高考英语二轮复习短文语法填空中常见构词法总结

2020届二轮复习短文语法填空中常见构词法总结(4)-ness结尾的名词:adj.—n.意识aware—awareness/conscious—consciousness苦bitter—bitterness 盲目blind—blindness冷静 calm—calmness 聪明 clever—cleverness疯狂crazy—craziness 渴望 eager—eagerness公平fair—fairness 愚蠢 foolish—foolishness适合 fit—fitness 幸福/愉快happy—happiness疾病ill—illness 友好 kind—kindness懒惰 lazy—laziness 孤独lonely—loneliness宁静 quiet—quietness 悲伤 sad—sadness严重性 serious—seriousness 甜美sweet—sweetness 稳定 steady—steadiness 厚度thick—thickness累 tired—tiredness 弱点 weak—weakness冷/冷淡 cold—coldness惶恐不安nervous—nervousness思乡 homesick—homesickness粗心careless—carelessness自私selfish—selfishness无私selfless—selflessness/unselfish—unselfishness无助/无望helpless—helplessness/hopeless—hopelessness (5)-age结尾的名词:婚姻marry—marriage 短缺short—shortage储存store—storage 包裹pack—package车厢carry—carriage 通道pass—passage(6)-th结尾的名词:温暖warm—warmth 真理true—truth死亡dead—death 成长grow—growth(7)-ure结尾的名词:快乐please—pleasure 离开depart—departure暴露expose—exposure 压力press—pressure失败fail—failure 混合mix—mixture签名sign—signature(8)-ce结尾的名词:adj.—n.缺席 absent—absence 出席present—presence信心confident—confidence 方便convenient—convenience不同different—difference 勤奋diligent—diligence远的/距离distant—distance明显的/证据evident—evidence优秀excellent—excellence重要important—importance独立 independent—independence天真/无辜innocent—innocence智力 intelligent—intelligence 公正 just—justice 耐心patient—patience 浪漫 romantic—romance沉默silent—silence 暴力violent—violence v.—n.冒犯 offend—offence防御 defend—defense(AmE)—defence(BrE)建议 advise—advice 设施 devise—device(9)-dom结尾的名词:自由free—freedom 王国king—kingdom智慧wise—wisdom(10)-hood结尾的名词:孩童时代childhood 男孩时代boyhood邻里neighborhood(11)-ship结尾的名词:所有权ownership 锦标赛championship友谊friendship 手艺craftsmanship奖学金scholarship 领导才能leadership艰难hardship 关系relationship(12)-ing结尾的名词:农业farming 变暖warming园艺gardening 学业schooling绘画painting 意思meaning绘画drawing 训练training录音tape-recording 衣物clothing感觉feeling 十字路口crossing工资earnings 问候greeting储蓄savings 所发生的事情happenings发现findings 财产belongings痛苦suffering 贡品offering环境surroundings 保龄球bowling举重weight-lifting 射击shooting摔跤wrestling2.变形容词(1)-y结尾的形容词:n.—adj.阳光灿烂的sun—sunny 多雨的rain—rainy被雪覆盖的snow—snowy 有风的wind—windy有暴风雨的storm—stormy 寒冷的chill—chilly多雾的fog—foggy 有霜的frost—frosty冰冷的ice—icy 阴沉的gloom—gloomy布满星星的star—starry 泥泞的mud—muddy布满灰尘的dust—dusty 脏的dirt—dirty健康的health—healthy 富有的wealth—wealthy霸道的boss—bossy 臭的smell—smelly美味的taste—tasty 咸的salt—salty皮包骨的skin—skinny 贪婪的greed—greedy迅速的speed—speedy 狡猾的/棘手的trick—tricky v.—adj.爱挑剔的choose—choosy/pick—picky黏的stick—sticky 悦耳易记的 catch—catchy害怕的 scare—scary 滑溜的slip—slippery(2)-al,-ial结尾的形容词:n.—adj.