托福阅读模考试题题目来源：Red Delta （新托福考试冲刺试题）要求：把所涉及段落变成电子版一．词汇题：1.page 39-29；2.page 43-39；3.page47-51；4.page 79-18When an odorous substance enters the nose, it binds to olfactory receptor cells, the neurons lining the yellow upper portion of the nasal cavity. Olfactory receptor cells contain microscopic hairs called cilia that extend into the layer of mucus coating the inside of the nose. Odor molecules d i f f u s e into this region and are absorbed by the cilia of the olfactory receptor cells. What this means is that when we hold a nose to our nose and inhale, odor molecules float up into the nasal cavity, where they are absorbed by five million olfactory receptor cells. The receptor cells alert the olfactory nerve, which sends impulses to the brain’s limbic system, where, in most of us, it stimulates a feeling of pleasure.29. The word diffuse in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA. dropB. flowC. cutD. bendIn the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he recues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.39. The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA. destructivelyB. falselyC. bravelyD. mistakenlyThe domestication of wild species led directly to denser human populations by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer lifestyle could provide. In societies that possessed domestic animals, livestock helped to feed more people by providing meat, milk, and fertilizer, and by pulling plows. Large domestic animals became the societies’ main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport. Humans have domesticated only a few species of large animals, with “large” defined as those weighing over 100 pounds (45 kilograms). Fourteen such species were domesticated before the twentieth century, all of them terrestrial mammals and herbivores. The five most important of these are sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and cattle or oxen.51. The word furnished in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA. demandedB. inventedC. providedD. changedThe transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of “wood hawks”along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.18. The word voracious in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA. varyingB. greedyC. strangeD. moderate二．排除题：1.page39-32；（文章第5段）2.page163-10（文章第4段）Scent may be the strongest trigger of memory and emotions. When we inhale a scent, receptors in the brain’s limbic center compare the odor entering our nose to odors stored in our memory. Along the way, memories associated with those odors are stimulated. A smell can be overwhelmingly nostalgic because it triggers powerful images and emotions. The waxy fragrance of crayons can instantly transport us to our second-grade classroom, or the scent of freshly mown grass can flood us with the joy of summer freedom. What we see and hear may fade quickly in short-term memory, but what we smell is sent directly to long-term memory.32. When a scent is inhaled, all of the following occur in the limbic system EXCEPTA. The scent is compared to other scents stored in memory.B. The scent is transmitted to the other sensory organs.C. The brain stimulates memories associated with the scents.D. The person may feel an emotion related to a memory.Several control processes enable the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory. One such process is rehearsal, or “practice makes perfect”. Rehearsal is when you repeat something to yourself over and over. The purpose behind such behavior is usually to memorize information for later use, although sometimes it is simply to hold information in short-term memory for immediate use. For example, you may rehearse a telephone number by saying it aloud so you can redial it after getting a busy signal without having to look it up again in the phone book. Another process that enables the transfer of information to long-term memory is the association of new data with data previously learned and stored in long-term memory. Thus, it is easier to learn anew card game if you already have “card sense” from playing other games.10. All of the following enhance the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory EXCEPTA. deciding that information is not meaningful or relevantB. repeating information over and over to oneselfC. linking new information with data in long-term memoryD. performing a task frequently and repeatedly三．句子简化题：1.page43-40；2.page163-7In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he recues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.40. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster’s behavior.B. The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.C. When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.D. The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.Several control processes enable the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory. One such process is rehearsal, or “practice makes perfect”. Rehearsal is when you repeat something to yourself over and over. The purpose behind such behavior is usually to memorize information for later use, although sometimes it is simply to hold information in short-term memory for immediate use. For example, you may rehearse a telephone number by saying it aloud so you can redial it after getting a busy signal without having to look it up again in the phone book. Another process that enables the transfer of information to long-term memory is the association of new data with data previously learned and stored in long-term memory. Thus, it is easier to learn a new card game if you already have “card sense” from playing other games.7. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Usually information is rehearsed so it can be used later, but sometimes it is rehearsed so it can be used right away.B. There are several reasons for memorizing information; the most common reason is to improve short-term memory.C. The belief that “practice makes perfect” causes people to repeat certain behavior even when the behavior is very complex.D. It is fairly simple to keep information in short-term memory, but it is difficult to send it to long-term memory.四．插入句子题目1.page40-49；2.page168-2537. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?One of these structures is a kind of central processing unit that connects memory with physical functions.The limbic system of the brain integrates memory, emotion, and behavior. The system is composed of a group of related nervous system structures that are the functional center of emotions such as anger, fear, pleasure, and sadness. A The components of the limbic systems are linked to the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain involved in complex learning, reasoning, and personality. B The cerebral cortex makes decisions about the emotional content of these unique human qualities after “consulting”the limbic system and other brain centers in processing and retrieving memories. C it may, in turn, use memories to modify behavior. D25. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Railroad construction required enormous amounts of capital and was financed in diverse ways.A In Britain and the United States, private companies built hundreds of uncoordinated rail projects, nut in continental Europe railroad construction became a concern of the state, which provided overall control and a large share of capital.B Until 1914, the building of railroads remained the most important reason for the export of capital as well as the main method of developing new territories.C British capital financed the majority of the railroads built in India, Canada, and Latin America.D The U.S. transcontinental railroad played a key role in populating and developing huge tracts of land in North America, as did the Trans-Siberian Railway in Asia.