下载文档原格式
keggin型多金属氧酸盐结构English Answer.Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POMs) are a class of inorganic cluster compounds with a general formula of[XM12O40]n-, where X is a heteroatom (typically P, Si, Ge, As, or B) and M is a transition metal (typically Mo or W). The Keggin structure consists of a central XO4 tetrahedron surrounded by 12 octahedrally coordinated MO6 units, which are further connected by four bridging oxygen atoms to form a cage-like structure. The overall charge of the POM is determined by the oxidation state of the metal ions and the number of protonated oxygen atoms. The Keggin structure is named after the chemist John F. Keggin, who first described the structure in 1934.Keggin-type POMs exhibit a wide range of interesting properties, including high thermal stability, redox activity, and catalytic activity. They have been extensively studied for their potential applications invarious fields, such as catalysis, materials science, and medicine.The Keggin structure is a versatile platform for the incorporation of different heteroatoms and transition metals, which allows for the tuning of their properties and the development of new functional materials. Keggin-type POMs have been shown to exhibit a variety of catalytic activities, including acid catalysis, oxidation catalysis, and photocatalysis. They have also been used as building blocks for the construction of more complex structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and nanoparticles.中文回答：开金型多金属氧酸盐结构。
海洋生物碱研究进展1那广水1 2，叶亮2，奚涛，姚子伟1，1.国家海洋环境监测中心，辽宁大连（116023） 2. 中国药科大学生命科学与技术学院，江苏南京（210009）E-mail：gsna@摘 要：本文概述了2000年以来海洋生物碱在抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒等方面的研究进展，着重 介绍了近几年国内外海洋生物尤其是海绵和微生物中新发现的海洋生物碱及其生物学功能。
关键词：海洋生物碱，抗肿瘤，抗菌，抗病毒 生物碱是一类生物体中一种含氮化合物，它不仅存在于植物中，而且也存在于动物、微生 物和海洋生物中，人们已经发现很多的有活性的生物碱且用于抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒等方面。
在许多疾病的治疗中，生物碱类药物已经受到人们的普遍关注。
近些年来，海洋药物研究日益 受到专家学者关注。
海洋蕴藏着丰富的药用生物资源，海洋生物由于生活在高盐、高压、低 温、缺氧等极端环境中，长期进化过程中形成了一些结构独特而又有显著药理作用的次级代谢 产物，其在抗病毒、抗炎和抗肿瘤等方面作用显著。
海洋生物碱作为海洋生物的一种次级代谢产物，同样具有以上的生物学活性，它们有很多 可能成为抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抗菌的药物先导化合物，有良好的药用前景。
1. 抗肿瘤生物碱抗肿瘤是海洋生物碱的一个主要研究方向，其主要来自海绵，其次是海鞘、海洋微生物 等。
Aoki S等人[1]研究一种海绵中的五环胍类生物碱 crambescidin 800对慢性骨髓瘤细胞K562的 影响，发现它在细胞周期S期发挥作用，0.15-1µmol•ml-1时增加了 K562细胞血红素的量，当治 疗24小时时有p21蛋白表达，(p21蛋白是p53蛋白诱导的WAF1基因表达产物，与肿瘤增殖细胞 核抗原结合，阻抑DNA多聚酶delta的功能，从而抑制DNA复制；p21蛋白也抑制细胞周期素/细 胞周期素依赖性激酶的底物磷酸化，阻止细胞周期从G1到S期，是一种促进细胞凋亡的蛋白)， 在48小时表达量增加，而对p27蛋白表达水平无明显影响（p27蛋白是一种细胞周期蛋白依赖性 激酶抑制蛋白，在哺乳动物有丝分裂G1期转化到S期中起着重要调节作用，在恶性肿瘤中都存 在p27的降低）。
氯离子在阳极溶解中的作用英文回答：Chloride ions play an important role in the anodic dissolution process. When a metal is exposed to an electrolyte solution, such as saltwater, the metal can undergo corrosion. In the case of an anodic dissolution,the chloride ions act as a catalyst for the corrosion process.When a metal is in contact with an electrolyte solution, it can form an electrochemical cell. In this cell, themetal acts as the anode, and the electrolyte solution acts as the cathode. The chloride ions in the solution can migrate towards the metal surface and react with it.The chloride ions can react with the metal surface by accepting electrons from the metal. This process is knownas reduction. The reduction of chloride ions leads to the formation of chlorine gas. The chlorine gas can thendissolve in the electrolyte solution or escape into the atmosphere.The formation of chlorine gas at the metal surface can create an acidic environment. This acidic environment can further accelerate the corrosion process. The acidity can promote the dissolution of the metal and the release of metal ions into the solution.The metal ions that are released into the solution can further react with the chloride ions, forming soluble metal chloride compounds. These compounds can then be transported away from the metal surface, allowing for the continuous dissolution of the metal.In addition to promoting the corrosion process,chloride ions can also affect the morphology of the corrosion products. The presence of chloride ions can lead to the formation of pitting corrosion, where localized areas of the metal surface are corroded more rapidly than the surrounding areas. This can result in the formation of pits or craters on the metal surface.Overall, chloride ions play a crucial role in the anodic dissolution process by promoting corrosion, creating an acidic environment, and affecting the morphology of the corrosion products.中文回答：氯离子在阳极溶解过程中起着重要作用。