全球的globe—global 文化的 culture—cultural农业的 agriculture—agricultural 情景的situation—situational有条件的 condition—conditional环境的environment—environmental化学的chemistry—chemical 医学的medicine—medical 原始的origin—original 政治的politics—political实际的practice—practical理论的theory—theoretical音乐的 music—musical 感情的 emotion—emotional国家的nation—national 自然的nature—natural个人的person—personal 偶尓的occasion—occasional 精神上的mind—mental 身体上的physics—physical偶然的accident—accidental教育的education—educational技术上的technique—technical心理上的 psychology—psychological沿海的 coast—coastal种族的race—racial 面部的 face—facial工业的industry—industrial金融的finance—financial商业的commerce—commercial 官方的office—official 有益的 benefit—beneficial 典型的type—typical有影响的 influence—influential(3)-ful,-less结尾的形容词:感激的thank—thankful=grateful充足的plenty—plentiful 美丽的 beauty—beautiful成功的success—successful 可怕的awe—awful忠实的faith—faithful 和平的 peace—peaceful高兴的 joy—joyful/cheer—cheerful=enjoyable非常干净的spot—spotless无休止的end—endless 无家可归的 home—homeless无工作的 job—jobless=unemployed身无分文的penny—penniless无私的 self—selfless=unselfish无目标的 aim—aimless无线的 wire—wireless 无限的 limit—limitless珍贵的/无价的price—priceless=invaluable毫无价值的 value—valueless/worth—worthless无语的 speech—speechless上气不接下气的breath—breathless小心的,粗心的 care—careful,careless多彩的,无色的color—colorful,colorless有用的,无用的use—useful,useless成果丰硕的,无成效的fruit—fruitful,fruitless强大的,无能力的power—powerful,powerless有意义的,无意义的meaning—meaningful,meaningless=pointless=senseless痛苦的,不痛的pain—painful,painless后悔的,无悔的regret—regretful,regretless有害的,无害的harm—harmful,harmless闲适宁静的,躁动不安的rest—restful,restless优雅的,粗鲁的grace—graceful,graceless抱有希望的,无望的hope—hopeful,hopeless有帮助的/愿意帮忙的,无助的 help—helpful,helpless考虑周到的/不周到的 thought—thoughtful,thoughtless(4)-(i)ous结尾的形容词:n.—adj.许多的number—numerous多山的mountain—mountainous冒险的adventure—adventurous 紧张的 nerve—nervous有毒的 poison—poisonous 危险的danger—dangerous 灾难的disaster—disastrous小心的caution—cautious营养的nutrition—nutritious宗教的religion—religious宽敞的 space—spacious有抱负的ambition—ambitious神秘的mystery—mysterious(5)-able,-(s)ible 结尾的形容词:(不)可预见的 predict—(un)predictable(不)可避免的 avoid—(un)avoidable(不)可忘的forget—(un)forgettable(不)想要的desire—(un)desirable (不)舒服的comfort—(un)comfortable 有(不)利的favor—(un)favorable (不)合适的suit—(un)suitable(不)可忍受的bear—(un)bearable (不)可忍受的endure—(un)endurable (不)可信的believe—(un)believable (不)可信的credit—(in)credible (不)可接近的 access—(in)accessible 看(不)见的view—(in)visible(不)可治愈的cure—(in)curable支付得起的afford—affordable适应力强的adapt—adaptable可更新的renew—renewable便携的port—portable多变的change—changeable可吃的eat—eatable可依靠的rely—reliable可行的 work—workable有价值的value—valuable合理的reason—reasonable高兴的enjoy—enjoyable流行的 fashion—fashionable(6)-tive结尾的形容词:v.—adj.多产的produce—productive迷人的attract—attractive有创造力的create—creative保护的protect—protective预防性的prevent—preventative健谈的talk—talkative可供替代的alter—alternative相关的relate—relative有教育意义的instruct—instructive有竞争力的compete—competitiven.