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2020年硕士研究生招生考试试题科目代码及名称:615 语言学概论适用专业：汉语言文字学/语言学及应用（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）一、判断题。
（每题1分，共10分）1、一种语言中句子的数目是无限的。
（）2、语言具有自然属性、社会属性的双重属性。
（）3、声调由音强和音高决定。
（）4、“花”由“花朵”的“花”引申为“花架子”的“花”是换喻。
（）5、同一聚合群中的音位往往有相同的组合关系。
（）6、词缀按其功能可以分为派生词缀和附加词缀。
（）7、汉语是没有形态的孤立语。
（）8、渐变性和平衡性是语言演变的两大特点。
（）9、汉语和藏语、越南语同属于汉藏语系语言。
（）10、茉莉、葡萄、荔枝、柠檬、玫瑰都是借词。
（）二、名词解释。
（每题4分，共16分）1、音位2、语素3、共同语4、语言联盟三、应用题。
（每题24分，共48分）1、用国际音标给下面一段文字注音。
语言替换的过程大体上是先出现双语或多语现象，然后是几种语言中的优势语言逐渐排挤、替代其他语言而完成语言的替换。
这是一个漫长的过程，不是在几年中就能得出结果的一次性行为。
2、分析现代汉语a音位的变体以及出现的语音条件。
四、论述题。
（每题38分，共76分）1、试论语音演变的规律性及其所具有的特点。
2、试论词义演变的方式与途径。
第1页，共1页2007年研究生入学考试试题（A）考试科目：语言学概论报考学科、专业：汉语言文字学/语言学及应用语言学请注意:全部答案必须写在答题纸上，否则不给分。
一、术语解释（40分，每小题5分，共8小题）1、音素与音位2、语流音变与历史音变3、构形法与构词法4、多义词与同音词5、语法意义与语法形式6、隐喻与换喻7、词与语素8、任意性与线条性二、用国际音标给下面文字注音（20分）人类思维职能的延伸使机器能代替人的一部分脑力劳动，出现了人直接命令机器进行操作的前景。
这将给语言研究带来重大的影响。
要给机器下命令，必须使机器懂得一种语言。
2016年学位课统考真题(A卷)Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 20 points)Section A ( 1 point each)1. A Beauty has advantages and disadvantages.B. Beauty has different meanings to different people.C. Beauty brings attention and opportunities.D. Beauty comes from action and good qualities.2. A. She is using the book now.B. She may give him a hand.C. She can’t lend him the book.D. She will keep the book for him.3. A Rachel lives fairly close to her.B Rachel visits her quite often.C Rachel comes here once a month.D Rachel rarely gets to see her.4. A She forgot about the time change.B She didn’t receive the text messageC Her roommate forgot to give her the message.D Her roommate was too nervous to tell her.5. A He should have got better grades.B The test was based on lecture material.C She misplaced her textbook.D Small luck plays a big role.6. A On the 16th of June.B. On the 18th of June.C On the 9th of June.D On the 8th of June.7. A. Go to sleep.B. Watch the movie later.C Change the channel.D Set the alarm clock.8. A Wear a formal suit.B Wear casual clothes.C Dress up for the party.D Dress in a costume.9. A. She likes to drink coffee.B She rarely wakes up early.C She needs tea to feel alert.D She always skips breakfast.Section BMini-talk One10. A Southern Europe.B United Arab EmiratesC. North Africa.D. The United States.11. A The wings B The tail C The windowsD The engines12. A To change the airplane industryB To make a trip in a tiny plane.C. To overcome weather issues.D To prove the power of new energy sources.Mini-talk Two13. A Feeling sleepy at work.B Feeling sad or depressedC Feeling unable to think clearly.D Feeling tired in the morning.14. A Time zone change.B An extra hour of sleepC Travel by air far distancesD Unmatched work schedule and lifestyle15. A Nighttime work is hard on some of the workers.B Early risers have litter improvement in wellbeing.C A better rest can benefit employers financially.D Workers report the same level of improvement.Section C16. Choose clothing that fits the employer’s ______(2 words) and keep yourself clean and tidy.17. Leave your house in _____(3 words) to arrive at least 15 minutes early for your interview.18. Firmly ____(2 words) , right hand only, even if you’re left-handed.19. If the interviewer seems distracted, lighten the atmosphere by telling an ____(3 words) story about your qualifications.20. If you don’t understand a question orstatement, ask the interviewer to ____(3 words) it.Part II. V ocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points) Section A (0.5 points)21. Digital technology can be used to alleviate the harmful side effects brought about by farming.A intensifyB reduceC triggerD convert22. It is believed that any improvement in water efficiency would be of considerable benefit .A enormousB marginalC potentialD beneficial23. Materials science is rapidly transforming the way that everything from cars to light bulbs is made.A enhancingB multiplyingC alteringD pursuing24. The economy of the United States is probably the envy of the world, and its armedforces are unrivalled.A unmatchedB ungrounded D undefined D unpurified25. The central government of China has set about boosting the consumption of greener energy.A discardedB demandedC cancelledD initiated26. Her voice had a peculiarly engaging quality; it was deep, a little husky, and one always heard the breath vibrating behind it.A appealingB disgustingC emergingD painstaking27. Purchase of a second-hand house is a difficult problem that requires careful assessment.A predictionB evaluationC elaborationD assimilation28. A number of ingenious techniques are employed to make the workmanship more delicate.A recruitedB hiredC adopted Dcreated29. The business will show a profit in September provided that sales remain steady all summer.A as soon asB on condition thatC in order thatD by the time30. The miners who had been stuck underground for days were taken to a hospital right away.A for the time beingB behind the timesC at timesD in no timeSection B (0.5 point each)31. Some infectious diseases, such as AIDS, take a heavy___on human immunity.A impactB lossC tollD casualty32. Because of poor grammar, some sentences in research papers by Chinese students seem ___to the reviewers.A incomprehensibleB inedibleC inestimableD irreplaceable33. Almost each college student is equippedwith a cell phone, laptop and other electronic ____A galaxiesB ornamentsC utensilsD