GeorgeWhitesides《科学论文写作》

专论医学与哲学 ２０１４ 年 ６ 月第 ３５ 卷第 ６Ａ 期总第 ５０２ 期尤金·加菲尔德与ＳＣＩ述论＊史继红①李志平②△《科 学引文索引》（ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｅｘ，ＳＣＩ）是 目 前世界上覆盖学科最全 ，涵盖国家、地区最广，能够提供独特的文献引证关系的大型文献型数据库，受到全世界 科研人员、科学计量学家和科技管理者的普遍关注 。

研 究 ＳＣＩ的 创立和发展历史，对 加深 ＳＣＩ的 理解和认识， 正确进行学术评价和科学管理 ，理解科学发展的过程和 规律，具有重要的理论价值和实践意义 。

１ ＳＣＩ创建的历史背景２０世纪后半叶，尤其是第 二次世界大战后，美 国科 技政策调整，美国政府的研究与开发经费出现急剧上升 的趋势，而且这种 趋势持续 ２０ 年之久。

政府的经费刺 激产生了两种结果，一 是加快了科学研究的步伐 ；二 是 报道科学研究活动的科学文献迅速增加。

科研人员迫 切需要解决文献信息检索有效性 、文献评价方式准确性 的问题。

美国政府考虑到现有的情报交流系统无力处＊ 基金项目：２０１４ 年度 黑 龙 江 省教育厅人文社会科学研究项目 “现代 美国医学教育与科研发展关系模 式 研 究 ”，项 目 编 号： １２５４２１５４；２０１３年度黑龙江省高校图工委重点课题 “ＳＣＩ、Ｆ１０００ 与 ＶＯＭ 医学文献评价比较分析”，项目编号：２０１３－Ａ－０６７ ①哈尔滨医科大学图书馆 黑龙江哈尔滨 １５００８１②哈尔滨医科大学医史学教研室 黑龙江哈尔滨 １５００８１ Δ 通讯作者 ，Ｅ－ｍａｉｌ：ｊｗｔｉａｎ＠ｓｉｎａ〃ｃｏｍ 理日渐增多的文献 ，因 此资助了许多项目 ，发 展并提高 了科学情报传播与管理的手段和方法。

与 ＳＣＩ创 建密 切相 关的一个研究项目 就是韦尔奇医学索 引项目（ｗｅｌｃｈ ｍｅｄｉｃａｌｉｎｄｅｘｉｎｇｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ）［１］５。

该项目由美国国立医学图书馆 （ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｉｂｒａｒｙｏｆ ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ，ＮＬＭ）前 身 陆 军 医 学 图 书 馆 （ａｒｍｙ ｍｅｄｉｃａｌ ｌｉｂｒａｒｙ）资助，约翰 · 霍普金斯大学 韦尔奇医学图书馆 完成［２］。

如何阅读论文∗作者：S.KeShav†，译者：计军平‡摘要学者们需花费大量时间阅读论文。

然而，很少有人传授这项技能，导致初学者浪费了大量时间精力。

本文提出了一种高效实用的论文阅读方法——“三轮阅读法”。

同时，本文也描述了如何采用该方法进行文献综述。

1概述学者们出于各种原因阅读论文，比如为了准备一场学术会议或者一堂课，为了紧跟自己所在领域的研究进展，或者为了了解新领域而进行的文献综述。

一般而言，一名学者每年会花数百小时来阅读论文。

高效阅读论文是一项极其重要但却很少被人传授的技能。

因此，初学者不得不在自己的摸索中学习这项技能。

结果是他们在此过程中浪费了很多精力，并且常常陷入深深的挫败感之中。

多年以来，我一直使用一种简单有效的方法来阅读论文。

本文对这种“三轮阅读法”进行了说明，并介绍了该方法在文献综述中的应用。

2三轮阅读法该方法的关键点在于分三轮阅读一篇论文，而非仔细地从头看到尾。

每一轮阅读都在上一轮的基础上达成特定的目的：第一轮了解论文的大意，第二轮了解论文的主要内容（而非细节），第三轮深入理解论文。

∗S.Keshav,2007.How to Read a Paper.ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 37(3):83-84.†David R.Cherition School of Computer Science,University of Waterloo‡北京大学深圳研究生院环境与能源学院12三轮阅读法2 2.1第一轮阅读第一轮属于鸟瞰式阅读，快速浏览论文。

