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俄罗斯联邦大众传媒法1991年12月27日颁布N2124-1（1995年1月13日、6月6日、7月19日、12月27日；1998年3月2日；2000年6月20日、8月5日修改）第一章总则1、俄罗斯联邦保护大众新闻的自由。
查寻、获取、制造、传播大众新闻，创办、使用和控制大众传媒，制造、获取、保存和使用生产大众传媒产品的技术设备和材料，除俄联邦大众传媒法有特殊规定外，不受限制。
2、大众传媒基本概念：用于大众传播的印刷、音像材料及其它消息；定期印刷出版物、视听、电影档案资料及其它形式的定期传播的大众新闻；定期印刷出版物指报纸、杂志、期刊、电讯稿及其它有固定名称、期号且每年至少出版一次的出版物；视听、音像电影资料指有固定名称、每年至少出版一次的定期音像消息和材料；大众传媒产品指全部或部分发行的定期印刷出版物、发行的视听、电影档案材料、发行的音像制品；大众传媒产品的传播指出售（征订、送达、散发）定期印刷出版物、音像制品，广播电视直播、电影档案资料展示；特殊大众传媒指依本法特殊规定进行登记并出版产品的大众传媒；大众传媒编辑部指进行大众传媒生产和传组织、机构、公民企业或集团；总编辑指能对生产和出版大众传媒做出最后决定的编辑部领导人员（不拘职务名称）；记者指为已登记的大众传媒进行新闻和材料编辑、创作、收集、准备工作的人员，他们与该传媒机构签有劳动或其它合同关系，并据此进行活动，履行职能；出版者指出版社、其它为大众传媒产品生产提供资料技术保障的机构、企业，以及不以传媒活动作为主要收入来源，但相当于出版商的法人或公民；传播指根据与编辑部、出版商签订的协议或其它法律文件来传播大众传媒产品。
3、禁止新闻检查领导、国家机关、组织、机构或社会团体不得需求大众传媒机构就播发的消息和材料与之事先进行协商（领导是作者或被采访人的情况除外），不得禁止播放全部或部分消息和材料。
俄国PESTG分析物理与光电工程学院物科1101 201122018 陈可俄国政治P俄罗斯联邦实行的是联邦民主制。
以俄罗斯联邦宪法和法律为基础，根据立法、司法、行政三权分立又相互制约、相互平衡的原则行使职能。
总统是国家元首，任期6年，2008年修宪前为4年，由人民直选产生。
总统拥有相当大的行政权力，有权任命包括了总理在内的高级官员，但必须经议会批准。
总统同时也是武装部队的首领以及国家安全会议的主席。
并可以不经议会通过直接颁布法令。
总统不可以连任超过2届。
根据宪法，俄罗斯联邦会议是俄罗斯联邦的代表与立法机关。
联邦议会采用两院制下议院称国家杜马（代表联邦各主体），上议院称联邦委员会（代表联邦）。
联邦委员会（上议院）由俄罗斯联邦诸联邦主体各派两名代表组成：一名来自国家代表权力机关，一名来自国家执行权力机关，主要的职能是批准联邦法律、联邦主体边界变更、总统关于战争状态和紧急状态的命令，决定境外驻军、总统选举及弹劾，中央同地方的关系问题等。
国家杜马（下议院）的职权是同意总统对总理的任命；决定对总统的信任问题；任免审计院主席及半数检查员；实行大赦；提出罢免俄罗斯联邦总统的指控；通过联邦法律。
俄罗斯最早期的政权是维京人在公元9世纪建立的基辅罗斯公国，是一个由862年至12世纪中叶，以基辅为首都，东斯拉夫人为主体的早期国家。
中世纪后期俄罗斯建立了莫斯科大公国并逐渐发展成为一个帝国，并从15世纪起开始向亚洲扩张。
在历代沙皇的领导下，俄罗斯帝国在18世纪开始现代化并到处扩张，成为欧洲列强之一，然而20世纪初开始，俄国的实力开始下降，人民也对现状日渐不满。
随着第一次世界大战中俄国在军事上的惨败以及之后的内战，十月革命终于在1917年爆发。
之后不久，共产党在列宁的领导下取得政权，苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟亦就此成立。
在斯大林的领导下，苏联由一个农业国迅速工业化，并且实行农业集体化，在统治期间亦有较大量人口的非正常死亡。
第二次世界大战战胜纳粹德国后，发展成为冷战中的红色超级大国，到了1980年代晚期，苏联进行了多项激进的改革。
国际机构或媒体的英文缩写国际机构或媒体的英文缩写.txt如果你看到面前的阴影，别怕，那是因为你的背后有阳光！我允许你走进我的世界，但绝不允许你在我的世界里走来走去。
国际机构类G 8 Summit Summit Group of Eight Summit 八国集团首脑会议G20 Group of Twenty 20国集团G24 Group of Twenty Four 24国集团IIADB Inter-American Development Bank 美洲开发银行/泛美开发银行IATA International Air Transport Association 国际航空运输协会IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行/世界银行ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization 国际民航组织ICC The International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会ICO International Coffee Organization 国际咖啡组织ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes 国际投资争端解决中心IDA International Development Association 国际开发协会IDB Inter-American Development Bank 美洲开发银行IDB Islamic Development Bank 伊斯兰开发银行IEA International Energy Agency 国际能源机构IEC International Electro Technical Commission 国际电工委员会IFA International Franchise Association 国际特许经营加盟协会IFAC International Federation of Accountants 国际会计师联合会IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development 国际农业发展基金IFC International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司IGC International Grains Council 国际谷物理事会ILO International Labor Organization 国际劳工组织IMF International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织IMC International Maritime Committee 国际海事委员会IMO International Maritime Organization 国际海事组织INBAR International Network for Bamboo and Rattan 国际竹藤组织INRO International Natural Rubber Organization 国际天然橡胶组织IOE Office International Des Epizooties 国际兽疫组织IOOC International Olive Oil Council 国际橄榄油理事会ISDB Islamic Development Bank 伊斯兰开发银行ISF International Shipping Federation 国际海运联合会ISO International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织ISO International Sugar Organization 国际糖组织ITC International Trade Centre 国际贸易中心ITCB International Textiles and Clothing Bureau 