英文科技学术论文Introduction写法

SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作第一篇：SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作SCI论文引言部分Introduction的写作引言Introduction 是SCI论文最难写的部分之一，很多文章的缺陷就在于Introduction没有内涵，过于简单，没有真正体现论文的研究起初和创新要素，然而，一篇好的SCI论文对于Introduction的要求是非常高的，一个好的引言相当于文章成功了一半。

所以大家应该在 Introduction的撰写上下功夫。

要写好 Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是紧密结的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。

SCI论文引言部分Introduction 主要包括如下四个方面的内容：1、阐述自己研究领域的基本内容。

要尽量简洁明了，不罗嗦;须知看文章者都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。

2、文献总结回顾。

是引言的重头戏之一，要特别着重笔墨来描写。

一方面要把该领域内过去和现在的状况全面概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用(这是两个最容易出问题的地方，要极力避免;一旦审稿人指出这两个毛病，很可能意味着表明你做的不够深入或全面，负面作用非常明显)。

另一方面，文献引用和数据提供一定要准确，切记避免片面摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果;引用的数据也要正确，特别是间接引用的数据(即不是从原文献中查到，而是从别人文献中发现的另一篇文献的数据);数据出错会导致文章的印象特差!此外，引用文献时注意防止造成抄袭的印象，即不要原文抄录，要用自己的话进行总结描述。

如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话，原文照抄的结果一定会很糟糕。

3、分析过去研究的局限性并阐明自己研究的创新点。

这是整个引言的高潮，因而要慎之又慎。

阐述局限性时，需要客观公正评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上(这也是文章易犯的毛病)，研究者一定要遵循实事求是的原则来分析。

科学引文索引（SCI）论文的引言（Introduction）怎么写大部分回答都说错了，或者他们根本没有写过够多的文章，正确的introduction，必须为文章的result和discussion部分服务，不能为了综述而综述。

正确的文章的写作顺序应该是，先写experiment和result，这些是你拥有的fact。

比如合成了什么材料，做了什么表征，已经这个材料的性能测试等等。

这是文章核心的价值和必须要清晰的传达的science。

然后基于这些fact去写discussion，主要是结合文献讨论这些fact，讲出文章的亮点。

如果合成本身是亮点，那discussion部分去讲述表征结果证明了材料是其中一种结构，文献用类似合成方法得到过类似结构，但是我们改良的方法可控性更好，或者类似结构之前都用其他方法合成，而我们用了成本更低的新方法等等。

如果性能是亮点，那discussion就去写，我们合成的材料比传统材料在方面性能提升了XX倍，然后结合文献或者用其他实验讨论一下造成性能提升的原因。

这时候才到写introduction的时候，introduction必须要对照着discussion的逻辑去写。

比如discussion说合成材料的方法是亮点，那introduction写该材料被用于ABCD等等领域，很屌，现在主流合成方法，但该方法存在1234条不足，我们的新合成方法可以用于解决这些不足，然后概述一下文章内容就ok了。

同理，如果性能是亮点，那introduction应该是，反应或者应用很屌，很多公司甚至很多国家都很重视该应用，现有用于该应用的材料为，性能为如何如何，同时有1234条不足，我们对该材料进行改良，性能提升了XX倍，同时解决了现有材料的不足。

如果不这么写，只是把introduction当做泛泛的短review，文章很容易逻辑很别扭，经常会出现introduction说方法存在问题，然后文章内容是应用该方法去做研究，而不去解决问题。