gadgets34. Running for president is ____ demanding , emotionally draining, and physically taxing.A incoherentlyB intellectuallyC intimatelyD invalidly35. The common pattern of human influence on tropical rainforest is a ____ of the habitat into smaller patches.36. State leaders of each generation have to think about how to ___complicated economic issues.A adoreB assembleC addressD alienate37. In 2008, Sarkozy threatened to boycott the Olympic Games in Beijing, ___kowtow shortly afterwards by promising never to interfe re with China’s affairs.A only toB so as toC as toD prior to38. New methods of irrigation can reducewater consumption by roughly 30%____conventional systems.A but forB compared withC related toD other than39. As long as you are pursuing your dream, your efforts will eventually ____.A wear offB pay offC ward offD turn off40. The younger you begin ____, the easier it is to remain physically active throughout your life.A setting outB figuring outC running outD working outPart III Cloze Test ( 10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)A college education is completely necessary for each of us, but we have to ask what it –41—to get into college? High school grades and standardized tests are still the most common measurements. –42—this information is often considered alongsideother sources of information, other indicators of college potential are typically not considered if high school grades and standardized test scores don’t reach a certain –43---.Even though standardized test scores do predict –44—performance and job performance, relying so heavily on these scores is problematic –45—a number of reasons. For one, studies have found that the SAT is a better predictor of college performance for white students. –46—reason is that other key skills are neglected that contribute to life success, defined more –47—than merely the capacity for academic learning, including active learning –48--, natural motivation, social-emotional intelligence, imagination and creativity. Creativity and imagination are particularly important skills in this century, --49—how quickly this world is changing. This world needs people who are not only quick learners,but also reflective learners as well as –50--- of new knowledge.41.A.means B takes C seems D likes42.A. But B However C While D Yet43.A.standard B destination C aspect D perspective44.A physical B artistic C mechanical D academic45.A because of B due to C for D owing to46.A The second B A second C Second D The other47.A broadly B narrowly C usually D strictly48.A outcomes B advantages C qualifications D strategies49.A concerning B regarding C considering D involving50.A applicants B creators C witnesses D successorsApply, application, applicantSucceed, successive, succeeding , successorsContinual , continuous80 Years has witnessed the ups and downs of ……Standard, level, criteriaWater table, water levelHigh level, low levelDesign criteriaStandard for designPart IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneA year ago, my boss announced that our large New York ad agency would be moving to an open office. After nine years as a seniorwriter, I was forced to trade in my private office for a seat at a long, shared table. It felt like my boss had ripped off my clothes and left me standing in my underwear.However, about 70 percent of U.S. offices now have no or low partitions. Silicon Valley has been the leader in bringing down the dividers. Google, Yahoo and American Express are all adherents. Facebook designed the largest open floor plan in the world, housing nearly 3,000 engineers.Adhere to …These new floor plans are ideal for maximizing a company’s space while minimizing costs. Bosses love the ability to keep a closer eye on their employees, ensuring movie-watching, constant social media-browsing and unlimited personal cellphone use isn’t occupying billing hours. While employees feel like they’re part of a relaxed, innovative enterprise, theenvironment ultimately damages workers’attention spans, creativity and satisfaction. Furthermore, a sense of privacy boosts job performance, while the opposite can cause feeling of helplessness. In addition to the distractions, my colleagues and I have been more vulnerable to illness. Last flu season took down a succession of my co-workers like dominoes.As the new space intended, I’ve formed interesting, unexpected bonds with my colleagues. But my personal performance at work has hit an all-time low. Each day, my associates and I are seated at a table staring at each other, having an ongoing 12-person conversation from 9 a.m to 5 p.m. those who have worked in private offices for decades have proven to be the most noisy and tough. They haven’t had to consider how their loud habits affect others, so I can only work effectively during times when no one else is around, or if I isolate myself in one of thesmall, constantly sought-after, glass-windowed meeting rooms.To make the open-office model work, employers have to take measures to improve work efficiency. For one, they should create more private areas----ones without open windows. Also, they should implement rules on when interaction should be limited. And please, let’s eliminate the music that blankets our workspaces. Companies could simply join another trend----allowing employees to work from home. That model boosts productivity, with employees working more hours and taking fewer breaks. There are fewer interruptions when employees work remotely. At home, my greatest distraction is the refrigerator.51. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A The author enjoyed working in an open office.B This open-office model has gainedpopularity.C Companies are compelled to shift to an open office.D Google and Yahoo refuse to go along with the trend.52. Large open floor plans can help bosses to ____A reduce investment in research.B show movies to workers in the officeC supervise co-workers’ conversations.D restrict the use of personal cell phones.53. According to Paragraph 4, an open office ____A can benefit workers’ mental health.B brings no relaxation to workers at all.C adversely affects productivity and health.D contribute to better productivity .54. It can be concluded from Paragraph 5 that in an open office ___A fellow workers are likely to spend a long time talking.B one’s personal performance can beimproved easily.C work efficiency can be ensured amid frequent interaction.D most of the workers can easily become close friends.55. The last sentence of this passage suggests that the author___A can hardly concentrate on his work at home.B often suffers from the noise of the refrigerator.C works more efficiently at home than in the open office.D has nobody to talk to while working at home.56. The central idea of this passage is that the open-office model___A should be highly recommended.B is destroying the workplace.C is more of a blessing than a curse.D proves to be quite innovativePassage TwoThe mosquito-borne Zika virus, which has spread to 22 countries in the Americas, is terrifying to pregnant women and their partners. The virus may cause birth defects in babies whose mothers were infected during pregnancy. In Brazil more than 4,000 have been born with abnormally small heads since last October, compared with fewer than 200 in a typical year. The response of several governments has triggered a debate about abortion and birth control which may outlast the outbreak itself.OutbreakBreak outStudent-leading movementStudent-led movement.Input, output , outset, outskirts, outspread, uphold,Outgrow, outlastMan-eating society , man-eaten societyMan-made satelliteSound-producing insectsIt started after some governments advised women to delay getting pregnant. Colombia, which has the second-highest number of infections after Brazil, advised women to wait six to eight months. Jamaica issued a similar recommendation, even though no cases of Zika have yet been reported there. El Salvador’s government suggested that women should delay pregnancy until 2018. Panama warned women from vulnerable communities not to conceive.Some women find this advice rather bossy. Others say that governments have done little to help women control their fertility. A lobby group in New York notes that rates of teenage pregnancy in Latin America are among theworld’s highest, as 56% of pregnancies in Latin America and the Caribbean are unintended.Rates of accidental pregnancy are high because sex education is inadequate and birth control is hard to come by. Health workers are reluctant to prescribe contraceptives to teenagers or to women who have not yet given birth. If women are to avoid pregnancy, governments must inform them better and provide more access to contraception for both men and women.Some argue that the Zika crisis should prompt countries to liberalize policies that severely restrict abortion. In El Salvador, which does not allow abortion even if a woman’s life is at risk, activists are stepping up their campaign for a change in the law. A Brazilian newspaper argued that Brazil should end its ban on most abortions.Rather than calling on women to delay pregnancy, Brazil is sensibly concentrating itsefforts on the mosquito responsible, which also carries dengue and yellow fever. The country had stamped out the threat by 1958 but let down its guard and allowed it to return. The health minister announced that insect repellent will be distributed to 400,000 expectant mothers. Some 310,000 health workers are teaching people how to keep mosquitoes at bay. Following WHO guidelines, Brazil advises women contemplating pregnancy on how to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes. Women need facts, not fertility targets.57. The first paragraph is primarily concerned with ___A the harm done by the Zika virus.B abortion and birth controlC the response of some countries.D the origin of the Zika virus .58. The rate of infections with the Zika virus is the highest in ___A ColombiaB BrazilC Jamaica DPanama59. Rates of accidental pregnancy are high in Latin America because of the following except ___A insufficient sex education or information on pregnancy.B the reluctance to prescribe contraceptives to teenagers.C poor accessibility of birth control for men and women.D the extremely low rate of marriage in some countries.60. Which of the following is true according to this passage?A Abortion is strictly prohibited in the whole of Latin America.B Activists in El Salvador are fighting for the right to abortion.C Brazil has managed to eliminate the mosquito responsible.D Most women have been convinced of the advice by governments.61. The underlined words in the last paragraph probably mean ____A stay away from mosquitoesB try to make mosquitoes extinctC confine mosquitoes to the beachD culture some new mosquitoes62. Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A How to Contain the Zika Virus?B health during PregnancyC To Breed, or not to BreedD Measures of Birth ControlCheck :Passage ThreeAfter a jury convicted ex-Virginia Governor, Bob McDonnell, I wrote an op-ed calling attention to the “real stars”of the McDonnell case. It is easy to get distracted by the sensational details of the new case, but it would be better to focus on the big picture.Ex-husband …Ex-president. Late-presidentVice-president ….Deputy-presidentProfessor, associate-professor , lecturer , assistant …The judge convicted him of robbery.The judge convicted him to 15 years’imprisonment.Convince convincing factsAssure sb of sth , assure sb that clause ….I assure him of my honesty .I assure him that I am honest. Integrity, integration( integrate…) =combineIrritation, irrigation =waterConvince sb of sth = convince sb that clause….Assure, ensure, insure,I insured 1000 yuan against unexpected injury.Guarantee ….Ensure = make sure ….To ensure that the meeting goes smoothly, we have made full arrangement.To see(to it) that …=to make sure …American politicians face a harsh reality. The average Senate campaign costs more than $10 million! Point the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) at any elected official, and I suspect it can uncover a contributor who received special treatment: a meeting with staff here, a call to an agency there. None of it is necessarily illegal.Americans are not only allowed to give money to politicians. The Supreme Court hassaid they have a constitutional right to spend money on campaign. Elected officials, in turn, have the freedom to decide which calls they answer, what meetings they arrange, how to craft legislation and whom it benefits.It could be, then, that what set McDonnell apart from other politicians is not the alleged illegality of his conduct, but that the FBI took such a hard look at him. Thankfully, the FBI’s interest doesn’t appear to be political. More likely, agents became interested in these cases like they get interested in lots of things; they happened upon public corruption while looking into something else. The FBI reportedly was investigating Jonnie Williams’company for securities fraud when it stumbled upon his gifts to McDonnell.There are two important lessons here, one for politicians and one for the rest of us. The politicians need to distance themselves from their rich donors. Ethics aside, it is simply too risky to take contributions and gifts frompeople whose interests you intend to advance. Better to lose an election than to go to federal prison.Everyone else should start thinking about prosecutorial power to act. It’s bad enough that our political system seems to be populated with criminals. We should also worry about how prosecutors choose among them to decide whom to imprison.Random selection, which appears to explain the McDonnell case, is the least of our worries. The real concern is politically motivated prosecutions, which are made all too easy in a system flush with cash and regulated by flexible public corruption laws. Sadly in a pay-to-play political system, once FBI agents direct their investigative power at a particular politicians, the likelihood of a federal accusation may only depend on how hard they look.Hit-and-run63. In the first paragraph, “the big picture”probably refers to ____A the details of the McDonnell caseB the political system in the US.C. the economic situation in the US D other officials involved in this case.64. Which of the following is true about the McDonnell case?A McDonnell has turned out to be innocent.B He gave expensive gifts to Jonnie Williams.C The FBI happened to find his criminality.D The FBI’s investigation is politically motivated.65. The lesson that politicians should learn from the case of McDonnell is to ___.A stay away from wealthy donorsB work in the interests of rich donors.C forget about ethics when with rich donorsD make friends with many rich donors.66. The last paragraph implies that in theAmerican political system___A there are few corrupt politiciansB money plays a minor roleC random selection is a big concernD it is easy to spot cases of corruption67 This passage is primarily concerned with _____in the United States.A ways to keep governance cleanB the responsibilities of the FBIC the political corruption problemD the role of money in legal matters68. The attitude of the author towards the American political system is ___A curiousB criticalC appreciativeD indifferentPassage FourThe fourth and final article from Sheryl Sandberg and Adam Grant in The New York Times’“Women at Work”series appeared today; it is as misguided as the previous three have been, bordering on offensive. Do wereally need Sandberg telling men that if they do a load of laundry now and then, they might get lucky? Yes, that is an exact point in the article. To quote: A man was asked by his wife one night to do a load of laundry. He picked up the basket and asked hopefully, “Is this lean in laundry?”The bigger issue with the entire New York Times series is that rather than focusing on the abilities of women, all they’ve done is offer studies and statistics pointing out how bad things are, then asking men to change that. It