文围绕地震发生的原因,采用师生对话的形式展开㊂教师:智三,地震是什么原故?智三:地震是地热的作用㊂教师:地球怎么会热呢?智三:因为赤道在地壳底下㊂教师:咦,弄差了,仁杰你说,怎么会地震的?仁杰:是因为冷缩的横压力,所以地壳皴裂成为地震了㊂教师:怎么会冷缩的呢?仁杰:因为靠近北冰洋的原故㊂教师:咦,还是弄差了,德华,你说怎么会地震的?德华:是因为火山喷裂㊂教师:火山怎么会喷裂的呢?(痴生忽然站起来答道)痴生:恐怕是鳌鱼翻身罢㊂[36]教师提问地震发生的原因,循序渐进地引导学生进行回答,学生的答案包含 地热的作用” 冷缩的横压力” 火山喷裂”等内容,虽然不是最佳答案,甚至还出现 恐怕是鳌鱼翻身”的回答,但不可否认此举亦是一种高效㊁简洁的地震知识普及方法㊂总之,谣言反映了特定社会背景下谣言制造者的心态,谣言的产生与社会背景㊁个人心理㊁特定情境有着密切关系㊂[37]民国时期,自然灾害频仍,科学知识普及率低,对自然灾害的认知缺乏客观㊁理性的态度,这为灾害谣言的出现及传播提供了生存空间㊂为此,有媒体指出 以吾中国科学思想之幼稚,人民知识程度之低浅,故一遇外烁,将潜藏遗传于脑蒂中之迷信,遂复显露㊂始不过愚夫愚妇,互相传述,为街谈巷议之资㊂今则渐蔓延于士大夫间,甚而至于觥觥学子,赳赳武人,亦复营营于求神问鬼之事,此风初煽于京津间,而渐进行于大江南北,噫此匪细故也㊂使当世明哲之士,而不加以注意,其影响于国民心理者至巨,骎骎乎将有支配社会之一种恶势力,可不惧哉㊂”[11]由此可知,灾害谣言不仅仅流传于 愚夫愚妇”的下层社会之间,也 渐蔓延于士大夫间,甚而至于觥觥学子,赳赳武人”为代表的上层阶级中㊂此种环境下,谣言周而复始的出现也就在情理之中了㊂透过关东大地震前后我国灾害谣言这一事件,为我们审视民国时期政治㊁科技及社会控制提供了一个崭新的视角㊂ 参考文献:[1]梁茂春.灾害社会学[M].广州:暨南大学出版社,2012:53.721　第5期1923年日本关东大地震与我国灾害谣言应对。