一．典型句式1.… be used to … , such as …2.… refer to … in which …3.One distinct feature of … is …4.In a broader sense, … can be regarded as … that can …5.This paper is most concerned with …6.Emphasis is placed on the design of …7.With the ubiquity of new information technology and media, more effective and friendly methods for … are being developed which do not rely on traditional devices such as …8.Furthermore, the ever decreasing price/performance ratio of ... coupled with recent decreases in... imply that ... can be ...9. The rapidly expanding research in ... is based on ...10. In the last ... years, ... have attracted much attention though they have been studied for more than ... years by ...11. Many research demonstrations and commercial applications have been developed from these efforts.12. A first step of any ... is ... . However, ...13. We now give a definition of ... : ...14. The challenges associated with ... can be attributed to the following factors:15. There are many closely related problems of ...16. ... aims to ...17. The goal of ... is to... , such as ...18. The purpose of ... is to ... , while ...19. It is worth mentioning that many papers use the term “... ,” but the methods and the experimental results only show that ... Is...20. In this paper, we differentiate ... from ... since the latter is a simplified problem of the former. Meanwhile, we focus on ... methods rather than ...21. While numerous methods have been proposed to ... in ..., we areunaware of any surveys on this particular topic. A survey of early ... methods before ... was written by...21.... wrote a more recent survey on ...22.Among ... methods, the ones based on ... have attracted much attention recently and have demonstrated excellent results. Since these ... methods rely heavily on the training sets, we also discuss several ... for this task. 22. A related and important problem is how to evaluate the performanceof the proposed ... methods.23.Many recent ... papers compare the performance of several methods, usually in terms of ...24.It is also worth noticing that many ... have been adopted to evaluate ..., such as ...25.Evaluation becomes more difficult when researchers use different definitions for ...26. In this paper, ... is defined as ... between... and ...27. Consequently, ... is one of the few attempts to ...28. It is also one of the few classes of objects for which ... and, so, some of the ... may be applicable to a much broader class of ... problems.29. To be effective, either ...must ... or ...30. With an aim to give a comprehensive and critical survey of ... methods, this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we give a detailed review of techniques to ...31. ... are discussed in Section 3.32. We conclude this paper with a discussion of several promising directions for... in Section 4.133. The basic ideas of ... theory and its extensions as well as many interesting applications can be found in ... ,issues of the Transactions on ... , special issues of other journals (see, e.g. ... ), proceedings of international conferences... , tutorials (see, e.g., [110]).34. For more information one can also visit web pages ... and ...34.The basic notions of ... and ... were introduced during ...35.In this paper, the basic concepts of ... theory are presented. We also point out some research directions and applications based on ...36. In articles [...,...], we discuss in more detail two selected topics, namely, extensions of ... approach and the combination of ... and ...二、常用连接词However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore...。

大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓 Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。

这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。

好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。

Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。

先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。

因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。

第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。

研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。

The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understan ding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。

这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。

在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。

… however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated p reviously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。

SCI科技论文Introduction四步法写作技巧SCI论文的Introduction应该回答"为什么"的问题：你为什么选择该主题进行研究；为什么它很重要；为什么你采用了特定的方法或途径；等等。

你也可以将Introduction看作是指出本领域内的gap的部分（你的result和discussion需要填补这个gap）; Introduction也可以用来在广泛的研究领域中定义和主张自己的领域（立“山头”）。

Introduction的另一项工作是提供一些背景信息并设定背景。

您可以通过描述您考虑的研究问题或提出的研究问题（在论文的主体部分，您将提供问题的解决方案或问题的答案），并简要回顾过去尝试过的任何其他解决方案或方法来完成这项工作。

学位论文通常有一个单独的、标题为"文献综述"的章节，但研究论文没有这样的部分；但是，Introduction中包含了简要的综述。

既然你已经给出并设定了背景，那么Introduction的最后一部分既应该明确论文中描述的实验方法或分析研究的目标，也应该包括具体的细节或论文后面要回答的具体问题。

Introduction一般包含三个段落，约占一般研究论文正文总字数的10%，采用“倒金字塔式”写法。

四步法写Introduction1. 提供背景资料，设置背景Introduction的这一初始部分为读者准备了后面更详细、更具体的信息。

前几句一般都是概括性的。

以下是一些例子：一篇关于土壤中有机物的论文可以这样开头："可持续的作物生产是土壤的物理、化学和生物特性的函数，而这些特性又明显地受到土壤中有机物的影响。

”一篇讨论细菌在治疗癌症方面可能发挥的有益作用的论文，可以这样开头。

"细菌作为抗癌剂的作用早在一百年前就被认识到了。

”一篇关于锂电池的论文可以用以下句子来介绍研究内容：“锂离子电池的快速增长及其新的用途，如为电动汽车提供动力和为电网供应储存电能，这就要求有更可靠的方法来了解和预测电池的性能和寿命。