五．细节题：1.page47-55；（第4段）2.page119-10；（第6段）3.page135-54；(第2段)Domestication involves transforming wild animals into something more useful to humans. Truly domesticated animals differ in many ways from their wild ancestors. These differences result from two processes: human selection of individual animals that are more useful to humans than otherindividuals of the same species, and evolutionary responses of animals to the forces of natural selection operating in human environments rather than in wild environments.55. According to the passage, what is one reason that domesticated animals differ from their wild ancestors?A. Wild animals find food easily, but domesticated animals must work for food.B. Domesticated animas live near humans, so they forget their wild ancestors.C. Animals’ evolutionary responses in captivity differ from those in the wild.D. More animals survive in human environments than in wild environments.Construction techniques were refined and extended over the next several decades to produce what architectural historians have called “true sky scrapers”, buildings over twenty stories high. The invention of steel was particularly significant, as steel T-beams and I-beams replaced iron in these new structures. Steel weighs less than half as much as masonry and exceeds both masonry and iron in tension and compression strength as well as resistance to fatigue. Steel rivets replaced iron bolts and were in turn replaced by electric are wilding in the 1920s. The skyscraper’s steel skeleton could meet all the structural requirements while occupying very little interior space. Exterior curtain walls could be quite thin, since their only function now was to let in light and keep the weather out.10. According to the passage, why did steel replace iron in the construction of skyscrapers?A. Steel is stronger than iron and resists fatigue better.B. Steel allows architects more freedom of expression.C. Steel is more available and less expensive than iron.D. Steel does not rust, so it lasts longer than iron does.Other photographic images of Mars revealed its seasonally changing polar ice caps and features that appeared to be ancient islands located in what was now a dry streambed. When the islands were first discovered, some scientists speculated that a thick water-laden atmosphere capable of generating heavy rains had once existed on Mars. However, others remained unconvinced of the presence of water. Then, in 1963, a team of astronomers obtained a good photographic plate of the near-infrared spectrum of Mars. The photograph showed that, faintly but definitely, water vapor lines could be seen. This photograph established that there really was water on Mars, though the amount was very small. Today, the presence of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is generally accepted, as is the belief that the atmosphere was once much denser than it is now, with a much greater abundance of water vapor.54. What discovery led some scientist to think that the Martian atmosphere had produced heavy rains in the past?A. a network of canals on the surfaceB. Ancient islands in a dry streambedC. Water vapor lines on a photographic plateD. V olcanic cones near the planet’s North Pole六．推理题：1.page48-60；2.page75-7Since almost any sufficiently large mammal species is capable of killing a human, certain qualities disqualify a wild animal for domestication. The animal cannot have a disposition that is nasty, dangerous, or unpredictable-characteristics that eliminate bears, African buffaloes, and some species of wild horses. The animal cannot be so nervous that it panics around humans. Large herbivorous mammal species react to danger from predators or humans in different ways. Some species are nervous, fast, and programmed for instant flight when they perceive danger. Others are less nervous, seek protection in herds, and do not run until necessary. Most species of deer and antelope are of the former type, while sheep and goats are of the latter.60. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about deer and antelope?A. They run away from humans only if threatened.B. They do not supply meat a consistent quality.C. They are as dangerous as certain wild horses.D. They have not successfully been domesticated.Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead of rejecting ordinary thins, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between “high” and “low” art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and th e Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.7. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the pop artistsA. reacted against the Dada movementB. were more popular than the DadaistC. criticized art for being too commercialD. succeeded in changing ideas about art七．目的题：1.page30-7；2.page123-18Today these small wetlands still cove the prairies, although much of the landscape-including both native grasses and potholes-has been transformed to cropland and grassland for grazing. What does remain of the wetlands, however, still serves as an important breeding area for more than 300 bird species, including large numbers of migrating shorebirds and waterfowl. The potholes fill p with water during spring rains and usually dry out by late summer. Every spring, birds arrive in great numbers- northern pintails, mallards, coots, and pied- billed grebes- 4 to 6 million strong, to mate in the seasonal wetlands that dot portions of Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Montana, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Prairie pothole country produces half of North America’s 35 to 40 million ducks and is renowned worldwide as a “duck factory”.7. Why does the author use the term “duck factory” in paragraph 4?A. To point out that ducks are the regions’ main prod uct for the exportB. To emphasize the area’s value as a breeding ground for ducksC. To illustrate the tremendous growth of the poultry industryD. To show that the potholes are important to region’s economyA closed system is isolated from its surroundings. The energy supply of a closed system is limited and is progressively used up by the processes operating within the system. The ability of the system to function decreases as the available energy is exhausted. Without any additional energy supplied fro m the outside, the system’s processes stop altogether and no further change is possible in the system. A mill wheel supplied with water from a non-refillable container is a closed system. Once the container of water is empty, the wheel no longer turns because there is no water to turn it. In a truly closed system, the water would have to be collected below the mill wheel in a second container to ensure that system did not supply any energy to the outside.18. In paragraph 3, the author discusses the example of a mill wheel to illustrate what point about closed systems?A. the energy supply of a closed system is limited.B. Closed systems are rare in the natural environment.C. The Earth systems as a whole is a closed system.D. Closed systems get energy from their surroundings.。
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