国际纺织品与服装局ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟ACP Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific Region Countries 非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团ADB Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行ADB African Development Bank 非洲开发银行APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟公约AU African Union 非洲联盟BBFA Boao Forum for Asia 博鳌亚洲论坛BIE Bureau of International Expositions 国际展览局BIS Bank for International Settlements 国际清算银行CCAC Codex Alimentarius Commission 食品法典委员会CDB Caribbean Development Bank 加勒比开发银行CFC Common Fund for Commodities 商品共同基金CSD Commission on Sustainable Development 联合国可持续发展委员会EEBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 欧洲复兴发展银行ECLAC UN Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean 联合国拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会ECOSOC UN Economic and Social Council 联合国经济和社会理事会ESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会ESCWA UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia 联合国西亚经济社会委员会EU European Union 欧洲联盟报社与媒体VOA：美国之音 voice of AmericaCRI：china radio internationalBBC：bratran broadcast company 英国电台CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司PBS 美国公共广播电视公司ABC 澳大利亚广播公司界各国主要通讯社美联社：AP (Associated Press)路透社：Reuters法新社：AFP (Agence France Press)塔斯社：TASS - ITAR-TASS News Agency (The Information Telegraph Agency of Russia)安莎社 ANSA （Italia）埃菲社：EFE （La Agencia EFE，S.A. Span)德新社：DPA（Deutsche Presse Agentur）巴通社：Associated Press of Pakistan合众国际社：UPI (United Press International)韩国广播公司：KBS (Korea Broadcasting System)日本《东京新闻》：Tokyo Shimbun of Japan半岛电视：Al Jazeera世界主要通讯社缩略语 World News Agency Acronyms缩略语/原名全称/中文译名/国别AAP /American Associated Press /美洲报联社 /美国AAP /Australian Associated Press /澳大利亚联合新闻社 /澳大利亚ATP /Agence Telegraphique Pars /波斯通讯社 /伊朗AFP /Agence Francaise de Presse /法新社 /法国LATIN /Agencia Informativa Latino Americana /拉丁社 /阿根廷AGERPRES /Agentia Romina de Press /罗通社 /罗马尼亚AIM /Agencia Information Mozambique /印度东北通讯社 /印度ANSA /Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata /安莎通讯社 /意大利ATR /Antara News Agency /安塔拉通讯社 /印度尼西亚AP /Associated Press /美联社 /美国APP /Associated Press of Pakistan /巴联社 /巴基斯坦BNY /Belga News Agency /比利时通讯社 /比利时BERNAMA /Berita National Malaysia /马来西亚国家通讯社 /马来西亚CTK /Ceskoslovenska Tiskova Kancelar /捷克通讯社 /捷克CP /Canada Press /加拿大通讯社 /加拿大 /DPADeutsche Presse Agentur /德新社 /德国 /IISIndian Information Service /印新处 /印度IRNA /Islamic Republic News Agency /伊斯兰共和新闻社 /伊朗JNA /Jiji News Agency /时事通讯社 /日本KCNA /Korean Central News Agency /朝中社 /朝鲜KNS /Kyodo News Service/Kyodo Tsysgubsga /共同社 /日本MEN /Middle East News Agency /中东通讯社 /埃及NZPA /New Zealand Press Association /新西兰报联社 /新西兰PAPA /Pan African Press Association /泛非新闻社 /尼日利亚PAP /Polska Agencja Prasowa /波兰通讯社 /波兰PETRA /Jordan News Agency /约旦通讯社 /约旦PTI /Press Trust of India /印报托 /印度Reuter /Reuter's News Agency /路透社 /英国SANA /Syrian Arab News Agency /叙利亚阿拉伯通讯社 /叙利亚TASS /Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union /塔斯社 /俄罗斯UPI /United Press International /合众国际社 /美国USIS /US Information Service /美新处 /美国VNA /Vietnam News Agency /越南通讯社 /越南。
海外新闻界!"#$%"#&!"#$%&’()*$+,(+-俄罗斯媒体资本运作与政府角色!吴非胡逢瑛体是国家利益最集中体现的产业，由于俄罗斯政策松绑促进了媒介市场的自由化与私有化，媒介环境中百花齐放并且竞争激烈，俄罗斯媒体曾在!""#年至!""$年的六年间尝试与西方迅速接轨。
#%%%年普京执政之后，媒介环境在政府意识抬头之下重新回到媒体国家化与政党化为主干的经营发展模式，形成了一种国公商分立合营共存的媒介环境，政府是国有国营电视公司的所有者，电视公共化是发展发向，国企控股的商业电视台是对政府媒体有益的补充，意即俄罗斯媒体正式向“国有公共服务制”转型&!所谓的“国有公共服务制”就是指媒体产业经营基本上由联邦政府所有或控股，其主要目的在于保留媒体维护国家形象与安全的政治上宣传功能，同时媒体产业还要兼有经济效益，这明显与叶利钦时代制定的“媒体法”所主张的传播自由基本方向相违背。
现在，俄罗斯政府全面支持在媒体内部进行有效的整顿：第一阶段，政府整顿媒体的手段主要是以媒体的新闻报道是否违反国家安全为准则，其次，媒体内部的帐务是否有向国外输出资本的嫌疑，这只是非常简单的逻辑，媒体绝对不能成为国外资本进出的间接渠道，媒体绝对不是完全的市场资本运作的场所，现在这两种治理媒体的方法只是政府的权宜之计。
