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Conservatives and LiberalsRalph Waldo Emerson The two parties which divide the state, the party of Conservative and that of innovation, are very old, and have disputed the possession of the world ever since it was made. This quarrel is the subject of civil history. The conservative party established the reverend hierarchies and monarchies of the most ancient world. The battle of patrician and plebian, of parent state and colony, of old usage and accommodation to new facts, of the rich and , of the poor, reappears in all countries and times. The war rages not only in battlefields, in national councils, and ecclesiastical synods, but agitates every man’s bosom with opposing advantages every hour. On rolls the old world meantime, and now one, now the other gets the day, and still the fight renews itself as if for the first time, under new names and hot personalities.Such an irreconcilable antagonism, of course, must have a correspondent depth of seat in the human constitution. It is the opposition of Past and Future, of Memory and Hope, of the Understanding and Reason. It is the primal antagonism, the appearance in trifles of the two poles of nature.There is a fragment of old fable which seems somehow to have been dropped from the current mythologies, which may deserve attention, as it appears to relate to this subject.Saturn grew weary of sitting alone, or with none but the great Uranus or Heaven beholding him, and he created an oyster. Then he would act again, but he made nothing more, but went on creating the race of oysters. Then Uranus cried, “a new work, O Saturn! The old is not good again.”Saturn replied, “I fear. There is not only the alternative of making and not making, but also of unmaking. Seest thou the great sea, how it ebbs and flows? So is it with me; my power ebbs; and if I put forth my hands, I shall not do, but undo. Therefore I do what I have done; I hold what I have got; and so I resist Night and Chaos.”“O Saturn,” replied Uranus. “Thou canst not hold thine own, but by making more. Thy oysters are barnacles and cockles, and with the next flowing of the tide, they will be pebble and sea foam.”“I see,”rejoins Saturn, “thou art in league with Night, thou art become an evil eye: thou spakest from love; now thy words smite me with hatred. I appeal to Fate, must there not be rest?”---“I appeal to Fate also,” said Uranus, “must there not be motion?”--- But Saturn was silent and went on making oysters for a thousand years.After that the word of Uranus came into his mind like a ray of the sun, and he made Jupiter; and then he feared again; and nature froze, the things that were made went backward, and to save the world, Jupiter slew his father Saturn.This may stand for the earliest account of a conversation on politicsbetween a Conservative and a Radical, which has come down to us. It is ever thus. It is the counteraction of the centripetal and the centrifugal forces. Innovation is the salient energy; Conservatism the pause on the last movement. “That which is was made by God,” saith Conservatism. “He is leaving that, he is entering this other,” rejoins Innovation.There is always a certain meanness in the argument of conservatism, joined with a certain superiority in its fact. It affirms because it holds. Its fingers clutch the fact, and it will not open its eyes to see a better fact. The castle, which conservatism set to defend, is the actual state of things. Of course, conservatism always has the worst of the argument, is always apologizing, pleading a necessity, pleading that to change would be to deteriorate; it must saddle itself with the mountainous load of all the violence and vice of society, must deny the possibility of good, deny ideas, and suspect and stone the prophet; whilst innovation is always in the right, triumphant, attacking, and sure of final success. Conservatism stands on man’s incontestable limitations; reform on his indisputable infinitude; conservatism on circumstance; liberalism on power; one goes to make an adroit member of the social frame; the other to postpone all things to the man himself; conservatism is debonair and social; reform is individual and imperious. We are reformers in the spring and summer, in autumn and winter we stand by the old; reformers in the morning, conservers at night. Reform is affirmative, conservatism negative;conservatism goes for comfort, reform for truth. Conservatism is more candid to behold another’s worth; reform more disposed to maintain and increase its own. Conservatism makes no poetry, breathes no prayer, has no invention; it is all memory. Reform has no gratitude, no prudence, no husbandry. It makes a great difference to your figure and to your thought, whether your foot is advancing or receding. Conservatism never puts the foot forward; in the hour when it does that, it is not establishment, but reform. Conservatism tends to universal seeming and treachery, believes in a negative fate; believes that men’s temper governs them; that for me, it avails not to trust in principles; they will fail me; I must bend a little; it distrusts nature; it thinks there is a general law without a particular application, law for all that does not include any one. Reform in its antagonism inclines to asinine resistance, to kick with hoofs; it runs to egotism and bloated self-conceit; it runs to a bodiless pretension, to unnatural refining and elevation, which ends in hypocrisy and sensual reaction.And so whilst we do not go beyond general statements, it may be safely affirmed of these two metaphysical antagonists, that each is a good half, but an impossible whole. Each exposes the abuses of the other, but in a true society, in a true man, both must combine. Nature does not give the crown of its approbation, namely, beauty, to any action or emblem or actor but to one which combines both these elements; not to the rockwhich resists the waves from age to age, not to the wave which lashes incessantly the rock, but the superior beauty is with the oak which stands with its hundred arms against the storms of a century and grows every year like a sapling; or the river which ever flowing, yet is found in the same bed from age to age; or, greatest of all, the man who has subsisted for years amid the changes of the nature, yet has distanced himself, so that when you remember what he was, and see what he is, you say, what strides! What a disparity is there!(1,132 words)。
高级英语第一册课文翻译第一课中东的集市中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。
此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。
你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。
这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。
赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。
市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。
你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。
各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。
随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。
这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。
布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。
中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。
例如，在布市上，所有那 1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。
讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。
头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。
对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。
The two parties which divide the state，the party of Conservative and that of innovation，are very old, and have disputed the possession of the world ever since it was made. This quarrel is the subject of civil history. The conservative party established the reverend hierarchies and monarchies of the most ancient world。
The battle of patrician and plebian，of parent state and colony, of old usage and accommodation to new facts, of the rich and，of the poor, reappears in all countries and times. The war rages not only in battlefields, in national councils，and ecclesiastical synods，but agitates every man’s bosom with opposing advantages every hour. On rolls the old world meantime，and now one, now the other gets the day，and still the fight renews itself as if for the first time, under new names and hot personalities。
二课广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市(节选)雅各?丹瓦“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时，那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。
我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么，一是因为他是用日语喊的，其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。
踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一套令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。
难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗?这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。
从车站外的人行道上看去，这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。
身着和嘏的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接豫；神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见，只顾着相互交淡，并不停地点头弯腰，互致问候：“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。