由此决定是否需要进入后两轮阅读。

这一轮使用5至10分钟，包括以下四个步骤：1.仔细阅读题目、摘要及导言；2.阅读章节标题，略过其他内容；3.阅读结论；4.粗略地看一下参考文献，识别出你已经读过的文献。

在第一轮的最后，你应该能回答以下五个问题：1.类别：这篇论文属于什么类别？是实证量化分析？还是对现有方法进行改进？亦或是提出了一个新的理论？2.背景：这篇论文与哪些论文有关联？分析的理论基础有哪些？3.正确性：凭经验判断，这篇论文的前提假设是否成立？4.贡献：这篇论文的主要贡献是什么？5.清晰度：这篇论文的文字表述是否清晰？基于上述信息，你可能决定不再阅读这篇文章。

《学术论文写作（英）》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：17002204课程名称：学术论文写作（英）英文名称：Academic English Writing课程类别：通识课学时：64学分：4适用对象: 国际商学院财务管理中外联合培养项目班级；考核方式：考试先修课程：商务英语阅读II，商务英语写作II二、课程简介《学术论文写作（英）》专门针对广东财经大学中外人才培养实验班二年级学生开设的大学英语系列改革课程之一。

该课程是一门桥梁课程，旨在提高中国学生的学术研究与论文写作能力，帮助他们适应接下来的留学学习；课程以学术研究与论文写作各环节和分项技能的训练为纲，帮助学生培养良好的学术研究和写作习惯，并且注重技能的巩固和整合，强调学以致用。

同时，课程注重中西结合，在学术阅读和写作中加强爱国主义教育，增加学生文化自信，培养学生批判性思维，使之既要继承中华优秀传统文化又要弘扬时代精神，既要立足本国又要面向世界，即把中华传统文化以及现代文化的创新成果继承下来，传播出去，发扬光大，最终促使他们成为向世界介绍中国、传播中华文化且具有国际视野的高端双语复合型人才。

该课程教学采取以学生为中心, 教师讲授为引导，学生写作训练、主题讨论以及雅思写作模拟练习为辅助的模式；将面授与机助学习，课内讲授和课后自主学习紧密结合起来。

课堂教学采用外语教学与研究出版社引自的Garnet Education的经典学术英语教材《学术研究与论文写作》和《学术英语阅读》。

本课程的教学评估包括形成性评估和终结性评估。

三、课程性质与教学目的学术论文写作（英）是一门通识必修课，其主要目的是为我校必须参加雅思考试的中外人才培养实验班同学提供系统学习学术英语语言、培养学术论文写作能力和增强雅思写作考试技巧，同时通过大量阅读输入提高学生的学术英语素养、学术英语交流和跨文化交际能力，提升他们的批判性思维能力和跨文化交际意识。

学生学完该门课程后，应能达到以下要求：1）掌握基本学术论文写作技能，包括撰写abstract, introduction, definition, conclusion 的方法和paraphrasing 和referencing 的技巧、规范；2）掌握学术研究的基本方法，包括选题、收集和分类资料、运用论据论证观点、对论据的分析和解释等；3）学生的语篇分析和概括能力，特别是改述(paraphrase)和综述(summarise)的能力显著提升，语言表达丰富多样化；4）学生的批判性思维、西方逻辑思维和东西方文化差异意识通过写作、教师引导、和讨论得以相当的提升；提升学生在学术交流中的辩证性思考能力，能够坚定文化自信，向世界“讲好中国故事，传播好中国声音，阐释好中国特色”，进一步帮助学生树立正确价值观和加强爱国主义教育。

