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第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force49 重力gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专着monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法analytical method112 数值方法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction115 规范Specification, Code第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical?engineering岩土工程?2.foundation?engineering基础工程3.soil,?earth土4.soil?mechanics土力学cyclic?loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelasticfoundation粘弹性地基?viscous?damping粘滞阻尼shearmodulus剪切模量?5.soil?dynamics土动力学6.stress?path应力路径?7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土 groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水 groundwater table地下水位 3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物 ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图 7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察 8.boulder 漂石 9.cobble卵石 10.gravel砂石 11.gravelly sand砾砂 12.coarse sand粗砂 13.medium sand中砂 14.fine sand细砂 15.silty sand粉土 16.clayey soil粘性土 17.clay粘土 18.silty clay粉质粘土 19.silt粉土 20.sandy silt砂质粉土 21.clayey silt粘质粉土 22.saturated soil饱和土 23.unsaturated soil非饱和土 24.fill (soil)填土 25.overconsolidated soil超固结土 26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土 27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土 28.zonal soil区域性土 29.soft clay软粘土 30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土 31.peat泥炭 32.loess黄土 33.frozen soil冻土 24.degree of saturation饱和度 25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geote chnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度 12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计 10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力 12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载 15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体 16.homogeneous均质 17.isotropic各向同性 18.strip footing条基 19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载 22.live load活载 23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载 25.reduced load折算荷载 26.settlement沉降 27.deformation变形 28.casing套管 29.dike=dyke堤（防） 30.clay fraction粘粒粒组 31.physical properties物理性质 32.subgrade路基 33.well-graded soil级配良好土 34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土 35.normal stresses正应力 36.shear stresses剪应力 37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力 39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件 40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数 47.swelling index回弹指数 48.geostatic stress自重应力 49.additional stress附加应力 50.total stress总应力 51.final settlement最终沉降 52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖（挖方） 2 dewatering （基坑）降水 3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型） 10 deep well point深井点 11 vacuum well point 真空井点 12 braced cuts支撑围护 13 braced excavation支撑开挖 14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩 diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩 bored pile钻孔桩 special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩 piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩 rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础 drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩 under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩 steel pipe pile钢管桩 steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩 prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩 2.caisson foundation沉井（箱） 3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙 4.friction pile摩擦桩 5.end-bearing pile端承桩 6.shaft竖井；桩身 7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析 8.pile caps承台（桩帽） 9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力 teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验 11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力 12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验 13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力 14.low pile cap低桩承台 15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台 16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力 17.silent piling静力压桩 18.uplift pile抗拔桩 19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩 21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应 23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度 25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验 27.pile head=butt桩头 28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头） 29.pile spacing桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图 31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用 33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻 34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫 36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩 37.pile pulling test拔桩试验 38.pile shoe桩靴 39.pile noise 打桩噪音 40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度 12.consolidation test固结试验 13.consolidation curve固结曲线 14.time factor Tv时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法 8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法 9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论 10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角 11.cohesion粘聚力 12.failure criterion破坏准则 13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化 10.work hardening加工硬化 11.Cambridge model剑桥模型 12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型 13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型 16.elastic modulus弹性模量 17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure整体剪切破化3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力 8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.Rankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢板桩 2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩 3.steel piles 钢桩 4.wooden sheet pile木板桩 5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础 4.spread footing扩展基础 pensated foundation补偿性基础 6.bearing stratum持力层 7.rigid foundation刚性基础 8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量 9.dynamic ma二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程 2.soil dynamics土动力学 3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱 5.earthquake intensity地震烈度 6.earthquake magnitude震级 7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期 8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析 13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验 14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪 16.direct shear test直剪试验 17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验 19.dynamic simple shear动单剪 20.free（resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验 3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验 4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验 5.plate loading test静力荷载试验 teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验 7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验 8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验 9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验 10.pressuremeter test旁压试验 11.light sounding轻便触探试验 12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测 13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验 14.field permeability test 现场渗透试验 15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测 16.in-situ soil test原位试验。
Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1．化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。
比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。
有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。
20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。
这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。
而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。
这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。
特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。
这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。
1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。
尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。
化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得。
石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。
今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。
它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。
这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合（人们）的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。
这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。
2．化学工业的定义在本世纪初，要定义什么是化学工业是不太困难的，因为那时所生产的化学品是很有限的，而且是非常清楚的化学品，例如，烧碱，硫酸。