is so disappointing that Sandberg and Grant keep repeating the same point---“Hey, guys, help the poor girls out!” They continue to tell men that they should do more office chores, let women speak at work, use the same criteria for evaluating female managers as male ones. It’s all about men and what they need to do to boost up ladies.The tone of these articles also implies that every successful woman was somehow given ashot by some man. Most successful women I know weren’t given anything. They earned it. And when they didn’t get it even after earning it, they struggled and seized it. It is so unproductive for women to repeat that the workplace needs to change to reward us. How about if women change? Why don’t we start behaving in ways that will get us rewarded in the workplace?Whenever I speak or write about equality for women in the workplace, I never address what men need to do differently. Men have no incentive to do anything differently. This system is working for them, and if women want to compete in male-dominated fields, we need to develop the instincts and attitudes what will get us rewarded in those fields. Women don’t have to “behave like men,” but we can make the changes needed to be recognized and promoted without asking them for the scraps. We should not stamp our feet and demand that men help us get there. Afterall, no woman has to lean in when she’s standing at the head of the table.69. What does the author of this passage think of the article mentioned in the first paragraph?A misleadingB instructiveC amusingD paradoxical70. The author believes that the problem with this New York Time s series is that is ___A overemphasizes mutual help between males and females.B elaborates on the advantages of males over femalesC suggests the two sexes be evaluated in the same way.D ignores what women can do for themselves.71.The main idea of the third paragraph is that ____A women have to adapt to the work environment.B there is a man behind each successful woman.C workplace should be changed to reward women.D women become successful on their own.72. In the last paragraph, the author of this passage suggests that ___A men start to do things differently for women’s sake.B women ask men for help whenever necessary.C women become independent and self-reliant.D women stop competing with men at work.73. Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A Women-Stop ‘Leaning” and Start LeadingB Men-Be Helpful at Home and at Work.C Men and Women—Who Is Superior?D Men and Woman—How Different Are They?74. The author seems to be _____ these articles by Sheryl Sandberg and Adam Grant.A interested inB critical about Cconvinced by D encouraged byPassage FiveImagine a world without alcohol sponsorship of sport and without drinks ads on TV. You’re imagining France, the country with a heavy drinking rate one sixth that of Ireland. It’s a country where there is a genuinely sensible and mature approach to alcohol----with a range of regulations for the alcohol industry.To be certain, people drink in France----there is alcoholism and serious issues for public health there, just as in other societies where alcohol is available----but in France, the trend is downward and heavy drinking isn’t group activity where getting drunk is the objective.The drinks industry in Ireland is pitilessly efficient and deeply rational----like any multi-billion euro industry, knowing how to get people to drink more, how to grow amarket, how to cultivate the next generation of drinkers and how to put them on the value addition conveyor belt.The economics of drinking is strikingly obvious. A massive diversity of products at a massively wide range of prices, with a staggering diversity of lifestyle messages and marketing approaches to segment and divide the market. We start with the young drinkers, who don’t have a whole l ot of money----for young men there’re the thin aluminum can beers which promise European sophistication and precious metals. For the ladies there are the lighter alcohols and coolers, which promise to have one laugh uncontrollably into the night with your equally attractive mid-twenties friends, often with a three-for-two offer.The next stage in the process is to get the drinker into the bottled beers and shift the ladies towards whiskey. In summer, everyone is encouraged to dedicate time to quenchingthe thirst with juice---and to move on from there. At each life stage there is a higher-value drink product targeted at our aspirations and an encouragement to get some of the good life. The drinks industry reminds us to tame our animal side with a trip to their website saying that ‘enjoying a drink may be a part of Irish culture…’ and, at the start of an article on the possible health benefits of cutting down on alcohol, states: “Lots of people associate moderate drinking with relaxation and fun.”The drinks industry needs young drinkers----it cultivate drinkers as early as possible, but it cultivates partners and harvests goodwill as well.75. Which of the following statements is true about France?A No one consumes an excessive amount of alcohol.B There are no strict regulations for the alcohol industry.C Sport can be sponsored by alcoholproducers.D There are no TV commercials related to alcohol.76. The underlined words in Paragraph 3 imply that the drinks industry in Ireland___A cares about the health of consumersB is good at boosting sales of alcohol.C has enjoyed quite high productivityD tries to make money by illegal means77. Paragraph 4 and 5 are focused on ____the drinks industry.A the economic employed byB the wide range of products ofC various lifestyle messages fromD health benefits associated with78. The drinks industry has been working hard to increase its sales by ____A telling consumers the truth about the harm of alcohol.B encouraging consumers to use the same drink product.C targeting at young drinkers exclusively and。