前言我的第一篇英语科技论文写作是把在科大的学士毕业论文翻译成英文。

当我一九九零年从纽约州立大学博士毕业时，发表了20多篇英语论文。

但是，我对怎样写高质量科技论文的理解仍旧处于初级阶段，仅知道尽量减少语法错误。

这是因为大多数时间我都欣然接受我的博士指导老师Dr. George Stell和Dr. Harold Friedman的修改，而不知道为什么要那样改，也没有主动去问。

这种情况一直持续到我去北卡州立大学做博士后。

我的博士后指导老师Dr. Carol Hall建议我到邻近的杜克大学去参加一个为期两天的写作短训班。

这堂由Gopen教授主办的短训班真使我茅塞顿开。

第一次，我知道了读者在阅读中有他们的期望，要想写好科技论文，最有效的方法是要迎合他们的期望。

这堂写作课帮我成功地完成了我的第一个博士后基金申请，有机会进入哈佛大学Dr. Martin Karplus组。

在哈佛大学的五年期间，在Karplus教授的指导下，我认识到一篇好的论文需要从深度广度进行里里外外自我审查。

目前，我自己当了教授，有了自己的科研组，也常常审稿。

我觉得有必要让我的博士生和博士后学好写作。

我不认为我自己是写作专家。

我的论文也常常因为这样或那样的原因被退稿。

但是我认为和大家共享我对写作的理解和我写作的经验教训，也许大家会少走一些我走过的弯路。

由于多年未用中文写作，请大家多多指正。

来信请寄：yqzhou@ 。

欢迎访问我的网站： 。

导言通常来讲，研究生和博士后从他的导师那儿得到研究方向。

经过多次反复试验，得到一些好的结果。

接下来他们需要对得到的数据进行总结和分析，写成论文。

一篇精写的论文更容易被高档杂志接受。

而写得不好的论文很可能被退稿。

论文的数量和质量是学生和导师事业发展的敲门砖。

不成文，便成仁，是学术生涯的写照。

很多学生以为当结果到手的时候研究就结束了。

他们写的草稿，常常把原始数据放在一起，没有对方法和数据进行详细分析，没有对当今论文的评述。

哈佛论文格式范文篇一：哈佛格式范文Diversity and global managerIntroductionIn today’s hyper-complex marketplace, every organization confronts the challenge on how to take the most advantage of the international trends to promote the overall efficiency and effect of businesses and maximize profitability. In fact, diversity has become an overwhelmingly important trend that attracts global attention, especially the human resource diversity. Generally speaking, it is a crucially important fact on organizational performance that weather the employees at all levels are well-trained, dedicated and loyal at their works. The first section demonstrates the key benefits and drawbacks of diversity, which are important for the decision-making of all companies.In the second section, the traits of global managers and their significance arediscussed, which are professional background, profound management experiences, global insights and extraordinary leadership. In the last part, the link between diversity and global managers is analyzed from two aspects, and several recommendations are proposed accordingly.DiversityDiversity can be seen everywhere and the processes of most operations have a close relationship with diversity. From the very beginning, materials and manufacturing devices are outsourced from foreign regions to make commodity, advanced technology and inventions are bought to production in many ways, then, multinational workforce take their works in teams and solve problems together, in addition, attentions are paid to specific cultures to attract consumers in different countries and promotions are designed in accordance with habits of the target consumers of different nationalities.Diversity is so significant in resent days that any company can do nothing but come up with great ideas to manage diversity and take the most use of the trend. Diversity management emerges as a result of the rapid process of globalization, especially in the human resource sector suchas age, religion, race, gender, culture and specialty, consequently, it is not appropriate to implement a fix managing code in today’s world. It is believed that diversity can promote organizational performance as well as contribute to high efficiency.Positive aspectsThere are many sound reasons for creating a more diverse employee profile (Causon, 2008). The most obvious ones are presented as follows.Gathering diverse insightsIt is common for any company to confront many problems arising from manufacturing, promotion, recruitment and management, which may hinder the company from gain market opportunities (Samad, 2001). Although most challenges are solved by managers and superior officials, the decisive and tough ones need the insights and ideas that come from diverse workforce at all levels. Firstly, from a regional perspective, workers from the western country come up with creative ideas while east country workers come up with relative rational solutions. Secondly, with previous colorful life experiences, some workers can relate certain problems to their real-life experience and bringinsights to teams. For example, it is well known that a technology named brainstorm is widely used by managers to tackle certain time-consuming problems, one of the vital elements to gain best results is diverse workforce with various specialties. Therefore, workforce diversity in a team makes communication with each other, exchanging perspectives and refining ideas possible.Making full use of various abilitiesCox and Blake (1991) view diversity as a businessimperative and highlight that firms should understand how they valuediversity to establish a competitive edge over their competitors, Therefore, by setting up jobs properly and developing workers in response to the changing nature of work, a company can make the most of workforce diversity and enhance its competitive strength (Stolarski and Tilebein, 2009). Generally speaking, tasks that has to carry out in a prescribed way to an approved standard can be distributed to workers who are serious-minded and responsible, however, workers who are reactive and creative are in charge of new undertakings outside the worker’s formal duties according to the situations. For instance, if a worker who once was a painterhopes to find a job in