unit 5NamingWord Bank(academy->) academic: n. 学者/ adj. 学术性someone who looks at things in an academic way学者；The Police Academy；academic conference学术年会aesthetic: adj.美学的(aesthetics: n. 美学) of or concerning the appreciation of beauty or good taste美学的，审美的(bad taste->tasteless) [sex<->sexy](audio-: 与听力有关) audit: n. an examination of records or financial accounts to check their (accurate->) accuracy审计ballet (Italian): n. a classical dance form characterized by grace and precision芭蕾舞(bost->boster) boom: v. to grow or develop rapidly; flourish/ thrive/ prosper快速开展(burglar->) burglary: n. the act of entering a building or other premises with the intent to commit (thief->) theft入室盗窃(calculate->calculator->) calculus: n. the branch of mathematics that deals with limits and the (different->differentiate->) differentiation and integration of functions of one or more variables微积分commit: v. to do, perform, or perpetrate做，实行或犯罪; ~ a crime犯罪/ ~ suicide自杀(pesticide杀虫剂); spend the committed time花够所需的时间(detect->) detective: n. sb. who investigates crimes and obtains evidence or information侦探; private ~私家侦探disparity (gap/ difference): n. the condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree; difference不等，差距(distinct->distinctive-) distinctively: adv. distinguishingly特殊地fake:〔1〕n./ 〔2〕adj. having a false or misleading appearance; fraudulent假的hitch: v. to connect or attach连住; hitchhike搭便车；attachment附件intrigue: v. to arouse the interest or (curious->好奇的) curiosity of激起…的兴趣或好奇心manifest: adj. obvious明显的; Manifesto共产党宣言; manual labo(u)r体力劳动marquee: n. a large tent with open sides, used chiefly for outdoor (enter->entertain给人以娱乐->〕entertainment大帐篷mayhem: n. the offense of willfully maiming or (crippled=disabled残疾的) crippling a person 身体伤害罪[mis-:(1)wrong; (2)bad->] misdeed: n. a wrong or illegal deed (行为); a wrongdoing 违法行为noteworthy: adj. notable值得注意的obsessive: adj. of, relating to, characteristic of, or causing an obsession着迷的(offend->offense->offensive: offensive talk) offender: n. one (sb.) that offends, especially one that breaks a public law违法者outrageous: adj. being well beyond the bounds (limits) of good taste蛮横的, 残暴的, 无耻的, 可恶的, 令人不可容忍的; 勃然大怒perceive: v. to achieve understanding of apprehend (comprehend)理解(proliferate->) proliferation: n. a rapid increase or spreading激增prosper (->prosperous-> prosperous-looking很成功的样子): v. to be fortunate or successful,especially in terms of one's finances; thrive繁荣，成功(sume=get) resume: n. a brief written account of educational and professional qualifications and experience学术简历(segregate->) segregation: n. the act or process of segregating or the condition of being segregated隔离; discriminate->discrimination歧视sergeant: n. the rank of police officer next below a captain, lieutenant (陆军中尉, 海军上尉), or inspector警官sheer: adj. completely such, without qualification or exception纯粹，完全的; sheer luck纯粹是运气好[solid: (1)固体;(2) 牢固的;(3)孤独的]solidarity: n. fellowship of responsibilities and interests团结，一致; solidary bee独蜂starkly: adv. c ompletely or utterly; extremely完全地〔tempt：引诱+ tress一绺头发->〕temptress: n. an (allure引诱) alluring, (witch->) bewitching woman诱惑男人的女人; (wise->wiz->) wizard巫婆神汉/ 向导; witch try[past: (1)adj. e.g. in the ~ few days; (2) preposition, e.g. He went past my window.] (tres-: across) trespass: v. to commit an offense or a sin; transgress or err (err<->error不懂而出错<->mistake懂但不小心出错) 违法或犯罪; [crime<->sin] Some people prefer to call errors mistakes.不懂装懂。
第五单元A Types of DC Motors直流电机分类The types of commercially available DC motors basically fall into four categories: ⑴permanent-magnet DC motors, ⑵series-wound DC motors, ⑶shunt-wound DC motors, and ⑷compound-wound DC motors. Each of these motors has different characteristics due to its basic circuit arrangement and physical properties.[1]现在可以买到的直流电机基本上有四种：⑴永磁直流电机，⑵串励直流电机，⑶并励直流电机，⑷复励直流电机。
每种类型的电动机由于其基本电路和物理特性的不同而具有不同的机械特性。
Permanent-magnet DC Motors永磁直流电机The permanent-magnet DC motors, shown in Fig. 1-5A-1, is constructed in the same manner as its DC generator counterpart. The permanent-magnet DC motor is used for low-torque applications.When this type of motor is used, the DC power supply is connected directly to the armature conductors through the brush/commutator assembly. The magnetic field is produced by permanent magnets mounted on the stator. The rotor of permanent magnet motors is a wound armature.永磁直流电机，如图Fig. 1-5A-1所示，是用与直流发电机同样的方法建造的。
2022年自考专业(英语)英语阅读（一）考试真题及答案一、Careful Reading(40 points, 2 points for each)Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answers and write the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.1、Passage1Questions I to 5 are based on the following passage.Hummingbirds included the smallest birds in the world, but they belong to one of the largest group of birds, the Trochilidae family. These birds are found in deserts, mountains, and plains, but most live in tropical rain forests. Their name refers to the humming sound made by their tiny, beating wings; each species creates a different humming sound, depending on the speed of its wing beats.There are 328 hummingbird species. The smallest is the bee hummingbird from Cuba, and the largest is the giant hummingbird from South America. Hummingbird bills(喙）come in different sizes and shapes, too. The long bill is adapted to collect nectar(花蜜）from flowers. The bill protects the long, split tongue and allows each hummingbird species to feed from specific types of flowers. Hummingbirdsare called nectarivores(食蜜类）,because about 90 percent of their diet is the nectar from flowers. They also snack on insects. A hummingbird hunts insects by flying and diving to snap them up out of the air.If a hummingbird sees a bird that it do esn’t want in its territory, it gives a high-pitched warning and starts doing dive attacks. Other hummers and even birds of different species often join in to dive-bomb the unwelcome bird until it leaves. The hummingbird is fearless, as it can overcome everything unless taken by surprise.When it comes to flying, nobody does it better. Like a helicopter, a hummingbird can go up, down, sideways, backward, and even upside down! Most of its wings are made of hand bones instead of arm bones like other birds’wing s. When hovering, the wings turn in opposite directions and then reverse themselves in a figure-eight movement. Hummingbirds also have muscles that power both the up and down stroke instead of just the down stroke, as in other birds. Then can beat their wings from 20 to 200 times per second. Hummingbirds are such good fliers that most of them never walk.As tough as they are, hummingbirds still face a few clever natural enemies. Hummers have been caught by dragonflies, trapped in spider webs, and snatched by frogs. Other birds occasionally eat hummingbirds.where do most hummingbirds live?A.In plainsB.In desertsC.In mountainsD.In tropical rain forests2、Where does the name 查看答案【二、Speed Reading】1~5DDBAA6~10CBAC。
英文五级分类摘要：一、引言二、五级分类的概念与意义三、五级分类的具体内容与示例1.级别一：基本词汇2.级别二：日常生活用语3.级别三：商务与专业用语4.级别四：学术与研究用语5.级别五：行业术语与专业词汇四、五级分类在英语学习中的应用五、结论正文：一、引言随着全球化的加速发展，英语作为国际通用语言在各个领域发挥着重要作用。
为了更好地学习和使用英语，五级分类法被提出，以帮助学习者更系统、更有针对性地进行学习。
二、五级分类的概念与意义五级分类法是根据词汇难度和应用场景将英语词汇分为五个级别的方法。
这五个级别分别为：基本词汇、日常生活用语、商务与专业用语、学术与研究用语以及行业术语与专业词汇。
通过五级分类法，学习者可以更有针对性地选择词汇进行学习，提高学习效率。
三、五级分类的具体内容与示例1.级别一：基本词汇基本词汇是英语学习的基础，主要包括一些常见的生活、学习、工作等方面的词汇。
例如：book（书）、pen（笔）、table（桌子）等。
2.级别二：日常生活用语日常生活用语是指在日常生活中与他人进行沟通交流所需的词汇。
例如：问候、购物、餐饮、交通等方面的词汇。
3.级别三：商务与专业用语商务与专业用语是指在商务、职场等特定场合中使用的词汇。
例如：商务谈判、市场营销、财务管理等方面的词汇。
4.级别四：学术与研究用语学术与研究用语是指在学术研究、论文写作等场景中所需的词汇。
例如：教育、心理学、生物学等方面的词汇。
5.级别五：行业术语与专业词汇行业术语与专业词汇是指在特定行业或领域中使用的专业词汇。
例如：医学、工程、法律等方面的词汇。
四、五级分类在英语学习中的应用五级分类法在英语学习中具有很好的应用价值。
学习者可以根据自己的需求和兴趣选择相应的词汇进行学习，提高学习效果。
例如，初学者可以先从基本词汇入手，熟练掌握日常生活用语；职场人士可以在掌握日常生活用语的基础上，学习商务与专业用语；学术研究者则可以进一步学习学术与研究用语等。
一、词组符合fit in with利与弊pros and cons依赖rely on讨论中的in question例如for instence超过，溢出spill over插话、协调，一致chime in with打断别人，插话cut in结束争论或争吵in quits主管in charge归属感sense of belonging竭力找出seek out将……排入旅程，接受take in非常乐意more than happy报销经费expense account money免费for free有……的资格，有权享受…be entitled to把……放在一边，（暂时）丢下，省下put aside赊购账户charge account为了in an effort to使人感到难堪的是to one's emrarrassment现有，在手头on hand生根，被牢固树立take root从……开始start with来自……，来源于……derive form品牌异国化foreign branding销售行业marketing industry诸如此类……，等等to name just a few二、填空1.We will incorporate(吸收；吸纳)your suggestion in this new plan.2.The heavy rain hampered(妨碍；阻碍) the flow of traffic yesterday.3.She displayed(展示；表现) no emotion on the witness stand.4.The restaurant has a good reputation(名声；美名).5.I promise I will handle the matter impartially(公平地).6.Williams abused(滥用；妄用) his position as mayor to give jobs to his friends.7.She thought they would approve(批准，核准；认可) of the idea.8.We say that this was a(n) violation(违反；违背) of the agreement between us.9.We will also visit some museums, for instance(例如), the Forbidden City.10.This is the basic principle that underlies(构成…的基础；作为…的原因) all of the party’s policies.11.They proposed(提议，建议) making arrangements beforehand.12.If you assign(指派；分配) this task to somebody inexperienced, the results will most likely be less than satisfactory.13.The coffee is so full that it might spill(超过；溢出) over.14.Both his parents are vague(模糊的，不明确的) about where he is at the moment.15.The first item on the agenda(议程) was how to cut down the cost in production.16.He said that a few people were injured in the accident, but without specifying(明确说明；具体指定) how many.17.The thief has apparently(显然的，明显的) fled without taking any money.18.Repetition is one of the most effectively(有效的；生效的) ways for remembering new words.19.The two companies signed an agreement to renew(恢复；重新开始；续借) their partnership for another five years.20.The instructions in the manual should be made explicit(清楚明白的，直率的) so as to avoid any misunderstanding.21.Full-time employees are entitled(给…权利) to receive health insurance.22.They have made amazing(令人惊异的) achievements in the past few years.23.The Temple of Heaven is a tourist attraction(景点；吸引；吸引力) in Beijing.24.Leave your itinerary(行程，旅程；旅行指南) so that we can reach you in case of emergency.25.For relaxation(放松；消遣) nothing compares with a day on the beach.26.This is a restaurant where the locals(当地人，本地人) go to eat.27.We believe that this organization will serve regional(地域性的；地方性的) and world peace.28.The thin shirt is transparent(透明的) in the sunlight.29.This is the only country in Europe to deny(拒绝给予或允许) cancer screening to its citizens.30.Please tell me the procedure(程序，步骤；手续) for opening a savings account in your bank.31.Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of subscribers(用户；订阅者).32.The big company merged(结合；融合) various small businesses.33.The ideas of parents usually take root(生根；被牢固树立) in their children.34.We've discussed all the marketing options(选择权；可选择的用户) and decided to go for television advertising.35.The original (起初的，原先的)settlers in North America are the Indians.36.The company's new car is based on an environmentally friendly concept(概念；观念；想法).37.She has her own individual(个别的；单独的；个人的) style of doing things.38.The company is out to capture(夺得，获得) the European market.39.We use the hall for multiple(许多的；多种多样的) purposes.40.In order to conclude the transaction(交易；业务),we accept your price.41.What is your favorite brand(品牌的) of electronic dictionary?42.California has many immigrants(移民) from other states.43.We need to write dedicated(专门的；专业的) computer programs specifically designed for the task.44. Our company's philosophy(理念；哲学) is to listen to our customers and make them satisfied.45.Weigh out all the ingredients(成分；原料) before you start making the cake.46.He runs his sandwich chain as a franchise operation.47.The new trade figures have just been released(推出，发行)48.From his earliest years he showed exceptional ability in mechanics(特别的；优秀的).49.The radio program has many distinctive(有特色的，与众不同的) features highly appreciated by the audience.50.The work is demanding(过分苛求的，要求严格的),but he finished it with great success.三、翻译1.公司所有规章制度都应严格遵守。
Unit 1Sentence Paraphrase and Language Study1.I walked alongside my father, clutching his right hand. (1)present participle as adverbial modifier Paraphrase: I walked next to my father, holding his right hand.clutch (1)vt. to hold sth. or sb. tightly, esp. because you are frightened, in pain, or do not want to lose somethingExamples: Tom fell to the ground, clutching his stomach.A woman clutching a baby stole an elderly woman’s purse.clutch at (2)to try hard to hold sth., esp. when you’re in a dange rous situation Example: A drowning man will clutch at a straw. (to try hard to find a sign of hope ora solution, even when they are not likely to exist in a difficult or dangerous situation)2. They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for the first time. (1)“As” introduces an adverbial clause of reason. Paraphrase: But my new clothes did not bring any happiness to me, because it was the day I was forced to go to school for the first time.Cf. to throw sb. out of (a place): to force sb. to leave a place, e.g.They will throw me out of school if I fail three times.Nick got thrown out of college in the second year for taking drugs.Anyone who opposes the regime is liable to be thrown into jail/prison.More examples:The moment I saw him, I recognized he was the criminal the police were looking for. The year I was born, my father was working towards a PhD degree.The day Hans Christian Andersen returned to his hometown, almost all the people turned out to greet him.3. My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help. (2)present participle phrase, acting as adverbial of accompanying circumstancesParaphrase: My mother stood at the window watching our slow and difficult movement towards the school, and I looked back at her frequently, hoping she would stop my father taking me to school.More examples:We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms. (2) past participle phrase used here to modify “a street” and “fields” respectively. It can be regarded as a relative clause cut short. Paraphrase: We walked along a street, on both sides of which there are gardens and fields where crops, pears and date palms are planted.What is the language spoken in that area? = that is spokenThey are problems left over by history. = which have been left4. It’s a place that makes useful men out of boys. to make sb./sth. become …Examples:The army made a man of him.The four brothers all made a success of their lives.He said the Government were frightened of nothing. The real trouble was that we were making a mountain out of a molehill (小题大做).5. I was not convinced. convince vt. to make sb. feel certain that sth. is true Examples:I couldn’t convince him of his mistake. How can I convince you of my sincerity?I managed to convince them that the story was true.a convincing argument convincing evidence6. I did not believe there was really any good to be had in tearing me away from my home and throwing me into the huge, high-walled building. (5)gerund as the object of the prepositiontear sb. away from: to (make sb.) leave a place unwillingly because one has to Paraphrase: I didn’t think it was useful to take me away from home and put me into that building with high walls.More examples:1) We had difficulty in finding a parking lot. 2) I have no objection to hearing your story again.3) I’m not keen on gambling. I’m too afraid of losing. 4) There’s no point in waiting.There’s no good to be had in doing sth.=It’s no good/use doing sth. or There is no good/use doing sth.: It’s not useful to do sth.Examples:It’s no good crying spilt milk. (proverb)It’s no use talking to him.There is no good to be had in buying a boat when you don’t have enough spare time to use it.I don’t see there is any good to be had in downsizing the company.Related phrases:it is no (not much) goodit is no (not any, hardly any, little) useit is useless + doingit is not the slightest useit is worth (worthwhile)there is no (good, use)Example: There is no good denying that women are playing an important role in the world today.to tear oneself/sb. away from: to (make sb.) leave a place or a person unwillingly because one has to.Examples:Can’t you tear yourself away from the TV for dinner?The young artist couldn’t tear himself away from da Vinci’s Mona Lisa.7. Vast (1)a. extremely large; spreading a great distanceExamples:The vast plains of this country spread for hundreds of miles.He is very valuable to his employer because of his vast experience in the business. vast (2)Examples:The group of actors was brought from New York to London at vast expense.The refugees came across the border in vast numbers.The vast majority of young people don’t take drugs.8. I hesitated and clung to his hand, …to hold tightly; not release one’s grip on Examples:The little child clung to his mother for comfort.Some of the victims of the fire climbed out of the building, clung to the window ledges for a minute or two and then dropped to their death a hundred feet below. Collocations:cling to the belief; cling to the hope; cling to one’s own viewcling to the habit; cling to one’s possessions9. You will find me waiting for you when it’s time to leave. (7) find + obj + v-ing (object complement)Paraphrase: I’ll come to fetch you when school is over. I’ll be waiting for you here at the gate.More examples:1) When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud.2) I found a tree lying across the road.3) If she catches you reading her diary, she’ll be furious.4) His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.5) The words immediately set us all laughing.Note: Thi s structure is very common in verbs like “see, hear, feel, watch, notice.”10. Some of the children burst into tears.burst into:to begin, suddenly and/or violently, to cry, laugh, sing, etc. Example: Aunt Annabel, who has been nervous and jumpy lately, suddenly burst into tears.Collocations:As the comic got into his stride, the audience burst into hoots of laughter/a guffaw. The aircraft crashed into the hillside and burst into flames.The orchards seemed to have burst into blossom overnight.The entire hall burst into thunderous cheers/applause.Everyone on the bus burst into song as we got closer to home.Similar expressions:As they left the club the revellers broke into song/loud curses.I mentioned the incident later to a tailor friend and he burst out laughing/crying.11. … from each floor we were overlooked by a long balcony roofed in wood. (11) Paraphrase:… on one side of the courtyard was a building with a long wood-roofed balcony on each floor where we could be seen. Or: … from the balcony on each floor of the building people could see the pattern into which we formed.overlook: vt. a. to have a view of sth. from above; b. to fail to see or notice; pay no attention toExamples:Our room overlooks the ocean. My garden is overlooked by the neighbours. I’m afraid I overlooked your name; I’ll add it to the list immediately.I’ll overlook your mistake this time.12. I had never imagined school would have this