智能控制翻译

人工智能的实现方法一、人工智能的基本概念人工智能（Artificial Intelligence，简称AI）是指通过计算机模拟人类智能的理论、方法、技术和应用系统。

它是计算机科学、信息科学、数学、心理学等多个学科交叉发展而成的新兴领域，旨在让计算机具备类似人类的感知、思考、决策和行动能力。

二、人工智能的实现方法1. 机器学习机器学习（Machine Learning）是一种让计算机自主获取知识和技能的方法。

它通过对大量数据进行分析和处理，从中提取规律和特征，并将这些经验性知识应用到新的问题中。

常见的机器学习算法包括决策树、支持向量机（SVM）、神经网络等。

2. 深度学习深度学习（Deep Learning）是一种基于神经网络模型的机器学习方法。

它通过多层次的神经元连接构建复杂的非线性模型，并使用反向传播算法进行训练和优化。

深度学习已经在图像识别、语音识别等领域取得了重大突破。

3. 自然语言处理自然语言处理（Natural Language Processing，简称NLP）是一种让计算机理解和处理人类语言的技术。

它涉及到文本分析、语义理解、信息抽取等多个方面，可以用于机器翻译、智能客服、情感分析等应用。

4. 机器视觉机器视觉（Computer Vision）是一种让计算机模拟人类视觉系统的技术。

它可以从图像或视频中提取出有用的信息，并进行分析和识别。

常见的应用包括人脸识别、车牌识别、物体检测等。

5. 专家系统专家系统（Expert System）是一种基于知识库和推理引擎的人工智能应用。

它通过收集领域内专家的知识和经验，建立起一个规则库，并使用推理引擎来解决问题。

专家系统可以应用于医疗诊断、金融分析等领域。

6. 智能控制智能控制（Intelligent Control）是一种基于人工智能技术实现自主控制的方法。

它可以根据环境变化和目标要求，自主调整行为策略和决策，实现自适应控制和优化控制。

智能控制可以应用于自动驾驶、智能家居等领域。

毕业设计论文外文资料翻译学院：电气学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：Agricultural greenhousesgreenhouse intelligent automaticcontrol附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文农业温室大棚智能自动化控制摘要：历来确定的轨迹到controlgreenhouse农作物生长的问题解决了用约束优化或应用人工智能技术。

已被用作经济利润的最优化研究的主要标准，以获得充足的气候控制设定值，为作物生长。

本文讨论了通过分层控制体系结构由一个高层次的多目标优化方法，要解决这个问题是要找到白天和夜间温度（气候相关的设定值）和电导率的参考轨迹管辖的温室作物生长的问题（ fertirrigation的相关设定值）。

的目标是利润最大化，果实品质，水分利用效率，这些目前正在培育的国际规则。

在过去8年来，获得在工业温室的选择说明结果显示和描述关键词分层农业;系统，过程控制，优化方法;产量优化1。

介绍现代农业是时下在质量和环境影响方面的规定，因此，它是一个自动控制技术的应用已在过去几年增加了很多（[法卡斯，2005和Sigrimis，2000] [Sigrimis 等。

，2001]，[Sigrimis和国王，1999]和Straten等。

，2010]）。

温室生产agrosystem的是一个复杂的物理，化学和生物过程，同时发生，反应不同的响应时间和环境因素的模式，特点是许多相互作用（Challa及Straten，1993年），必须以控制种植者获得最好的结果。

作物生长过程是最重要的，主要是由周围环境的气候变量（光合有效辐射PAR - ，温度，湿度，和内空气中的二氧化碳浓度）的影响，水和化肥，灌溉，虫害和疾病提供的金额，如修剪和处理他人之间的农药和文化的劳动力。

温室是理想的增长，因为它构成一个封闭的环境，气候和fertirrigation变量在可控制的作物。

1、什么是专家系统？它具有哪些特点和优点?1）专家系统：专家系统（Expert System）是一种在特定领域内具有专家水平解决问题能力的程序系统，其内部含有大量的某个领域专家水平的知识与经验，能够利用人类专家的知识和解决问题的经验方法来处理该领域的高水平难题。

也就是说，专家系统是一个具有大量的专门知识与经验的程序系统，它应用人工智能技术和计算机技术，根据某领域一个或多个专家提供的知识和经验，进行推理和判断，模拟人类专家的决策过程，以便解决那些需要人类专家才能处理好的复杂问题。

简而言之，专家系统是一种模拟人类专家解决领域问题的计算机程序系统。

2）专家系统的特点：①启发性：专家系统要解决的问题，其结构往往是不合理的，其问题求解知识不仅包括理论知识和常识，而且包括专家本人的启发知识；②透明性：专家系统能够解释本身的推理过程和回答用户提出的问题，以便让用户了解推理过程，增大对专家系统的信任感；③灵活性：专家系统的灵活性是指它的扩展和丰富知识库的能力，以及改善非编程状态下的系统性能，即自学习能力；④符号操作：与常规程序进行数据处理和数字计算不同，专家系统强调符号处理和符号操作（运算），使用符号表示知识，用符号集合表示问题的概念。

一个符号是一串程序设计，并可用于表示现实世界中的概念；⑤ 不确定性推理：领域专家求解问题的方法大多数是经验性的，经验知识一般用于表示不精确性并存在一定概率的问问题。

止匕外，所提供的有关问题的信息往往是不确定的。

专家系统能够综合应用模糊和不确定的信息与知识，进行推理；⑥为解决特定领域的具体问题，除需要一些公共的常识，还需要大量与所研究领域问题密切相关的知识；⑦ 一般采用启发式的解题方法；⑧在解题过程中除了用演绎方法外，有时还要求助于归纳方法和抽象方法；⑨需处理问题的模糊性、不确定性和不完全性；⑩能对自身的工作过程进行推理（自推理或解释）；11采用基于知识的问题求解方法；12知识库与推理机分离。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文对移动式遥控装置的智能控制——使用2型模糊理论摘要：我们针对单轮移动式遥控装置的动态模型开发出一种追踪控制器，这种追踪控制器是建立在模糊理论的基础上将运动控制器和力矩控制器整合起来的装置。

用计算机模拟来确定追踪控制器的工作情况和它对不同航向的实际用途。

关键词：智能控制、2型模糊理论、移动式遥控装置I. 介绍由于受运动学强制约束，移动遥控装置是非完整的系统。

描述此约束的恒等式不能够明确的反映出遥控装置在局部及整体坐标系中的关系。

因此，包括它们在内的控制问题吸引了去年控制领域的注意力。

不同的方法被用来解决运动控制的问题。

Kanayama等人针对一个非完整的交通工具提出了一个稳定的追踪控制方案，这种方案使用了Lyapunov功能。

Lee等人用还原法和饱和约束来解决追踪控制。

此外，大多数被报道过的设计依赖于智能控制方式如模糊逻辑控制和神经式网络。

然而上述提到的发表中大多数都集中在移动式遥控装置的运动模块，即这些模块是受速度控制的。

而很少有发表关注到不完整的动力系统，即受力和扭矩控制的模块：布洛克。

在2005年12月15日被视为标准并且在2006年3月5日被公认的手稿。

这一著作在某种程度上受到DGEST——一个在Grant 493.05-P下的研究所的支持。

研究者们同样也受到了来自CONACYT——给予他们研究成果的奖学金的支持。

在这篇论文中我展现了一台追踪单轮移动式遥控装置的控制器，这台追踪控制器用了一种控制条件如移动遥控装置的速度达到了有效速度，还用了一种模糊理论控制器如给实际遥控装置提供了必要扭矩。

这篇论文的其余部分的结构如下：第二部分和第三部分对问题作了简洁描述，包括了单轮车移动遥控装置的运动和动力模块和对追踪控制器的介绍。

第四部分用追踪控制器列举了些模拟结果。

第五部分做出了结论。

II. 疑难问题陈述A 移动控制装置这个被看作单轮移动控制器的模型（见图1），它是由两个同轴驱动轮和一个自由前轮组成。

自动化专业常用英语词汇引言概述：自动化专业作为现代工程技术领域的重要学科，涵盖了广泛的知识和技能。

在学习和实践中，掌握一些常用的英语词汇对于自动化专业的学生来说至关重要。

本文将介绍自动化专业常用的英语词汇，帮助读者更好地理解和应用于实践中。

一、控制系统（Control Systems）1.1 控制器（Controller）：负责监测和调整系统的行为，以实现预期的目标。

1.2 传感器（Sensor）：用于检测和测量物理量，将其转化为电信号，以便于控制器的处理。

1.3 执行器（Actuator）：根据控制器的指令，执行相应的动作，从而实现对系统的控制。

二、自动化设备（Automation Equipment）2.1 机器人（Robot）：能够自主执行任务的自动化设备，通常具备感知、决策和执行能力。

2.2 传送带（Conveyor）：用于将物体从一个位置运输到另一个位置的自动化设备。

2.3 自动化装置（Automation Device）：用于自动完成特定任务的设备，如自动装配线、自动化仪器等。

三、控制策略（Control Strategies）3.1 开环控制（Open-loop Control）：根据预先设定的输入信号，直接控制执行器的动作，而不考虑系统的反馈信息。