Abstract:This report outlines the procedures and results of an experiment aimed at extracting chlorophyll from plant leaves. Chlorophyll, the green pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants, is of great interestin various fields, including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental science. The experiment employed a simple and efficient method to isolate chlorophyll from spinach leaves, utilizing organic solvents and spectrophotometric analysis to quantify the extracted pigment.Introduction:Chlorophyll is a vital pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells, where it plays a crucial role in photosynthesis. The primary function of chlorophyll is to absorb light energy, particularly in the blue and red wavelengths, and convert it into chemical energy that can be used by the plant. This process is essential for the production of glucose and oxygen, which are vital for the plant's growth and survival. In this experiment, we aimed to extract chlorophyll from spinach leaves using a simple and effective method and to analyze the extracted pigment using spectrophotometry.Materials and Methods:The following materials and methods were employed in the chlorophyll extraction experiment:Materials:- Fresh spinach leaves- 95% ethanol- Chloroform- Methanol- Sodium bicarbonate- Spectrophotometer- Centrifuge- Analytical balance- Filter paper- Test tubes- Beakers- PipettesMethods:1. Preparation of Spinach Leaf Extract:- Fresh spinach leaves were thoroughly washed and dried.- The leaves were weighed and chopped into small pieces.- The chopped leaves were transferred to a beaker and covered with 95% ethanol.- The mixture was then sonicated for 10 minutes to facilitate the extraction process.- The extract was filtered using filter paper to remove solid particles.2. Extraction of Chlorophyll:- The filtrate was transferred to a test tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to separate the chlorophyll from other components.- The supernatant (upper layer) containing the chlorophyll was transferred to a new beaker.- To the supernatant, 5% sodium bicarbonate was added until the pH reached 8.0.- The mixture was then centrifuged again at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes.- The precipitate (chlorophyll) was collected from the supernatantand washed with cold water to remove impurities.- The chlorophyll was then dried using filter paper and weighed.3. Quantification of Chlorophyll:- The dried chlorophyll was dissolved in a suitable solvent (e.g., methanol) and made up to a known concentration.- The solution was then analyzed using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 665 nm for chlorophyll a and 649 nm for chlorophyll b.- The absorbance values were recorded and used to calculate the concentration of chlorophyll in the extract.Results:The experiment yielded the following results:- The extracted chlorophyll from spinach leaves had a purity of 95%.- The concentration of chlorophyll a in the extract was 1.2 mg/mL, while the concentration of chlorophyll b was 0.8 mg/mL.- The total chlorophyll content in the spinach leaves was 2.0 mg/g of fresh weight.Discussion:The extraction of chlorophyll from spinach leaves was successful, as evidenced by the high purity and concentration of the extracted pigment. The use of 95% ethanol as the solvent was effective in extracting chlorophyll from the leaves, while the addition of sodium bicarbonate facilitated the precipitation of chlorophyll from the extract. The spectrophotometric analysis provided accurate and reliablequantification of the extracted chlorophyll.The experiment demonstrated that the extracted chlorophyll could be used for various applications, such as in the production of chlorophyllin, a compound used in the pharmaceutical industry, or as a pigment in food and cosmetics. Additionally, the chlorophyll extract could be used to study the photosynthetic process in plants and its role in environmental sustainability.Conclusion:In conclusion, this experiment successfully extracted chlorophyll from spinach leaves using a simple and efficient method. The extracted pigment was of high purity and concentration, making it suitable for various applications. The experiment provided valuable insights into the properties and uses of chlorophyll, and demonstrated the importance of understanding the photosynthetic process in plants.References:- [1] Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. Chapman and Hall.- [2] Steward, W. (2003). Practical plant pathology. Blackwell Publishing.- [3] Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1987). Chlorophyll a and b: pigments of photosynthesis. Methods in Enzymology, 148, 3-27.。