—adj.有效的effect—effective 贵的expense—expensive (7)-tic,-fic结尾的形容词:系统的system—systematic科学的science—scientific戏剧般的drama—dramatic浪漫的 romance—romantic有同情心的 sympathy—sympathetic精力充沛的energy—energetic(8)-en结尾的形容词:羊毛的 wool—woolen金色的 gold—golden木制的 wood—wooden(9)以-some结尾的形容词:英俊的 hand—handsome 令人惊叹的 awe—awesome令人烦恼的 trouble—troublesome烦人的 tire—tiresome(10)-ly结尾的形容词:致命的dead—deadly 活跃的 live—lively友好的 friend—friendly 兄弟般的brother—brotherly 有次序的 order—orderly 昂贵的 cost—costly每月的month—monthly 每天的day—daily3.变动词(1)-fy结尾的动词:净化pure—purify 简化simple—simplify美化 beautiful—beautify 使合理化 just—justify使恐惧terrible—terrify 使震惊horrible—horrify合格化quality—qualify 分类class—classify(2)-ize结尾的动词:adj.—v.认识到 real—realize 使现代化modern—modernize使工业化industrial—industrialize使普及 popular—popularize 集权central—centralize 使全球化global—globalize使理想化ideal—idealize使稳定 stable—stabilize 使正常化normal—normalize 社会化social—socialize使专门化special—specializen.—v.使物质化material—materialize总结summary—summarize记忆memory—memorize(3)-en结尾的动词:变暗dark—darken 加快quick—quicken削尖 sharp—sharpen 削弱 weak—weaken松开 loose—loosen 变紧 tight—tighten软化 soft—soften 使更明亮bright—brighten恶化 bad—worsen 减少little—lessen减轻/变亮light—lighten 变黑black—blacken加宽broad—broaden 缩短 short—shorten adj.—n.—v.加深deep—depth—deepen加长long—length—lengthen加宽wide—width—widen 加高high—height—heighten 加强 strong—strength—strengthen(4)-e结尾的动词(注意发音变化):n.—v.洗澡bath—bathe 呼吸breath—breathe给……穿衣cloth—clothe(二)前缀法1.超过over-:无意中听到overhear 超过overtake睡过头oversleep 推翻overthrow/overturn人口过剩overpopulation 克服overcome忽略/俯视overlook2.重新re-:康复/找回recover 脱(衣服等)/移开remove续借/更换/续签renew 回收利用recycle替代replace 使恢复精力 refresh改革 reform 复习review3.前的fore-:预告 foretell 前额 forehead预报forecast 预知 foresee4.前的pre-:前提precondition 预告 predict战前的 pre-war 幼儿园preschool预演preview5.前的ex-:前妻ex-wife 前总统 ex-president6.后的post-:战后的 post-war 研究生 postgraduate7.多的multi-:多媒体的multimedia 多元文化的multicultural 多项选择的 multiple-choice8.远的tele-:电话telephone 电视television电报telegram 电信telecommunications望远镜telescope9.相互的inter-:面试interview 国际的international互联网Internet 相互作用 interact10.微小的micro-:麦克风microphone 微波microwave微软microsoft 显微镜microscope11.自动的auto-:汽车automobile 自传autobiography亲笔签名autograph 自动地automatically12.副的vice-:副总统 vice-president 副总理 vice-premier 13.生态的 eco-:生态学 ecology 生态系统 ecosystem生态友好的 eco-friendly14.中国的Sino-:中日的Sino-Japanese 中石化 Sinopec15.潜/次一级 sub-:潜意识(的)subconscious 亚热带的 subtropical 地铁subway 潜水艇submarine郊区的suburban 副标题subtitle16.半semi-:半熟练的 semi-skilled 半决赛semi-final 17.三tri-:三轮车tricycle 三角形 triangle18.