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汉英对比与翻译之文化与翻译

汉英对比与翻译之文化与翻译
➢He has been coming to Beijing for 14 years. 14年来，他多次来北京。
与翻译的相关因素
文化与翻译 逻辑与翻译 风格与翻译 文体与翻译
WHAT IS CULTURE?
"It is the totality of the spiritual，intellectual，and artistic attitudes shared by a group，including its tradition, habits, social customs，morals，laws，and social relations. Sociologically，every society，on every level， has its culture ；the term has no implications of high development." (The New World Encyclopedia )
Shakespeare Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. —Gideon Toury

英汉翻译 中英文化对比与翻译PPT课件

英汉翻译 中英文化对比与翻译PPT课件
2. What is culture?
“ The totality of beliefs and practices of a society.”（ 某 一 社 会 信 仰 和 行 为 的 总 和 ） ――Nida(奈达, 1993: 105)
（ Most anthropologists define culture as the set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals that are characteristic of a particular society or population. （某一社会或群体习得并特有的 行为、信仰、态度、价值观和理想。）—Carol Ember and Melvin Ember, (1999:173)
只要人们能呼吸，眼睛能看东西，
此诗就会不朽，使你永久生存下去。
解释：英国的夏天：英国属海洋性温带阔叶林气候。
一般来说，夏天（7、8、9月份）是旅游英国最好的日子。
夏季日间长，活动时间多，而且温度适中，七月份的平温
气温只有17度，早晚常要加件线衣才行。
（）
“ sudden as April shower” “骤如四月阵 雨，突如其来” （p39）
William Shakespeare Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade When in eternal lines to time thou growest. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

英汉文化差异外文翻译.pdf

英汉文化差异外文翻译.pdf
English idioms contain a unique cultural connotation of the English-speaking countries. Some idioms can find the same idioms expression in Chinese, and some can only find similar meaning or expressions in Chinese and some can not find any corresponding concept or expressions in Chinese culture. The difference of diverse cultures in English and Chinese is the hard point of the translation. Thus, when we want to do a good job in translation, we should be familiar with some knowledge, such as cultural traditions, customs, moral values, history and geography in Englishspeaking countries. And with the help of language knowledge, such as cultivation of English, Chinese language skills and cultural context, we can have an intensive and profound understanding of the original meaning. Then, through applying relating translation method, we can avoid interpreting without real understanding. If the translation is out of the cultural background, it will only lead to mistakes and become a laughing stock. There are following three methods to translate English idioms. (a) Literal translation

英汉文化差异与翻译

英汉文化差异与翻译

英汉文化差异与翻译摘要：语言与文化密不可分,任何语言的生存发展都离不开其赖以生存的社会文化环境,社会文化又在一定程度上制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。

本文围绕英汉文化差异在各自语言中的体现, 来说明文化差异、背景知识对翻译的影响。

由此说明文化差异因素对翻译的影响不容低估。

本文对中英的文化、社会风俗与礼仪差异进行了初步的探索，提出了一些在翻译中弥补这一差异的例子，以及在翻译英语里面的习惯词汇时应该注意的几个方面。

[关键字] 文化差异一般风俗翻译、影响文化是一种上层建筑.它是建立在一定的经济基础之上的，而且与一个国家、民族的传统文化密不可分。

由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同, 因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等等语境因素。

不同文化背景造成人们说话方式或习惯不尽相同。

因此, 在交流中, 人们总喜欢用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语,这就可能对对方的话语做出不准确的推论, 从而产生冲突和故障。

了解这些文化差异，对我们平时能更好的使用英语有很大的帮助。

丰富的文化背景和相关专业知识会有助于翻译的准确性，所以，我们要在平时的学习中不断积累相关的专业知识，加强训练，才能在翻译中做到游刃有余。

翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程。

在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。

王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。

”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。

“杂”就是指知识要广博。

可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。

英汉文化差异对翻译的影响主要表现在以下几个方面:一、观察与思维上的差异对翻译的影响英汉两个民族在观察与思维上是存在着差异的: 面对同一物体, 用以概括的概念也有出入, 因而语言表达方式也不同。