rich variety of experience. Paraphrase: I had never thought life at school would be so colorful and interesting. variety (1) n. number or range of different thingsExamples:The T-shirts are available in a wide variety of colors.The students come from a variety of different backgrounds.variety (2) n. quality of not being the same, or not being the same at all times Examples:There was little she could do to add variety to her daily routine.She didn’t like the work, because it lacked variety; she was doing the same things all the time.Variety is the spice of life. (=Doing a lot of different things, meeting different people, etc. is what makes life interesting.)Examples:1) Customs vary from country to country.2) Human nature, in all its many and varied forms, is very complex and hard to understand.3) Of all the various ways of cooking an egg, I like boiling best.4) There are wide regional variations in house price.5) There are too many variables in the experiment to predict the result accurately.6) Consumers’ preferences are so variable that planning is almost impossible.13. We saw a globe of the Earth, which revolved and ….v. a. to spin around or make sth. spin around, on a central point; b. (fig.) to think aboutExamples:The metal disc revolves at high speed. The earth revolves round the sun.The story revolves around a young girl who runs away from home.He revolved the matter in his head/mind.18. It was not all a matter of playing and fooling around. (15)all: completely; fool around: to waste time instead of doing sth. that you should be doingParaphrase: What we did at school wasn’t just playing and wasting time doing nothing useful.a matter of: a subject/situation that involves sth.Examples:Learning is a matter of seeing much, suffering much and studying much.The King’s mental state was becoming a matter of c oncern.Personally I can’t stand rock music, but I suppose it’s all a matter of opinion.I can’t say which wine is best—it’s a matter of personal taste.fool around/about: to waste time behaving in a silly wayExamples:He spent the whole afternoon just fooling around.Stop fooling around otherwise you’ll never amount to anything.Cf. He noticed a strange-looking person hanging about the bus stop.I hung around the station for an hour but he never showed up.The children lingered on at the zoo until the closing time.14. Rivalries could bring about pain and hatred or give rise to fighting.bring about: to make sth. happenExamples:Computers have brought about many changes in workplace.I offered to act as mediator and try to bring about a reconciliation between the two parties.That unpopular measure finally brought about the downfall of the government.give rise to: to be the reason why sth. esp. sth. bad or unpleasant happens Examples:Two phenomena are giving rise to world-wide concern—mass unemployment and mass migration into cities.Most people argued that poverty had given rise to the crimes in the town.15. … she would resort to physical punishment.resort to: to make use of ; to turn to sth. (esp. sth. bad) as a solutionExamples:There is no righ t to resort to violence when you don’t get your way.Terrorists resorted to bombing city centers as a means of achieving their political aims.Differences and disputes should be resolved through dialogue and negotiation rather than by resorting to force or terrorist actions.16. In addition, the time for changing one’s mind was over and gone and there was no question of ever returning to the paradise of home. (16) no possibility of Paraphrase: Besides, it was impossible for us to quit school and return to the good old days when we stayed home playing and fooling around all day. Our childhood was gone, never to come back.There is no question (of sth. happening / sb. doing sth.): There is no possibility. Example: There is no question of their dismissing you at the moment.17. Nothing lay ahead of us but exertion, struggle, and perseverance. (16) Paraphrase: We would have to do our best and keep working very hard until we finished school. This is what I imagined our school days would be like. Or: The kind of life that was waiting for us at school would be full of exertion, struggle and perseverance.Nothing but: onlyRight now he thinks about nothing but his research. She ate nothing but an apple for lunch.18. Those who were (relative clause modifying “those”)able took advantage of the opportunities for success and happiness that presented themselves. (relative clause modifying “opportunities”) (16)Paraphrase: If there came opportunities, capable students would seize them to achieve success and happiness.take advantage of: to use a particular situation to do or get what you wantExamples: I took advantage of the weather to paint the shed.Don’t lend them the car—they’re taking advantage of you!More phrases:For certain types of work wood has/gains/wins advantages over plastic.New tax regulations had given them an advantage over their commercial rivals.You have the advantage of me. Candidates with computer skills will be at an advantage.Do take more exercise. It is to your advantage.present (1)v. (reflex) to appear; attendExamples:When the chance to study at Harvard presented itself, I jumped at it.He was ordered to present himself at the chairman’s office at nine o’clock next morning.present (2) v. a. to give; offer; put forward; submit; b. to show or reveal; c. to put on; produce (a play)Examples:David’s manager presented him with the award for best sales in the region.His sudden resignation presents us with a tricky situation.The National Theatre is presenting “King Lear” next month.19. I looked around bu t found no trace of my father.trace (1) n. a. a small sign that shows that sb.or sth. was present or existed; b. very small amountIt vanished/disappeared/without trace. Petra’s lost all trace of her German accent. Age has left its traces on his face. There are traces of poison in the man’s blood.A mere trace of smile passed over her face.trace (2)v. a. to follow the marks to find sb. or sth.; b. to find the origin of sth.c. to study or describe the history, development or progress of sth. Examples:She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter.The style of these paintings can be traced back to early medieval influences.His book traces the changing nature of the relationship between men and women. 20. How did these hills of rubbish find their way to cover its sides? (17)to arrive or get to a placeParaphrase: How did the street come to be covered with so much rubbish on both sides? Where did they come from?find one’s way to:to arrive or get to a placeExamples:After being lost for two days, the little dog finally found its way back to its owner’s house.Because of the dense fog, the traveller couldn’t find his way to his camp.Related phrases:make one’s way to/towards the door bow her way out of the roompush her way out of the hall shoulder her way through the crowdworm his way into the organization beg her way back homeinch one’s way up the mountain21. Here and there stood conjurers showing off their tricks or making snakes appear from baskets. (17) an inverted sentence due to long subjectParaphrase: Conjurers stood everywhere. They were showing off their tricks or making snakes appear from baskets.More examples: 1) There are some exceptions to this reaction.2) Were there no air on the earth, there would be no life on it. 3) There goes the bell.4) In no case should we waste our time. 5) Away hurried the customers.show off: a. to attract attention to; b. to try to impress people and make them admire your abilities, achievements or possessionExamples:It was said that Mrs. Perkins only went to church to show off her new clothes.She was always at any function or gathering where her accomplishments could be shown off.Pay no attention to Susan—she’s just showing off.22. Then there was a band announcing the opening of a circus, with clowns and weight lifters walking in front. (17) “With+n.+doing” construction is used adverbially modifying “announcing”.Paraphrase: Then there was a band that was announcing the opening of a circus. The clowns and weight lifters were walking in its front.More examples:1) He stood there with a stick in his hand. (with + n. + prep.)2) Paul soon fell asleep with the light still burning. (with + n. + participle)3) She can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. (with + n. + to do)4) He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. (with + n. + adv.)23. I was in a daze. n. a confused state of mind; v. to make (sb.) feel stupid or unable to think clearlyExamples: I’ve been wandering around in a daze all day.If someone gave you a heavy blow on the head, you would probably feel dazed.Dazed survivors staggered from the wreckage.24…, but the stream of cars would not let up.let up: a. to stop or become less strong or serious; b. to slacken one’s efforts Examples: When will the rain let up?Keep plodding away at your task, no matter how difficult it is; don’t let up on it.Unit 2Sentence Paraphrase and Language Study1．