横跨trans-:转移 transfer 转变transform传播transmit 移植 transplant(三)否定的前缀或后缀1.in-,im-/il-,ir-不活跃的inactive 不贵的 inexpensive缺乏经验的 inexperienced 随便的 informal不完整的incomplete 不方便的inconvenient 独立的independent 间接的indirect不重要的 insignificant无能力的 incapable/incompetent不合适的improper/inappropriate不精确的inaccurate/incorrect/inexact不充足的inadequate/insufficient不成熟的immature 不耐烦的impatient不完美的imperfect 不可能的impossible不礼貌的impolite 不合逻辑的illogical不合法的illegal 不规则的irregular不负责的 irresponsible2.un-不寻常的unusual 不安的uneasy不公平的unfair/unjust不知道的unaware/unconscious不确定的uncertain 不受欢迎的unpopular不普通的uncommon 不愉快的unpleasant不重要的unimportant 不必要的unnecessary 不成功的unsuccessful 没被注意的unnoticed 不整洁的untidy 不合理的unreasonable未完成的 unfinished/undone脱衣 undress 打开unfold卸车unload 开……的锁 unlock解冻unfreeze 出土/挖掘 unearth拧开unscrew 解开undo/unpack揭露uncover3.dis-消失disappear 不鼓励discourage揭露 disclose 发现discover不同意 disagree 不同意 disapprove不服从disobey 不诚实的dishonest不满意的dissatisfied 可耻的 disgraceful弱点disadvantage 紊乱disorder4.mis-误导(v.)mislead 误导的(adj.)misleading误解(v.)misunderstand 滥用 misuse误解(n.)misunderstanding 拼错 misspell不信任 mistrust5.anti-防空的anti-aircraft 防冻剂antifreeze抗日战争 Anti-Japanese War 反社会的antisocial 6.de-降级 degrade 减少decrease贬值 devalue 解冻 defrost毁林 deforestation7.ill-虐待ill-treat 信息不足的ill-informed不礼貌的 ill-mannered 不合时宜的ill-timed不合适的ill-fitting 没教养的 ill-bred考虑欠周的ill-considered 时运不济的ill-fated 非法得到的ill-gotten 不健康 ill health8.non-非营利的non-profit 直达的non-stop不吸烟者non-smoker 防滑的non-slip废话nonsense 非暴力non-violence不可再生资源 non-renewable resources9.-free无忧无虑的carefree 无利息的 interest-free免税的duty-free10.-proof防水的 waterproof 防震的 shockproof二、转化(一)动词与名词的转换:如:1.倒退(v.)He backed his car into the garage.支持(v.)You are not alone,and we are all backing you.背后(n.)She’s the kind of person who talks about you behind your back.2.领导(v.)He headed the rebellion.使……对着某处行进(v.)He headed his boat for the shore.头(n.)He was shot in the head,dead.3.缺乏(v.)I lack words with which to express my thanks.缺乏(n.)Lack of proper funding is making our job more difficult.(二)动词与形容词的转换:如:1.越过(v.)The dog succeeded in clearing the fence.清理(v.)He cleared the table by taking plates,forks and knives away.清楚的(adj.)To make yourself clear without using facial expressions can be very difficult.2.打扫(v.)Your shoes need cleaning.干净的(adj.)Try to keep your room clean and tidy.3.意味着(v.)What do you mean by saying that?吝啬的(adj.)He has always been mean with his money.(三)形容词与名词的转换:身体好的/井 well 好的/罚款 fine公平的/展览会 fair 主要的/首领 chief耐心的/病人 patient 安全的/保险箱 safe坚定的/公司 firm 稳定的/马厩stable相对的/亲戚relative 平淡的/平原plain满意的/内容content 具体的/混凝土concrete三、合成1.合成形容词(1)adj.+present participle漂亮的good-looking 闻着芳香的sweet-smelling随和的easy-going 长相一般的ordinary-looking (2)adv.+present participle永久的ever-lasting 职位高的high-ranking畅销货best-selling goods=bestseller(3)adv.