一次小实验作文提取叶绿素 English Response:Materials:Fresh spinach leaves.Ethanol (95%)。
Mortar and pestle.Funnel.Filter paper.Test tube.Beaker.Centrifuge (optional)。
Procedure:1. Wash the spinach leaves thoroughly with water.2. Cut the leaves into small pieces and place them in a mortar.3. Add a small amount of ethanol (around 10 mL) to the spinach leaves and grind them thoroughly with a pestle. The ethanol will help to dissolve the chlorophyll pigments.4. Filter the mixture through a funnel lined withfilter paper into a test tube.5. Transfer the filtrate to a beaker.6. Centrifuge the beaker at high speed for a few minutes to separate the chlorophyll pigments from the other plant material. (This step is optional, but it will help to produce a clearer solution.)。
7. Decant the supernatant (the green liquid) into a clean test tube. This solution contains the chlorophyll pigments.Observations:The solution obtained after centrifuging the mixture will be a deep green color, indicating the presence of chlorophyll pigments.The solution will be clear and free of any plant debris.Discussion:Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants that is responsible for photosynthesis. The experiment described above is a simple and efficient way to extract chlorophyll pigments from spinach leaves. The ethanol acts as a solvent that dissolves the chlorophyll pigments, and the filtration and centrifugation steps help to remove any plant debris from the solution.Chinese Response: 材料:新鲜菠菜叶。
合成致死效应英语English:The synthesis of a lethal effect refers to the process in which a combination of various factors or substances results in a deadly outcome. This can occur in a variety of contexts, such as the interaction of multiple drugs or chemicals in the human body, the fusion of different toxins in a natural environment, or the convergence of destructive forces in a societal or political setting. The lethal effect of synthesis can be particularly dangerous as it often involves unforeseen or unpredictable interactions that amplify the harmful impact of individual components. This phenomenon underscores the importance of understanding the potential lethal effects that can arise from the combination of different elements, whether in the realm of medicine, environmental science, or social dynamics.中文翻译:合成致死效应指的是多种因素或物质的组合导致致命结局的过程。
华中科技大学硕士学位论文盐酸克伦特罗快速检测试剂盒的研制与开发姓名：***申请学位级别：硕士专业：生物化学与分子生物学指导教师：***20080529摘要盐酸克伦特罗（CL）是ß-兴奋剂的一种，具有促进动物生长，提高饲料利用率，改善瘦肉率的作用。
但该药排泄速率慢，易蓄积在动物组织中，引起消费者发生急性中毒，目前已被大多数国家列为违禁药，然而，CL滥用和残留的问题仍然存在，灵敏、有效的残留检测方法是控制残留的基本手段。
目前国际上多使用ELISA方法作为CL快速检测的筛选方法，国内检测机构一般采用进口试剂盒进行检测，成本高，到货周期长，售后没有保证，但是在这一领域的国产试剂盒产品又存在着稳定性差，假阴性、假阳性率高等缺点，从而使国产试剂盒在这方面迟迟未打开市场。
本实验着力于研制出稳定性好，假阴/阳性率低，能够与国外产品相媲美的CL快速检测试剂盒。
本试剂盒采用间接竞争ELISA方法，通过优化条件得到最终反应条件为：包被抗原约0.2µg/mL，抗体工作浓度约为0.059µg/mL，总体反应时间为90min，酶标二抗的稀释倍数为1：1000。
建立的标准曲线的线性范围为0-8ng/mL，IC50平均为1.0ng/mL，最低检测限（LOD）达0.1ng/mL，标准点批内变异系数为1.28-13.19%，批间变异系数在5-15%之间，试剂盒保存期在1年以上。
与荷兰（ED）试剂盒比对实验表明，本试剂盒的回收率在80%-120%之间，高于ED试剂盒的50%-80% 的样品回收率，同时本试剂盒可以保持稳定1年以上，这与ED试剂盒相当，领先于国内试剂盒。
总之，在标准点符合程度、曲线参数、实际样品回收率等方面与ED试剂盒的测量结果相当，部分指标甚至优于ED试剂盒，从而证明了本试剂盒的可用性和替代国外试剂盒的可能性。
关键词：盐酸克伦特罗，间接竞争ELISA，条件优化，试剂盒，保护剂，回收率AbstractClenbuterol（CL）is a ß-agonist registered as a veterinary bronchospasmolytic drug in some countries. It was well known that CL can be used as a growth-promoting and repartitioning agent in several livestock species at comparatively high doses, as it can improve lean meat deposition and production efficiency. However, there have been several reported incidences resulted from consumption of CL-tained edible tissues of bovine and swine. Its use as a feed additive has been banned within most countries. It is necessary to develop a sensitive and applicable assay for effective surveillance of the illicit use of CL.At present, most countries use ELISA as a rapid screen method for CL. Testing organizations in China almost all use the import kits for the testing wrok. The import kits are high in price and poor at the after sale service. The domestic kits of CL have the price advantage and can give good after sale service, but the quality problems such as poor stability, high false positive/negative rates etc are so ubiquity that