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第四章运输方式第一节海洋运输海上运输Marine TransportationThere is a wide range of maritime cargo handled at seaport terminals.运输方式1、班轮运输（Liner Transport）A vessel operated a regular scheduled, service on a fixed route between designated ports and carries many different goods.（1）characteristichave a regular schedulea fixed routebetween the same portsFreight rates unchanged班轮的港口装卸由船方负责特别适合于一般件杂货和集装箱货物的运输。
（3）计价标准a. 按货物实际重量计收运费，即重量吨（W ）b. 按体积/ 容积计收，“ 尺码吨” （Measurement Ton, M ）c. 按重量或体积计收，由船公司选择其中收费较高者作为计费吨。
（W/M ）d. 按商品价格计收，即从价运费（Ad. V al，A.V ）还有如W/M or ad. V al 及W/M plus A.V.e. 按件数f. 临时议定，open2、租船运输（Charter Transport）Charter a whole vessel. It’s cheaper than the liner transportation, and it can choose the rout. So Bulk cargo always chooses charter transport.Types;定期租船：A time charter is the hiring of a vessel for a specific period of time; the owner still manages the vessel but the charterer selects the ports and directs the vessel where to go. The charterer pays for all fuel the vessel consumes, port charges, and a daily hire to the owner of the vessel.定程租船：V oyage charter：A voyage charter is the hiring of a vessel and crew for a voyage between a load port and a discharge port. The charterer pays the vessel owner on a per-ton or lump-sum basis. The owner pays the port costs (excluding stevedoring), fuel costs and crew costs. The payment for the use of the vessel is known as freight. A voyage charter specifies a period, known as laytime, for unloading the cargo. If lay time is exceeded超过, the charterer must pay demurrage逾期费. If lay time is saved, the charter party may require the ship-owner to pay dispatch派遣to the charterer.[光船租船： A demise charter: The charterer obtains possession and full control of the vessel along with the legal and financial responsibility for it. The charterer pays for all operating expenses, including fuel, crew, port expenses and P&I and hull insurance. Demise charter is a form of hire-purchase from the owners, who may well have been the shipbuilders.装运条款1. 装运时间Time of Shipment：e.g. write down the date of shipping; Shipment within 45 days after receipt of L/C;immediate shipment. org.2. 装运港port of shipment:目的港port of destinatione.g. Port of shipment: Qingdao/Dalian/ShanghaiPort of shipment: China ports3. 转船Transshipment4. 分批partial shipment: it will be determined in the contract5. 装运通知：Shipping AdviceDeclaration of Shipment海运单据一、海运提单bill of lading ，B/LThe Bill of Lading is an instrument issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper.Three functions:∙it is a receipt, i.e. an acknowledgement that the goods have been loaded;∙it contains or evidences the terms of the contract of carriage;∙It is a document of title to the goods. ( i.e. if you have the Bill of Lading, you own the concerning goods).二．海运提单的种类●清洁提单（clean B/L）：When the goods are loaded on board, the surface of the goods is good.●不清洁提单（unclean B/L or foul B/L）The ocean carrier indicates that there is something wrong between the goods loaded and the goods listed on bill.如“被雨淋湿”、“三箱破损”、“四件沾污”等类似批注。
The seller should submit the clean B/L to the buyer.●已装船提单（on board B/L, shipped B/L）When the on board B/L is signed, the goods have been loaded. The on board B/L should indicate the name of the ship, and the date of signing is the date of loading.●备运提单（received for shipment B/L）When the receiving for shipment B/L is signed, the goods are not loaded.The seller should submit the on board B/L to the buyer.按提单收货人的抬头不同●记名提单（straight B/L）指提单上的收货人（consignee）, the name of the consignee.●不记名提单（bearer B/L），来人抬头提单“货交提单持有人”(to bearer)，or write nothing●指示提单（order B/L）“凭指示（to order）”或“凭某某指示（to the order of ….）”。
根据不同的运输方式直达提单direct B/L转船提单transshipment B/L转船提单上一般注有“在某港”转船字样，有的还注明二程船或三程船的船名。
联运提单through B/L根据提单使用效力●正本提单original B/L正本提单上必须要标明“正本”（original）字样。
一般签发一式两份或三份，凭其中的任何一份提货后，其余的即作废。
为防止他人冒领货物，买方与银行通常要求卖方提供船公司签发的全部正本提单，即所谓“全套”（full set）提单。
●副本提单copy B/L提单上没有承运人、船长或其代理人签字盖章，而仅供参考之用。
五. 海上货运单sea waybill, ocean waybillTo certificate the contract of carriage and the goods are gave to the ocean carrier, and the ocean carrier ensures to give the goods to the consignee. It can not be 流通It can help the importer save both time and money, and reduce the risk of cheat by the bogus documents.第二节国际铁路运输一、国际铁路货物联运it uses the railroad to freight the cargo from one country to another.使用一份统一的国际联运单据，由铁路部门经过两国或两个以上国家铁路的全程运输，并由一国铁路向另一国铁路移交货物时不需发、收货人参加的运输方式。
国际铁路货物联运组织第三节集装箱运输主要规格国际标准化组织为统一集装箱的规格，推荐三个系列13种规格。
而在国际航运中使用的主要为：1A型8’*8’*40’，1C型8’*8’*20’又分别称作40英尺和20英尺集装箱1、characteristics:a. cargo can be loaded and unloaded more fasterb. protecting cargoc. reducing the cost of freightd. the procedure is more easier2、装箱方式按装箱方式可分为整箱货（FCL，Full Container Load）和拼箱货（LCL, Less than Container Load）FCL指由货方负责装拆箱的货物。