a shoes manufacturing company, he can still have a try in the designing apartment although his previous experience seems uelated to shoes manufacturing. Radically high efficiency can be achieved as long as jobs are divided into specific sections according to the abilities of workforce with precise job description and responsibility.Preparing for global competitionWorkforce diversity is a significant advantage for any company whose aim is making brands work around the world.cross-cultural management become crucial if organizationsare to understand how to serve and retain a customer base that is much more diverse and demanding than in the past (Bergesen and Sonnett,2001). Firstly, the first-hand experience and latest information gathered from diverse workers, whose values and thoughts resemble the target consumers’in the same region, only by gather adequate information about customers’needs and wants can a company create customer loyalty and strength customer base. Then, the acquaintance of local conditions and personal relationship that workforce diversity provides are especially useful in the strategic design for a new product promotion. Thirdly, customers in acertain region inclined to give feedback to workers who share the same value and religion with them, with timely feedback information successiveprogress and better organizational performance can be achieved, and the company is bound to gain competitive advantage and maximize its profits.Negative aspectsWith the positive effects workforce diversity has on organizational performance above, attentions must be paid to adverse effects relating to workforce diversity, which are listed as follows.Bringing conflicts from different backgroundsOne common characteristic in a diverse team is that every individual has dissimilar even adverse views on one issue; this phenomenon exists because national culture is a major barrier in a diverse team. On one hand, conflicts show on how to carry out works, most workers are comfortable with their cultures characterized by leisure and freedom and prefer to work by self-motivation and have flexible working time, in contrast, some workers are exposed in cultures embodied by disciplines and stander,and therefore, they tend to hold precise responsibilities. On the other hand, conflictsarise when team members disagree with others’solutions. Although it is crucial for everyone to contribute their ideas and insights in every possible ways, too diverse suggestions will become useless and complicated for relative simple and urgent matters.Consumingresourceto coordinateFrom an overall view, organizational performance declines as conflicts consume too much resource, including time, energy, money and human resource. There are three causes. T o begin with, there is a specific time schedule for assignments taken by employees so that managers are able to arrange the whole workload organized and comprehensively, however, training and coordinating diverse work force tend to take a relative large amount of time and drag down the normal operational process becauseit is not easy to make a comprehensive set of regulations and laws to tell various workers how to act and achieve their goals, and efficiency drop as resources are spent to communicate with team members on disputes, which have a strong bond with workforce diversity. Secondly, various working equipments as well as advanced software have to be installed in accordance with the working style to fullycontribute to the working efficiency; however, diversity workforce makes it impossible to meet everyone’s requirements.Global managersWith the rapid growth of international operation, there exists a huge demand for the global managers who are capable of dealing businesses across the country boundary. The characteristics of global managersProfound management experiencesFacing with the increasingly complex challenges of the marketplace, a manager with profound experience in management can inspire and guide groups and people. Being the top managers of an organization, one has to considerthese challenges within his or her problemsolving expertise and great energy, which can take more than three months to remain the organization operating effectively and efficiently. when facing conflicts inside a team, the supervisor has the responsibility to solve it in a way that does not break down the team spirit or ignore the benefits of any individual involved, and this requires the high emotional intelligence. The leader with profound management experience can deal with the problem carefully andorganized, so the conflicts can be handled properly, and there will be no great damage to the overall organizational performance.It is known that people are characterized by social contacts and emotional communication, especially in a team, people are exposed in various reactions and coordination, consequently, it is necessary to motive and organize people in an appropriate way depending on the situation and characteristics of the involvers, a篇二：哈佛大学论文写作教程哈佛大学教授教你写论文本文是哈佛化学与化学生物学学院G. M. Whitesides教授研究小组内部分发的论文写作方法，从中我们不但可以学到如何有效的写作论文，而且可以学到一个科研小组是如何协作完成论文的写作。

