Critical Thinking - St Francis Xavier University：批判性思维-圣弗兰西斯萨维尔大学

Critical Thinking的翻譯問題政府引進培育Critical thinking作為教育目標之背景一九七零年代，美國洛克斐勒基金會（Rockefeller Foundation）在一項美國生活人文研究報告中強調：教育部應訂定Critical thinking作為個人基本能力之一。

二十年後，美國總統克林頓在一九九四年簽署「美國教育法案」1，正式將Critical thinking列入全國性的教學目標。

幾年後香港也跟隨美國，在教育統籌局的課程改革短期目標中（二零零一年至二零零六年），提出優先培養學生的共通能力（即溝通能力、批判性思考能力(Critical thinking) 及創造力），並將之融入現行科目或學習領域中，以提高學生建構知識的獨立學習能力。

自此，「批判性思考」(Critical thinking) 一詞，在香港逐漸為人所熟悉。

但很可惜，本人認為由於教育當局翻譯上的謬誤，將西方提倡的Critical thinking譯為「批判性思考」，令不少學生只是按字面解釋，誤以為批評即等同思考，對很多事情還未作深入的分析，便妄下定論，對他們分辨事物的邏輯能力，帶來了負面的影響。

而縱觀整份「香港教育制度改革建議」，也未見教統局對「批判性思考」有任何明確或詳細的定義。

2「批判性思考」的學術背景何謂「批判性思考」？其實所謂「批判性思考」(Critical thinking)，並非什麼東西都批評，而是懂得分辨事物的邏輯、衡量正反兩面的因素，從而作出理性客觀的分析。

我們可以看看在一九四一年最早提出Critical thinking的美國學者Edward Glaser是怎樣為「批判性思考」下定義的3：我們認為「批判性思考」必須具備以下三項特質：一、傾向以審慎的態度思慮議題和解決難題。

二、對理性探索與邏輯推理的方法有所認識。

三、有技巧地應用上述的方法。

1Goals 2000: Educate America Act.2“香港教育制度改革建議＂（二零零零年九月）3Edward M. Glaser (1941) An Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking, Teacher’s College, Columbia University.一九九零年，一群美國學者發表一份聯合聲明，為「批判性思考」的定義達成了共識，其大致內容如下：“我們認為「批判性思考」是一種有目的、自我規範的判斷，以解讀、分析、評核、預計，和解釋一切證據上、概念上、方法學上、標準厘定上，和背景資料上的因素，從而作出客觀的判斷……一個具有批判性思考的人，習慣性地喜歡發問和探索、對事物有全面的認知、仰賴於理性的分析、持開放的態度、懂得靈活變通、作出公正的評價、坦然面對自己的主觀偏見、審慎的作出判斷、並願意從新考慮已作出的判斷、對事物有清晰的瞭解、能有條理、有先後次序地處理複雜的事物、勤懇地做足夠的資料搜集、理性地選擇判別標準、聚焦於發問與探索，而且堅持追求在情況及環境許可下最精細、最準確的結論。

西方来华传教士利玛窦在华的语言生活作者：谢智慧石济瑄来源：《青年文学家》2017年第15期摘要：早期西方来华传教士包括罗明坚（Michele Ruggieri 1543-1607）以及利玛窦（P.Matteo Ricci 1552-1610）等都是对汉语有一定了解甚至是精通汉语。

在罗明坚和利玛窦之前，已经有不少先驱为他们在华的语言学习和传教铺了路，包括圣方济各·沙勿略（St. Francis Xavier 1506-1552）[1]、范礼安（Alessandro Valignano 1539-1606）[2]等人，但是他们在华的时间较短，而且缺少史料，故将重点放于传教士利玛窦的语言学习和生活，另外利玛窦在华传教的时间较长，接触的语言问题较多，较有代表性。

故本文重点讨论利玛窦在华的语言生活。

本文分别从传教角度看利玛窦在华的语言生活、从利玛窦在华的语言学习看外语习得两个角度分析总结了利玛窦对于中国语言发展的贡献，得出虽然利玛窦包括后来的传教士对汉语作出研究都是为了传教的目的服务，但利玛窦间接地为中国的语言学研究以及汉语传播和教学添了一砖一瓦。