如对颜色的观察和使用,就有不同的概念。

英语“black tea”在汉语中不叫“黑茶”, 而叫“红茶”;“brownbread”是“黑面包”, 而不是“棕色面包”。

汉英语言文化对比翻译

汉英语言文化对比翻译

汉英语言文化对比与翻译目录摘要 (3)关键词 (3)一、语言文化差异 (3)1、词汇本身的意义 (3)2、词汇的文化差异 (3)二、世界观和价值观差异 (4)1、文化行为差异 (4)2、了解日常生活方式和交际模式 (4)三、语言的理解与分析 (4)1、结构分析 (5)2、语义分析 (6)结束语 (6)参考文献...................................................。

.. (6)[摘要] 语言是一种文化现象，它是文化的载体，本文对英汉语言在语言自身、价值观、成语谚语文化、语用理解等跨文化差异方面作了简要探讨。

汉英翻译过程中的语言心理过程即对两种语言的分析理解过程。

这一理解过程是汉英翻译的关键。

只有理解判断正确，做到表达自然地道，再现原文风格。

[关键词]文化差异分析翻译语言本身就是一种文化现象，它是文化的载体。

语言和文化相互依存、相互影响，要真正掌握一种语言就必须了解这种语言的特定社会背景，否则就没有真正掌握这种语言。

汉英翻译是一个比较复杂的过程。

表面上看，汉英翻译只是把汉语原文的表层结构直接转化为英语的表层结构，但是这并不能正确刻画出译者所经历的语言心理过程，即理解过程。

汉英翻译的过程不是汉语(原文)一字词对应一英语(译文)，而应该是汉语(原文)一理解、分析 +对比、选择一表达一英语(译文 )。

汉英翻译不是“对号入座”，不是简单的语言转换。

汉英翻译必须采取英文的句法来表达汉文的意念。

如照汉语逐词硬译则译出来的只不过是一堆让人费解的英语拼凑罢了。

从语言心理的运作上看，译者须先将汉语语法结构和语义两个层面的深层结构了解清楚，并分析成若干语法与语义单位，然后再将这些单位一一转化成英语的语法及语义单位，最后经过重整组合才能成为译作。

以下即是对语言文化差异及翻译的分析。

一、语言文化差异语言自身差异主要表现在词汇语义方面的差异。

词汇的语义：一方面是词汇本身的意义，另一方面是词汇的文化意义。

英汉的文化差异及翻译

英汉的文化差异及翻译

英汉的文化差异及翻译外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义，接下来，小编给大家准备了英汉的文化差异及翻译,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。

英汉的文化差异及翻译一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说："外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……"，"它带有特殊的情感氛围，甚深广而微妙，在字典中无从找出，对文学却极要紧。

如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景，对于文字的这种意义就茫然，尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。

"英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》(1871)一书中，首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来，并表述为："文化是一种复杂，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。

"可见文化的覆盖面很广，它是一个复要的系统。

语言作为文化的一个组成部分，反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。

1、生存环境的差异习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。

英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界;而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。

比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend money like water，而汉语是"挥金如土"。

英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on one's oars(暂时歇一歇)，to keep one's head above water(奋力图存)，all at sea(不知所措)等等。

在汉语的文化氛围中，"东风"即是"春天的风"，夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起，"赤日炎炎似火烧"、"骄阳似火"是常被用来描述夏天的词语。

而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。

汉英对比与翻译之文化与翻译精品PPT课件

（ 翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而 又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。）
—Eugene A. Nida To translate is to change into another language,
retainincan. —Samuel Johnson
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
get a visit from the stork. 1. 克林去上海了，不在这里。 2. 我只在做汤时加味精。 3. 汤姆向你表示问候。 4. 那家银行24小时营业。 5. 因为妻子即将生孩子，他感到非常高兴。
BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHINESE AND ENGLISH
Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text. —Christiane Nord
――沈苏儒
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工 具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经 济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的 现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地 从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。 ――张今