科学逻辑思维写作文英文回答：Science and logical thinking are essential tools for writing an essay. They provide a systematic approach to analyzing and presenting information, allowing us to make logical arguments and draw valid conclusions. In scientific writing, it is important to use evidence-based reasoningand avoid personal biases. By following the principles of logical thinking, we can present our ideas in a clear and coherent manner.One key aspect of scientific logic is the use of empirical evidence. This means relying on observations, experiments, and data to support our claims. For example,if we are writing an essay about the effects of climate change, we can use temperature records, ice core samples, and satellite imagery to provide evidence for our arguments. This empirical evidence adds credibility to our claims and makes our writing more persuasive.Another important aspect of logical thinking is the ability to analyze and evaluate information critically. This involves questioning assumptions, identifying flaws in arguments, and considering alternative explanations. For instance, if we are writing an essay about the benefits of a vegetarian diet, we can critically analyze studies on nutrition and health, considering factors such as sample size, control groups, and potential confounding variables. By doing so, we can present a balanced and nuanced perspective on the topic.Furthermore, logical thinking helps us structure our writing in a coherent manner. It allows us to organize our ideas logically and present them in a way that is easy for readers to follow. For example, we can use a clear introduction to outline the main points of our essay, followed by body paragraphs that provide evidence and analysis, and a conclusion that summarizes our key arguments. This logical structure makes our writing more engaging and persuasive.In conclusion, science and logical thinking are crucial for writing an effective essay. They enable us to use empirical evidence, analyze information critically, and structure our writing in a coherent manner. By incorporating these principles into our writing, we can present our ideas convincingly and engage our readers.中文回答：科学和逻辑思维是写作一篇文章的重要工具。

哈佛神级教授Whitesides的论文写作之“道”海归学者发起的公益学术平台分享信息，整合资源交流学术，偶尔风月本文是哈佛大学George Whitesides教授为指导其研究生和博士后论文撰写而做，最初以“Whitesides’ Group: Writing a Paper ”为题发表于Advanced Materials。

Whitesides是美国科学院、美国工程院、以及美国艺术科学院三院院士，H因子最高的化学家，著作等身，名满天下，所获大奖数不胜数；培养出包括Craig Hill、John Rogers、翁啟惠、夏幼男等一大批杰出学者；也曾创立12家科技公司，总市值超过200亿美金。