They were dreaming of golden beaches and sea tides as the grey, cold spring of New York vanished behind them.dream of/about: to imagine and think about sth. that you would like to happenExamples:1) The girl dreamed of becoming a movie star.2) Some thought it was the breakthrough scientists had dreamed of.3) He's got the sort of money that you and I can only dream about.vanish: v. to disappear suddenly, esp. in a way that cannot easily be explained Examples:1) I turned around again, the boy had vanished.2) It is a bad idea to let Tom Cruise vanish for almost an hour in the middle of his picture.3) Many species in South America have vanished completely.Cf. varnish, tarnish, furnishvarnish: to cover with 给······涂清漆1) He varnished the wooden table. 2) After he fixed the shelf, he varnished the whole to a high shine.tarnish: (esp. of metal surfaces) to lose; cause the loss of brightness （尤指金属表面）使失去光泽1) The damp atmosphere has tarnished the gilt. 2) His reputation is tarnished. furnish: to supply or provide; put furniture in1)The records furnished the information required.2)The president’s office is tastefully furnished with modern furniture.2. As the bus passed through New Jersey, …pass through: to go through a town, etc., perhaps stopping there for a short time, but not stayingExamples:1) As they passed through the flooded areas, they felt bad.2) We passed through the gates into a courtyard behind.3) We were just passing through (= travelling through a place) and thought we'd drop in to see you.pass (a place): to go past a place without enteringExamples:1) On her way to work she passed a supermarket. 2) We passed a group of students outside the theatre. 3) I pass the sports centre on the way to work.3. His fingers were stained from cigarettes …stain:v. a. to accidentally make a mark on sth. esp. one that cannot be removed; b. to change the color of sth., especially sth. made of wood, by using a special liquid (Syn. dye)Examples:1) This tablecloth stains very easily. 2) Her fingers were stained yellow from years of smoking.3) Stain the table before you varnish it.Collocations:stain sb.’s name/reputation/honor; stain with; leave a stain; blood/ink/wine stain; a stain on sb.’s character/reputation; remove/get rid of a stain; stubborn stainsExamples:1) A sudden gust of rain dashed against the red bricks that were already stained inpatches by water.2) Her fingers were stained with dirt, her nail varnish chipped.3) How do you get wine stains out of a tablecloth? 4) There was a dark red stain on the carpet.5) Water is a miraculous substance remover; it will remove probably 85 percent of all stains.5. He sat in complete silence and seemed completely unaware of the existence of the others.in+n.: to show a state or conditionunaware of: not knowing or realizing that sth. is happening or that sth. exists Paraphrase: He sat without saying anything as if he did not know there were other people around.4. …, the bus pulled into a Howard Johnson’s restaurant ….pull into: (of a vehicle) to arrive at (a station); move in towardsExamples:1) They will pull into the station at 7 sharp. 2) Let’s pull into the parking lot and have a rest.3) The train pulled into the station on the stroke of 12.Opposite—pull out:if a train pulls out, it leaves a stationExamples:1) The three-thirty is pulling out of platform four. 2) We got there just as the train was pulling out.7. The young people began to wonder about him, ….wonder about/at: to feel curious about; be doubtful aboutExamples:1) John says he didn’t do it, but I am still wondering about that.2) Sometimes I wonder about his behaviour.3) He wondered at her ability never to reveal the slightest disquiet in front of her husband.5.… she decided to engage him in a conversation.engage sb. in: to make sb. take part in sth.Examples:1) She tried to engage her roommate in a philosophical discussion.2) They spoke little about life outside the organization despite my efforts to engage them in conversation about it.3) They engaged him in a new project.6.The girl insisted that he join them. (Para. 5) subjunctive mood, "should" isdropped outinsist: demand that sth. should happenAfter the verbs expressing a command, decision, suggestion, such as decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote, advise, determine, desire, resolve, urge, etc, in that-clause we usu. use subjunctive mood “(should) do sth.”.More examples in ppt.7. He thanked her and retreated again into his silence.retreat into/to: to yield; move back toExamples:1) The soldiers were ordered to retreat to safer positions.2) At last we forced the enemy to retreat into the mountains from the town.3) More and more she retreated into books.Collocations:retreat into oneself 不与人交往，离群索居retreat into one’s shell 变得缄默，不愿与人接触retreat into fantasy 退避到梦幻世界8．…, and that if she can’t stand it, …stand: v. a. to bear, tolerate; b.to be or stay in a particular state or condition; c.to be proved to be true, correct, useful, etc. when testedcan't stand the heat (room)stand idle stand wear and tear (door)stand open stand up under close scrutiny stand up well to cross-checking Patterns：can't stand (sb./sth.) doing sth.can't stand to do sth.can't stand the sight/thought, etc. ofExamples: I can't stand people smoking around me when I'm eating.She can't stand to hear her parents arguing about her personal affairs.I know he can't stand the sight of me. She couldn't stand the thought of losing her children.a music stand乐谱架 a fruit stand水果摊 a stand for taxi出租汽车停车处make one’s stand clear表明立场come to a stand陷于停顿international stand国际地位standing committee/army常务委员会／常备军standing joke／jest老笑话take/make/mount a stand against sth. 反抗，抵抗9. She’s a wo nderful woman, really something—and forget about me.something: n. a thing or a person of some value or importanceExamples: He considers himself to be something, but actually he is nothing.She thinks she’s something since she won the beauty contest. Collocations: make something of yourself (= to become successful )be (really/quite) something(= spoken used to say that something is very good and impressive)there's something in/to something(= used to admit that someone's words are true or their ideas are successful, etc.)Examples: He looked like a man who might be able to make something of himself if a good woman took him in hand.Running your own company at 21 is really something.They had to concede that there was something in his teaching methods.forget about: a. to lose remembrance of; fail to keep in memory; fail to recall; b. to stop thinking or worrying about someone or something; c. not to care about or give attention to someone or something any longerExamples: She forgot all about their anniversary.Once they have money, some people forget about all their old friends.I'd completely forgotten about our bet until Bill reminded me.10. …, when I was sure the parole was coming through I wrote her again.come through: to arrive as expectedExamples: Has the train come through?We're still waiting for our exam results to come through.There is news just coming through of an explosion in a chemical factory.11. ... Soon all of them were caught up in the approach of Brunswick, looking at the pictures Vingo showed them of his wife and three children.be/get caught up in: to be completely absorbed in or get involved inExamples:I was caught up in conversation with a friend when someone knocked at the door.I am painfully aware of how we get caught up in our times and become contaminated by our own hypocrisy.I didn't want to get caught up in endless petty arguments.approach: v. to move towards or nearer to someone or somethingExamples: I heard footsteps approaching.Everyone prepared celebrations as the year 2000 approached.As I approached the forest, a hare ran out of the trees.Translation: He is hard to approach. 他很难接近。
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。
完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。
天然产物，和Ⅲ。