汉英文化比较


文化的广狭 （胡文仲）
• Big C culture (achievement culture) refers to such things as education, history, geography, institutions, literature, art, music, etc. “第一种文 化”、”狭义的文化”、”正式文化”、”知识 文化”。 Culture as „high civilization‟
中式英语与中国英语
• 中式英语（Chinglish）:具有汉语语法特色的英 语（English with Characteristics of Chinese Grammar） • 中国英语（Chinese English）:具有汉语文化特 色的英语（English with Characteristics of Chinese Language Culture）
• 学生:We couldn‟t help following the music to cry. „我们情不自禁地随着音乐哭泣’， • 习惯说法couldn‟t help crying with the music。 • 学生:He played the violin very familiarly（他很 熟练地拉起了小提琴）。此处‘熟练’的表达方 式skillfully。”
混淆同义词
• see, watch, read and look = “看 kàn", • speak, say and talk =说. • • • • Examples: "Can you say Chinese?", "I am watching a book", "Tomorrow I will look a movie"

汉英笔译 翻译第二章 汉英文化比较



P20
一
概念意义和文化意义完全相同 二 概念意义对应，文化意义空缺 三 概念意义相同，语用意义不同



直译：原文中的概念意义和文化意义,形象和寓意 同时传达到译文中. ( P21) 丢脸—lose face 老手—an old hand 祸不单行—Misfortunes never come singly. 浑水摸鱼—to fish in troubled waters 花钱如流水—to spend money like water



归心似箭: 手忙脚乱: 立竿见影: 噤若寒蝉: 牵肠挂肚: 快马加鞭: 藕断丝连:


be very anxious to return home in a frantic rush get instant results keep quiet be full of anxiety and worry speed up have not cut relations completely 五光十色: multicolored
北大荒 the Great Northern Wilderness 灯影牛肉 shadow beef （Stewed Thin Beef Slices） 希望工程 Hope Project 一国两制 one country, two systems

直译加注 / 文内加注
满月酒
下海
满月酒：one-month-old

热锅上的蚂蚁－ a cat on hot bricks 挂羊头卖狗肉－cry up wine and sell vinegar 落汤鸡－as wet as a drowned rat

汉英语言文化对比资料精选课件PPT


• （2）英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率比汉语高。
• （3）英语数词的使用不如汉语多，因为汉语的成语及 缩略语依靠数词（词素）构成。
• （4）汉语的量词同英语的冠词一样，附属于各自的名 词，使用频率也同名词.
2021/3/2
9
补充练习
• 给出下列词语相应的英文
• 1、贵贱 • 2、买卖 • 3、宽窄 • 4、深浅 • 5、开关 • 6、肥瘦 • 7、咸淡 • 8、呼吸 • 9、厚薄 • 10、回去
14
开关 Switch/valve
• 波段开关 • band switch; waver
• 吊灯和壁灯可单独开关 • Ceiling and wall lights can operate
independently
• 通断开关 • on-off switch
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15
肥瘦 Size/fatness
2021/3/2
13
深浅 Depth/sense of propriety
• 测深浅 • measure the depth of
• 颜色漆太深(浅) • paint a color a bit too dark (light)
• 颜色深浅不同 • of different shades
2021/3/2
• 兜了一号买卖 • have canvassed a business order
• 买卖公平
• be fair in buying and selling; buy and sell at reasonable prices
• 买卖房屋的任何一方不得轰撵住户搬家。
• Both parties to a housing-contract are forbidden to evict the current occupant of the house.
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Hearing the hubbub at his gate, Feng Su hurried out to see what the messengers wanted. “Ask Mr. Zhen to come out,” they bawled. “Be quick about it.” “My name is Feng, not Zhen,” he answered with an ingratiating smile. “My son-in-law‟s name is Zhen, but he left home a year or two ago to become a priest. Is he the man you want?” “How would we know? We‟re here on the prefect‟s orders. If you‟re his father-in-law, you must come and clear this up with His Honour to save us another trip.” Giving Feng Su no chance to protest they dragged him off, while his whole household trembled, not knowing what this portended. Towards the end of the second watch he returned in the highest of spirits. Asked what had happened, he told them: “This new prefect, Jia Hua, is a native of Huzhou and an old friend of my son-in-law. When he passed our gate and saw our Jiaoxing buying thread, he supposed that Shiyin had moved his household here. He seemed very upset when I explained all that had happened. He asked after my granddaughter too and I told him she was lost on the Feast of Lanterns. „Never mind,‟ said His Honour. „I‟ll have a search made and I‟m certain we shall find her.‟ At the end of our conversation, as I was leaving, he gave me two taels of silver.” Zhen‟s wife was very moved by this. And so the night passed. （Yang）