"俄罗斯政府对媒体的补助俄罗斯政府在国内不平等经济条件以及不完全市场竞争的环境中，经常扮演的是媒体资本运作宏观调控者的角色。
俄政府首先会从制定符合国有企业参与媒体发展的政策上着手，以调整国有媒体所处的竞争位置，减少媒体市场的商业性质，以及增加国有媒体的资本补助。
因此，俄罗斯商业媒体与国有媒体仍是处于不平等竞争的水平。
俄罗斯媒体在面临市场缺乏促进因素的情况之下，政府会为了提高媒体机构整体经济运作的效益而采取如下的措施：加强国家政府对于媒体补助经费开支的调控，例如针对有决定意义的制作摄影棚所拍摄的节目，增加政府采购预算、过渡性的政府预算以及具有刺激节目播出的预算支出，或是施行慢性破产策略，它指的是在私人电视台的竞争条件逐渐恶劣时，政府便会增加电视台对于政府财政支持的依赖性，然后再由国营企业进行资产收购，使其成为亲政府的媒体。
国外规章制度的分类用英文IntroductionRegulations and systems are essential components of any society, serving as the framework for organized behavior and governance. In the global context, different countries have developed their own sets of regulations and systems to govern various aspects of life, including politics, economy, education, and culture. Understanding the classification of overseas regulations and systems is crucial for fostering international cooperation and promoting mutual understanding among nations. In this paper, we will explore the classification of overseas regulations and systems, with a focus on the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Germany.I. Classification of Regulations and SystemsRegulations and systems can be classified into different categories based on their scope, function, and enforcement. Some common categories include legal systems, political systems, economic systems, and social systems. Each category encompasses a wide range of regulations and systems that govern different aspects of society. In this section, we will provide an overview of the classification of overseas regulations and systems in four countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Germany.A. Legal SystemsLegal systems play a crucial role in regulating behavior and resolving disputes in society. They encompass a set of rules and regulations that govern interactions between individuals, organizations, and the government. Legal systems can be classified into different categories based on their origins, structures, and functions. In the United States, the legal system is based on the common law tradition, with a dual court system comprising federal and state courts. The legal system in the United Kingdom is also based on the common law tradition, with a hierarchy of courts that interpret and apply laws enacted by Parliament. In China, the legal system is based on the civil law tradition, with a single-tier court system that operates under the leadership of the Communist Party. In Germany, the legal system is based on the civil law tradition, with a dual court system comprising federal and state courts.B. Political SystemsPolitical systems determine the structure of government and the distribution of power in society. They encompass a set of institutions and processes that govern the behavior of political actors and shape public policy. Political systems can be classified into different categories based on their structures, ideologies, and functions. In the United States, the political system is based on the principles of federalism and separation of powers, with a bicameral legislature, an executive branch headed by the President, and an independent judiciary. The political system in the United Kingdom is based on the principles of parliamentary sovereignty and constitutional monarchy, with a unicameral legislature, a hereditary monarch, and a decentralized judiciary. In China, the political system is based onthe principles of one-party rule and socialist democracy, with a unicameral legislature, a collective leadership headed by the Communist Party, and a judiciary that is subordinate to the Party. In Germany, the political system is based on the principles of federalism and proportional