朱嵘良, S121074一．典型句式1.… be used to … , such as …2.… refer to … in which …3.One distinct feature of … is …4.In a broader sense, … can be regarded as … that can …5.This paper is most concerned with …6.Emphasis is placed on the design of …7.With the ubiquity of new information technology and media, more effective and friendly methods for … are being developed which do not rely on traditional devices such as …8.Furthermore, the ever decreasing price/performance ratio of ... coupled with recent decreases in... imply that ... can be ...9. The rapidly expanding research in ... is based on ...10. In the last ... years, ... have attracted much attention though they have been studied for more than ... years by ...11. Many research demonstrations and commercial applications have been developed from these efforts.12. A first step of any ... is ... . However, ...13. We now give a definition of ... : ...14. The challenges associated with ... can be attributed to the following factors:15. There are many closely related problems of ...16. ... aims to ...17. The goal of ... is to... , such as ...18. The purpose of ... is to ... , while ...19. It is worth mentioning that many papers use the term “... ,” but the methods and the experimental results only show that ... Is...20. In this paper, we differentiate ... from ... since the latter is a simplified problem of the former. Meanwhile, we focus on ... methods rather than ...21. While numerous methods have been proposed to ... in ..., we are unaware of any surveys on this particular topic. A survey of early ... methods before ... was written by...21.... wrote a more recent survey on ...22.Among ... methods, the ones based on ... have attracted much attention recently and have demonstrated excellent results. Since these ... methods rely heavily on the training sets, we also discuss several ... for this task. 22. A related and important problem is how to evaluate the performanceof the proposed ... methods.23.Many recent ... papers compare the performance of several methods, usually in terms of ...24.It is also worth noticing that many ... have been adopted to evaluate ..., such as ...25.Evaluation becomes more difficult when researchers use different definitions for ...26. In this paper, ... is defined as ... between... and ...27. Consequently, ... is one of the few attempts to ...28. It is also one of the few classes of objects for which ... and, so, some of the ... may be applicable to a much broader class of ... problems.29. To be effective, either ...must ... or ...30. With an aim to give a comprehensive and critical survey of ... methods, this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we give a detailed review of techniques to ...31. ... are discussed in Section 3.32. We conclude this paper with a discussion of several promising directions for... in Section 4.133. The basic ideas of ... theory and its extensions as well as many interesting applications can be found in ... ,issues of the Transactions on ... , special issues of other journals (see, e.g. ... ), proceedings of international conferences... , tutorials (see, e.g., [110]).34. For more information one can also visit web pages ... and ...34.The basic notions of ... and ... were introduced during ...35.In this paper, the basic concepts of ... theory are presented. We also point out some research directions and applications based on ...36. In articles [...,...], we discuss in more detail two selected topics, namely, extensions of ... approach and the combination of ... and ...二、常用连接词However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with, other results, thus, therefore...。

科技论文写作整理系列(4)——Introductionabuck此部分分为―内容－要点－写法－举例‖四部分。

1.内容1-1–重要性；–前人工作的客观评述（解决了哪些问题）；–尚待解决的问题（就是本文要解决的问题）；–本文采用的的基本方法和假设（限制）；•必需不含糊地说明–主体中各部分的构成（文章较长时用）。

–不要说前人不好。

1-2• What is the problem?Describe the problem you investigated• Why is it important?What conflict or unanswered question does your experiment address? What findings of others are you challenging or extending?• What did we know about it before doing the study?Summarize relevant research to provide background knowledge• How will this study advance our knowledge?• Starting with a clear statement of the purpose and reasons of the study, then giving a concise and appropriate background discussion of the problem, ending witha mention of the study’s signifi cance and its relevance to the field as a whole• Be selective: not exhaustive in choosing studies to cite and amount of detail to include• The more relevant an article is to your study, the more space it deserves and the later in the Introduction it appears1-3• Briefly review the literature that is relevant for your manuscript (use your Discussion as a guideline)• Do not just write this Introduction for half a dozen colleagues working in exactly the same field, but…• write for a range of interested scientists• Finish with the aims of your work and present a clear hypothesis• Briefly review the literature• Address a wider audience than those working in exactly the same field• Give the aims of your research and a good hypothesis• A goo d hypothesis is one that can be tested, but it does not need to be ―correct‖• Explain why you did your research• The fact that nobody has done it before is not a good reason• Your study may follow logically from previous work• Your project may have been inspired by a practical problem1-4工作目的对工作目的的评价：该工作为什么很重要？工作背景：谁做了什么工作？做得怎么样？以前我们做了哪些工作？导读：读者应该注意该文章的哪些方面？有意义的要点有哪些？结论：读者期望什么样的结论呢？在提纲的前几个版本中，你应该包括实验过程中涉及到的所有内容（在这一点上，就像是段落的副标题）1-5引言在内容上应包括：为什么要进行这项研究？立题的理论或实践依据是什么？拟创新点何在？理论与（或）实践意义是什么？告诉读者你为什么要进行这项研究是引言的主要内容和目的，这其中也包括说明这项研究的理论和（或）实践意义。

科研类型英语作文模板英文回答：1. Introduction。

In the realm of academic research, the articulation of a compelling research question is paramount to the pursuit of knowledge and the advancement of scientific endeavors. A well-crafted research question serves as the cornerstone of any research project, providing a clear and concise framework for inquiry and guiding the subsequent steps of the research process. To formulate an effective research question, it is essential to delve into the existing body of knowledge, identify gaps or inconsistencies, and formulate a specific and testable question that addresses these shortcomings.2. Literature Review。

A thorough literature review is indispensable forsituating your research within the broader context of the field and establishing the significance of your inquiry. Critically examining existing research enables you to identify areas where knowledge is lacking, refine your research question, and develop a sound theoretical foundation for your study. By synthesizing the findings of previous studies, you can pinpoint areas where further investigation is warranted and contribute to the cumulative body of knowledge in your field.3. Research Design。