3.2 闭环控制（Closed-loop Control）：根据系统的反馈信息，调整控制器的输出信号，以实现对系统的精确控制。

3.3 模糊控制（Fuzzy Control）：基于模糊逻辑理论，将模糊的输入转化为模糊的输出，用于处理复杂的非线性系统。

四、通信协议（Communication Protocols）4.1 以太网（Ethernet）：一种常用的局域网通信协议，用于实现设备之间的数据传输和通信。

4.2 控制网（ControlNet）：一种用于工业自动化领域的网络通信协议，支持实时数据传输和设备控制。

4.3 无线通信（Wireless Communication）：通过无线信号进行数据传输和通信的技术，如Wi-Fi、蓝牙等。

附录（二）原文：Intelligent Control of a Novel Hydraulic Forging Manipulator AbstractThe increased demand for large-size forgings has led to developments and innovations of heavy-duty forging manipulators. Besides the huge carrying capacity, some robot features such as force perception, delicacy and flexibility, forging manipulators should also possess. The aim of the work is to develop a heavy-duty forging manipulator with robot features by means of combination of methods in mechanical, hydraulic, and control field. In this paper, through kinematic analysis of a novel forging manipulator, control strategy of the manipulator is proposed considering the function and motion of forging manipulators. Hybridpressure/position control of hydraulic actuators in forging manipulator is realized. The feasibility of the control method has been verified by the experiments on a real prototype of the novel hydraulic forging manipulator in our institute. The intelligent control of the forging manipulator is performed with programmable logic controller which is suitable for industrial applications.1.IntroductionThe use of manipulators in open die or free forging can be traced back about 60 years when development started in both Europe and the USA. Manipulators for heavy workpieces, that is, those in the region of 200 tons weight, have been developed steadily since that time, and currently there are a number of examples of computer-controlled fully automatic forging manipulators being used . As a result of the practical use of the control system, the operators were released from mental stress, the training period for operators was reduced, the uniformity of forging quality was improved, and a higher production rate was attained .Control of the manipulators involves rotational control in the continuous rotation and incremental angle rotation modes. The manipulator position requires integrated control with the press to achieve inches per press stroke while compensating for workpiece length increase due to cross-section area reduction ofworkpiece . Vitscheff demonstrates the need for compliance control when robots are used to manipulate the workpiece during forging. Specifically, the external forces exerted on the manipulator through its manipulation of the workpiece during forging steps must be minimized to avoid damage to the robot mechanism.An ASEA robot was used as an open-die forging manipulator. The ASEA robot has an inbuilt Intel microprocessor which controls its arm and gripper movements in five axes. The robot was used in conjunction with a fielding hydraulic press . The application of neural networks for compliance control of the forging robot was investigated. Effectiveness of the neural network-based compliance control module is evaluated through a full dynamic system simulation . An integrated forging plant, 25 MN open die press with 200 kN and 400 kNm manipulators, was built in 1999. The workpiece is put into position by two rail-bound manipulators with rotation and travel movements actuated by closed hydraulic circuits to reduce energy consumption and shocks and to improve positioning . The rail-bound forging manipulator with a carrying capacity of 1600 kN and 4000 kNm load moment started its operation in 2007 at JSW. The manipulator supports a straight line peel movement as well as an accurate and stable positioning which is possible because of the special lever arrangement .The increased demand for large-size forgings has led to developments and innovations all around the improvement of quality and productivity. Many efforts have been undertaken to research and develop heavy-duty forging manipulators. The researches in recent years focus on the mechanisms of forging manipulator, such as kinematic modeling and analysis ; dynamic load analysis, dynamic stability, and behavior ; performance analysis and optimization .The forging manipulator is not only an equipment with huge carrying capacity, but also a robot with delicacy and flexibility, capable of picking up and putting down workpieces gently with force perception. The compliance is another required capability of heavy-duty forging manipulators. It is important of the promotion of quality, protection of manipulator, reduction of impact of heavy load, and energy saving. The overall aim of this work is to develop a heavy-duty forging manipulator with robot features by means of combination of methods in mechanical, hydraulic, and control field. The kinematic analysis of a novel forging manipulator is performed. On this basis, control strategy of the manipulator is proposed considering the function and action of forging manipulators. Hybrid pressure/position control ofhydraulic actuators in forging manipulator is realized. The control of a real prototype of the novel hydraulic forging manipulator in our institute reaches the target of intelligent control.2. Model of Control ObjectThis work focuses on the novel track-mounted forging manipulator used for heavy-duty manipulations in integrated open-die forging plants. This serial-parallel forging manipulator is newly designed in our institute. Its CAD model is shown in Figure 1.Figure1: CAD model of the serial-parallelforging manipulator.3. Control StrategyThe whole forging process can be divided into three stages of prepress, inpress, and afterpress. During the periods of prepress and afterpress, operations of the forging manipulator are the same: the gripper grasps the workpiece then places it on the lower die. During the period of inpress, the forging manipulator complies with the deformation of the workpiece. The control strategy of forging manipulator in these three conditions is discussed as follows.(a) Grasp the WorkpieceFirstly, the horizontal and vertical position of the gripper is adjusted, and the workpiece on the bench is clamped by the gripper. Then the workpiece is lifted up by lifting cylinders with a constant lifting force which is greater than the total weight of the workpiece, gripper, and its support. When the expected height is exceeded, the position error will feed back to the constant force servosystem of lifting cylinders. This negative feedback of position makes the actual lifting force smaller than the setting value. In equilibrium, the actual lifting force equals the total weight of the workpiece, gripper, and its support, and the error of force equals the error of position multiplied a coefficient.The workpiece is fed to the forging press, right over the lower die by the forging manipulator. Then decreasing the height setting value, the balance of force and position of lifting cylinders is broken. The actual lifting force is smaller than the total weight of the workpiece, gripper, and its support. So the workpiece moves down with the gripper. The decent velocity of the workpiece is determined by the change rate of the height setting value. When the workpiece touches the lower die, the pressure in lifting cylinders will change greatly for the workpiece begins to be supported by the lower die. At this moment, keeping the height setting value constant, then the force and position of lifting cylinders comes to a new balance.(c) Comply with the WorkpieceDuring forging, when the workpiece is pressed by the upper die, extra force is applied on the gripper by the deformed workpiece. The force causes an increase of the load in lifting cylinders. Meanwhile, the servosystem is trying to keep the lifting force constant. As a result, the gripper moves down with the workpiece and applies the minimum reaction force on the deformed workpiece. When press is over, the upper die rises, and the external force exerted on the gripper disappears. The workpiece is lifted up to the original position by a constant lifting force. Then the manipulator carries the workpiece to feed. The next press is ready.As discussed above, hybrid force/position control is the core principle in forging manipulator control. Figure 2 illustrates the hybrid control system that incorporates these ideas. Force control is the base of the control loop. In the balanced state, expect that the actual lifting force is equal to the weight of the workpiece, gripper, and its support, smaller than the force setting value. The error of force should be compensated by another control variable. The negative feedback of error of position is added to the control loop. When the actual lifting position is lower than the height setting value, the feedback of error of position is zero, and the gripper moves up under a constant lifting force. When the actual lifting position is higher than the height setting value, the negative feedback of error of position works, and the actual lifting force decreases until force and position tends to balance.Figure 2: Construct of the hybrid controlsystem.Owing to the newly designed mechanism of the forging manipulator which is decoupled as discussed in Section 2, the motions of side shifting, tilting, damping, and lifting are independent, and any one of the motions has no effect on the others. The control of the forging manipulator is simplified and only related to lifting cylinders. During the whole period of forging process, front side-shifting cylinders, rear side-shifting cylinders, and tilting cylinders keep their positions all the time. The deformation of workpiece in horizontal direction is absorbed by damping cylinders during the process of inpress. The compliance happens when the deformation resistance is larger than the setting value of pressure relief valve in damping hydraulic circuit. The reaction force in horizontal direction almost keeps constant that depends on the property of the relief valve.4. Pressure/Position Control Method of Hydraulic ServosystemA block diagram of the overall control scheme is shown in Figure3. The system is composed of controller, power amplifier, servovalve, cylinder, pressure sensor, and position sensor.Figure 3: Block diagram ofhybrid pressure/position controlsystem.Hybrid pressure/position control is very useful in manipulator lifting control where plunger cylinders are used. Based on this method, the intelligent control of forging manipulator is realized.5. Analysis of Intelligent Control5.1. Automatic Identification of Pressure Value SettingsAs shown in Figure 4, when the workpiece is grasped by the manipulator, the hybrid pressure/position control method is used, and the pressure and position command values are set with original ones of P0 and X0. The workpiece is lifted up with a constant force created by hybrid control loop with command pressure P0. When the position command value X0 is exceeded, the negative position error feeds back to the pressure control loop, the actual pressure in system begins to decrease and will stop decreasing at the weight balance pressure. In equilibrium, the workpiece stops moving, and the actual lifting force equals the total weight of the workpiece, gripper, and its support. Record this actual balance pressure and use it as the pressure value settings in compliance control in forging process.Figure 4: Illustration of the measurement ofworkpiece.5.2. Automatic Identification of the Placement Height of WorkpieceAs shown in Figure 5, supposing the workpiece is staying at a position with equilibrium of forces, decrease the command position X0 in a constant rate, then the balance has been broken. For the feedback of error of position increasing, the actual pressure will become smaller and try to go to another equilibrium state. The actual lifting force is less than the weight of the workpiece, gripper, and its support now. So the workpiece moves down until touching the lower die. At this moment, the actual pressure drops rapidly. According to the change rate of pressure, the workpiece placement state can be identified automatically. Keep the command position X0 with the height value of workpiece position placed on the lower die. The pressure and position of lifting cylinders goes to a new balance.Figure5: Illustration of the placement ofworkpiece.5.3. Compliance in Vertical Direction and Move Up AutomaticallyAs shown in Figure 6, when the workpiece is pressed by the upper die, the load on cylinder will increase for the deformation of workpiece; this process is called “inpress.” In the mode of pressure/position control, the increased load makes the workpiece move down, and when X < X0, the position error feed back does not work. During this period, the force acting on the workpiece by manipulator increases from weight balance pressure to the command pressure P0, while it is still much smaller than the press force. Thus, the compliance in vertical direction is realized. When press is finished and upper die moves up, this process is called “afterpress,” the load on cylinder decreases. The lifting force makes the workpiece move up until the pressure and position of lifting cylinders goes to a new balance.Figure 6: Illustration of the complianceduring forging steps.6. Experiment ResultsThe experiments were executed on a real prototype of the novel hydraulic forging manipulator in our institute, as shown in Figure 7. The mechanism and hydraulic system of the manipulator is identical with a rail-bound forging manipulator with a carrying capacity of 2000 kN and 4000 kNm load moment which is designed by our institute. The main characteristics of this prototype are carrying capacity60 kN, load moment 150 kNm, and installed power 130 kW. The hydraulic actuators are supplied by a constant pressure pump source and controlled by servoproportional valves with position transducer. A programmable logic controller performs all control actions.Figure 7: Prototype of the novel hydraulicforging manipulator.Figure 8 demonstrates the measurement of the weight and the gravitational torque of workpiece. The controller attempts to maintain a constant pressure4.2 MPa, and while the height of the workpiece position exceeds the preset command position 400 mm, the negative feedback of position works. When lifting cylinders stop moving, control returns to a stable steady state. The weight-balanced pressure can be identified from the curve, which is 3.55 MPaFigure 8: Pressure curve in lifting cylinder.Figure 9 depicts the process of placing the workpiece on the lower die. While the command position signal diminished at a constant rate, the workpiece moved down trying to catch the rate. The touch of workpiece on the lower die can be detected by pressure changes in lifting cylinders. Lifting cylinders stayed on this position. The height of the workpiece placement can be found from the curve.Figure 9: Position curve in lifting cylinder.The experiment results show that the technique is straightforward and feasible. All the supposed control methods have been realized on the prototype of the forging manipulator. The experimental datum forms the base of furtherresearch on intelligent control of heavy-duty forging manipulators.7. ConclusionsA novel hydraulic forging manipulator is proposed, with newly designed mechanism, intelligent control strategy, and improved hydraulic control method. Themajor motion mechanism is decoupled, thus the control of the forging manipulator is greatly simplified. Workpieces can be picked up and put down gently by forgingmanipulators with force perception. Moreover, the forging manipulator can comply with the external forces exerted on it by workpiece during forging steps. These are based on a new pressure control method and a hybrid pressure/position controlmethod of hydraulic servosystem presented in this paper. All of the hydraulic control methods and intelligent control strategies have been verified by experiments on the prototype forging manipulator. This work provides the theoretical and practicalfoundation for further development of intelligent heavy-duty forging manipulators.References1. E. Appleton, W. B. Heginbotham, and D. Law, “Open di e forging with industrialrobots.,”Industrial Robot, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 191–194, 1979. View at Scopus2.“Attaining practicality of freely programmable control of an open die forging press and forgingmanipulator by a computer,” Ishikawajima-Harima Engineering Review, vol. 17, no. 6, pp.599–606, 1997.3.R. A. Ridgeway, “Microprocessor utilization in hydr aulic open-die forge press control,” IEEETransactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 307–309, 1975. View at Scopus4.V. Vitscheff, “A programmable manipulator for closed die forging,” in Proceedings of the 9thInternational Drop Forging Convention, Kyoto, Japan, 1977.5.W. B. Heginbotham, A. K. Sengupta, and E. Appleton, “An ASEA robot as an open-die forgingmanipulator,” in Proceedings of the Second IFAC/IFIP Symposium, pp. 183–193, Stuttgart, Germany, 1979.6. A. K. Sengupta, E. Appleton, and W. B. Heginbotham, “Ring forging with an industrial robot,”inProceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Industrial Robots, pp. 29–42, Milan, Italy, 1980.7.K. W. Lilly and A. S. Melligeri, “Dynamic simulation and neural network compliance control ofan intelligent forging center,” Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 81–99, 1996. View at Scopus8. A. S. Melligeri and K. W. Lilly, “Application of neural networks in compliance control of anintegrated robot/forge processing center,” in Advances in Manufacturing Systems: Design, Modeling and Analysis, pp. 445–450, Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, 1993.9.M. Baldassi, “Open die forging presses with manipulators,” Forging, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 16–18,2003.译文：一种新型的液压锻造操作机的智能控制摘要大尺寸锻件的需求增加，导致重型锻造机械手的发展和创新。