”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。
“嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客，就砰地打开车门，这样打着招呼。
“嗨”，或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词，意思是“对”或“是”。
“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑，又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。
与此同时，这座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。
正当我开始觉得路程太长时，汽车嘎地一声停了下来，司机下车去向警察问路。
就像东京的情形一样，广岛的出租车司机对他们所在的城市往往不太熟悉，但因为怕在外国人面前丢脸，却又从不肯承认这一点。
无论乘客指定的目的地在哪里，他们都毫不犹豫地应承下来，根本不考虑自己要花多长时间才能找到目的地。
这段小插曲后来终于结束了，我也就不知不觉地突然来到了宏伟的市政厅大楼前。
当我出示了市长应我的采访要求而发送的请柬后，市政厅接待人员向我深深地鞠了一躬，然后声调悠扬地长叹了一口气。
Unit 5 Conservatives and Liberals3. Text explanations1) Questions:(1) What are the major concerns of conservatism?According to the author, conservatism emphasizes tradition, authority, law and order, and the impossibility of achieving anything Utopian which romantics long for.(2) Do conservative and liberal ways of thinking invariably fall into two definitely different categories of thought patterns different people might have?No. They might coexist in one person at different stages of his life. Therefore, the author says, "We are reformers in spring and summer, in autumn and winter we stand by the old; reformers in the morning, conservers at night."(3) According to the author, will the so-called "irreconcilable antagonism" inevitably lead to disastrous consequences?Not necessarily so. As soon as people establish the idea in their mind that both elements should be combined, they might work out a way to strike a balance between the two. To realize that there exists the possibility of a solution and the necessity of mutual understanding may well be the first step people take on their long way to success.2) Text interpretationThis piece of analytic writing presents the readers with a sharp contrast between Conservatism and Liberalism, two most fundamental ways of thinking in human life. Being a great thinker and scholar, the author Ralph Waldo Emerson deals with the subject with penetrating insight and philosophical profundity. He not only outlines respectively the features of the two parties from a neutral stand, but also makes objective and dialectic comments on both. It is his sincere efforts that lead to his most enlightening conclusion: each is a good half but an impossible whole and in a true society, in a true man, both must combine.The whole piece can be divided into three parts. The first two paragraphs serve as the beginning, which points out the various forms as well as the nature of the antagonism of the two. Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 9is the middle part, which contains a fable that illustrates in a vivid way the different thinking modes of the two types of people. Paragraphs 10 and 11constitute the last part of the article. Paragraph 10 is the most exciting part of the article, which provides the readers with a careful analysis of the major differences between the two ways of thinking in a highly condensed manner. In it, the ideas are closely knit and well developed, and certain rhetorical devices such as metaphor and parallelism are properly applied, making the whole paragraph both eloquent and convincing. Paragraph 11 is the ending. It is characterized by the skillful use of analogy, which renders the author's idea both clear and artful. With the images of oak and river, Emerson succeeds in getting across to his readers the message that only when both the elements of conservatism and reform are combined can beauty, the crown of nature's approbation, be achieved.4. Structural AnalysisPart I (Paragraph 1-2) constitutes the beginning of the article, which offers the readers a roughdescription of the antagonism between the party of Conservatism and that of Innovation.The author also points out the essence of the antagonism, which is the reflection of the two poles of human nature. These two paragraphs fulfill the task of telling the readers the subject of the article.Part II ( Paragraphs3-9) contain "a fragment of old fable" which vividly and clearly illustrates the different ways of thinking of the two parties. Saturn's stands for the conservative way of thinking, characterized by its emphasis on maintaining the status quo, and Uranus' the liberal, characterized by its emphasis on hoping for a better future. The act of Jupiter's killing his father Saturn is of a typically radical style.QuestionWhat is such a fable intended for?The author's intention of telling the fable is to echo the statement in Paragraph 2 that theconflict between the conservative and the liberal can betraced back to ancient times even before human beings were created. Even thoseimmortal gods were also subject to these two opposing ways of dealing with things.Therefore we can see how prevalent and powerful the two opposites are.Part III (Paragraphs 10-11)The language adopted in Paragraph 10 is generally abstract and philosophical, while that in Paragraph 11 is vivid and literary. The alternative use of two different dictions shows the author's great skill in making his ideas clear, impressive and convincing. Paragraph 10 presents a sharp contrast between Conservatism and Reform.One thing the readers should pay great attention to is the author's attitude expressed between the lines. Since there have been many simplified, therefore dangerous, understandings towards these two concepts, it is quite difficult for the author to stick to a neutral stand. It is as if he were walking in a forest of misunderstanding, carefully evading the interference of wrong ideas and elbowing out a way to the other side where bright space awaits. The march is difficult, yet he manages to arrive at the destination.One of the features we can see very clearly in this paragraph is the power of his language.Compared with the power in Paragraph 10, the last paragraph is characterized by gentle emotion, just as the rainbow makes its appearance after a tempest. With the terse expression of philosophical ideas, a literary image emerges to serve as the conclusion as well as the epilogue of the article. It is this calm and translucent ending that saves the author from being an astute winner of a shallow quarrel, and makes him a humble but wise man gently telling a noble truth.Step III. Detail Study of the Text1. rage + v. to spread or prevail forcefully(p1)The plague raged for months.2.On rolls the old world meantime, and now one, now the other gets the day, and still the fightrenews itself as if for the first time, under new names and hot personalities. (p1)The old world goes on along with the war between the conservatives and the liberals, during which one party prevails over the other by alternation. The fight between the two parties goes on endlessly and fiercely, under different names in different times, and abusive language is used in the course to attack each other.personalities + n. (archaic) disparaging remarks about an individual3. Such an irreconcilable antagonism, of course, must have a correspondent depth of seat in the human constitution. (p2)The conflict between the two parties is so heated and deep-rooted that it has to be accounted for in terms of human nature.4. It is the primal antagonism, the appearance in trifles of the two poles of nature. (p2)It is the most important form of conflict. Though it takes the form of unimportant things, it reflects two opposing extremes in human nature.5. Thou canst not hold thine own, but by making more. (p6)Making more things of the same kind, you would not be able to maintain what you possess at present.6. There is always a certain meanness in the argument of conservatism, joined with a certain superiority in its fact. It affirms because it holds. (p10)Compared with the argument of Reform which tends to criticize the outdated and unreasonable things, the argument of Conservatism which tends to defend them is always placed at a disadvantage. However, in reality, it is often the Conservative force that takes a more advantageous position. The conservatives tend to assert a positive view of the present situation, because they strive to maintain the status quo.7. Conservatism stands on man's incontestable limitations; reform on his indisputable infinitude; conservatism on circumstance; liberalism on power; (p10)Conservatism refuses to change the current world drastically, so it would always take man's limitations in consciousness or his capability as its ground of argument for the impossibility of such a change, and would insist that the limitations are absolute and beyond any argument; while reform, with the purpose of changing the current situation completely, would emphasize man's infinitive power in creating miracles and deem such power as something beyond doubt. Also, in order to achieve their respective purposes mentioned above, conservatism would emphasize