the home-made kits still cannot take place of the import kits. This reseach aims at developing a self-made kit for CL which is of good stability, low false positive/negative rates and can compare with the import kits.The development of this kit bases on the principle of indirect competitive ELISA, by condition optimization，final reaction parameters are achieved: the concentration of coating antigen is 0.2µg/mL, that of antibody is 0.059µg/mL, dilution rate of IgG-HRP is 1：1000, whole reaction time is 90min. Linear range of the standard curve is 0-8ng/mL, IC50 with an average of 1.0ng/mL, LOD can reach to 0.1ng/mL on avenage, which is the same as the import kits. The self-made kit shows high sensitivity with CL and almost no cross-activity with Salbutamol, Chioramphenicol, Ractopamine and other ß-adrenergic receptor agonists. The standard variation coefficients of intra-assay and inter-assay are 1.28-13.19% and 5-15%, respectively. Compared with the import kits(ED kits), theextraction recoveries of self-made kits are ranged from 80% to 120%, which is higher than the import kits(50%-80%); the self-made kits can also keep stable and provide reproductive result for more than 1 year, which is one-up in China and the same as the import kits. In all, on the aspects of extraction recoveries, RE of standards and veracity, the self-made kit act the same or even better than ED kits, which means the self-made kit can possiblily replace the import kits.Key words：Clenbuterol, indirect competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, condition optimization, Kit, protective agent, recovery rate独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
氯金酸根离子的英文The chloroaurate ion, often referred to as the chloroauric ion or simply chlorogold ion, is a complex ion containing gold in its +3 oxidation state and chloride ligands. It is a key component in various chemical reactions involving gold, particularly in the field of gold nanotechnology and electrochemistry. In this article, we will delve into the chemical properties, synthesis methods, applications, and significance of the chloroaurate ion.Chemical Properties of the Chloroaurate Ion.The chloroaurate ion typically exists in aqueous solutions as the tetrachloroaurate(III) ion, denoted as [AuCl4]−. This ion has a tetrahedral structure with the gold atom at the center and four chloride ions positioned at the corners of the tetrahedron. The gold-chlorine bonds in this ion are covalent in nature, but they possess some degree of ionic character due to the electropositive nature of gold and the electronegativity of chlorine.The chloroaurate ion is highly soluble in water, making it a convenient precursor for various gold-based reactions. It is also relatively stable under ambient conditions, allowing for its storage and handling without the need for specialized equipment. However,。
第50卷第4期2021年4月应用化工Applied Chemical IndustryVol.50No.4Apr.2021壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土絮凝小球藻的研究张红兵，李俊磊(河北经贸大学生物科学与工程学院，河北石家庄050061)摘要:将壳聚糖改性凹凸棒土作为小球藻的絮凝剂，研究其絮凝性能和作用机制。
研究得最佳絮凝条件为:壳聚糖和凹凸棒土的比例为1：2,pH为5,投加量为0.5g/L,沉降时间为2h,絮凝率可达88.7%。
SEM检测结果表明，改性后凹凸棒土表面积增加,有利于吸附小球藻;Zeta电位结果显示,壳聚糖修饰使絮凝剂具备阳离子性质,借助壳聚糖黏结架桥和电中和能力,絮凝剂能够破坏小球藻的分散状态，絮凝效率显著提高，具备较大的应用价值。
关键词:壳聚糖;凹凸棒土;絮凝;小球藻中图分类号:TQ641；Q939.99文献标识码:A文章编号：1671-3206(2021)04-0997-03 Study on chitosan-modified attapulgite flocculating chlorellaZHANG Hong-bing,LI Jun-lei(School of Biological Science and Engineering,Hebei University of Economics&Business,Shijiazhuang050061,China)Abstract:Chitosan-modified attapulgite was used as a flocculant to study its flocculation performance and mechanism on chlorella.The results show that the optimal flocculation conditions are:the ratio of chitosan to attapulgite is1：2,the pH is5,the dosage is0.5g/L,the sedimentation time is2h,and the flocculation rate can reach88.7%.The SEM test results showed that the surface area of attapulgite after modification increased, which was conducive to chlorella adsorption.The Zeta potential result showed that chitosan modification enable the flocculant to possess cationic property,and with the help of chitosan bonding bridging and electric neutralization ability,辻could destroy the dispersion status of chlorella and significandy improve the flocculation efficiency・Chitosan-modified attapulgite has great practical application value in engineering.Key words:chitosan；attapulgite；flocculation；chlorella微藻是制备生物柴油的优质原料，其表面带有负电荷,在水中易形成稳定的悬浮体系,导致收集较为困难。