representation, with a bicameral legislature, a parliamentary system headed by the Chancellor, and an independent judiciary.C. Economic SystemsEconomic systems determine the organization of production, distribution, and consumption in society. They encompass a set of institutions and policies that govern economic activities and shape economic outcomes. Economic systems can be classified into different categories based on their ownership structures, market mechanisms, and regulatory frameworks. In the United States, the economic system is characterized by a mix of private and public ownership, with a market economy that is regulated by the government. The economic system in the United Kingdom is also characterized by a mix of private and public ownership, with a market economy that is regulated by the government. In China, the economic system is characterized by state ownership and central planning, with a socialist market economy that is guided by the government. In Germany, the economic system is characterized by a mix of private and public ownership, with a social market economy that is regulated by the government.D. Social SystemsSocial systems determine the organization of social relations and the distribution of resources in society. They encompass a set of institutions and norms that govern social behavior and shape social outcomes. Social systems can be classified into different categories based on their structures, values, and functions. In the United States, the social system is characterized by individualism and diversity, with a mix of public and private institutions that provide social services and support. The social system in the United Kingdom is also characterized by individualism and diversity, with a mix of public and private institutions that provide social services and support. In China, the social system is characterized by collectivism and uniformity, with public institutions that provide social services and support. In Germany, the social system is characterized by solidarity and equality, with public institutions that provide social services and support.II. Comparisons and ContrastsWhile regulations and systems in different countries may vary in scope and function, they share common goals of promoting order, justice, and welfare in society. By comparing and contrasting overseas regulations and systems, we can gain insights into the diversity of legal, political, economic, and social structures across nations. In this section, we will compare and contrast regulations and systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Germany.A. Legal SystemsThe legal systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Germany differ in their origins, structures, and functions. The legal system in the United States is based on the common law tradition, with a strong emphasis on judicial precedent and individual rights. The legal system in the United Kingdom is also based on the common law tradition but is more influenced by statutory law enacted by Parliament. The legal system in China is based on the civil law tradition, with a focus on codified laws and administrative regulations. The legal system in Germany is also based on the civil law tradition but is characterized by a strong emphasis on constitutional rights and judicial review.B. Political SystemsThe political systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Germany differ in their structures, ideologies, and functions. The political system in the United States is characterized by a federalist system of government, with a separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The