the objective difficulties, while reform would place stress on man's subjective power.8. ... one goes to make an adroit member of the social frame; the other to postpone all things to the man himself; (p10)Conservatism respects the current social frame and wants to develop a system of skills that may help people to adapt well to society; while liberalism deems human beings as the most important element of the social system and all other things should be adjusted to satisfy their need.9. ... conservatism is debonair and social; reform is individual and imperious. (p10) Conservatism is generally constructive, so it tends to maintain the current system as much as possible. Therefore, it would like to take lenient and inoffensive measures in dealing with social problems and would care more about the interests of society as a whole. Reform, at least at its beginning stage, is somewhat deconstructive, so it would easily ignore the stability of the whole system and cares more about the realization of individuals' intention. Accordingly, it would like to adopt drastic measures to change the current social system.10. Conservatism is more candid to behold another's worth; reform more disposed to maintain and increase its own. (p10)Conservatism, in its efforts to maintain the current social system, would be more likely to consider the worth of reform; while reform, more resolute and determined in achieving its own purpose, would be more likely to pay exclusive attention to its own worth or benefits.11. Conservatism makes no poetry, breathes no prayer, has no invention; it is all memory.Reform has no gratitude, no prudence, no husbandry. (p1o)Conservatism has no romantic prospect of the future and does not want to do anything creative to change the status quo, whereas Reform deems the status quo a world of the past. Since no benefit has ever been gained from such a world, Reform bears no gratitude to it and does not think it is worth careful maintaining and operating.12. It makes a great difference to your figure and to your thought, whether your foot is advancing or receding. (p10)Whether you take a conservative stand or a liberal one matters a lot to your social image and the way you think.13. Conservatism never puts the foot forward; in the hour when it does that, it is not establishment, but reform. (p10)It would never be possible for Conservatism to take radical measures. Should it ever do so, it would no longer be what it is, but rather, turn quickly into Reform, its opposite.establishment + n. something established, as an arranged order or system14. Conservatism tends to universal seeming and treachery, believes in a negative fate;What conservatism cares about is to keep the general appearance of society or maintain the existing framework. Drastic changes of form would undoubtedly meet with strong resistance. But this does not mean it would refuse to accept some mild revision. Therefore, it does not care to have some limited compromises which may cause inconsistency between the appearance and the substance. It believes that everything has been decided by fate, so it would do nothing positive to change the status quo.seeming + n. outward appearance; semblancetreachery + n. inconsistency15. ... it thinks there is a general law without a particular application, law for all that does not include any one. (p10)It believes that there can be a way to balance different benefits, yet no one will be satisfied by such an abstract and ideal law.16. Reform in its antagonism inclines to asinine resistance, to kick with hoofs; it runs to egotism and bloated self-conceit; it runs to a bodiless pretension, to unnatural refining and elevation, which ends in hypocrisy and sensual reaction. (p10)In this long formed pattern of antagonism, Reform would have a lot of chances to turn itself into a stupid bigotry, the content of which is to resist any ideas from the opposite party. Since it lays too much emphasis on the value of man or individual, it would easily go so far as to enter the territory of egoism and self-conceit. Sometimes its claims would become too ideal and empty, leaving no one to benefit substantially from it. Therefore, in the end, those high-sounding and apparently lofty words would be degraded into cheap and hollow slogans. If Reform goes to extremes, it would betray its intention and render itself hypocritical and unreasonable.17. And so whilst we do not go beyond general statements, it may be safely affirmed of these two metaphysical antagonists, that each is a good half, but an impossible whole. (p11)If we can define the claims of the two within the bounds of reason and do not let either one go to extremes, then we can safely draw the conclusion that Conservatives and Liberals, the two opposite parties at metaphysical level, have their respective rationality but neither should completely replace the other and become the only way of thinking for human beings.Step V. KEY TO EXERCISESText ComprehensionI. Decide which of the following best states the author's purpose.DII. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.1. T. Refer to Paragraph 1.2. F. Refer to Paragraph 8. After that, the word of Uranus came into his mind like a ray of the sun, and he made Jupiter ...3. T. Refer to Paragraph 9.4. F. Refer to Paragraph 10. The castle, which conservatism is set to defend, is the actual state of things, good and bad.5. T. Refer to Paragraph 10.6. T. Refer to Paragraph 11.III. Answer the following questions.1. (Paragraphs 4 to 7) Saturn kept on performing the same action of making oysters while Uranus urged him to change and demanded a new work, which Saturn refused. The tenet of Saturn was to hold what he had got. Both of them appealed to Fate, but their appeals were different in that Saturn appealed for rest while Uranus appealed for motion.2. (Paragraphs 4 to 7) Saturn had a fear of unmaking, or undoing what he had done. Even if the impulse of doing something new gave him some ideas of very inspiring prospects, his fear overcame his positive impulse. That is the kind of fear characteristic of conservatives.3. (Paragraph 9) Conservatives believe that the existent world, whether good or bad, was created by God, and the duty of human beings is to uphold His creation. On the other hand, liberals argue that God has left the old world and adopted the new world, and it is His will to change.4. (Paragraph 10) Conservatives have the worst of the argument, as they are always on the defensive, trying to defend the actual and the existent and denying the possibility of the good and the future. For the purpose of maintaining the current state of things, they have to accommodate all the violence and vice of society, which liberals are able to attack in a triumphant way.5. (Paragraph 11) Emerson believes that a true society demands combination of the elements, in particular advantages, of both conservatives and liberals, and that a true man changes with the time although he may not necessarily commit himself to the changes.IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences taken from the text.1. The argument of conservatism has a certain disadvantage but it is also advantageous over liberals for it depends on the actual state of things.2. Conservatives do not have a romantic vision, or request for the better, or the urge to be creative. What they tend to do is to maintain the status quo. On the other hand, liberals are not satisfied with the status quo, so they won't treat things with caution to keep them intact, or make efforts to conserve the resources or assets already existent.3. It is certain that conservatives and liberals, representing two opposite ideals, have their respective advantages, but they both are limited in some way.Text appreciation .1) It is the counteraction of the centripetal and the centrifugal forces. (Paragraph 9)2) The castle, which conservatism is set to defend, is the actual state of things, good and bad. The project of innovation is the best possible state of things. (Paragraph 10)3) We are reformers in spring and summer, in autumn and winter we stand by the old; reformers in the morning, conservers at night. (Paragraph 10)Language workI. Explain the italicized part in each sentence in your own words.1. spreads or prevails forcefullybenefits or profits; gains2. wins; prevails3. be equally deep-rooted in human nature4. depends onstate or quality of being unlimited5. pays attention to6. the best it has to offerII. Choose a word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.1. A2. C3. B4. B5. C6. A7. D8. D9. A 10. DIII. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1. ragefully2. incontestable3. emblematic4. irreconcilably5. hierarchized6. unseemly7. treacherous8. MountaineeringV.改错1.Nationally---internationally2.^as..such3.\for4.does---done5.^other..than6.that---what7.few-fewer8.\the9.amount---number10.\inTransitionThe former are complacent with the established hierarchies while the latter strive for a new cosmos order which they believe will be superior to the previous one. /They each give priorities to totally different things. The former emphasize brilliant past glories while the latter are chiefly concerned about the rosy future. / The former based their views on man’s inco ntestable limitations while the latter stand on his indisputable infinitude of possibilities in improving and perfecting themselves./ If the former go too far, they may display some nostalgia for a largely nonexistent past, which may handicap the pursuit of a still better future./ If the latter goes too far, they tend to cherish some dreams too romantic to be practical./ If human life consists of spring, summer, autumn and winter, we are inclined to be liberals in spring and summer, but there is every likelihood that we may turn ourselves into conservatives by degrees in autumn and winter./ For example, the famous modernist poet Elliot explored in his early poetry various aspects of decay of civilization in the modern Western world, but he attached much importance to stability and order in his later works.。