产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握第一部分：1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法2 专业英语Specialty English3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering4 土木工程Civil Engineering5 地下工程Underground Engineering6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics11 交通工程Traffic Engineering12 港口工程Port Engineering13 安全性safety17木结构timber structure18 砌体结构masonry structure19 混凝土结构concrete structure20 钢结构steelstructure21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure22 素混凝土plain concrete23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete24 钢筋rebar25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete26 静定结构statically determinate structure27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure30 近海工程offshore engineering31 静力学statics32运动学kinematics33 动力学dynamics34 简支梁simply supported beam35 固定支座fixed bearing36弹性力学elasticity37 塑性力学plasticity38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics40 土力学soil mechanics41 水力学hydraulics42 流体力学fluid mechanics43 固体力学solid mechanics44 集中力concentrated force45 压力pressure46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure47 均布压力uniform pressure48 体力body force49 重力gravity50 线荷载line load51 弯矩bending moment52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress54 应变stain55 正应力normal stress56 剪应力shearing stress57 主应力principal stress58 变形deformation59 内力internal force60 偏移量挠度deflection61 settlement 沉降62 屈曲失稳buckle63 轴力axial force64 允许应力allowable stress65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis66 梁beam67 壳shell68 板plate69 桥bridge70 桩pile71 主动土压力active earth pressure72 被动土压力passive earth pressure73 承载力load-bearing capacity74 水位water Height75 位移displacement76 结构力学structural mechanics77 材料力学material mechanics78 经纬仪altometer79 水准仪level80 学科discipline81 子学科sub-discipline82 期刊journal ,periodical83文献literature84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号86 卷volume87 期number 88 专著monograph89 会议论文集Proceeding90 学位论文thesis, dissertation91 专利patent92 档案档案室archive93 国际学术会议conference94 导师advisor95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis96 博士研究生doctorate student97 研究生postgraduate98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引101 题目title102 摘要abstract103 全文full-text104 参考文献reference105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation106 主题词Subject107 关键字keyword108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署110 ISO International Standard Organization111 解析方法analytical method112 数值方法numerical method113 计算computation114 说明书instruction第二部分：岩土工程专业词汇1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程2.foundation engineering基础工程3.soil, earth土4.soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic foundation粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径7.numerical geotechanics 数值岩土力学二. 土的分类 1.residual soil残积土groundwater level地下水位 2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table地下水位 3.clay minerals粘土矿物 4.secondary minerals次生矿物 ndslides滑坡 6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察8.boulder漂石9.cobble卵石10.gravel砂石11.gravelly sand砾砂12.coarse sand粗砂13.medium sand中砂14.fine sand细砂15.silty sand粉土16.clayey soil粘性土17.clay粘土18.silty clay粉质粘土19.silt粉土20.sandy silt 砂质粉土21.clayey silt粘质粉土22.saturated soil饱和土23.unsaturated soil非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土25.overconsolidated soil超固结土26.normally consolidated soil正常固结土27.underconsolidated soil欠固结土28.zonal soil区域性土29.soft clay软粘土30.expansive (swelling) soil膨胀土31.peat泥炭32.loess 黄土33.frozen soil冻土24.degree of saturation饱和度25.dry unit weight干重度26.moist unit weight湿重度45.ISSMGE=International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 国际土力学与岩土工程学会四. 渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.seepage force渗透力11.hydraulic gradient水力梯度12.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五. 地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力4.total stress 总应力5.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度6.low activity低活性7.sensitivity灵敏度8.triaxial test三轴试验9.foundation design基础设计10.recompaction再压缩11.bearing capacity承载力12.soil mass土体13.contact stress (pressure)接触应力（压力）14.concentrated load集中荷载15.a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体16.homogeneous均质17.isotropic各向同性18.strip footing条基19.square spread footing方形独立基础20.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）21.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载22.live load 活载23.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载24.long-term transient load长期荷载25.reduced load折算荷载26.settlement沉降27.deformation变形28.casing套管29.dike=dyke堤（防）30.clay fraction粘粒粒组31.physical properties物理性质32.subgrade路基33.well-graded soil级配良好土34.poorly-graded soil级配不良土35.normal stresses正应力36.shear stresses剪应力37.principal plane主平面38.major (intermediate, minor) principal stress最大（中、最小）主应力39.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件40.FEM=finite element method有限元法41.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法42.pore water pressure孔隙水压力43.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力44.modulus of compressibility压缩模量45.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pression index压缩指数47.swelling index回弹指数48.geostatic stress自重应力49.additional stress附加应力50.total stress总应力51.final settlement最终沉降52.slip line滑动线六. 基坑开挖与降水 1 excavation开挖（挖方） 2 dewatering（基坑）降水3 failure of foundation基坑失稳4 bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5 bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6 retaining wall挡土墙7 pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8 dewatering method降低地下水位法9 well point system井点系统（轻型）10 deep well point深井点11 vacuum well point真空井点12 braced cuts支撑围护13 braced excavation支撑开挖14 braced sheeting支撑挡板七. 深基础--deep foundation 1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩bored pile钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩steel pipe pile钢管桩steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation 沉井（箱） 3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile摩擦桩5.end-bearing pile端承桩6.shaft竖井；桩身7.wave equation analysis波动方程分析8.pile caps承台（桩帽）9.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验11.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力12.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验13.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力14.low pile cap低桩承台15.high-rise pile cap高桩承台16.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力17.silent piling静力压桩18.uplift pile抗拔桩19.anti-slide pile抗滑桩20.pile groups群桩21.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）22.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应23.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术24.final set最后贯入度25.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验26.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验27.pile head=butt桩头28.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头）29.pile spacing 桩距30.pile plan桩位布置图31.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置32.group action群桩作用33.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻34.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻35.pile cushion桩垫36.pile driving(by vibration) （振动）打桩37.pile pulling test拔桩试验38.pile shoe桩靴39.pile noise打桩噪音40.pile rig打桩机九. 固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度12.consolidation test固结试验13.consolidation curve固结曲线14.time factor Tv 时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十. 抗剪强度shear strength 1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变速率6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角11.cohesion粘聚力12.failure criterion破坏准则13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter有效应力强度参数十一. 本构模型--constitutive model1.elastic model弹性模型2.nonlinear elastic model非线性弹性模型3.elastoplastic model弹塑性模型4.viscoelastic model粘弹性模型5.boundary surface model边界面模型6.Duncan-Chang model邓肯－张模型7.rigid plastic model 刚塑性模型8.cap model盖帽模型9.work softening加工软化10.work hardening加工硬化11.Cambridge model剑桥模型12.ideal elastoplastic model理想弹塑性模型13.Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion莫尔－库仑屈服准则14.yield surface屈服面15.elastic half-space foundation model弹性半空间地基模型16.elastic modulus弹性模量17.Winkler foundation model文克尔地基模型十二. 地基承载力--bearing capacity of foundation soil 1.punching shear failure冲剪破坏2.general shear failure 整体剪切破化 3.local shear failure局部剪切破坏 4.state of limit equilibrium极限平衡状态5.critical edge pressure临塑荷载6.stability of foundation soil地基稳定性7.ultimate bearing capacity of foundation soil地基极限承载力8.allowable bearing capacity of foundation soil地基容许承载力十三. 土压力--earth pressure1.active earth pressure主动土压力2.passive earth pressure被动土压力3.earth pressure at rest静止土压力4.Coulomb’s earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论5.R ankine’s earth pressure theory朗金土压力理论十四. 土坡稳定分析--slope stability analysis1.angle of repose休止角2.Bishop method毕肖普法3.safety factor of slope边坡稳定安全系数4.Fellenius method of slices费纽伦斯条分法5.Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧滑动法6.slices method条分法十五. 挡土墙--retaining wall1.stability of retaining wall挡土墙稳定性2.foundation wall基础墙3.counter retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙4.cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙5.cantilever sheet pile wall悬臂式板桩墙6.gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙7.anchored plate retaining wall锚定板挡土墙8.anchored sheet pile wall锚定板板桩墙十六. 板桩结构物--sheet pile structure 1.steel sheet pile钢板桩 2.reinforced concrete sheet pile钢筋混凝土板桩3.steel piles钢桩4.wooden sheet pile木板桩5.timber piles木桩十七. 浅基础--shallow foundation 1.box foundation箱型基础 2.mat(raft) foundation片筏基础 3.strip foundation条形基础 4.spread footing扩展基础 pensated foundation补偿性基础6.bearing stratum持力层7.rigid foundation刚性基础8.flexible foundation柔性基础9.embedded depth of foundation基础埋置深度 foundation pressure基底附加应力11.structure-foundation-soil interaction analysis上部结构－基础－地基共同作用分析十八. 土的动力性质--dynamic properties of soils1.dynamic strength of soils动强度2.wave velocity method波速法3.material damping材料阻尼4.geometric damping几何阻尼5.damping ratio阻尼比6.initial liquefaction初始液化7.natural period of soil site地基固有周期8.dynamic shear modulus of soils动剪切模量9.dynamic ma二十. 地基基础抗震 1.earthquake engineering地震工程2.soil dynamics土动力学3.duration of earthquake地震持续时间 4.earthquake response spectrum地震反应谱5.earthquake intensity地震烈度6.earthquake magnitude 震级7.seismic predominant period地震卓越周期8.maximum acceleration of earthquake地震最大加速度二十一. 室内土工实验 1.high pressure consolidation test 高压固结试验 2.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结试验 3.falling head permeability变水头试验4.constant head permeability常水头渗透试验5.unconsolidated-undrained triaxial test不固结不排水试验(UU)6.consolidated undrained triaxial test固结不排水试验(CU)7.consolidated drained triaxial test固结排水试验(CD)paction test击实试验9.consolidated quick direct shear test固结快剪试验10.quick direct shear test快剪试验11.consolidated drained direct shear test慢剪试验12.sieve analysis筛分析13.geotechnical model test土工模型试验14.centrifugalmodel test离心模型试验15.direct shear apparatus直剪仪16.direct shear test直剪试验17.direct simple shear test直接单剪试验18.dynamic triaxial test三轴试验19.dynamic simple shear 动单剪20.free（resonance）vibration column test自(共)振柱试验二十二. 原位测试 1.standard penetration test (SPT)标准贯入试验 2.surface wave test (SWT)表面波试验3.dynamic penetration test(DPT)动力触探试验 4.static cone penetration (SPT) 静力触探试验5.plate loading test 静力荷载试验 teral load test of pile 单桩横向载荷试验7.static load test of pile 单桩竖向荷载试验8.cross-hole test 跨孔试验9.screw plate test螺旋板载荷试验10.pressuremeter test旁压试验11.light sounding轻便触探试验12.deep settlement measurement深层沉降观测13.vane shear test十字板剪切试验14.field permeability test现场渗透试验15.in-situ pore water pressure measurement 原位孔隙水压量测16.in-situ soil test原位试验。