经征询Whitesides教授，知社学术圈重新编译本文并发布。

我们相信该文不仅对研究生、博士后有益，对指导老师也非常值得借鉴。

1、何谓学术论文？一篇论文是集假设、数据及结论为一体的系统性阐述，并以此引导读者。

论文是研究的核心部分。

如果你的一项研究没有产生任何论文，那便等于没有做过一样。

“有意义但未发表”就如同“从未存在”一样。

研究的目的在于确切表述并验证假设，从不断的论证中得出结论，并将结论向读者展示。

切记，你的研究目的不是简单地“收集数据”。

论文并非只是研究结果的资料储存器，而且也是进一步开展研究的有效框架。

如果明确了论文的目的和写作形式，那将对你组织和开展进一步研究大有裨益。

一份好的论文提纲对于研究项目具有良好的规划指引作用。

在研究的整个过程中，你需要写下提纲并对其进行适应性修改。

研究初始，应有主要计划；工作结束，应有充分总结。

比起简单收集数据并在完成后才对其进行整理写作的方式，在进程中及时理解、分析、总结并修正显得更为高效。

2、论文提纲2.1 为什么要写提纲？在此，我必须强调提纲在论文写作、学术研讨及研究规划中的核心地位。

我尤其相信，对于大家而言，以提纲为基础进行论文写作是最有效的方法。

提纲是一份书面的行文计划，其中包括论文所依赖的数据。

Whitesides Group: Writing a Paper好东西可不能专享，公布出来参考参考吧：Whitesides，我很崇拜的人哦，HU 的化学大牛。

很年轻的时候就进了美国国家科学院，最近因为纳米制备技术的研究，又进了国家工程院，拿中国的话讲就是两院院士啊，呵呵。

他拿奖无数，什么copper，东京，沃尔夫通通不放过，现在能让老人家心动的大概就是nobel了。

Whitesides Group: Writing a PaperGeorge M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA1.What is a scientific paper?A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.”[科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述]Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”[研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，得出结论，不是简单的数据收集。

Welcome to Green Chemistryv v v v v绿色化学 Green Chemistryv秦松, 四川大学副教授，硕士生导师 秦松, 承担国家自然科学基金2项 承担国家自然科学基金2 Email: qinsong@ Tel: 85415608(Lab.) 办公室地址: 第一理科楼 南 201 办公室地址: 化学学院绿色化学导论公选化学学院化学学院教材及参考书主要教材参考书1. 胡常伟，李贤均,《绿色化学原理及应用》 胡常伟，李贤均, 绿色化学原理及应用》 中国石化出版社，2002. 中国石化出版社，2002. 2. Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green Chemistry, Theory and Practice, Practice, London: Oxford University Press,1998 3. Anastas P.T., Heine L. G., Williamson T.C., Green Chemical Synhesis and Processes, ACS Processes, Symposium Series 767, 2000 4. Tundo P., Anastas P. Green Chemistry Challenging Perspectives, Oxford, Perspectives, 1999 5. Clark J., Macquarrie D.Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology, Technology, Blackwell Science, 2002化学学院化学学院参考书6. Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green Chemistry, Frontiers in Benign Chemical Synthesis and Processes London: Oxford University Press,1998 7. Anastas P.T., Williamson T.C. Green Chemistry—Designing Chemistry for the Environment Washington: American Chemical Society,1996 8. 仲崇立,《绿色化学导论》 仲崇立, 绿色化学导论》 北京:化学工业出版社，2000. 北京: 化学工业出版社，2000. 9. 闵恩泽，吴巍,《绿色化学与化工》 闵恩泽，吴巍, 绿色化学与化工》 北京:化学工业出版社，2000. 北京: 化学工业出版社，2000. 10. 朱宪,《绿色化学工艺》 朱宪, 绿色化学工艺》 北京:化学工业出版社，2001 北京: 化学工业出版社，2001第一章 绪论化学是一门中心的，实用的和创造性的学科。