必修5Unit 1 Great scientistsReadingJOHH SHOW DEFEATS“ KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.Using LanguageCOPERNICUS' REVOLUTION RRY THEORYNicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.Unit 2 The United Kingdom Reading PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to "Great Britain". Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of national government and its administration. It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four sets of invaders of England. The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.Using LanguageSIGHTSEEING IN LONDONWorried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London. Her first delight was going to the Tower. It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066. Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.Although the buildings had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined. To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666. It looked splendid when first built! Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting. It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare. Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the hour. She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's house in London. Oh, she had so much to tell her friends!The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the world time. What interested her most was the longitude line. It is an imaginary line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very useful for navigation. It passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate Cemetery. It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London. Not only that, but he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum. Sadly the library had moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone. But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum. When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on show, she felt very proud of her country.The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle. "Perhaps I will see the Queen?" she wondered as she fell asleep.Unit 3 Life in the futureReadingFIRST IMPRESSIONSSpacemall: liqiang299A@ 15/11/3008 (Earthtime)Dear Mum and Dad,I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year. I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008. Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. As a result, I suffered from “ Time lag ” . This is similar to the “ jet lag ” you get from flyieneg,pbguettittinsgeeflamsshyboauckks from your previous time period. So I was very nervous and uncertain at first. However, my friend and guide, Wang Ping, was very understanding and gave me some green tablets which helped a lot. Well-known for their expertise, his parents' company, called "Future Tours", transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed in through a small opening. The seats were comfortable and after a calming drink, we felt sleepy and closed our eyes. The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming. A few minutes later, the journey was completed and we had arrived. I was still on the earth but one thousand years in the future. What would I find?At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate. The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached. Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation, Wang Ping appeared. "Put on this mask," he advised. "It'll make you feel much better." He handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest. I felt better in no time. Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer. These carriages float above the ground and by bending or pressing down in your seat, you can move swiftly. Wang Ping fastened my safety belt and showed me how to use it. Soon I could fly as fast as him. However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions. He was swept up into the centre of them. Just at that moment I had a "time lag" flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008. I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown! Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again and flew after him.Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room. It had a green wall, a brown floor and soft lighting. Suddenly the wall moved - it was made of trees! I found later that their leaves provided the room with much-needed oxygen. Then Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen, and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic. "Why not sit down and eat a little?" he said. "You may find this difficult as it is your first time travel trip. Just relax, since there is nothing planned on the timetable today. Tomorrow you'll be ready for some visits." Having said this, he spread some food on the table, and produced a bed from the floor. After he left, I had a brief meal and a hot bath. Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.More news later from your loving son,Li QiangUsing LanguageI HA VE SEEN AMAZING THINGSMy first visit was to a space station considered the most modem in space. Described as an enormous round plate, it spins slowly inspace to imitate the pull of the earth's gravity. Inside was an exhibition of the most up-to-date inventions of the 31 st century. A guide (G) showed us around along a moveable path.G: Good morning to all our visitors from 2008. First we're going to examine one of the latest forms of communication among our space citizens. No more typists working on a typewriter or computer! No more postage or postcodes! Messages can now be sent using a "thoughtpad". You place the metal band over your head, clear your mind, press the sending button, think your message and the next instant it's sent. It's stored on the "thoughtpad" of the receiver. It's quick, efficient and environmentally friendly. The only limitation is if the user does not think his or her message clearly, an unclear message may be sent. But we cannot blame the tools for the faults of the user, can we?During the explanation I looked at the pair of small objects called "thoughtpads" on a table. They just looked like metal ribbons. So ordinary but so powerful! While I was observing them, the path moved us on.G: And now ladies and gentlemen, we are in the "environment area". People used to collect waste in dustbins. Then the rubbish was sent to be buried or burned, am I fight? (We nodded.) Well, now there's a system where the waste is disposed of using the principles of ecology. A giant machine, always greedy for more, swallows all the waste available. The rubbish is turned into several grades of useful material, such as "fertilizer" for the fields and "soil" for deserts. Nothing is wasted, andeverything, even plastic bags, is recycled. A great idea, isn't' it?I stared at the moving model of the waste machine, absorbed by its efficiency. But again we moved on.G: Our third stop shows the changes that have happened to work practices. Manufacturing no longer takes place on the earth but on space stations like this one. A group of engineers programme robots to perform tasks in space. The robots produce goods such as drugs, clothes, furniture, hovering carriages, etc. There is no waste, no pollution and no environmentaldamage! However, the companies have to train their representatives to live and work in space settlements. They have to monitor the robots and the production. When the goods are ready they're transported by industrial spaceship back to earth. My mind began to wander. What job would I do? My motivation increased as I thought of the wonderful world of the future.Unit 4 Making the newsReadingMY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT"Unforgettable", says new journalistNever will Zhou Yang (ZY) forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper. His discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin (HX), was to strongly influence his life as a journalist.HX: Welcome. We're delighted you're coming to work with us. Your first job here will be an assistant journalist. Do you have any questions?ZY: Can I go out on a story immediately?HX: (laughing) That' s admirable, but I' m afraid it would be unusual ! Wait till you' re more experienced. First we'll put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist. Later you can cover a story and submit the articleyourself.ZY: Wonderful. What do I need to take with me? I already have a notebook and camera.HX: No need for a camera. You'll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs. You'll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you' reinterested.ZY: Thank you. Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.HX: Good.ZY: What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story?HX: You need to be curious. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know. We say a good journalist must have a good "nose" for a story. That means you must be able toassess when people are not telling the whole troth and then try to discover it. They must use research toinform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY: What should I keep in mind?HX: Here comes my list of dos and don'ts: don't miss your deadline, don't be rode, don't talk too much, but make sure you listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY: Why is listening so important?HX: Well, you have to listen for detailed facts. Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.ZY: But how can I listen carefully while taking notes?HX: This is a trick of the trade, If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the facts straight. It's also useful if a person wants to challenge you. You have the evidence to support your story.ZY: I see! Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?HX: Yes, but it was a long time ago. This is how the story goes. A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win. We went to interview him. He denied takingmoney but we were sceptical. So we arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed tobribe him. When we saw them together we guessed from the footballer's body language that he was nottelling the truth. So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty. It was a dilemma because the footballercould have demanded damages if we were wrong. He tried to stop us publishing it but later we were provedright.ZY:Wow! That was a real "scoop". I'm looking forward to my first assignment now. Perhaps I'll get a scoop too!HX: Perhaps you will. You never know.Using LanguageGETTING THE "SCOOP""Quick," said the editor. "Get that story ready. We need it in this edition to be ahead of the other newspapers.This is a scoop." Zhou Yang had just come back into the office after an interview with a famous film star. "Did he really do that?" asked someone from the International News Department. "Yes, I' m afraid he did," Zhou Yanganswered. He set to work.His first task was to write his story, but he had to do it carefully. Although he realized the man had been lying, Zhou Yang knew he must not accuse him directly. He would have to be accurate. Concise too! He knew how to do that. Months of training had taught him to write with no wasted words or phrases. He sat down at his computer and began to work.The first person who saw his article was a senior editor from his department. He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy-editor. She began to edit the piece and design the main headline and smaller heading. “ This will look very good on the page, ” she said. "Where is a good picture of this man?" Then as the article was going to be written in English Zhou Yang also took a copy to the native speaker employed by the newspaper to polish the style. She was also very happy with Zhou Yang's story. "You are really able to write a good front page article," she said. Zhou Yang smiled with happiness. Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved it. "Well done," he said to Zhou Yang. "But please show me your evidence so we're sure we've got our facts straight. ” “ I ' ll bring it to you immediately," said Zhou Yang excitedly.The news desk editor took the story and began to work on all the stories and photos until all the pages were set.All the information was then ready to be processed into film negatives. This was the first stage of the printing process. They needed four negatives, as several colours were going to be used on the story. Each of the main colours had one negative sheet and when they were combined they made a coloured page for the newspaper. After one last check the page was ready to be printed. Zhou Yang waited excitedly for the first copies to be ready. "Wait 611 tonight," his friend whispered. "I expect there will be something about this on the television news. A real scoop!"Unit 5 First aidReadingFIRST AID FOR BURNSThe skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ. You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the sun's harmful rays. The functions of your skin are also very complex: it keeps you warm or cool; it prevents your body from losing too much water; it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch. So as you can imagine, if your skin gets burned it can be very serious. First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of bums. Causes of burnsYou can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation (by being close to high heat or fire, etc), the sun, electricity or chemicals.Types of burnsThere are three types of burns. Burns are called first, second or third degree burns, depending on which layers of the skin are burned.◎ First degree burns These affect only the top layer of the skin. These burns are not serious and should feel better within a day or two. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan,stove or iron for a mordent.◎ Second degree burns These affect both the top and the second layer of the skin. These bums are serious and take a few weeks to heal. Examples include severe sunburn and bums caused by hot liquids.◎ Third degree burns These affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or severe petrol fires. These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital at once.Characteristics of burnsFirst degree burns◎ dry, red and mildly swollen◎ mildly painful◎ turn white when pressedSecond degree burns◎ rough, red and swollen◎ blisters◎ watery surface◎ extremely painfulThird degree burns◎ black and white and charred◎ swollen; often tissue under them can be seen◎ little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be pain around edge of injured area.First aid treatment 1 Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn. Take off other clothing and jewellery near the burn.2 Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy water. It is best to place burns under gently running water forabout 10 minutes. (The cool water stops the burning process, prevents the pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.) Do not put cold water on third degree burns.3 For first degree burns, place cool, clean, wet cloths on them until the pain is not so bad. For second degreeburns, keep cloths cool by putting them back in a basin of cold water, squeezing them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is not so bad.4 Dry the burned area gently. Do not rob, as this may break any blisters and the wound may get infected.5 Cover the burned area with a dry, clean bandage that will not stick to the skin. Hold the bandage in place with tape. Never put butter, oil or ointment on bums as they keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.6 If bums are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible. If bums are on the face, the victim should sit up.7 If the injuries are second or third degree bums, it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.Using LanguageHEROIC TEENAGER RECEIVES AW ARDSeventeen-year-old teenager, John Janson, was honoured at the Lifesaver Awards last night in Rivertown for giving lifesaving first aid on his neighbour after a shocking knife attack.John was presented with his award at a ceremony which recognized the bravery of ten people who had saved the life of another.John was studying in his room when he heard screaming. When he and his father rushed outside, a man ran from the scene. They discovered that Anne Slade, mother of three, had been stabbed repeatedly with a knife. She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily. Her hands had almost been cut off.It was John's quick action and knowledge of first aid that saved Ms Slade's life. He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, but when nobody could put their hands on any, his father got some tea towels and tape from their house. John used these to treat the most severe injuries to Ms Slade's hands. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived."I'm proud of what I did but I was just doing what I'd been taught," John said.John had taken part in the Young Lifesaver Scheme at his high school. When congratulating John, Mr Alan Southerton, Director of the Young Lifesaver Scheme said, "There is no doubt that John's quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade's life. It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference."Before receiving their awards last night, John and the nine other Life Savers attended a special reception yesterday hosted by the Prime Minister.Translation ofttw reading texts课文译文第一单元伟大的科学家READING的输•斯诺击欢•專礼王-约翰斯诺址伦敦付斤名的医4——他的确快术怖M•因向成为照料燈#利亚女*的私人决生•但 r他w«n i> \ IKALW ftifinn.时.他秋憋到很按荷•科机任時时她帰纹侖的咲辆.人们既《WC的机!•也價亡的治疗力滋・帀次■发WAlnj. 林 Mftm的“诃：編死.约輪斯诺想闵对这个桃乩■决这个剛他知ML mi阑澹2他・「.址情址无法悴制的・听诺忤肌致人死堆的曲种推测晶很膿兴趣.一种行法圧循乱嘀梅住空"（屮繁殖忆偸一股危险的久体到处次沢"列找何病恋的哽寓忙为止.第一种（iffMi吃饭的时候人们把这种敬帘引人体内的.蔽从IV也发作iWiBiE欣及金专•处打血介很快地*EA.•HSttMm 种说法黑正确的・0 H他flfBfiEW.因此.隹］«4年IfettMAMSM的时俟• hlfl 忻诺『匸怡备对此连行调研.当用乩4贫民区迅速卷延的时趴约翰斯诺沈开冶收処衣札也发规特别企两条街也MR乱廉杼得很严币.在10天Z内就死去了500#人•他决心要竇崛其原闪.n先.他在・覧地用I休明厂"比/ 的地方.这枫供了«9豪有价值的线诡iT步死甘見住在霓畅的水*用近«恃別堆这茨街上血37. 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必修5之答禄夫天创作Unit 1 Great scientistsReadingJOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated.Using LanguageCOPERNICUS’ REVOLU TIONRRY THEORY Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 heworked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus' theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory WordStrd the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.Unit 2 The United KingdomReadingPUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to "Great Britain". Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So onlyNorthern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of national government and its administration. It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four sets of invaders of England. The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyableand worthwhile.Using LanguageSIGHTSEEING IN LONDONWorried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London. Her first delight was going to the Tower. It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066. Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.Although the buildings had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined. To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666. It looked splendid when first built! Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting. It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare. Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the hour. She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's house in London. Oh, she had so much to tell her friends!The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the world time. What interested her most was the longitude line. It is an imaginary line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very useful for navigation. It passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate Cemetery. It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London. Not only that, but he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum. Sadly the library had moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone. But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum. When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on show, she felt very proud of her country.The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle. "Perhaps I will see the Queen?" she wondered as she fell asleep.Unit 3 Life in the futureReadingFIRST IMPRESSIONSSpacemall: liqiang299A@ 15/11/3008 (Earthtime)Dear Mum and Dad,I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year. I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008. Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. As a result, I suffered from “Time lag”. This is similar to the “jet lag” you get from flying, but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period. So I was very nervous and uncertain at first. However, my friend and guide, Wang Ping, was very understanding and gave me some green tablets which helped a lot. Well-known for their expertise, his parents' company, called "Future Tours", transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed in through a small opening. The seats were comfortable and after a calming drink, we felt sleepy and closed our eyes. The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming. A few minutes later, the journey was completed and we had arrived. I was still on the earth but one thousand years in the future. What would I find?At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate. The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached. Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation, Wang Ping appeared. "Put on this mask," he advised. "It'll make you feel much better." He handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest. I felt better in no time. Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer. These carriages float above the ground and by bending or pressing down in your seat, you can move swiftly. Wang Ping fastened my safety belt andshowed me how to use it. Soon I could fly as fast as him. However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions. He was swept up into the centre of them. Just at that moment I had a "time lag" flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008. I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown! Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again and flew after him.Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room. It had a green wall, a brown floor and soft lighting. Suddenly the wall moved - it was made of trees! I found later that their leaves provided the room with much-needed oxygen. Then Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen, and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic. "Why not sit down and eat a little?" he said. "You may find this difficult as it is your first time travel trip. Just relax, since there is nothing planned on the timetable today. Tomorrow you'll be ready for some visits." Having said this, he spread some food on the table, and produced a bed from the floor. After he left, I had a brief meal and a hot bath. Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.More news later from your loving son,Li QiangUsing LanguageI HAVE SEEN AMAZING THINGSMy first visit was to a space station considered the most modem in space. Described as an enormous round plate, it spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earth's gravity. Inside was an exhibition of the most up-to-date inventions of the 31 st century.A guide (G) showed us around along a moveable path.G: Good morning to all our visitors from 2008. First we're going to examine one of the latest forms of communication among our space citizens. No more typists working on a typewriter or computer! No more postage or postcodes! Messages can now be sent using a "thoughtpad". You place the metal band over your head, clear your mind, press the sending button, think your message and the next instant it's sent. It's stored on the"thoughtpad" of the receiver. It's quick, efficient and environmentally friendly. The only limitation is if the user does not think his or her message clearly, an unclear message may be sent. But we cannot blame the tools for the faults of the user, can we?During the explanation I looked at the pair of small objects called "thoughtpads" on a table. They just looked like metal ribbons. So ordinary but so powerful! While I was observing them, the path moved us on.G: And now ladies and gentlemen, we are in the "environment area".People used to collect waste in dustbins. Then the rubbish was sent to be buried or burned, am I fight? (We nodded.) Well, now there's a system where the waste is disposed of using the principles of ecology. A giant machine, always greedy for more, swallows all the waste available. The rubbish is turned into several grades of useful material, such as "fertilizer" for the fields and "soil" for deserts.Nothing is wasted, and everything, even plastic bags, is recycled. A great idea, isn't' it?I stared at the moving model of the waste machine, absorbed by its efficiency. But again we moved on.G: Our third stop shows the changes that have happened to work practices. Manufacturing no longer takes place on the earth but on space stations like this one. A group of engineers programme robots to perform tasks in space. The robots produce goods such as drugs, clothes, furniture, hovering carriages, etc. There is no waste, no pollution and no environmental damage! However, the companies have to train their representatives to live and work in space settlements.They have to monitor the robots and the production. When the goods are ready they're transported by industrial spaceship back to earth.My mind began to wander. What job would I do? My motivation increased as I thought of the wonderful world of the future.Unit 4 Making the newsReadingMY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT"Unforgettable", says new journalistNever will Zhou Yang (ZY) forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper. His discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin (HX), was to strongly influence his life as a journalist.HX: Welcome. We're delighted you're coming to work with us. Your first job here will be an assistant journalist. Do you have any questions?ZY: Can I go out on a story immediately?HX: (laughing) That' s admirable, but I' m afraid it would be unusual ! Wait till you' re more experienced. First we'll put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself. ZY: Wonderful. What do I need to take with me? I already have a notebook and camera.HX: No need for a camera. You'll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs. You'll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you' re interested.ZY: Thank you. Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills. HX: Good.ZY: What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story? HX: You need to be curious. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know. We say a good journalist must have a good "nose" for a story. That means you must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole troth and then try to discover it.They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY: What should I keep in mind?HX: Here comes my list of dos and don'ts: don't miss your deadline, don't be rode, don't talk too much, but make sureyou listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY: Why is listening so important?HX: Well, you have to listen for detailed facts. Meanwhile youhave to prepare the next question depending on what theperson says.ZY: But how can I listen carefully while taking notes?HX: This is a trick of the trade, If the interviewee agrees, you can use a recorder to get the facts straight. It's alsouseful if a person wants to challenge you. You have theevidence to support your story.ZY: I see! Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?HX: Yes, but it was a long time ago. This is how the story goes.A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberatelynot scoring goals so as to let the other team win. We wentto interview him. He denied taking money but we weresceptical. So we arranged an interview between thefootballer and the man supposed to bribe him. When we sawthem together we guessed from the footballer's body languagethat he was not telling the truth. So we wrote an articlesuggesting he was guilty. It was a dilemma because thefootballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong. Hetried to stop us publishing it but later we were provedright.ZY: Wow! That was a real "scoop". I'm looking forward to my first assignment now. Perhaps I'll get a scoop too!HX: Perhaps you will. You never know.Using LanguageGETTING THE "SCOOP""Quick," said the editor. "Get that story ready. We need it in this edition to be ahead of the other newspapers. This is a scoop." Zhou Yang had just come back into the office after an interview with a famous film star. "Did he really do that?" asked someone from the International News Department. "Yes, I' m afraid he did," Zhou Yang answered. He set to work.His first task was to write his story, but he had to do it carefully. Although he realized the man had been lying, Zhou Yang knew he must not accuse him directly. He would have to be accurate. Concise too! He knew how to do that. Months of training had taught him to write with no wasted words or phrases. He sat down at hiscomputer and began to work.The first person who saw his article was a senior editor from his department. He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy-editor. She began to edit the piece and design the main headline and smaller heading. “This will look very good on the page,” she said. "Where is a good picture of this man?" Then as the article was going to be written in English Zhou Yang also took a copy to the native speaker employed by the newspaper to polish the style. She was also very happy with Zhou Yang's story. "You are really able to write a good front page article," she said. Zhou Yang smiled with happiness. Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved it. "Well done," he said to Zhou Yang. "But please show me your evidence so we're sure we've got our facts straight.” “I’ll bring it to you immediately," said Zhou Yang excitedly.The news desk editor took the story and began to work on all the stories and photos until all the pages were set. All the information was then ready to be processed into film negatives. This was the first stage of the printing process. They needed four negatives, as several colours were going to be used on the story. Each of the main colours had one negative sheet and when they were combined they made a coloured page for the newspaper. After one last check the page was ready to be printed. Zhou Yang waited excitedly for the first copies to be ready. "Wait 611 tonight," his friend whispered. "I expect there will be something about this on the television news. A real scoop!"Unit 5 First aidReadingFIRST AID FOR BURNSThe skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ. You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the sun's harmful rays. The functions of your skin are also very complex: it keeps you warm or cool; it prevents your body from losing too much water; it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch. So as you can imagine, if your skin gets burned it can be very serious. First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of bums.Causes of burnsYou can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation (by being close to high heat or fire, etc), the sun, electricity or chemicals.Types of burnsThere are three types of burns. Burns are called first, second or third degree burns, depending onwhich layers of the skin are burned.◎ First degree burns These affect only the top layer of the skin. These burns are not serious and should feel better within a day or two. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan, stove or iron for a mordent.◎ Second degree burns These affect both the top and the second layer of the skin. These bums are serious and take a few weeks to heal. Examples include severe sunburn and bums caused by hot liquids.◎ Third degree burns These affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or severe petrol fires. These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital at once.Characteristics of burnsFirst degree burns◎ dry, red and mildly swollen◎ mildly painful◎ turn white when pressedSecond degree burns◎ rough, red and swollen◎ blisters◎ watery surface◎ extremely painfulThird degree burns◎ black and white and charred◎ swollen; often tissue under them can be seen◎little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be pain aroundedge of injured area.First aid treatment1 Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn. Take off other clothing and jewellery near the burn.2 Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy water. It is best to place burns under gently running water for about 10 minutes. (The cool water stops the burning process, prevents the pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.) Do not put cold water on third degree burns.3 For first degree burns, place cool, clean, wet cloths on them until the pain is not so bad. For second degree burns, keep cloths cool by putting them back in a basin of cold water, squeezing them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is not so bad.4 Dry the burned area gently. Do not rob, as this may break any blisters and the wound may get infected.5 Cover the burned area with a dry, clean bandage that will not stick to the skin. Hold the bandage in place with tape. Never put butter, oil or ointment on bums as they keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.6 If bums are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible. If bums are on the face, the victim should sit up.7 If the injuries are second or third degree bums, it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.Using LanguageHEROIC TEENAGER RECEIVES AWARD Seventeen-year-old teenager, John Janson, was honoured at the Lifesaver Awards last night in Rivertown for giving lifesaving first aid on his neighbour after a shocking knife attack.John was presented with his award at a ceremony which recognized the bravery of ten people who had saved the life of another.John was studying in his room when he heard screaming. When he and his father rushed outside, a man ran from the scene. They discovered that Anne Slade, mother of three, had been stabbed repeatedly with a knife. She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily. Her hands had almost been cut off.It was John's quick action and knowledge of first aid that saved Ms Slade's life. He immediately asked a number of nearby peoplefor bandages, but when nobody could put their hands on any, his father got some tea towels and tape from their house. John used these to treat the most severe injuries to Ms Slade's hands. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived."I'm proud of what I did but I was just doing what I'd been taught," John said.John had taken part in the Young Lifesaver Scheme at his high school. When congratulating John, Mr Alan Southerton, Director of the Young Lifesaver Scheme said, "There is no doubt that John's quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade's life. It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference."Before receiving their awards last night, John and the nine other Life Savers attended a special reception yesterday hosted by the Prime Minister.。