控制工程基础论文智能控制（intelligent controls）在无人干预的情况下能自主地驱动智能机器实现控制目标的自动控制技术。

对许多复杂的系统，难以建立有效的数学模型和用常规的控制理论去进行定量计算和分析，而必须采用定量方法与定性方法相结合的控制方式。

定量方法与定性方法相结合的目的是，要由机器用类似于人的智慧和经验来引导求解过程。

因此，在研究和设计智能系统时，主要注意力不放在数学公式的表达、计算和处理方面，而是放在对任务和现实模型的描述、符号和环境的识别以及知识库和推理机的开发上，即智能控制的关键问题不是设计常规控制器，而是研制智能机器的模型。

此外，智能控制的核心在高层控制，即组织控制。

高层控制是对实际环境或过程进行组织、决策和规划，以实现问题求解。

为了完成这些任务，需要采用符号信息处理、启发式程序设计、知识表示、自动推理和决策等有关技术。

这些问题求解过程与人脑的思维过程有一定的相似性，即具有一定程度的“智能”。

智能控制的主要技术方法及其特点：专家系统专家系统是利用专家知识对专门的或困难的问题进行描述. 用专家系统所构成的专家控制,无论是专家控制系统还是专家控制器,其相对工程费用较高,而且还涉及自动地获取知识困难、无自学能力、知识面太窄等问题. 尽管专家系统在解决复杂的高级推理中获得较为成功的应用,但是专家控制的实际应用相对还是比较少。

模糊逻辑模糊逻辑用模糊语言描述系统,既可以描述应用系统的定量模型也可以描述其定性模型. 模糊逻辑可适用于任意复杂的对象控制. 但在实际应用中模糊逻辑实现简单的应用控制比较容易. 简单控制是指单输入单输出系统(SISO) 或多输入单输出系统(MISO) 的控制. 因为随着输入输出变量的增加,模糊逻辑的推理将变得非常复杂。