关键词：利玛窦；语言学习；传教士作者简介：谢智慧，第一作者，女，广东省中山市人，就读于陜西师范大学文学院2014级汉语言文学创新实验班；石济瑄，第二作者，女。

[中图分类号]：G125 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2017）-15--03一、前言早期西方来华传教士包括罗明坚（Michele Ruggieri 1543-1607）以及利玛窦（P.Matteo Ricci 1552-1610）等都是对汉语有一定了解甚至是精通汉语，但要注意的是，实际上，早在唐朝时已有最早来到都城长安（今陕西西安）宣教的耶稣会士，当时基督宗教在华的名称为“景教”[3]，但由于在华没有产生较大的影响，相关的史料也较少，所以在此不作讨论。

另外，学界往往根据传教士在宗教传播上的贡献将罗明坚和利玛窦等称为第一批来华传教士[4]，原因是他们来华才真正开始了基督宗教的传播并且产生较大影响，但本文关注的是传教士在华的语言生活而不是宗教上贡献，第一批的定义在此则不适用。

critical-thinking
批判性思维是一种思考方式，通过评估和分析信息来形成合理的
判断和决策。

它需要我们思考问题的复杂性和多面性，而不是盲目接
受表面的信息。

在批判性思维中，我们要学会提出问题并探究背后的原因和动机。

我们要审查不同观点之间的逻辑关系和证据支持。

在评估信息时，我
们需要考虑其可靠性和可信度，而不是轻信不经思考地接受。

批判性思维还要求我们不断挑战我们的假设和先入之见。

我们应
该考虑不同的解决方案，研究其可行性并评估可能的结果。

我们要学
会从多个角度看待问题，并权衡不同的权益和利益。

批判性思维还强调我们要主动寻求与他人合作，以获得更全面和
准确的信息。

倾听和尊重他人的观点，与他们进行建设性的对话和辩论，可以帮助我们拓宽思维的范围，并更好地理解问题的本质。

总的来说，批判性思维是一种关键的认知能力，它可以帮助我们
在面对复杂问题时，避免盲从和错误的决策。

通过培养批判性思维，
我们可以提高问题解决的效率和质量，并更好地适应不断变化的世界。

The Value of Critical Thinking Critical thinking is a valuable skill that is essential for success in both academic and professional settings. It involves the ability to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and make informed decisions. Critical thinking allows individuals to think logically and rationally, rather than relying on emotions or intuition. It enables individuals to question assumptions, consider multiple perspectives, and develop well-reasoned arguments. From an academic perspective, critical thinking is crucial for students to succeed in their studies. It allows them to evaluate the credibility of sources, identify logical fallacies, and construct coherent arguments in their essays and research papers. Criticalthinking also helps students to think creatively and come up with innovative solutions to complex problems. By developing their critical thinking skills, students can become more independent learners and better equipped to navigate the challenges of higher education. In the professional world, critical thinking is highly valued by employers. It enables employees to analyze data, identify trends, and make informed decisions that drive business success. Critical thinking also helps employees to communicate effectively, solve problems efficiently, and work collaboratively with others. In today's fast-paced and complex work environment, critical thinking is a key skill that sets individuals apart and enhances their career prospects. Furthermore, critical thinking plays a crucial role infostering a democratic society. In a world where misinformation and fake news abound, critical thinking is essential for citizens to distinguish between factand fiction. It allows individuals to critically evaluate political arguments, assess the credibility of news sources, and make informed decisions at the ballot box. By cultivating a population of critical thinkers, we can safeguard democracy and promote civic engagement. On a personal level, critical thinking can enhance one's decision-making abilities and overall well-being. By approaching problems with a critical mindset, individuals can avoid making impulsive decisions based on emotions or biases. Critical thinking allows individuals to weigh the pros andcons of different options, consider the long-term consequences of their actions, and make choices that align with their values and goals. In this way, critical thinking can lead to more thoughtful and intentional living. Despite its numerousbenefits, critical thinking is not always easy to cultivate. It requires practice, patience, and a willingness to challenge one's own beliefs and assumptions. In a world that is increasingly driven by instant gratification and superficial thinking, developing critical thinking skills can be a challenging but rewarding endeavor. By actively engaging with diverse perspectives, seeking out reliable information, and questioning conventional wisdom, individuals can sharpen their critical thinking abilities and become more discerning thinkers. In conclusion, the value of critical thinking cannot be overstated. It is a skill that is essential for academic success, professional achievement, democratic citizenship, and personal fulfillment. By honing their critical thinking skills, individuals can become more analytical, creative, and independent thinkers. In a world that is constantly evolving and presenting new challenges, critical thinking is a valuable tool that empowers individuals to navigate complexity, make informed decisions, and contribute meaningfully to society.。