political system in the United Kingdom is characterized by a unitary system of government, with a fusion of powers between the legislative and executive branches. The political system in China is characterized by a one-party system of government, with a concentration of power in the hands of the Communist Party. The political system in Germany is characterized by a federalist system of government, with a parliamentary system that is led by the Chancellor.C. Economic SystemsThe economic systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Germany differ in their ownership structures, market mechanisms, and regulatory frameworks. The economic system in the United States is characterized by a mix of private and public ownership, with a competitive market economy that is regulated by the government. The economic system in the United Kingdom is also characterized by a mix of private and public ownership, with a market economy that is regulated by the government. The economic system in China is characterized by state ownership and central planning, with a socialist market economy that is guided by the government. The economic system in Germany is characterized by a mix of private and public ownership, with a social market economy that is regulated by the government.D. Social SystemsThe social systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Germany differ in their structures, values, and functions. The social system in the United States is characterized by individualism and diversity, with a mix of public and private institutions that provide social services and support. The social system in the United Kingdom is also characterized by individualism and diversity, with a mix of public and private institutions that provide social services and support. The social system in China is characterized by collectivism and uniformity, with public institutions that provide social services and support. The social system in Germany is characterized by solidarity and equality, with public institutions that provide social services and support.III. ConclusionIn conclusion, the classification of overseas regulations and systems provides a framework for understanding the diversity of legal, political, economic, and social structures across nations. By comparing and contrasting regulations and systems in different countries, we can gain insights into the complexities of governance, economic development, and social welfare. As societies become increasingly interconnected in the globalized world, it is essential to recognize the variations in regulations and systems that shape our lives and interactions. By promoting mutual understanding and cooperation among nations, we can build a more inclusive and sustainable future for all.。
1、俄通社-塔斯社（ИТАР-ТАСС）网址为：/2、俄罗斯新闻通讯社（РИА-Новости）网址为：http://www.rian.ru/3、国际文传电讯社（Интерфакс）网址为：http://www.interfax.ru/报纸：《俄罗斯报》(《Россискаягазета》) 网址为：http://www.rg.ru/《独立报》（《Независимая газета》）http://news.ng.ru/《消息报》（《Известия》）http://www.izvestia.ru/《生意人报》（《Коммерсант》）http://www.kommersant.ru/《莫斯科共青团员报》（《Московский комсомолец》）http://www.kommersant.ru/俄罗斯门户网站www.yandex.ru俄罗斯媒体官方网站www.smi.ru俄罗斯武器装备网http://warfare.ru/主要是介绍各种武器的性能，比较具体，还可以在线购买书籍~俄罗斯军网/有各军种的照片、壁纸、视频和论坛俄罗斯空军www.airforce.ru俄罗斯海军www.navy.ru俄罗斯国防部.ru苏霍伊官网/俄罗斯最大航空控股公司，最大的飞机出口供应商伦塔网军事频道http://www.lenta.ru/mil/Rambler Media Group漫步者传媒集团出版物俄罗斯军事博客/英文的俄罗斯军事论坛http://www.livinghistory.ru/打不开二战历史/http://www.km.ru/俄塔社7月29日日本国防部长要求中国解释建造航母的目的希望北京“将加强在军事领域的透明度，并提供必要的信息，包括拥有航空母舰和预定部署地区的目的。
”这些问题，“不仅在日本，而且在其他国家，以及在整个国际社会的关注。
”【俄罗斯《观点报》7月3日报道】俄打算通过国防产品出口公司出售BMP-2改进型步战车。