+past participle著名的well-known 新婚的 newly-married本地制造的locally-produced 坚信的firmly-believed 密切相关的closely-related广泛接受的widely-accepted穿着随意的informally-dressed容易形成的easily-formed牢固的 strongly-built 高度发达的highly-developed 人口稠密的densely-populated正式发行的officially-released正式承认的officially-recognized(4)n.+present participle省时的time-saving 耗能的energy-consuming爱好和平的peace-loving 制片的film-making伤心的heart-breaking 令人惊叹的breathtaking说英语的English-speaking解决问题的problem-solving令人垂涎的mouth-watering赢利的profit-making(5)n.+past participle国营的state-owned 由衷的 heartfelt人造的 man-made 覆盖雪的snow-covered粗糙的 weather-beaten 国产的home-made一贫如洗的 poverty-stricken好奇心驱使的curiosity-driven个体经营的self-employed政府支持的 government-backed(6)n.+adj.环保的environment-friendly=environmentally friendly节能的energy-efficient有成本效益的cost-effective(7)adj.+n.+-ed心不在焉的absent-minded 心地善良的kind-hearted 目光短浅的short-sighted 近视的near-sighted左撇子的left-handed 头发花白的white-haired长尾巴的long-tailed 和蔼可亲的good-natured脾气坏的bad-tempered 思想开明的open-minded狭隘的narrow-minded 头脑简单的simple-minded有空调的air-conditioned(8)n.+-ed详细的detail—detailed有经验的experience—experienced有天赋的gift—gifted/talent—talented有技能的skill—skilled2.合成名词缺点drawback 框架framework人类 mankind 发源地birthplace壁炉 fireplace 木柴 firewood标志性建筑landmark 手电筒flashlight车前灯headlight 床上用品 bedclothes日光daylight 白天daytime晚间 night-time 总部/总公司 headquarters拂晓 sunrise 傍晚 sunset阳光 sunshine 城市商业区 downtown小山坡 hillside 合作teamwork瀑布 waterfall 降雨量 rainfall视力eyesight 薄饼pancake仓库warehouse 软件software硬件 hardware 草地grassland农田farmland 大陆mainland祖国homeland 家乡 hometown笔记本 notebook 台式电脑 desktop手提电脑 laptop 立场 standpoint邮递员 postman/mailman 电子邮箱 mailbox行李箱 suitcase 公文包 briefcase键盘 keyboard 滑板 skateboard滑雪板snowboard 冲浪板 surfboard摩托车 motorcycle彩虹 rainbow 海岸线 coastline截止日期 deadline 准则 guideline标题 headline 雷暴 thunderstorm航空公司airport 飞机场 airfield航空母舰aircraft carrier 暴风雪 snowstorm 宇宙飞船 spacecraft/spaceship航班 airline 野外考察 fieldwork烟灰缸 ashtray 茶壶 teapot牙刷toothbrush 战时wartime军舰 warship 周工作日 weekday周末 weekend 车间 workshop野生动植物 wildlife 沙尘暴 sandstorm 泥石流mudslide 书架 bookshelf数据库 database高速公路 freeway/expressway/motorway地铁underground/subway/metro/tube鸡尾酒 cocktail 庭院courtyard墓地graveyard 手指甲 fingernail明信片 postcard 观点viewpoint飞机aircraft/aeroplane 书虫 bookworm 蚕 silkworm 蚯蚓 earthworm蝴蝶 butterfly 蜻蜓 dragonfly萤火虫firefly 花生peanut板栗 chestnut 核桃walnut椰子 coconut 突破 breakthrough外卖食物 take-away 聚会 get-together 化妆品 make-up 机构 set-up瞭望台 lookout 收银台 checkout体检 check-up 中间人 go-between成年人grown-up 儿媳daughter-in-law温室greenhouse 行踪 whereabouts故障breakdown 倒计时 countdown密码password 关键词keyword养育 upbringing爆发 outbreak(break out)衰败 downfall(fall down) 收入 income(come in) 结果 outcome(come out) 旁观者 onlooker(look on) 输入input(put in) 输出/产量output(put out)出口 outlet(let out)。