英语（必修4）Unit4语法导学：独立主格结构
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。
（such an able man和 to help you是主谓关系）= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
A.不定式“独立主格结构”
1.动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing...)
B.-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。
Being ill, he went home. 由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）
1.表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. （相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)
2.表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. （相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way）
第 1 页 共 9 页 独立主格
一、 独立主格结构的含义和实质
“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
二、 独立主格结构的基本形式和功能
独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。
基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。
1． 名词/代词+ 现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.
So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
注：“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。
2． 名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
7 独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由名词或代词，加上一个分词、形容词、副词、介词短语或不定式构成的。该结构意思完整，但不能单独使用，可以在句中作状语，用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等，一般都有逗号与主句分开。该结构中，being或having been有时可以省去，但在there be句型中或逻辑主语是代词时一般不省。
一、时间：
The moon appearing, they went out for a walk. 月亮出来了，他们到外面去散步。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议结束，他们都回家了。
Hello said, he reached out his hand. 打过招呼，他就把手伸了出来。
The test finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
Goodbye said, the little boy as well as his classmates left school and went
home happily. 告辞之后，小男孩和他的同学一起高高兴兴地回家了。
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good
plan. 决定已经做出，下个问题就是怎样制订好的计划。
Their work done, the workers left the factory. 活干完之后，工人们离开了工厂。
The meeting over, the officials came out. 会议结束之后，官员们出来了。
The speech having been delivered，a lively discussion started．演讲结束后，就开始了热烈的讨论。
独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.
有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系）
= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.
He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。（seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he，注意是“主格”）
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.
The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行去学校。（lost 的逻辑主语是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been
lost）
= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.