可巧看见林黛玉从前头走，连忙赶上去，说道：“你 且站住。” 林黛玉回头看见是宝玉，待要不理他，听他说“只说 一句话，从此撂开手，”这话里有文章，少不得站住 说道：“有一句话，请说来。” “既有今日，何必当初！”林黛玉听见这话，由不得 站住，回头道：“当初怎么样？今日怎么样？” ……；我爱吃的，听见姑娘也爱吃，连忙干干净净收 着等姑娘吃。



பைடு நூலகம்
可巧看见林黛玉从前头走，连忙赶上去，说道：“你 且站住。” 杨译：Catching sight of Daiyu ahead, he overtook her. “Do stop!” he begged. 霍译：Quite by coincidence Daiyu was walking along the same path a little ahead. “Stop a minute!” he cried, hurrying forward to catch up with her.
汉英文化对比与翻译
Out-Of-Class Assignment


Get a book or essay with an accepted translation and translate three to five lines each day from or into English. (Please document the date, your starting time and finishing time) Compare your version with the original or translated version to see the differences and mark them with a red pen. Write down your comments, or your understanding, or any questions you have.



……；我爱吃的，听见姑娘也爱吃，连忙干干净净收 着等姑娘吃。
杨译：…; If you fancied a favorite dish of mine, I put it away in a clean place till you came. 霍译：If there was something to eat that I specially liked, I had only to hear that you were fond of it too and I would religiously hoard it away to share with you when you got back, not daring even to touch it until you came.

却说封肃因听见公差传唤，忙出来陪笑启问。那些人只嚷： “快请出甄爷来！”封肃忙陪笑道：“小人姓封，并不姓甄。只有 当日小婿姓甄，今已出家一二年了，不知可是问他？”那些公人道： “我们也不知什么‘真’‘假’，因奉太爷之命来问，他既是你女 婿，便带了你去亲见太爷面禀，省得乱跑。”说着，不容封肃多言， 大家推拥他去了。封家人个个都惊慌，不知何兆。



“既有今日，何必当初！”林黛玉听见这话，由不得 站住，回头道：“当初怎么样？今日怎么样？” 杨译： “Why are things so different now from in the past?” Against her will she stopped once more and turned her head. “What do you mean by „now‟ and the „past‟?”

那天约二更时，只见封肃方回来，欢天喜地。众人忙问端的。 他乃说道：“原来本府新升的太爷姓贾名化，本贯胡州人氏，曾与 女婿旧日相交。方才在咱门前过去，因见娇杏那丫头买线，所以他 只当女婿移住于此。我一一将原故回明，那太爷倒伤感叹息了一回； 又问外孙女儿，我说看灯丢了。太爷说：‘不妨，我自使番役务必 探访回来。’说了一回话，临走倒送了我二两银子。”甄家娘子听 了，不免心中伤感。一宿无话。






Hearing the clamour of yamen runners outside, Feng Su hurried to the door, his face wreathed in smiles, to ask what they wanted. „Tell Mr Zhen to step outside,‟ they were shouting. „Hurry!‟ Feng Su‟s smile became even more ingratiating. „My name is Feng, not Zhen. My son-in-law‟s name is Zhen, but he left home to become a Taoist more than a year ago. Could he be the one you want?‟ „“Feng” or “Zhen”, it‟s all the same to us,‟ said the runners; „but if you‟re his father-in-law you‟d better come along with us to see the magistrate.‟ And they hustled him off, leaving the entire household in a state of panic, quite at a loss to know what the trouble could be. It was ten o‟clock before Feng Su returned, and everyone pressed him to give a full account of what had transpired. „It seems that the new mandarin is a Hu-zhou man called Jia. He used to be an acquaintance of Shi-yin‟s in the old days. He guessed that Shi-yin must have moved to these parts when he saw our Lucky in the doorway buying silks. That‟s why he sent the runners here. I explained what had happened to Shi-yin, and he seemed very upset. Then he asked me about Ying-lian, and I said she was lost while out watching the lanterns. “Never mind,” he said, “wait till I send some people out to look for her. We shall have her back in no time.” Then we chatted a bit longer, and lust as I was going, he gave me two taels of silver.‟ Mrs Zhen could not help being affected by this account. But the rest of that night we pass over in silence. （Hawks）