一、词组符合fit in with利与弊pros and cons依赖rely on讨论中的in question例如for instence超过，溢出spill over插话、协调，一致chime in with打断别人，插话cut in结束争论或争吵in quits主管in charge归属感sense of belonging竭力找出seek out将……排入旅程，接受take in非常乐意more than happy报销经费expense account money 免费for free有……的资格，有权享受…be entitled to把……放在一边，（暂时）丢下，省下put aside赊购账户charge account为了in an effort to使人感到难堪的是to one's emrarrassment现有，在手头on hand生根，被牢固树立take root从……开始start with来自……，来源于……derive form品牌异国化foreign branding销售行业marketing industry诸如此类……，等等to name just a few二、填空1.We will incorporate(吸收；吸纳)your suggestion in this new plan.2.The heavy rain hampered(妨碍；阻碍) the flow of traffic yesterday.3.She displayed(展示；表现) no emotion on the witness stand.4.The restaurant has a good reputation(名声；美名).5.I promise I will handle the matter impartially(公平地).6.Williams abused(滥用；妄用) his position as mayor to give jobs to his friends.7.She thought they would approve(批准，核准；认可) of the idea.8.We say that this was a(n) violation(违反；违背) of the agreement between us.9.We will also visit some museums, for instance(例如), the Forbidden City.10.This is the basic principle that underlies(构成…的基础；作为…的原因) all of the party’s policies.11.They proposed(提议，建议) making arrangements beforehand.12.If you assign(指派；分配) this task to somebody inexperienced, the results will mostlikely be less than satisfactory.13.The coffee is so full that it might spill(超过；溢出) over.14.Both his parents are vague(模糊的，不明确的) about where he is at the moment.15.The first item on the agenda(议程) was how to cut down the cost in production.16.He said that a few people were injured in the accident, but without specifying(明确说明；具体指定) how many.17.The thief has apparently(显然的，明显的) fled without taking any money.18.Repetition is one of the most effectively(有效的；生效的) ways for remembering new words.19.The two companies signed an agreement to renew(恢复；重新开始；续借) their partnership for another five years.20.The instructions in the manual should be made explicit(清楚明白的，直率的) so as to avoid any misunderstanding.21.Full-time employees are entitled(给…权利) to receive health insurance.22.They have made amazing(令人惊异的) achievements in the past few years.23.The Temple of Heaven is a tourist attraction(景点；吸引；吸引力) in Beijing.24.Leave your itinerary(行程，旅程；旅行指南) so that we can reach you in case of emergency.25.For relaxation(放松；消遣) nothing compares with a day on the beach.26.This is a restaurant where the locals(当地人，本地人) go to eat.27.We believe that this organization will serve regional(地域性的；地方性的) and world peace.28.The thin shirt is transparent(透明的) in the sunlight.29.This is the only country in Europe to deny(拒绝给予或允许) cancer screening to its citizens.30.Please tell me the procedure(程序，步骤；手续) for opening a savings account in your bank.31.Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of subscribers(用户；订阅者).32.The big company merged(结合；融合) various small businesses.33.The ideas of parents usually take root(生根；被牢固树立) in their children.34.We've discussed all the marketing options(选择权；可选择的用户) and decided to go for television advertising.35.The original (起初的，原先的)settlers in North America are the Indians.36.The company's new car is based on an environmentally friendly concept(概念；观念；想法).37.She has her own individual(个别的；单独的；个人的) style of doing things.38.The company is out to capture(夺得，获得) the European market.39.We use the hall for multiple(许多的；多种多样的) purposes.40.In order to conclude the transaction(交易；业务),we accept your price.41.What is your favorite brand(品牌的) of electronic dictionary?42.California has many immigrants(移民) from other states.43.We need to write dedicated(专门的；专业的) computer programs specifically designed for the task.44. Our company's philosophy(理念；哲学) is to listen to our customers and make them satisfied.45.Weigh out all the ingredients(成分；原料) before you start making the cake.46.He runs his sandwich chain as a franchise operation.47.The new trade figures have just been released(推出，发行)48.From his earliest years he showed exceptional ability in mechanics(特别的；优秀的).49.The radio program has many distinctive(有特色的，与众不同的) features highly appreciated by the audience.50.The work is demanding(过分苛求的，要求严格的),but he finished it with great success.三、翻译1.公司所有规章制度都应严格遵守。
专业英语Chapter 1Customer service 客户服务packaging 包装Demand forecasting/planning 需求预测/计划procurement 采购Inventory management 库存管理return goods handling 退货处理Logistics information 物流信息reverse logistics 逆向物流Material handling 物资搬运transportation 运输Order processing 订单处理warehousing 仓储Customer service levels 客户服务水平Transportation costs 运输成本Warehousing costs 仓储成本Order processing/information systems costs 订单处理/信息系统成本Lot quantity costs 批量成本Inventory carrying costs 库存持有成本Chapter 2Market driven 市场驱动operationally agile 操作敏捷Freshness oriented 面向新鲜customer-guided 顾客引导Logistics optimizer 物流优化trade focused 贸易重点Five supply chain strategy 五种供应链战略Many-suppliers strategy 多供应商战略Few-suppliers strategy 少供应商战略Vertical integration 垂直整合Keiretsu networks 企业集团网络Virtual companies 虚拟公司Chapter 3Product movement 产品移动Product storage 产品储存Rail transport 铁路运输road transport 公路运输Pipeline transport 管道运输air transport 航空运输Water transport 水运container transport集装箱运输Inter-modal transportation 多式联运Chapter 4Facilities economies of scale 设施的规模经济Offers a means of balancing supply and demand 提供平衡供需的方法Specialization 专业化Inventory as a buffer 作为缓冲的库存Excessive inventory 过多的库存Manufacturer inventory 制造商库存Wholesaler inventory 批发商库存Retailer inventory 零售商库存Chapter 5Functionality of logistics information 物流信息功能Logistics information management 物流信息管理Forecasting method 预测方法Forecasting logistics needs 物流需求预测Order processing system订单处理系统Chapter 6Receiving 接受checking 检查Put-away 放远packing and marking 包装和标识Storage 存储staging & consolidation 分期和整合Replenishment 补货shipping 航运/搬运Order selection 订单选择ExercisesChapter 1物流管理logistics management 零配件和服务支持parts and service support 客户服务customer service 工厂及仓库选址factory and warehouse sit selection 物资搬运material handling 存货管理inventory management订单处理order processing 逆向物流reverse logistics产出点output point 退货处理returns processing消费点Point of consumption1. A basic definition of logistics is the continuous process of meeting customer needsby ensuring the availability of the right benefits for the right customer, in the quantity and condition desired by that customer, at the time and place the customer wants them, all the time and place the customer wants them, all for a price the buyer is willing to pay.物流的基本概念是按顾客期望的数量和条件,在顾客需要的时间和地点,以顾客愿意支付的价格,确保合适的顾客的合理利益的可获得性而满足顾客需要的连续过程.2.Customer service involves getting the right product to the right customer at theright place, in the right condition and at the right time, at the lowest total cost possible.客户服务包括在合适的时间，在正确的地点，在合适的条件下，尽可能以最低的总成本，将正确的产品送到指定的客户手上。