遗传算法遗传算法作为一种非确定的拟自然随机优化工具,具有并行计算、快速寻找全局最优解等特点,它可以和其他技术混合使用,用于智能控制的参数、结构或环境的最优控制。

Intelligent lighting control systemAbstract: Intelligent lighting control system the main aim is to save energy, smart lighting control system with a variety of "pre-set" control mode and control components, at different times on different degrees of illumination for accurate set-up and rational management of energy-saving. This automatic adjustment of the illumination means, take full advantage of the natural outdoor light, only when necessary when the lamp or light to the required brightness, use the least energy to ensure that the required illumination level, energy-saving effect is very clear, usually ranging from more than 30%.Keywords: Intelligent lighting control system bus-type star-shaped structure1 the use of intelligent lighting control system for the superiority of1.1 good energy saving effectIntelligent lighting control system using the main purpose is to save energy, smart lighting control system with a variety of "pre-set" control mode and control components, at different times on different degrees of illumination for accurate set-up and rational management of energy-saving. This automatic adjustment of the illumination means, take full advantage of the natural outdoor light, only when necessary when the lamp or light to the required brightness, use the least energy to ensure that the required illumination level, energy-saving effect is very clear, usually ranging from more than 30%. In addition, the intelligent lighting control system for fluorescent lamp dimming control, etc., due to the use of a fluorescent active tunable filter electronic ballast technology and reduce the harmonic content, to improve the power factor and reduce the low-voltage reactive power loss.1.2 to extend the life span of light sourceLight source can not only extend the life savings, but also significantly reduce the workload of lamp replacement, reducing the operating costs of lighting systems, management and maintenance becomes simple.Both the thermal radiation source, or gas discharge light source, voltage fluctuations are a major cause of light damage. Therefore, the effective suppression of the fluctuations in voltage can extend the life of light sources.Intelligent lighting control system can successfully suppress the surge voltage power grid, but also have a voltage limit and the conjugate stream functions of filtering, to avoid over-voltage and under-voltage damage to the light. The use of soft-start and soft turn-off technology, to avoid the impact of current damage to the light. Through this method, the light source to extend the life span of usually 2 to 4 times.1.3 to improve the working environment, improve efficiencyGood working environment is to improve the efficiency of a necessary condition. Good design and reasonable choice of light source, lamps and lighting quality control systems, can improve the quality of lighting.Intelligent lighting control system dimming control panel module to replace the traditional lighting of the level switch control is an effective way to control the overall room illumination value, thereby enhancing the uniformity of illumination. At the same time, this control method used in electrical components have also solved the stroboscopic effect, will not create uncomfortable, confused, feeling eyestrain.1.4 to achieve a variety of lighting effectsA wide range of lighting control, the same building can have a variety of artistic effect, for a lot of construction hyperchromic. Modern buildings, lighting is not simply to meet people on the visual effect of light and shade, they should have control of a variety of programs to make buildings more vivid, more artistic, giving a wealth of visual effects and aesthetics. As an example of a project, building the exhibition hall, lecture hall, lobby, atrium, etc., if with intelligent lighting control system, according to different times, different uses, different effects, using the corresponding pre-set scene control, can achieve the wealth of artistic effect.1.5 facilitate the management of maintenanceIntelligent lighting control system for the control of lighting based on the automatic control of modular-based, supplemented by manual control, preset lighting scenes to the parameters stored in the EPROM Digital, these information is very convenient to set up and replaced, so that building lighting management and maintenance easier.1.6 have a high economic rate of returnOur reference point for the Shanghai region, from energy-saving lights and provincial estimates of the two made a come to this conclusion: with three to five years, the owner can recover the basic intelligent lighting control system to increase the total costs. Intelligent lighting control system can improve the environment and improve employee productivity and reduce maintenance and management costs, but also for the owners to save a substantial amount of costs.2 intelligent lighting control system componentsWe know that the intelligent lighting control system of building control system is only one part of the. If you want to focus on the various control systems to the control center to control, then the control system must have the standard communication interface and protocol version. Although such a system integration is feasible in theory, but it is very difficult to put into practice. Thus, in engineering, intelligent management of our building a distributed system, distributed, that is relatively independent of each control subsystem, self-contained, the implementation of specific control, intelligent building management system control subsystem of the relative independence, self-contained, the implementation of specific control, intelligent building management system from the control subsystem is a signal collection and monitoring role.At present, the intelligent lighting control system in accordance with sub-network topology, the following two forms, namely, bus and star-shaped structure-based hybrid. Both forms have the characteristics of a number of bus more flexibility, easy expansion, control of relative independence, lower costs; mixed some high reliability, fault diagnosis and rule out the simple, easy access to the agreement, transfer rate higher.Engineering design, we consider the building of intelligent lighting control system as an independent subsystem, use of international standards and agreements of the communication interface text, into the intelligent building management systems. Intelligent lighting control system uses a distributed, distribution-based approach, that is, the dimming control unit is relatively independent, self-contained, non-interfering, through centralized management and information interfaces, and intelligent building managementsystem linked to the achievement of the building control center subsystem of the collection and monitoring of the signal. In short, the intelligent lighting control should be the main system is a centralized management, and the main trunk and information interface components consisting of the regional implementation of the same sample of control and signal networks; its subsystems should be a dimmer by the various types of modules , control panels, illumination detector dynamic and static and dynamic components consisting of detectors, respectively, of the regional implementation of the specific control of different networks, the main system and subsystems, such as between the components through the interface to connect, to achieve data transmission.3 Intelligent lighting control system and control of the control of the contentA project to control the use of intelligent lighting control system include the following categories: technology office hall, computer center and other important room, lecture hall, such as multi-function hall, exhibition hall, conference center, lobby and courtyard, walkways and elevators, such as the Office of Public site; building facade lighting in general and also by the intelligent lighting control systems to control switch signal.Control the content of the term of the Interpretation:(1) clock controlClock management, etc. through the electrical components, to achieve the normal work of regions for the state of lighting in different time control.(2) the automatic adjustment control illuminationThrough each module and illumination dimming dynamic electrical components such as detectors, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the automatic lighting dimming control, making the region, such as illumination will not be outside with the sunshine factors change, and always maintain the default value in the illumination around.(3) control of the regional sceneThrough each dimmer module and the control panel and other electrical components, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the scene lighting control switch.(4) static and dynamic detection of controlThrough each dimming modules and electrical components, such as movement detectors, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of the automatic lighting control switch.(5) Reduction state of emergency controlThrough each of the normal lighting control module, such as dimming of the electrical components, to achieve a state of emergency for the normal work of the various districts in the state of lighting and to give up the number of relief, such as dimming control.(6) Manual remote controlThrough the infra-red remote control, to achieve under normal conditions in the regions for the normal work of the state of lighting control and manual control of the regional scene.(7) Emergency lighting controlHere mainly refers to the control of intelligent lighting control system to the specialregion by the implementation of the emergency lighting control, including the following two controls:1) under normal illumination and the automatic adjustment control of the regional scene with the regulation of the normal work of lighting the same manner as the control.2) a state of emergency automatic discharge dimming control, through each of the emergency lighting dimming control module, such as electrical components, to achieve a state of emergency for the regions under a state of emergency lighting dimmers, such as giving up control, so that the accident in the state of emergency lighting to reach 100%.These are the characteristics of intelligent lighting control systems analysis and office buildings in a specific application in a number of experiences, hoping to play the role of forward, so that the field of technology in the lighting to fully play its role.智能照明控制系统摘要：采用智能照明控制系统的主要目的是节约能源，智能照明控制系统借助各种不同的"预设置"控制方式和控制元件，对不同时间不同环境的光照度进行精确设置和合理管理，实现节能。

智能控制器名词解释"智能控制器"是一个广泛的术语，通常用来指代具备一定程度智能和自主决策能力的电子设备或系统，用于监测、管理和控制其他设备、系统或过程。

以下是对智能控制器中一些关键术语的解释：智能（ Intelligent）：（智能控制器通常具备某种形式的人工智能 AI）或机器学习技术，使其能够通过学习和适应的方式改善性能，做出更加智能的决策。

控制器（ Controller）：（指的是一个设备或系统，负责监测、调整和管理其他设备或系统的运行。

在智能控制器中，这通常涉及到对传感器数据的实时分析，以及对执行器或其他控制设备的指令输出。

自主决策 Autonomous（Decision（Making）：（智能控制器具备一定程度的自主决策能力，能够基于输入的数据和预设的规则，独立做出决策而无需人为干预。

传感器（ Sensors）：（智能控制器通常使用各种传感器来收集环境或系统的数据，这些数据用于分析和做出决策。

传感器可以包括温度传感器、湿度传感器、光敏传感器等。

执行器（Actuators）：（智能控制器通过执行器向外部系统发送指令，以实现特定的操作或控制。

执行器可以是电动机、阀门、喷嘴等。

联网能力（ Connectivity）：（很多智能控制器具备联网能力，能够通过互联网与其他设备或系统进行通信，实现远程监控和控制。

反馈机制（ Feedback（Mechanism）：（智能控制器通常会包含反馈机制，通过对系统响应的实时监测，调整控制策略以确保系统稳定运行。

实时性（Real-time（Processing）：（对于某些应用，智能控制器需要具备实时性，能够在极短的时间内做出响应，以满足系统的要求。

智能控制器广泛应用于自动化系统、工业生产、家庭自动化、交通系统等领域，以提高效率、降低成本，并提供更智能、便捷的服务。

智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一：外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译：智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活，给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便，我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子，单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用，在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。

一种智能数控和数据模型框架国家为STEP - NC的技术（夺标- SNT的），机械学院研究实验室和工业工程，韩国浦项工科大学，圣31，孝子洞在本文中，我们提出了一个概念框架设计贯彻智能数控系统。

该架构和功能模块均来自需求分析，他们的目的是有思维进行加工之前，期间和之后的制造任务的执行，因此所分配的任务可以得到有效执行，同时处理意外发生在车间的变化。

此外，为支持体系结构数据模型是解决基于STEP - NC的数据模型或ISO14649。

产品规格数据库和运作情况以及实施问题提供。

该框架介绍可作为一个为STEP标准的数控范例。

关键词：自主加工控制; Holonic制造系统，智能数控;国际标准组织14649;步兼容数控; STEP - NC1.简介随着对工业机械，电脑数值大脑控制（CNC）是在现代制造业的核心要素系统。