澳门一日游攻略（横琴口岸）一、注意事项1.带通行证、身份证、钱、卡、伞、少量水和食物。

2.排队过关走“内地居民通道”。

过两个检验口（珠海检验口&澳门检验口）3.出关留意周围是否有“旅客咨询中心”，可免费领取免费地图。

有手机下载好电子导航地图更佳，因为我们手机到澳门没信号（这点不科学）。

4.准备一些零钱。

搭车会有一、两毛钱。

5.可事先到银行兑换好港币/澳币。

关口也可以兑换，比银行略有损失。

6.车靠左行，人也靠左走。

7.时间观念要强，澳门说大不大，说小不小，要玩的全面，一天要跑完也需要快节奏。

8.不要听销售员的推荐，大多数都是高利润产品。

可以选择到药房购买，例如屈臣氏，很多很好的儿科药，例如小儿感冒素、法国利多尔、佩氏驱蚊爽、无比滴。

10.赌钱赢了要用筹码到服务中心换回港币。

11.赌场都有厕所，大多数都有免费水和一些小吃，步行街也有免费品尝，因此可以少带一点水和食物，减轻负担。

12.安排合理，基本澳门内的交通费为零，因为各赌场（其实也是商场，一般地下一两层为赌场）都有免费穿梭巴士，也可送到口岸，记得参观时找赌场荷官要乘车票即可。

二、路线规划2.1澳门概要地图澳门行政区由澳门半岛、氹仔（这个字念“荡”）、路环三个大岛和路氹填海区构成，不少有点年纪的澳门本地人只称本岛为澳门，问路的时候不要被搞晕了。

2.2澳门半岛主要旅游区域介绍（1条线路3个区域）特别制作了下面这张本岛的美食和主要景点地图标注，供各位吃货和玩家按图找：蓝色标注为景点，红色为吃货点（可放大打印带在身上去找）。

最值得游玩的是澳门历史街区（图上那条红线，旧称澳门历史建筑群），是由22座位于澳门澳门半岛的建筑物和相邻的8块前地组成的，以旧城区为核心的历史街区。

2005年7月15日，获得联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会21个成员国一致通过，正式被列入《世界文化遗产名录》，为中国第31处世界遗产（其他并列的遗产有颐和园、长城之类的）。

我自认为没走过这条线路，几乎就称不上玩过澳门。

如何理解和翻译“Critical Thinking”？我虽然以前就听说过在国外很流行的“Critical Thinking”（以下简称CT，在中国通常翻译成“批判性思维”）这套思维体系，但对此并没有深入的认识和了解，最近在接触西三一大学的“商业领导力”课程（第一门课程就是有关CT的）时，才开始认真琢磨到底什么是CT和我们该怎样很好地运用CT。

一、CT的起源。

CT是1941年作为美国教育改革的一个主题由美国学者Edward Glaser提出来的，但其后由于美国出现了麦卡锡主义思潮，所以CT没有得到足够的重视。

到1970年代，CT再次成为美国教育改革运动的焦点，这期间，美国洛克菲勒基金会还曾在一项美国生活人文研究报告中强调：美国教育部门应该把CT作为个人的一项基本能力加以训练和培养。

又自1980年代开始美国与苏联展开太空竞赛而大力推动科学研究，因此CT大受推崇，真正成了气候。

1994年，美国总统克林顿签署“美国教育法案”，正式将critical thinking 列入全国性的教育教学目标。

1987年的“CT与教育改革国际会议”上，英国人Michael Scriven与美国人Richard Paul（当代美国CT领域的权威人士）共同发表声明，指出CT并非单一的思想方法，而是一系列思想方法的综合体，包含科学思维、数学思维、历史思维、人类学思维、经济思维、道德思维、哲学思维。