1.M e t a l s a n d T h e i r U s e V o c a b u l a r y:engineering [ ♏⏹♎✞♓⏹♓☜❒♓☠] 工程学metal [ ❍♏♦●] 金属element [ ♏●♓❍☜⏹♦] 元素alloy [ ✌●♓] 合金iron [ ♋♓☜⏹] 铁carbon [ ♌☜⏹] 碳ferrous [ ♐♏❒☜♦] 含铁的nonferrous [ ⏹⏹♐♏❒☜♦] 不含铁的copper [ ☐☜] 铜aluminum [☜●◆❍♓⏹☜❍] 铝lead [●♓♎] 铅zinc [ ♓☠] 锌tin [♦♓⏹] 锡property [ ☐❒☐☜♦♓] 性质pure [☐◆☜] 纯的plasticity [☐●✌♦♦♓♦♓♦♓] 塑性ore [ ] 矿石mineral [ ❍♓⏹☜❒☜●] 矿物impurity [♓❍☐◆☜❒♓♦♓] 杂质metallurgy [❍♏♦✌●☜♎✞♓] 冶金construction [ ☜⏹♦♦❒✈☞☜⏹] 结构combine [ ☜❍♌♋♓⏹] 结合strength [♦♦❒♏☠] 强度hardness [ ♒♎⏹♓♦] 硬度etc = et cetra 等等, 及其他atom [ ✌♦☜❍] 原子ion [ ♋♓☜⏹] 离子malleable [ ❍✌●♓☜♌●] 有延展性的, 可锻的gallium [ ♈✌●♓☜❍] 镓cesium [ ♦♓☜❍] 铯mercury [ ❍☜◆❒♓] 水银, 汞rubidium [❒◆♌♓♎♓☜❍] 铷charge [♦☞♎✞] 充电metallic [❍♓♦✌●♓] 金属(性)的account for 说明A p p e n d i n g:1. Melting GalliumGallium metal has a melting point of 30°C, which is lower than our body temperature. In this photo, a sample of gallium melts in a person’s hand. Gallium, mercury, cesium, and rubidium are the only metal elements that melt near room temperature.2. SilverSilver, a typical metal, consists of a regular array of silver atoms that have each lost an electron to form a silver ion. The negatively charged electrons distribute themselves throughout theentire piece of metal and form nondirectional bonds between the positive silver ions. This arrangement, known as metallic bonding, accounts for the characteristic properties of metals: they are good electrical conductors because the electrons are free to move from one place to another, and they are malleable because the positive ions are held together by nondirectional forces. A force applied to a malleable substance shifts the positions of the atoms without2.P l a s t i c s a n d O t h e rM a t e r i a l sV o c a b u l a r y:plastic [ ☐●✌♦♦♓] 塑料preferable [ ☐❒♏♐☜❒☜♌●] 更好的traditional [♦❒☜♎♓☞☜⏹●] 传统的material [❍☜♦♓☜❒♓☜●] 原料comparison [ ☜❍☐✌❒♓♦⏹] 比较corrode [ ☜❒☜◆♎] 腐蚀inorganic [ ♓⏹♈✌⏹♓] 无机的sulphuric [♦✈●♐◆☜❒♓] 硫磺的hydrochloric[ ♒♋♓♎❒☜◆●❒♓] 盐酸的solvent [ ♦●☜⏹♦] 溶解的tetrachloride[ ♦♏♦❒☜●❒♋♓♎] 四氯化物rigid [ ❒♓♎✞♓♎] 钢硬的deform [♎♓♐❍] 变形specific gravity 比重readily [ ❒♏♎♓●♓] 容易地conduct [ ⏹♎✈♦] 传导electricity [♓●♏♦❒♓♦♓♦♓] 电shape [☞♏♓☐] 成形plasticity [☐●✌♦♦♓♦♓♦♓] 塑性temperature [ ♦♏❍☐❒♓♦☞☜] 温度mold [❍☜◆●♎] 模子laborious [●☜♌❒♓☜♦] 费力的assembly [☜♦♏❍♌●♓] 装配exploit [♓♦☐●♓♦] 开发entirely [♓⏹♦♋♓☜●♓] 完全地valve [ ✌●] 阀decoration [ ♎♏☜❒♏♓☞☜⏹] 装饰spare [♦☐☪☜] 备用的surgery [ ♦☜♎✞☜❒♓] 外科adapt [☜♎✌☐♦] 改制due to 由于technique [♦♏⏹♓] 技术fabricate [ ♐✌♌❒♓♏♓♦] 制作injection molding 注塑法blow molding 吹塑法compression molding 压塑法extrusion [♏♦♦❒◆✞☜⏹] 挤压vacuum forming 真空成形thermoplastic [ ☜❍☜☐●✌♦♦♓] 热塑性塑料calender [ ✌●♓⏹♎☜] 以压光机压光pellet [ ☐♏●♓♦] 小球drape [♎❒♏♓☐] 遮盖thermosetting [ ☜❍☜◆♦♏♦♓☠] 热硬化性的laminate [ ●✌❍♓⏹♏♓♦] 碾压，层压matrix [ ❍♏♓♦❒♓♦] 基板tube [ ♦◆♌] 管, 管子fuse [♐◆] 熔合melt [❍♏●♦] (使)融化, (使)熔化, 使软化inflate [♓⏹♐●♏♓♦] 使膨胀, 使充气A p p e n d i n g1. How Thermoplastics are FormedThermoplastics are plastics that can be hardened and melted more than once. In the calendering process, continuous plastic sheets are formed by forcing hot plastic between successive sets of heated rollers.Injection molding uses a screw to push plastic through a heated tube into a mold.Extrusion is a continuous process that heats plastic pellets in a long barrel. A screw pushes the heated plastic through a die opening to form objects such as garden hose and piping.In thermoforming, a hot plastic sheet is draped over a mold and a vacuum draws the plastic down into the mold. Blow molding forms containers from soft, hollow plastic tubes that have a mold fitted around the outside. The tube is heated, and air injected into the heated tube expands the plastic against the walls of the mold.2. How Thermosetting Plastics areFormedThermosetting plastics are plastics that cannot be remelted once they have hardened. Compression molding forms thermosetting plastic objects in a steel mold. When heat and pressure are applied, the softened plastic squeezes into all parts of the mold to form the desired shape.Laminating binds layers of materialstogether in a plastic matrix. The layers are fused when heated plates melt the plastic and squeeze the material together.3. Blow Film ExtrusionA process known as blow filmextrusion uses an industrial blower to expand a hot plastic tube into a light, strong plastic bag. The air inflates the plastic tube like a balloon, until a bag with the desired shape, size, and wall thickness is formed.3.C a s t i n g a n dD i e-C a s t i n g A l l o y sV o c a b u l a r y:cast [ ♦♦] 铸造(过程)casting [ ♦♦♓☠] 铸件die-casting 模铸principle [ ☐❒♓⏹♦☜☐●] 原则foundry [ ♐♋◆⏹♎❒♓] 铸造(技术)pour [☐] 灌注fraction [ ♐❒✌☞☜⏹] 小部分composition [ ❍☐☜♓☞☜⏹] 成分suitability [ ♦✞♦☜♊♌♓●☜♦♓] 适宜性intricate [ ♓⏹♦❒♓♓♦] 复杂的pig iron 生铁furnace [ ♐☜⏹♓♦] 熔炉cupola [ ◆☐☜●☜] 化铁炉ladle [ ●♏♓♎●] 杓子graphite [ ♈❒✌♐♋♓♦] 石磨stick [♦♦♓] 粘住solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] 凝固ingot [ ♓☠♈☜♦] 锭铁classify [ ●✌♦♓♐♋♓] 分类resist [❒♓♓♦♦] 抵制relatively [ ❒♏●☜♦♓●♓] 相关地magnesium [❍✌♈⏹♓☜❍] 镁maintenance [ ❍♏♓⏹♦♓⏹☜⏹♦] 维护erosion [♓❒☜◆✞☜⏹] 腐蚀checking [ ♦☞♏♓☠] 裂纹destructive [♎♓♦♦❒✈♦♓] 破坏性的die [♎♋♓] 模mold [❍☜◆●♎] 模retard [❒♓♦♎] 阻碍govern [ ♈✈☜⏹] 控制hollow [ ♒●☜◆] 中空的erosive [♓❒☜◆♦♓] 腐蚀性的disjoin [♎♓♦♎✞♓⏹] 拆散solvent [ ♦●☜⏹♦] 溶解的respective [❒♓♦☐♏♦♓] 分别的pronounced [☐⏹♋◆⏹♦♦] 显著的seldom [ ♦♏●♎☜❍] 很少whereas [♦☪☜❒✌] 然而copper-base alloy 铜基合金coke[ ☜◆] 焦炭limestone[ ●♋♓❍♦♦☜◆⏹] 石灰石strong steel高强度钢flask [♐●♦] 砂箱secure [♦♓◆☜] 紧闭bloom[♌●◆❍] 块钢slab [♦●✌♌] 厚平板white-hot白热的continue[ ☜⏹♦♓⏹◆] 延伸mill [ ❍♓●] 轧压soaking pit 均热炉wind [♦♋♓⏹♎] 缠绕coil [ ♓●] 卷A p p e n d i n g1. Steel ProductionMolten pig iron is poured into a basic oxygen furnace for conversion to steel. Steel is a form of iron produced from iron ore, coke, and limestone in furnace. Excess carbon and other impurities are removed to make a strong steel.2. Pipe CastingFounding is a process of producing metal castings. Figure 1 shows the pipe to be produced. The pattern for this casting is shown in figure 2. Figure 3 shows the top and bottom of the wooden flask in which the mold is made. Molding sand is packed around the pattern, as shown in figure 4. In figure 5, a core has been placed within the mold. When the other half of the mold is secured, the mold is ready for pouring.3. Hot Rolling and Continuous CastingContinuous casting is a method of working steel that conveys steel from its molten state to blooms, ingots, or slabs. The white-hot metal is poured into open-ended molds and continued on through rollers cooled by water. A series of guide rollers further shapes the steel into the desired form. However, hot rolling is still the primary means of milling steel. This process begins with pre-shaped steel slabs, which are reheated in a soaking pit. The steel passes through a series of mills: theblooming mill, the roughing mill, and the finishing mill, which make it progressivelythinner. Finally, the steel is wound into coils and transported elsewhere for further processinV o c a b u l a r y:forging [ ♐♎✞♓☠] 锻造blow [♌●☜◆] 突然的打击press [☐❒♏♦] 压力机squeeze [♦♦♓] 压榨deform [♎♓♐❍] 变形impact [ ♓❍☐✌♦] 撞击section [ ♦♏☞☜⏹] 截面vertical [ ☜♦♓☜●] 垂直的closed impression die 封闭式型腔模具strike [♦♦❒♋♓] 打击cavity [ ✌♓♦♓] 腔block [♌●] 坯料drop forging 落锤锻mechanically [❍♓✌⏹♓☜●♓] 机械地hydraulically [♒♋♓♎❒●♓●♓] 液压地capacity [ ☜☐✌♦♓♦♓] 能力ram [❒✌❍] 锤头perform [☐☜♐❍] 完成maximum [ ❍✌♦♓❍☜❍] 最大的mount [❍♋◆⏹♦] 安装individual [ ♓⏹♎♓♓♎◆☜●] 个别的draft [♎❒♐♦] 拔模斜度complicated [ ❍☐●♓♏♓♦♓♎] 复杂的extrude [♏♦♦❒◆♎] 挤压成transmit [♦❒✌⏹❍♓♦] 传输foundation [♐♋◆⏹♎♏♓☞☜⏹] 基座symmetrical [♦♓❍♏♦❒♓☜●] 对称的tolerance [ ♦●☜❒☜⏹♦] 公差irregular [♓❒♏♈◆●☜] 不规则的sizing operation 精加工roughly [ ❒✈♐●♓] 粗糙的desire [♎♓♋♓☜] 希望dimension [♎♓❍♏⏹☞☜⏹] 尺寸roll [ ❒☜◆●] 轧制furnace [ ♐☜⏹♓♦] 炉子indicate [ ♓⏹♎♓♏♓♦] 指示pyrometer [ ☐♋♓☜❒❍♓♦☜] 高温计exact [♓♈✌♦] 精确的brass [♌❒♦] 黄铜hammer [ ♒✌❍☜] 落锤close [ ●☜◆] 接近的overheat [ ☜◆☜♒♓♦] 过热judge [♎✞✈♎✞] 判断anvil [ ✌⏹♓●] 铁砧crucial [ ❒◆☞☜●] 至关紧要的A p p e n d i n g1. Blacksmith at WorkSometimes called smithing, or blacksmithing, hand forging is the simplest form of forging and it is one of the methods by which metal was first worked. The metal to be forged is first heated to red heat in the fire of a forge, and then is beaten into shape on a metal anvil with hammers.2. Red-hot SteelSteel structural components glow in a temperature of thousands of degrees in a furnace. Intense heat is crucial in the metallurgy of iron and steel, since these metals can be more easily worked byprocesses such as hammering, rolling, and so on, when they are hot.An ingot, red-hot and malleable from the high temperature of the soaking pit, is lifted out of the furnace for further processing. As the steel is worked and reheated, it becomes stronger.5.S o l d e r i n g a n dW e l d i n gV o c a b u l a r y:article [ ♦♓●] 物品particle [ ☐♦♓●] 微粒soldering [ ♦●♎☜❒♓☠] 软焊, 锡焊, 低温焊接solder [ ♦●♎☜] 焊料melting point 熔点light articles of steel 薄钢件bismuth [ ♌♓❍☜] 铋cadmium [ ✌♎❍♓☜❍] 镉brass [♌❒♦] 黄铜braze [♌❒♏♓] 铜焊rivete [ ❒♓♓♦] 铆定weld [♦♏●♎] 焊接；焊缝adopt [☜♎☐♦] 采用permanent [ ☐☜❍☜⏹☜⏹♦] 永久的flame [♐●♏♓❍] 火焰thoroughly [ ✈❒☜●♓] 彻底的oxidation [ ♦♓♎♏♓☞☜⏹] 氧化film [♐♓●❍] 薄膜oxide [ ♦♋♓♎] 氧化物flux [♐●✈♦] 焊剂employ [♓❍☐●♓] 使用fusion [ ♐◆✞☜⏹] 熔化oxy-acetylene [ ♦♓☜♦♏♦♓●♓⏹] 氧乙炔的torch [♦♦☞] 火炬electrode [♓●♏♦❒☜☺♎] 电极metallic [❍♓♦✌●♓] 金属的insulate [ ♓⏹♦◆●♏♓♦] 绝缘filler [ ♐♓●☜] 填充物rod [❒♎] 杆struck [♦♦❒✈] 击穿slight [♦●♋♓♦] 轻微的overlap [ ☜◆☜●✌☐] 交迭trap [♦❒✌☐] 聚集dirt [♎☜♦] 脏物dissolve [♎♓●] 溶解butt [♌✈♦] 平接shield [☞♓●♎] 保护, 防护actinic [✌♦♓⏹♓] 光化学的ray [❒♏♓] 光线, 射线lining [ ●♋♓⏹♓☠] 内层tint [♦♓⏹♦] 浅色A p p e n d i n gArc WeldingArc welding relies on the intense heatproduced from an electrical arc. An arc forms when a current flows through two electrodes that are separated. The electricity arcs through the air, or another gas, between the electrodes and gives off light and heat.A welder wears protects eyewear to shield his eyes from the actinic rays produced by a welding arc. Intense bright light of this sort can be very damaging to the inner lining of the eye and may result in partial or permanent blindness. Although sunglasses with a light tint are sufficient for eye protection from the sun, a much deeper tint is required to protect the eyes during welding operations. A protective viewing plate allows the welder to view the welding process without fear of damage to the eyes.。