数控技术是非常复杂，需要技术来自不同领域。

尽管是一项伟大的技术成就，当代数控仍然需要进一步改进克服它的缺点：1）这是一个没有智力的执行机制。

2）它采用了低层次的语言，即所谓的并购G代码（异6983）作为输入。

3）它的架构是特定于供应商和黑盒风格未经允许用户访问专用。

因此，下一代数控要求：1）若要使用无缝一个高层次的编程语言集成的CAD - CAM的数控链。

2）要多功能，智能化和自主。

3）有一个软件为基础的开放式架构实现技术。

这些要求应包括在下一代数控。

一个新的和全面的数据模型编程形式化语言的ISO 14649由国际标准化组织正在制定训练班184 SC1的WG7 [1]。

国际标准组织14649描述一个接口与CAM 和CNC支持computergenerated直接使用基于STEP（异10303），可生成基于产品数据交换和工件的数控化数据模型控制器。

它目前在存款保险计划，投票版本，与它的最终版本将在不久的将来完成。

经建成后将是一个新的数控语言取代国际标准组织6983。

STEP - NC的是一对ISO 14649的缩写，是延长形成新的数控，可以开展各种智能化基于ISO 14649的功能[2]。

智能医院控制系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:2.4GHz T-bus EIB smart hospital control system Modernized hospital construction function is complicated, medical equipment is precise, the environment request standard is high, using 2.4GHz T-bus intelligence control system can connect to the hospital construction environment. Through the establishment of digitization energy conservation medical service environment, may enhance the hospital management level, enhances medical personnel's working efficiency, save the hospital operation costs. T-bus intelligence environment control system realize the optimizing control to the light environment, the visor environment,the temperature environment and the medical equipment movement and maintenance of many hospital departments such as outpatient clinic, the in-patient department and so on through controlling to each kind of terminal electrical equipment (for example light, electrical window curtain, air conditioners, medical equipment and so on).Purposes:1. Uniformly Manages, controls and protects the hospital illumination, air conditioners and the medical equipment2. Enhances the hospital service scale, provides the comfortable environment to the medical person and the patients.3. Save the energy, saves the hospital operation costs4. uses the safe voltage the weak electricity board to substitute the strong electricity board, enhanced the security; Through the electric current and the leakage electric current examination to the important medical equipment, promptly reported in the breakdown situation, strengthened the medical equipment reliability and security. Functions:1. Light control of ward and outpatient service building2. Electrical window curtain and visor volume curtain control of ward and outpatient service building3. Air conditioner, heats up and the air blower plate tube control of ward and outpatient service building4. Illumination and the light adjusting of the operating room and the treatment room5. Hospital ward ringing system6. AV device control of academic exchange center and conference room7. Illumination electrical power distribution system and fire linkage8. Linkage hospital automation office system, to realize to have no paper work9. All T-bus system intelligent controllers circuit breaker of Outpatient service andin-patient department and important medical equipment circuit breaker condition surveillance10. Centralism monitor and control of the outpatient service and the hospital ward to achieve the non- board control in the public regionControlled area and control content:1. hospital wardControl of light, electric curtain, fan coil unit, ringing system, the socket of microwave oven and so on , ultraviolet ray sterilization lamp2. Outpatient service hallControl of light, visor volume curtain, fan coil unit3. The departments of the treatment, the inspection, the surgery, the diagnosis, rescue and so on.Control of light, electric curtain, fan coil unit4. Common aisle, elevator hallControl of light, underground lamp control5. Academic exchange center, report hallControl of light, AV equipment, window electric curtain, theater curtain;6. Extensive lighting, botanical garden illuminationControl of light7. Center control computerSolutions:1. Hospital ward* Installs 8 path 2.4GHz T-bus system intelligent controllers beside the bed, controls the light switch and adjusts the light in the guest room, controls the opening and closing of the electric curtain, may carry on the master switch control to the hospital ward light, may control the bathroom light, and may set the doctors clinic scene, the rest scene, the television watching scene.* The angle of the hospital ward electrically operated bed can be adjusted through the T-bus system intelligent controllers and the remote control, facilitates the doctors clinic and the patient dines, reads;* Guardianship ringing system. When the patient needs the guardianship the patient’s feeling is not good, may press the call button or the remote control nearby the bed, the on-duty nurse may rush to the hospital ward to carry on processing immediately;* The center control computer in Each floor nurse stand can implement the common control to various illumination, the curtain and the air-conditioner system at hospital wards in corresponding floor, and the computer of each nurse stand can demonstrate the indoor temperature in each hospital ward, simultaneously may establish the maximum and minimum temperature, provides the human nature service;* The hospital ward corridor illumination may automatically open by coordinating with the light sensor and the timers, when the degree of illumination request is very low at the deeper night, shuts down partial illuminations light, the foot light automatically opens.* The nurse station may realize centralism monitoring to the sockets of various medical equipments such as breath machine and so on in the ward.* Installs a intelligent switch with a temperature control board at the entrance, carries on the automatic constant temperature control to the fan coil unit of the hospital ward, may demonstrate the indoor temperature, simultaneously may carry on the control to the light and the curtain.* Installs intelligence switch at the bathroom entrance, may carry on the control to the bathroom light and the ventilating fan* If with intelligent door lock system linkage, may realize the different opening gate pattern between the doctor and the service person, named the clinic pattern and the sweeps clear pattern.* After the patient Check-in, automatically adjusts the light and the electric curtain at the corresponding ward to in-patient pattern, adjusts the air conditioner temperature to comfortable temperature. Enables the patient to have the home feeling and enhancesthe hospital service scale.* After the patient left, automatically adjusts the light and the electric curtain at the corresponding ward to closure pattern, may automatically restore the ward hypothesis temperature to the condition which tacitly approves.* After the patient goes to sleep at night, T-bus temperature controls board automatically changes to energy conservation pattern. According to the statistics, the hypothesis temperature elevates 1 (when refrigeration) or reduces 1 (when heats up) every time, may conserve energy 6%* The center control room may demonstrate the actual temperature and the hypothesis temperature of each hospital ward. Also may set the maximum and minimum temperature. Simultaneously the hospital ward temperature control also may connect with the window linkage, after the window is turned on, automatically closes the air conditioner to realize energy conservation fully.* T-bus temperature controls board can automatically control Fan coil unit. When the indoor temperature approaches the hypothesis temperature, automatically adjusts wind speed from high to low, makes the indoor temperature to maintain around the hypothesis temperature, to save energy and it is very comfortable.* When summer sunlight is intense, automatically shut-off ward curtain, prevented the ward temperature to be excessively high, achieves the energy conservation purpose.2. Outpatient service hall* Automatically control degree of illumination of the outpatient hall through lit sensor at day time. When the natural light is intense, closes partial lights, otherwise, then opens the certain light, makes the outpatient hall to maintain the constant degree of illumination. Simultaneously may conserve energy.* At night may act different degree of illumination according to the patient current capacity.* Controls the visor volume curtain of the hall through the light sensor. When the summer light is intense, automatically lays down the visor volume curtain, in order to conserves energy.* May control the light, the visor volume curtain of the out patient hall through the center control room computer.3. The treatment of the inspection, the surgery, the diagnosis, the rescue and so on* The operating room, the requirement of general degree of illumination is not lower than 1000Lux. The shadowless lamp took as the local lighting, should achieve above 20000Lux in the surgery table 30cm scope. May adjust the light to the auxiliary light source through the T-bus system intelligent controllers board or the remote control, may adjusts the light scope from 0% to 100%.According to different operating room illumination degree, specially the local lighting degree of illumination is different, May adjust the light source degree of illumination to carry on the pre- establishment.Through illumination degree sensor established in the operating room, carry on the precise adjustment of illumination degree to some work surface.* Regards the functional checking room (mainly refer to ophthalmology department), its requirement of illumination degree reaches as high as7500Lux. Through the T-bus system intelligent controller board and the remote control, may adjust the light scope according to the hospital illumination standard request to the 50Lux scope;In regards the mirror inspection room, X perspective room, the ophthalmology department darkroom and so on the degree of illumination is in the 50-100Lux scope, may adjust the light to 0Lux.through the T-bus system intelligent controller board and the remote control.* stalls the electric current and the leakage electric current examination module regarding the below important advanced equipment, like spiral CT, colored Doppler B ultra machine, the entire automatic blood congeals analyzer, the entire automatic chemistry lighting immunity analyzer, 24 hours dynamic electroencephalogram meter, straight vertical D5-3 machine, the central guardianship system and the breath machine and so on.Through the electric current and the leakage electric current examination to the equipment , early discovered equipment hidden danger, reported to the relative maintenance department before the equipment failure at an earlier time, reduced the life and property lose caused by the equipment failure, reduced the maintenance work load, strengthened the medical equipment security and reliability.* the surveillance of the medical equipment power supply and circuit breaker condition, any artificial or the breakdown trips will promptly feed back the system and recognize it, noticed to the service man.After the reserve power source starts, the system should provide the urgent light control function, only provides the power source to the urgent light return route in and prohibits normal light return route control.In the outpatient service consulting room, the treatment room, the rescue room, the small operating room, the gynecology and obstetrics department, infect ward, the tumor ward, the burn ward, the newborn room, the cardiovascular room and so on are equipped with the stationary installment ultraviolet ray sterilization lamp, may suppose the independent controlling switch, and uses the timer to carry on the timed control.4. common aisle, elevator hall* Select sensor and time setting coordinates to control the light, opens completely or the majority of lights when daytime person current capacity great , after the midnight closes the majority of lights, simultaneously starts the human body sensor, when some people appear, opens the corresponding region light, conserves energy in maximum way.* When nature sunshine is good, does not turn on the light to save the energy; When cloudy day or darkness, turn on the light according to the personnel needs;* May connect with the fire linkage, when the fire appearing, may realize the lamp luminous intensity to cut or the strong point function, start emergency lighting control.5. Academic exchange center, report hall, multi-purpose hall* Installs 2.4GHz T-bus system intelligent controller in the conference room, T-bus system intelligent controller has the light scene control function, temperature control and remote control functions;* Installs the human body sensor in the conference room, may achieve somebody to turn on and turn off the light the air conditioner, nobody to turn on and turn off the light the air conditioner, in order to avoid waste if forgetting to close;* Installs the touch screen computer in the report panel, through the graphical interface of the touch screen to carry on each kind of light scene and the AV scene control: Conference scene, lecture scene, rest scene, showing scene and so on; Showing scene description: Presses “one key scene " of the remote control”, the light adjusts in the room, the projection theater curtain lays down, the curtain lays down, the projecting apparatus opens, the merit puts /DVD opens, all in instantaneous completes.* Installs the T-bus intelligence switch, this board has the light scene control function, simultaneously has locking (to guard against wrong operation) function.6. Extensive lighting, botanical garden illumination* The hotel extensive lighting and the botanical garden illumination may select the method which the lit sensor and time setting coordinates to carry on the automatic control.* When the natural lit changes dark, the light sensor automatically opens the majority of extensive lighting and the garden illumination, when at night for example 12o'clock PM, sets time and the partial extensive lighting and the botanical garden illumination closes, leaves few base lightings only, the light sensor can turn off the left lights when the day is coming. The whole process is automatic and energy conservation.7.Center control computer*Through the computer graph surface may carry on the centralism monitoring and control to the each equipment such as various region light, air conditioners, electric curtain, HVAC, AV and so on.* May carry on the event record, in order to processes;* when any chapter of light appears the breakdown, may inform the administrator immediately.* Through the computer carry on the accumulation of the using times of exude light, common aisle, elevator hall, great hall and so on , in order to promptly services the replacement;* May demonstrate each region temperature, may simultaneously set the maximum and minimum temperature of various region, avoids energy wasting.翻译:2.4GHz T-bus EIB智能化医院控制系统现代化医院的建筑功能复杂，医疗设备精密，对环境标准要求高，用2.4GHz T-bus 智能控制系统能够与医院的建筑环境相结合。