没有一种CT适用于任何人，任何人都可能出现非理性的想法。

因此，每个人都要终生努力培养CT的技巧和习惯。

二、CT的定义。

CT这个概念本身经过大半个世纪的发展和实践，也在不断地充实和完善，大致有这几个很重要的概念定义和内涵：第一，1941年原创者Edward Glaser的定义。

T he ability to think critically, as conceived in this volume, involves three things: ( 1 ) an attitude of being disposed to consider in a thoughtful way the problems and subjects that come within the range of one's experiences, (2) knowledge of the methods of logical inquiry and reasoning, and (3) some skill in applying those methods. Critical thinking calls for a persistent effort to examine any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the evidence that supports it and the further conclusions to which it tends.这种思考能力，包含了三个要素：1）全方位思考问题的态度，2）逻辑探究和推理论证的学问，3）运用这些方法的技巧。

The Importance of Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is an essential skill that allows individuals to analyze and evaluate information in a logical and systematic manner. It enables people to make informed decisions, solve problems, and effectively communicate their thoughts and ideas. In today's rapidly changing and complex world, the ability to think critically is more important than ever. This essay will explore the importance of critical thinking from various perspectives, including its impact on personal and professional development, its role in decision-making and problem-solving, and its significance in fostering a well-informed and democratic society.From a personal development standpoint, critical thinking plays a crucial role in enhancing one's cognitive abilities and decision-making skills. By engaging in critical thinking, individuals can better understand the underlying assumptions and implications of their beliefs and actions. This self-reflection allows them to identify and rectify any biases or fallacies in their thinking, leading to more rational and well-informed decisions. Moreover, critical thinking fosters open-mindedness and intellectual humility, as individuals become more receptive to new ideas and perspectives, thus promoting personal growth and self-improvement.In the professional realm, critical thinking is highly valued by employers as it enables employees to analyze complex problems, evaluate different options, and make sound decisions. In today's knowledge-based economy, where innovation and adaptability are key drivers of success, individuals with strong critical thinking skills are better equipped to navigate the challenges of the workplace. They are able to think creatively, anticipate potential obstacles, and devise effective strategies to overcome them. Moreover, critical thinking fosters a culture of continuous improvement within organizations, as employees are encouraged to question existing practices and explore new and better ways of doing things.From a broader societal perspective, critical thinking is indispensable in fostering awell-informed and democratic society. In an era of information overload and misinformation, individuals need to be able to critically evaluate the credibility and reliability of sources inorder to make informed decisions as citizens. Critical thinking enables people to discern fact from fiction, distinguish between sound arguments and logical fallacies, and critically assess the validity of different viewpoints. This is particularly important in the context of political discourse, where the ability to think critically is essential for safeguarding the principles of democracy and promoting civic engagement.Furthermore, critical thinking is instrumental in addressing complex societal challenges, such as climate change, public health crises, and social inequality. By approaching these issues with a critical mindset, individuals and communities can better understand the underlying causes, evaluate potential solutions, and advocate for evidence-based policies. Critical thinking also empowers people to challenge the status quo and advocate for positive change, thus contributing to the advancement of society as a whole.In conclusion, critical thinking is a fundamental skill that is essential for personal and professional development, decision-making and problem-solving, and the advancement of a well-informed and democratic society. It enables individuals to think more rationally, make better decisions, and navigate the complexities of the modern world. As such, it is imperative that we prioritize the cultivation of critical thinking skills in education, the workplace, and public discourse, in order to foster a more informed, rational, and equitable society.。