Unit 5billion /ˈbɪljən / n.十亿native /ˈneɪtɪv/ adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的 n.本地人attitude /ˈætɪtju:d; NAmE 'ætitu:d/ n.态度；看法reference /ˈrefrəns / n.指称关系；参考refer / rɪˈfɜ:(r) / (referred , referred , referring) vi.提到；参考；查阅vt.查询；叫……求助于refer to指的是；描述；提到；查阅system /ˈsɪstəm / n.体系；制度；系统despite /dɪˈspaɪt / prep.即使；尽管ups and downs 浮沉；兴衰；荣辱factor /ˈfæktə(r)/ n. 因素；要素based /beɪst/ adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的base /beɪs/ vt.以……为据点；以……为基础n. 底部；根据date back (to ...) 追溯到bone / bəʊn / n.骨头；骨(质)shell /ʃel / n.壳；壳状物symbol /ˈsɪmbl / n. 符号；象征carve / kɑ:v /vt. & vi 雕刻dynasty /ˈdɪnəsti; NAmE ' dai-/ n.王朝；朝代variety /vəˈraɪəti/ n. (植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化major /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/ adj.主要的；重要的；大的n.主修课程；主修学生 vi.主修；专门研究no matter where, who, what, etc. 不论……；不管……dialect /'daɪəlekt/ n.地方话；方言means /mi:nz/ n.方式；方法；途径classic /ˈklæsɪk/ adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的n.经典作品；名著regard /rɪˈgɑ:d/n.尊重；关注 vt.把……视为；看待character /'kærəktə(r)/ n.文字；符号；角色；品质；特点calligraphy / kəˈlɪɡrəfi / n.书法；书法艺术global /'gləʊbəl/ adj.全球的；全世界的affair /əˈfeə(r)/ n.公共事务；事件；关系appreciate /ə'pri:ʃieɪt / vt.欣赏；重视；感激；领会 vi.增值specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ adj.特定的；明确的；具体的CE /ˌsi:ˈi:/ (Common Era) 公元struggle /ˈstrʌgl/ n.&vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗tongue /tʌŋ/n.舌头；语言point of view观点；看法semester /sɪˈmestə(r)/ n.学期gas /ɡæs/n.汽油；气体；燃气petrol /'petrəl/ n. (NAmE gas ) 汽油subway /'sʌbweɪ/ n.(BrE underground) 地铁apartment /ə'pɑ:tmənt/n.(especially NAmE) 公寓套房pants / pænts / n. [pl.] (BrE )内裤；短裤；(especially NAmE )裤子beg /beg/ vt.恳求；祈求；哀求equal /'i:kwəl / n.同等的人；相等物adj. 相同的；同样的gap /gæp/ n.间隔；开口；差距demand /dɪˈmɑ:nd/n.要求；需求vt. 强烈要求；需要vi.查问vocabulary /və'kæbjələri ; NAmE -leri / n.词汇description /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ n.描写(文字)；形容relate /rɪˈleɪt / vt.联系；讲述relate to 与……相关；涉及；谈到THE CHINESE WRITING SYSTEM:CONNECTING THE PAST AND THE PRESENT汉语书写体系：连接古今China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way through into modern times, despite the many ups and downs in its history. There are many reasons why this has been possible, but one of the main factors has been the Chinese writing system.尽管历史跌宕起伏，中国因其古老文明一直延续至今而闻名于世。
Lesson 1 Where Do We Go from Here1. 一个无关紧要的谎言总比一个善意的谎言要好。
2. 为了挫败各种蓄意培植的低人一等的心态，黑人必须直起腰来宣布自己高贵的人格。
3. 黑人必须以一种竭尽全力自尊自重的精神，大胆抛弃自我克制的枷锁。
4. 必须懂得没有爱的权力是毫无节制、易被滥用的，而没有权力的爱则是多愁善感、脆弱无力的。
5. 正是这种邪恶的权力和没有权势的道义的冲突构成了我们时代的主要危机。
6. 在本世纪之初，这种建议会受到嘲笑和谴责，认为它对主动性和责任感起到负面作用。
7. 事实上，人们从事改善人类处境的工作，从事传播知识、增强实力、丰富文学财富以及升华思想的工作并不是为了谋生。
8. …….它能够花费几十亿美元帮助上帝的孩子自立于这个世界。
9. 除非主张暴力的少数人得到大多数人的同情和支持，不和他们对抗，否则，暴力革命很少或者说几乎没有成功的。
10. 我们要懂得道义的苍穹长又长，它终将落向正义。
Lesson 2 Two Kinds B. Sentences1. 我的头发没有做出我要的大卷花，而是给我弄成一头乱蓬蓬的黑色小卷毛。
2. 在她告诉我答案前，她对了对手中的杂志，看看赫尔辛基是否能这样发音。
3. 她似乎被这音乐吸引住了。
这钢琴曲不长，但有点狂乱，有着迷人的特点，乐曲一开始时快节奏的，接着是欢快跳动的节拍，然后又回到嬉戏的部分。
4. 如果她的才气和她的脾气一样大，她早就出名了。
5. 我最喜欢练习的部分是花哨的谢幕行礼的动作：先出右脚，脚尖点在地毯的玫瑰图案上，身子侧摆，左腿弯曲，抬头，微笑。
6. 一股凉气从头顶开始，然后一点点传到全身。
但我却不能停止演奏，双手好像着了魔似的。
我不停地想，我的手指会调整好，就像火车会被扳倒正确的轨道上。
7. 她的脸部失去了表情，嘴巴紧闭，双臂无力地垂下。
她退出了房间，神色惊异，好像一小片枯黄的树叶被风吹走了，那样的单薄、脆弱、毫无生气。
高级英语1U n i t5C o n s e r v a t i v e s a n d L i b e r a l s翻译The two parties which divide the state, the party of Conservative and that of innovation, are very old, and have disputed the possession of the world ever since it was made. This quarrel is the subject of civil history. The conservative party established the reverend hierarchies and monarchies of the most ancient world. The battle of patrician and plebian, of parent state and colony, of old usage and accommodation to new facts, of the rich and, of the poor, reappears in all countries and times. The war rages not only in battlefields, in national councils, and ecclesiastical synods, but agitates every man’s bosom with opposing advantages every hour. On rolls the old world meantime, and now one, now the other gets the day, and still the fight renews itself as if for the first time, under new names and hot personalities.这个国家存在着两个政党,保守党和革新党。
这两个政党长期存在,并且,自从这个世界存在财产后,两个政党就有了争端。
这种争端是人民历史发展的主题。
保守党建立了这个世界最古老的值得尊敬的等级制度和君主制。
两党之间的战争包括贵族和平民, 宗主国和殖民地,旧秩序和新秩序,穷人和富人。
这些争端存在于所有国家的每个时刻。
战争的范围不仅是在战场,在国家议会和基督教议会,而且每时每刻都以反对性质的优势牵动着每个人的内心。
旧世界被推翻的同时建立起新世界。
今天新世界发展得很好, 但是他仍然要不断的以新的的名字和时代性个性更新自我。
2. Such an irreconcilable antagonism, of course, must have a correspondent depth of seat in the human constitution. It is the opposition of Past and Future, of Memory and Hope, of the Understanding and Reason. It is the primal antagonism, the appearance in trifles of the two poles of nature.当然,如此势不两立的敌对势力必须对人类的体制有相似深度的理解。
这就是过去和将来,记忆和希望,理解和原因的对立。
最基本的敌对势力存在于自然两级中的琐事中。
3. There is a fragment of old fable which seems somehow to have been dropped from the current mythologies, which may deserve attention, as it appears to relate to this subject. 有一个古老预言的片段似乎一定程度上能用来解释现今的神话, 它很值得关注,因为它与这个主题相关。
4. Saturn grew weary of sitting alone, or with none but the great Uranus or Heaven beholding him, and he created an oyster. Then he would act again, but he made nothing more, but went on creating the race of oysters. Then Uranus cried, “a new work, O Saturn! The old is not good again.”5. Saturn replied, “I fear. The re is not only the alternative of making and not making, but also of unmaking. Seest thou the great sea, how it ebbs and flows? So is it with me; my power ebbs; and if I put forth my hands, I shall not do, but undo. Therefore I do what I have done; I hold what I have got; and so I resist Night and Chaos.”6. “O Saturn,” replied Uranus. “Thou canst not hold thine own, but by making more. Thy oysters are barnacles and cockles, and with the next flowing of the tide, they will be pebble and sea foam.”7. “I see,” rejoins Saturn, “thou art in league with Night, thou art become an evil eye: thou spakest from love; now thy words smite me with hatred. I appeal to Fate, must there not be rest?” ---“I appeal to Fate also,” said Uranus, “must there not be motion?” --- But Saturn was silent and went on making oysters for a thousand years.8. After that the word of Uranus came into his mind like a ray of the sun, and he made Jupiter; and then he feared again; and nature froze, the things that were made went backward, and to save the world, Jupiter slew his father Saturn.9. This may stand for the earliest account of a conversation on politics between a Conservative and a Radical, which has come down to us. It is ever thus. It is the counteraction of the centripetal and the centrifugal forces. Innovation is the salient energy; Conservatism the pause on the last movement. “That which is was made by God,” saith Conservatism. “He is leaving that, he is entering this other,” rejoins Innovation.这个也许是保守党和激进党政见最早描述的代表,它传承下来给我们。
他曾经是那样。
它是离心力和向心力的对抗。
革新党是突起的力量,保守党是最后发展的停滞。
保守党坚持那是上帝创造的东西。
革新党增加到上帝留下了一些东西,他也将加入其他的东西。
10. There is always a certain meanness in the argument of conservatism, joined with certain superiority in its fact. It affirms because it holds. Its fingers clutch the fact, and it will not open its eyes to see a better fact. The castle, which conservatism set to defend, is the actual state of things. Of course, conservatism always has the worst of the argument, is always apologizing, pleading a necessity, pleading that to change would be to deteriorate; it must saddle itself with the mountainous load of all the violence and vice of society, must deny the possibility of good, deny ideas, and suspect and stone the prophet; whilst innovation is always in the right, triumphant, attacking, and sure of final success. Conservatism stands on man’s incontestable limitations; reform on his indisputable infinitude; conservatism on circumstance; liberalism on power; one goes to make an adroit member of the social frame; the otherto postpone all things to the man himself; conservatism is debonair and social; reform is individual and imperious.保守党总是有一些无意义的争论, 同时也存在一些优点。