《现代控制理论》题目智能交通信号控制学生姓名学号学院专业指导教师二Ｏ一三年12 月15 日Intelligent Traffic Signal Control Using Wireless SensorNetworksVignesh.Viswanathan and Vigneshwar. SanthanamAbstract:The growing vehicle population in all developing and developed countries calls for a major change in the existing traffic signaling systems. The most widely used automated system uses simple timer based operation which is inefficient for non-uniform traffic. Advanced automated systems in testing use image processing techniques or advanced communication systems in vehicles to communicate with signals and ask for routing. This might not be implementable in developing countries as they prove to be complex and expensive. The concept proposed in this paper involves use of wireless sensor networks to sense presence of traffic near junctions and hence route the traffic based on traffic density in the desired direction. This system does not require any system in vehicles so can be implemented in any traffic system easily. This system uses wireless sensor networks technology to sense vehicles and a microcontroller based routing algorithm for traffic management.Keywords:Intelligent traffic signals, intelligent routing, smart signals, wireless sensor networks.I. INTRODUCTIONThe traffic density is escalating at an alarming rate in developing countries which calls for the need of intelligent traffic signals to replace the conventional manual and timer based systems. Experimental systems in existence involve image processing based density identification for routing of traffic which might be inefficient in situations like fog, rain or dust. The other conceptual system which is based on interaction of vehicles with traffic signals and each other require hardware modification on each vehicle and cannot be practically implemented in countrieslike India which have almost 100 million vehicles on road [1]. The system proposed here involves localized traffic routing for each intersection based on wireless sensor networks. The proposed system has a central controller at every junction which receives data from tiny wireless sensor nodes placed on the road. The sensor nodeshave sensors that can detect the presence of vehicle and the transmitter wirelessly transmits the traffic density to the central controller. The controller makes use of the proposed algorithm to find ways to regulate traffic efficiently.II. THE NEED FOR AN ALTERNATE SYSTEMT he most prevalent traffic signaling system in developing countries is the timer based system. This system involves a predefined time setting for each road at an intersection. While this might prove effective for light traffic, heavy traffic requires an adaptive system that will work based on the density of traffic on each road. The first system proposed for adaptive signaling was based on digital image processing techniques. This system works based on the captured visual input from the roads and processing them to find which road has dense traffic. This system fails during environmental interaction like rain or fog. Also this system in testing does not prove efficient. The advanced system in testing at Pittsburgh [2] involves signals communicating with each other and also with the vehicles. The proposed system does not require a network between signals and vehicles and is a standalone system at each intersection.III. THE PROPOSED SYSTEMThis paper presents the concept of intelligent traffic routing using wireless sensor networks. The primary elements of this system are the sensor nodes or motes consisting of sensors and a transmitter. The sensors interact with the physical environment while the transmitter pages the sensor’s data to the central controller. This system involves the 4 x 2 array of sensor nodes in each road. This signifies 4 levels of traffic and 2 lanes in each road. The sensors are ultrasonic or IR based optical sensors which transmits status based on presence of vehicle near it. The sensor nodes transmit at specified time intervals via ZigBee protocol to the central controller placed at every intersection. The controller receives the signal and computes which road and which lane has to be given green signal based on the density of traffic. The controller makes use of the discussed algorithm to perform the intelligent traffic routing.IV. COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN THE SYSTEMThe proposed system involves wireless sensor networks which are comprised of three basic components: the sensor nodes or motes, power source and a central controller. The motes in turn are comprised of Sensors and transceiver module. The sensors sense the vehicles at intersections and transceiver transmit the sensor’s data to the central controller through a wireless medium. The Power source provides the power needed for the sensor nodes and is mostly regenerative. The central controller performs all the computations for the sensor networks. The controller receives the input from all sensors and processes simultaneously to make the required decisions.A.SensorsSensors are hardware devices that produce a measurable response to a change in a physical condition like temperature or pressure. Sensors measure physical data of the parameter to be monitored. The continual analog signal produced by the sensors is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter and sent to controllers for further processing. A sensor node should be small in size, consume extremely low energy, operate in high volumetric densities, be autonomous and operate unattended, and be adaptive to the environment. As wireless sensor nodes are typically very small electronic devices, they can only be equipped with a limited power source of less than 0.5-2 ampere-hour and 1.2-3.7 volts. Sensors are classified into three categories: passive Omni-directional sensors; passive narrow-beam sensors; and active sensors [3].The sensors are implemented in this system placed beneath the roads in an intersection or on the lane dividers on each road. The sensors are active obstacle detectors that detect the presence of vehicles in their vicinity. The sensors are set in four levels on each road signifying four levels of traffic from starting from the STOP line. The fourth level indicates high density traffic and signifies higher priority for the road to the controller. The sensors required for obstacle detection can be either ultrasonic or Infrared LASER based sensors for better higher efficiency.B. MotesA mote, also known as a sensor node is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. The main components of a sensor node are a microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, power source and one or more sensors [3].Fig. 1 Block Diagram of a MoteC. Need for MotesThe primary responsibility of a Mote is to collect information from the various distributed sensors in any area and to transmit the collected information to the central controller for processing. Any type of sensors can be incorporated with these Motes based on the requirements. It is a completely new paradigm for distributed sensing and it opens up a fascinating new way to look at sensor networks.D. Advantages of Motes●The core of a mote is a small, low-cost, low-power controller.●The controller monitors one or more sensors. It is easy to interface all sorts ofsensors, including sensors for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. with the mote.●The controller connects to the central controller with a radio link. The mostcommon radio links allow a mote to transmit at a distance of about 3 to 61 meters.Power consumption, size and cost are the barriers to longer distances. Since a fundamental concept with motes is tiny size and associated tiny cost, small and low-power radios are normal.●As motes shrink in size and power consumption, it is possible to imagine solarpower or even something exotic like vibration power to keep them running. It is hard to imagine something as small and innocuous as a mote sparking a revolution, but that's exactly what they have done.●Motes are also easy to program, either by using serial or Ethernet cable to connectto the programming board or by using Over the Air Programming (OTAP).Fig. 2 Block Diagram of the Proposed SystemE. TransceiversSensor nodes often make use of ISM band, which gives free radio, spectrum allocation and global availability. The possible choices of wireless transmission media are radio frequency (RF), optical communication and infrared. Lasers require less energy, but need line-of-sight for communication and are sensitive to atmospheric conditions. Infrared, like lasers, needs no antenna but it is limited in its broadcasting capacity. Radio frequency-based communication is the most relevant that fits most ofthe WSN applications. WSNs tend to use license-free communication frequencies: 173, 433, 868, and 915 MHz; and 2.4 GHz. The functionality of bothtransmitter and receiver are combined into a single deviceknown as a transceiver [3].To bring about uniqueness in transmitting and receiving toany particular device various protocols/algorithms are devised. The Motes are often are often provided with powerful transmitters and receivers collectively known as transceivers for better long range operation and also toachieve better quality of transmission/reception in any environmental conditions.F. Power SourceT he sensor node consumes power for sensing, communicating and data processing. More energy is required for data communication than any other process. Power is stored either in batteries or capacitors. Batteries, both rechargeable and non-rechargeable, are the main source of power supply for sensor nodes. Current sensors are able to renew their energy from solar sources, temperature differences, or vibration. Two power saving policies used are Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic V oltage Scaling (DVS). DPM conserves power by shutting down parts of the sensor node which are not currently used or active. A DVS scheme varies the power levels within the sensor node depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.G. Tmote SkyTmote Sky is an ultra low power wireless module for use in sensor networks, monitoring applications, and rapid application prototyping. Tmote Sky leverages industry standards like USB and IEEE802.15.4 to interoperate seamlessly with other devices. By using industry standards, integrating humidity, temperature, and light sensors, and providing flexible interconnection with peripherals, Tmote Sky enables a wide range of mesh network applications [4]. The TMote is one of the most commonly used motes in wireless sensor technology. Any type of sensor can be used in combination with this type of mote.Tmote Sky features the Chipcon CC2420 radio for wireless communications. TheCC2420 is an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio providing the PHY and some MAC functions [5]. With sensitivity exceeding the IEEE 802.15.4 specification and low power operation, the CC2420 provides reliable wireless communication. The CC2420 is highly configurable for many applications with the default radio settings providing IEEE 802.15.4 compliance. ZigBee specifications can be implemented using the built-in wireless transmitter in the Tmote Sky.Fig. 3 Tmote SkyH. Tmote Key Features•250kbps 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Chipcon Wireless Transceiver• Interoperability with other IEEE 802.15.4 devices.• 8MHz Texas Instruments MS P430 microcontroller (10k RAM, 48k Flash Memory)• Integrated ADC, DAC, Supply V oltage Supervisor, and DMA Controller• Integrated onboard antenna with 50m range indoors / 125m range outdoors• Integrated Humidity, Temperature, and Light sensors• Ultra low current consumption• Fast wakeup from sleep (<6μs)• Hardware link-layer encryption and authentication• Programming and data collection via USB• 16-pin expansion support and optional SMA antenna connector• TinyOS support : mesh net working and communication implementation• Complies with FCC Part 15 and Industry Canada regulations• Environmentally friendly – complies with RoHS regulations [4].I. ZigBee Wireless TechnologyZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks [6] [7]. ZigBee devices are often used in mesh network form to transmit data over longer distances, passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones.This allows ZigBee networks to be formed ad-hoc, with no centralized control or high-power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the devices. Any ZigBee device can be tasked with running the network. ZigBee is targeted at applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee has a defined rate of 250kbps, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal transmissionfrom a sensor or input device. Applications include wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic management systems, and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range wireless transfer of data at relatively low rates. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth.J. Types of ZigBee DevicesZigBee devices are of three types:●ZigBee Coordinator (ZC): The most capable device, the Coordinator forms theroot of the network tree and might bridge to other networks. There is exactly one ZigBee Coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the network originally. It stores information about the network, including acting as the Trust Center & repository for security keys. The ZigBee Coordinator the central controller is in this system.●ZigBee Router (ZR): In addition to running an application function, a devicecan act as an intermediate router, passing on data from other devices.●ZigBee End Device (ZED): It contains just enough functionality to talk to theparent node. It cannot relay data from other devices. This relationship allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby giving long battery life. A ZED requires the least amount of memory, and therefore can be less expensive to manufacture than a ZR or ZC.K. ZigBee ProtocolsThe protocols build on recent algorithmic research to automatically construct a low-speed ad-hoc network of nodes. In most large network instances, the network will be a cluster of clusters. It can also form a mesh or a single cluster. The current ZigBee protocols support beacon and non-beacon enabled networks. In non-beacon-enabled networks, an un-slotted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism is used. In this type of network, ZigBee Routers typically have their receivers continuously active, requiring a more robust power supply. However, this allows for heterogeneous networks in which some devices receive continuously, while others only transmit when an external stimulus is detected. In beacon-enabled networks, the special network nodes called ZigBee Routers transmit periodic beacons to confirm their presence to other network nodes. Nodes may sleep between beacons, thus lowering their duty cycle and extending their battery life. Beacon intervals depend on data rate; they may range from 15.36ms to 251.65824s at 250 kbps. In general, the ZigBee protocols minimize the time the radio is on, so as to reduce power use. In beaconing networks, nodes only need to be active while a beacon is being transmitted. In non-beacon-enabled networks, power consumption is decidedly asymmetrical: some devices are always active, while others spend most of their time sleeping.V. PROPOSED ALGORITHMA. Basic AlgorithmConsider a left side driving system (followed in UK, Australia, India, Malaysia and 72 other countries). This system can be modified for right side driving system (USA, Canada, UAE, Russia etc.) quite easily. Also consider a junction of four roads numbered as node 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Traffic flows from each node to three other nodes with varied densities. Consider road 1 now given green signal in all directions.Fig. 4 Intersection Under Consideration1) Free left turn for all roads (free right for right side driving system).2) Check densities at all other nodes and retrieve data from strip sensors.3) Compare the data and compute the highest density.4) Allow the node with highest density for 60sec.5) Allowed node waits for 1 time slot for its turn again and the process is repeated from step 3.B. Advanced AlgorithmAssume road three is currently given green to all directions. All left turns are always free. No signals/sensors for left lane. Each road is given a time slot of maximum 60 seconds at a time. This time can be varied depending on the situation of implementation. Consider 4 levels of sensors Ax, Bx, Cx, Dx with A having highest priority and x representing roads 1 to 4. Also consider 3 lanes of traffic: Left (L), Middle (M) and Right(R) corresponding to the direction of traffic. Since leftturn is free, Left lanes do not require sensors. So sensors form 4x2 arrays with 4 levels of traffic and 2 lanes and are named MAx, RAx, MBx, RBx and so on and totally 32 sensors are employed.The following flow represents the sequence of operation done by the signal.1) Each sensor transmits the status periodically to the controller.2) Controller receives the signals and computes the following3) The sensors Ax from each road having highest priority are compared.4) If a single road has traffic till Ax, it is given green signal in the next time slot.5) If multiple roads have traffic till Ax, the road waiting for the longest duration is given the green.6) Once a road is given green, its waiting time is reset and its sensor status is neglected for that time slot7) If traffic in middle lane, green is given for straight direction, based on traffic, either right side neighbor is given green for right direction, of opposite road is give green for straight direction.8) If traffic in right lane, green is given for right, and based on traffic, left side neighbor is given green for straight or opposite is given green for right.9) Similar smart decisions are incorporated in the signal based on traffic density and directional traffic can be controlled.C. Implementation and RestrictionsThis system can be implemented by just placing the sensor nodes beneath the road or on lane divider and interfacing the central controller to the existing signal lights and connecting the sensor nodes to the controller via the proposed wireless protocol. The only restriction for implementing the system is taking the pedestrians into consideration. This has to be visualized for junctions with heavy traffic such as highway intersections and amount of pedestrians is very less. Also major intersections have underground or overhead footpaths to avoid interaction of pedestrians with heavy traffic.VI. CONCLUSIONThe above proposed system for automated traffic signal routing using Wireless Sensor Networks is advantageous to many existing systems. The wireless sensors nodes create a standalone system at each intersection making it easy to implement in the intersections having heavy density of vehicles. It is also cost inexpensive and does not require any system in the vehicles making it more practical than existing systems. The use of various systems of sensor nodes can be altered based on the requirement and any type of sensor can be used based on the feasibility of the location.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe Authors would like to take this opportunity to thank Ms. P. Sasikala, Assistant Professor, ECE department, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, who gave the basic insight into the field of Wireless Sensor Networks. We also thank Mrs. G. Padmavathi, Associate Professor, ECE department, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, who with her expertise in the field of networks advised and guided on practicality of the concept and provided helpful ideas for future modifications. We also express our gratitude to Dr. S. Ganesh Vaidyanathan, Head of the department of ECE, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, who supports us for every innovative project and encourages us “think beyond”for better use of technology. And finally we express our heart filled gratitude to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, which has been the knowledge house for our education and introduced us to the field of Engineering and supports us for working on various academic projects.基于无线传感器网络的智能交通信号控制摘要：在所有发展中国家和发达国家，不断增长的汽车数量将促使现有的交通信号系统发生重大变革。