Critical thinking is a crucial skill that plays a significant role in our personal and professional lives. It is the ability to analyze, evaluate, and interpret information in a logical and rational manner. Critical thinking allows individuals to make informed decisions, solve problems, and think creatively. This skill is essential for success in many areas of life, including academia, the workplace, and everyday decision-making.In academia, critical thinking is a vital skill for students to develop. It enables them to understand and analyze complex concepts, engage in meaningful discussions, and think critically about the world around them. Students who possess strong critical thinking skills are more likely to excel in their studies, excel in standardized tests, and demonstrate a deeper understanding of the material they are learning. Critical thinking also prepares students for the challenges of higher education and equips them with the skills they need to succeed in their chosen field.In the workplace, critical thinking is equally valuable. Employers seek individuals who can solve problems, think creatively, and make sound decisions. Critical thinking allows employees to evaluate complex situations, identify potential risks, and develop innovative solutions. It also enables workers to communicate effectively, collaborate with others, and adapt to changing circumstances. In today's fast-paced and dynamic work environment, critical thinking is a key skill that can set individuals apart and lead to career success.In everyday decision-making, critical thinking is essential for makinginformed choices. Whether it's deciding on a major purchase, evaluating a political candidate, or solving a personal problem, critical thinking enables individuals to weigh evidence, consider different perspectives, and make reasoned judgments. People who lack critical thinking skills are more susceptible to misinformation, manipulation, and poor decision-making. By honing their critical thinking abilities, individuals can navigate the complexities of modern life with confidence and clarity.Beyond its practical applications, critical thinking also plays a crucial role in fostering a well-informed and democratic society. In an age of misinformation and disinformation, critical thinking helps individuals discern fact from fiction, identify bias, and evaluate the credibility of sources. This skill is essential for engaged citizenship, as it allows people to critically engage with important social issues, hold leaders accountable, and contribute to meaningful dialogue and debate.In conclusion, critical thinking is a skill of paramount importance in today's world. It empowers individuals to think analytically, make informed decisions, and navigate the complexities of modern life. Whether in academia, the workplace, or everyday decision-making, critical thinking is a valuable asset that can lead to personal and professional success. In an era marked by rapid change and information overload, the ability to think critically is more critical than ever.。

Pondicherry and Goa要去印度飞地的理由普通人看过可能就看过了，可嬉皮士们似乎发现了新的天堂，那里遥远，充满异域风情，那里有瑜伽，有东方神秘心灵修行术，有Guru（灵魂传唱者），当然最重要的，有大麻。

比大麻更吸引他们的，是这里物价。

０６０. All Rights Reserved.认为印度只有肮脏、吵杂和纷乱的人们，应该去果阿和本地治理看看，因为在这里会发现，印度也有它干净、整洁和有序的一面。

当我把香蕉皮随手扔进垃圾桶的时候，店员赶紧拿出来，放到它应该被分类的垃圾袋里，这一举动非常有说服力地让我见识了印度的文明有序，虽然它只是发生在印度的一角。

去果阿的理由果阿是印度次大陆上被殖民历史最长的地区，最早可以上溯到1498年，从葡萄牙航海家瓦斯科达伽马到达印度开始。

在这里他终于到达了哥伦布没能找到的印度，也找到了航程的真正目的：香料。

在最繁盛的年代，果阿的城市规模和人口超过同时代的里斯本和伦敦，并且，它一直是葡萄牙最重要的海外领地，就连1947年印度独立后，都舍不得归还。

直到1961年，两个怂人中的一个发现另一个似乎更怂一些，于是采取武装行动，仅用26小时就结束了葡萄牙近半个世纪的殖民统治。

当葡萄牙人最终离去，印度人发现，葡萄牙并非一味掠夺，也留下了不同文明交融后的文化、宗教、建筑和生活。

印度人刚刚赶走了葡萄牙人，果阿却被来自更多国家的外国人占领了，他们就是嬉皮士。

刚刚经历过的战争，显然让这个阿拉伯海岸的殖民城市，走入了欧美千家万户的电视。

普通人看过可能就看过了，可嬉皮士们似乎发现了新的天堂，那里遥远，充满异域风情，那里有瑜伽，有东方神秘心灵修行术，有Guru （灵魂传唱者），当然最重要的，有大麻。

比大麻更吸引他们的，是这里物价。

对于那个年代的欧美人来说，印度大陆的物价，便宜的没天理。

那时，加德满都的廉价旅馆每晚的价格只有3卢比，估计果阿也差不多。

就算40多年过去，物价上涨了几十倍，折合成人民币也不过是不到30元，所以，数以百万计的欧美年青一代，带着仅有的一点钱，来到这里尽情享受阿拉伯海岸的阳光与沙滩，他们在这里喝啤酒、吸大麻、弹吉他、装逼、练瑜伽、冥想……等终有一天厌了、烦了、忽然心有所感，飘然回乡。