英文翻译系别专业班级学生姓名学号指导教师Intelligent control of boiler drum level Boiler is a work under pressure energy conversion devices. Its role is to effectively put fuel chemical energy is converted into heat, or thermal energy through the appropriate equipment production and converted to other forms of energy needed in life, for a long time and living in industrial production have played an extremely important role.The boiler is one of the main production equipment of thermal power plants. Many different types of boilers, by type of fuel, the most used are coal, oil and gas boilers. Most boilers currently in manual control. Manual control not only increase the labor intensity of workers, and the consumption of steam production depends mainly on the ratio of fuel technology and operations workers' sense of responsibility, it is difficult to make the boiler is in good working condition, increased fuel consumption, reduces the thermal efficiency, increased environmental pollution.Since the 1970s the world's energy crisis has accelerated the development of various energy-saving technologies, economic combustion boiler has become a very important issue. Our scientific and technical personnel, computer controlledboiler made of extensive research, has made gratifying achievements. Due to the use of computer control, the boiler can be improved in good running condition, the thermal efficiency of the boiler, steam production and quality, to the city, so that the secondary product quality, quantity and safety are to improve economic efficiency is very impressive. Because of this, the boiler microcomputer control, has become an important task of transformation.Traditional control methods include classical control and modern control, is based on the precise control of the controlled object model, lack of flexibility and adaptability, suitable to solve the invariance problem is relatively simple control of linear time.The traditional way of intelligent control is a control or a control system, if it can effectively overcome the controlled object (process) and the environment with a high degree of complexity and uncertainty, and to achieve the desired goal, then said this control method for the intelligent control, saying such a control system for the intelligent control problems.In the production practice, complex control problems can be experienced and skilled operators control theory combined to solve the resulting intelligent control. The method forcontrolling intelligent control theory and artificial intelligence techniques to combine a flexible, object other control methods to adapt the complexity and uncertainty.Intelligent control is the control theory advanced stage of development , it is mainly used to solve the complex system of control problems with traditional control methods are difficult to solve. Intelligent control study has the following features:( 1 ) uncertainty in the model . Intelligent control adapted to control the object of uncertainty , the uncertainties include two meanings : First , the model is unknown or poorly understood ; Second, the structure and parameters of the model may vary over a wide range .( 2 ) a high degree of non-linearity . Intelligent control methods can solve the problem of nonlinear control systems .( 3 ) complex mission requirements.Intelligent control has three important branch , namely fuzzy control, neural network control and genetic algorithms.( 1 ) Fuzzy ControlVarious conventional methods are conventional control is based on the mathematical model of the controlled object on thebasis of precise , but as the complexity of the system increases, the system will be difficult to establish a precise mathematical model .In engineering practice , it was found that a complex control system operator by a person with a wealth of practical experience satisfactory control effect. This shows that, if the human brain through the analog controller design thinking can achieve control of complex systems , resulting fuzzy control .Development of fuzzy control can be divided into three phases:① 1965-1974 , the first phase of the development of fuzzy control , fuzzy math development and formation stage ;② 1974-1979 , the fuzzy control of the second phase of development , resulting in a simple fuzzy controller ;③ 1979 to now , fuzzy control third stage of development, namely high performance fuzzy control stage.( 2 ) neural network controlNeural networks have decades of history. In 1943 , McCulloch and Pitts neuron proposed mathematical model ; 1950-1980 for the formation of neural networks , with a small amount of the outcome ; since 1980 for the development of neural networks .The neural network is introduced to form a control fieldneural network control . Neural network control from the physiological mechanism of the human brain simulation system structure is simple an emerging intelligent control methods. Neural network has the characteristics of a parallel mechanism , pattern recognition , memory and learning ability , it can fully approximate any complex nonlinear systems , able to learn and adapt to the dynamic characteristics of uncertain systems with robustness and fault tolerance . Neural Network Control in the control field has a wide range of applications .( 3 ) genetic algorithmThe genetic algorithm is an important branch of artificial intelligence , is the search algorithm based on the principle of natural selection and genetics , and is based on Darwin's theory of evolution , simulated life on a computer evolution mechanism and developed a science . Currently Genetic algorithms have been widely used in many practical problems , new ideas and new methods become hard to solve highly complex problems.Genetic algorithms can be used to optimize learning and fuzzy neural network parameters and weight control rules in the field of intelligent control of a wide range of applications.Intelligent control is the latest stage of development ofautomatic control is mainly used to solve complex control problems difficult to solve traditional control .As an advanced stage of development of intelligent control , intelligent control mainly to solve the control problem that complex systems are difficult to resolve with traditional control methods , including the intelligent robot control, computer integrated manufacturing systems, industrial process control , aerospace control , socio-economic management system, transportation systems, environmental protection and energy systems.( 1 ) Application in Robot Control : intelligent robot research currently the hot topic. Currently used in over 90% of the industrial robot is not intelligent . With the rapid development of robot technology , with varying degrees of intelligence requires a variety of robots.( 2 ) application in process control : process control and automation technology is an important aspect . Intelligent control in process control has been widely used .Since the 1960s , due to the technology, computer technology and artificial intelligence development, research scholars in the control community self-organizing , self-learning control based on self-learning ability in order to improve controlsystems , began to pay attention to artificial intelligence techniques and methods applied to the control .In recent years, neural networks, fuzzy math development , expert systems , evolution and other disciplines to intelligent control into a tremendous vitality , thereby producing a variety of intelligent control methods.火电厂锅炉汽包水位的智能控制锅炉是一种承受一定工作压力的能量转换设备。

Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory EnglishTranslationIntroduction下面是本店铺为大家精心编写的5篇《Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory English Translation》，供大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。

《Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory English Translation》篇1Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory is a platform for students to explore and develop their skills in the field of intelligent control. This laboratory aims to provide students with hands-on experience and knowledge in control systems, automation, and robotics. It offers a wide range of equipment and tools that enable students to design, build, and test their own control systems.The laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities, including programmable logic controllers, robotic arms, sensors, and actuators. Students can use these tools to design and implement control algorithms, develop control systems, and study the behavior of controlled objects.One of the main goals of the Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory is to foster student innovation andcreativity. Students are encouraged to work on their own projects and explore new ideas in the field of intelligent control. They can also participate in national and international competitions, where they can showcase their skills and knowledge in control systems.Moreover, the laboratory provides a platform for students to collaborate and learn from each other. Through group projects and workshops, students can exchange ideas, share experiences, and develop their teamwork and communication skills.In conclusion, the Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory is an essential platform for students to gain practical experience and develop their skills in intelligent control. It not only equips students with the necessary knowledge and skills but also fosters their innovation and creativity.《Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory English Translation》篇2Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory English Translation智能控制学生创新实验室英文翻译《Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory English Translation》篇3Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory English Translation智能控制学生创新实验室英文翻译《Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory English Translation》篇4智能控制学生创新实验室 English Translation《Smart Control Student Innovation Laboratory English Translation》篇5智能控制学生创新实验室 English Translation。

人工智能的运用领域人工智能，简称AI（Artificial Intelligence），是一门结合了计算机科学、数学、逻辑学等多个领域的技术，旨在实现类似于人类思维和认知的功能。

随着技术和研究的不断进步，人工智能也得到了广泛的应用，可以说已经成为各个行业的热门话题之一。

本文将详细介绍人工智能的运用领域，包括以下几个方面。

1. 智能控制领域智能控制是人工智能领域重要的应用之一，它基于机器学习和深度学习算法，通过对数据的分析和处理，实现对于机器、设备等的自动化控制。

智能控制广泛应用于工业、交通、农业、医疗等领域，可以提高生产效率、降低成本，同时也能保证生产过程的安全性和稳定性。

以“智能农业”为例，通过数据分析和传感器技术，可以实现对于农作物的监测和控制，包括土壤湿度、温度、光照等参数的控制，以及灌溉、施肥、喷药等操作的自动化。

通过智能控制，不仅可以提高农作物的产量和质量，还能节约人力和资源，实现可持续发展。

2. 自然语言处理领域自然语言处理是人工智能的一项核心技术，它旨在使计算机能够理解和处理自然语言，如汉语、英语等。

自然语言处理广泛应用于搜索引擎、语音识别、机器翻译、聊天机器人、智能客服等领域，可以帮助人们更方便快捷地获取信息和进行交流。

以“机器翻译”为例，通过自然语言处理技术，可以将一种语言自动翻译成另一种语言，极大地方便了跨语言交流和信息获取。

同时，自然语言处理也广泛应用于智能客服领域，能够为用户提供更加精准和高效的服务。

3. 金融领域金融领域也是人工智能的热门应用之一。

通过机器学习和深度学习算法，可以从海量数据中提取关键信息和规律，辅助决策和风险控制。

人工智能在金融领域的应用包括投资分析、信贷风险控制、欺诈检测等，可以帮助金融机构更加准确地进行决策和预测。

以“量化投资”为例，通过对大量历史数据的分析和建模，可以预测股票价格的走势，从而进行有效的投资策略。

与传统投资方式相比，量化投资具有更高的效率和准确性。