2015年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题（A卷）科目代码及名称:820英语语言学适用专业：英语语言文学01、03方向考生（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）I.Discriminate the following pairs of terms.(25points)1.psycholinguistics vs.cognitive linguistics;2.error vs.mistake;petence vs. communicative competence;4.synchronic vs.diachronic;5.phonetics vs.phonology.II.Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.If it is true, write A on the answer sheet;if it is false,write B on it.(20points)1.The study of language in use is called pragmatics.2.Chomsky has been called father of modern linguistics.3.The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of compositionality.4.There are three main subtypes of antonymy:gradable antonymy,converse antonymy,and relational antonymy.5.We can divide a syllable into two parts,the RHYME(or RIME)and the ONSET.The vowel within the rhyme is the NUCLEUS,with the consonant(s)after it termed the CODA.6.The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.7.The sound[s]is shared by“maps”and“keeps”as a common morpheme.8.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription,it is called a NARROW TRANSCRIPTION.9.The change of the negative prefix“in-”to“im-”when preceding/p/is through a process called assimilation.10.The lower terms for a superordinate are class members.11.Garden path sentences are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structure than they actually have.12.A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which a derivational affix can be added.13.The word“interpersonal”consists of three morphemes.14.Nouns,adverbs,and adjectives belong to function words.15.Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called compounds.第1页，共2页ngue is defined by Saussure as the concrete utterances of a speaker.17.Positional relation,or word order,refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.18.All the words in a language can be used to refer to,but only some have senses.19.Sense is regarded as a kind of intralinguistic relationship.20.The word“baby-sit”is an exocentric compound.III.Answer the following questions.(30points)1.How do you comment on Paul Herbert Grice’s CP(COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE)?2.How do you interpret REGISTER?IV.Analysis.(25points)1.Write down the phonetic symbol according to each of the following descriptions,andthen give an English word that contains this sound.(10points)Phonetic description phonetic symbol English word(1)bilabial nasal[](2)voiced postalveolar affricate[](3)voiceless velar stop[](4)mid central unrounded lax vowel[](5)back high rounded tense vowel[]2.Disambiguate the given two constructions below using IC(immediate constituent) analysis.Tree diagrams are required.(10points)(1)John loves old towns and villages.(2)The children watched the firework from the hill.3.Write out the semantic components of each word.(5points)(1)raise;(2)wifeV.Write a short essay in about500words on either of the two topics below. (50points)1.In Chinese,expressions for moving from one city to another by way of yet another city must take the form‘from X pass-through Y to Z’,and cannot be expressed as‘from X to Z pass-through Y’.How would you characterize the form-meaning relationship exhibited by these Chinese expressions?2.Is it necessary to distinguish between semantics and pragmatics?Please argue for your view.第2页，共2页。
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirectious:Read the following Text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) In Cambodia, the choice of a souse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen.5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can bulid a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorces persons are 15 with some disapproval. Easch spouse retains 16 property he or she Divorced persons may.1. [A]by way of [B]with regard to [C]on behalf of [D]as wellas2. [A]decide on [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]adapt to3. [A]close [B] arrange [C]renew [D]postpone4. [A]In theory [B] Above all [C]In time [D]For example5. [A]Unless [B] Lest [C]After [D]Although6. [A]into [B] within [C]from [D]through7. [A]or [B]since [C]but [D]so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D]create9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]association [B]meeting [C]collection [D]union12. [A]deal [B]part [C]grow [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]for [D]if14. [A]avoid [B]follow [C]challenge [D]obtain15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]wherever [B]whatever [C]whenever [D]however17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed18. [A]invested [B]divided [C]donated [D]withdrawn19. [A]warms [B]clears [C]shows [D]breaks20. [A]while [B]so that [C]once [D]in thatText1France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion , has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways . The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protectingmodels from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women , especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans ,if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a govemment-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:”We aware of and t ake responsibility for the impact the ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of enforcement is (CFW), which is run by the Danish21. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?【A】Physical beauty would be redefined.【B】New runways would be constructed.【C】Wcbsites about dieting would thrive.【D】The fanshing industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning to【A】heightening the value of.【B】indicating the state of.【C】losing faith in.【D】doing harm to.23. Which of the following is true od the fashion industry?【A】The French measures have already failed.【B】New standrds are being set in Denmark.【C】Models are no longer under peer pressure.【D】Its inberent problerma are getting wotse.Text 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country, In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate”the countryside”alongside the royal family,Shakespeare and t he National Health Serivce (NHS) at what makes them proudest of their country，this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the national trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone f orever” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with space for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill is pressure later led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . it needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The conservatives planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorsing “o ff-plan”building where local people might object. The concept ofsustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The liberal democrats are silent. Only ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.its Campaign to protect ruralEngland struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents stirling ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt.what is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that”housing crisis ”equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but,as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osboyne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town,shopping sites against high streets . this is not a free market but a biased one. Rural town and villages have grown and will26 Britain is public sentiment about the countrysideA has brought much benefit to the NHSB didn’t start till the Shakespearean ageC is fully backed by the royal familyD is not well reflected in politics27 According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now beingA gradually destroyedB effectively reinforcedC properly protectedD largely overshadowed28 which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservationB the conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“buildingC the liberal democrats are losing political influenceD labour is under attack for opposing development29 the author holds that George Osborne is preferenceA reveals a strong prejudice against urban areasB shows his disregard for character of rural areasC stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisisD highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure30 in the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation ofA the size of population in BritainB the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainC the town-and-country planning in BritainD the political life in today is BritainText 4There will eventurally come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint .Exactlly when that day will be is a matter of debate.”Sometime in the future ”,the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive toditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses ,delivery trucks-isn’t just expensive ;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print away .And though print ad sales still dwarf thire online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Over way be high and circulation lower ,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake ,say BuzzFeed CEO Joah Peretti.Pereti says the Time should’t waste time getting out of the printbusiness,But only if they go about it the right way .”Fighting out of a way to accelerate that transition would make sense of them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it“you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes,that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti give s the example seen as a blunder,”he said.“The move turned out to be foresighted.Ane if peretti would rale prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d feel lik e they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in ,”So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping,”Perettisaid “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In o ther words,if you’re going to make a print product ,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it .which way be what the time is doing already .Getting the print edition seven days a week costs each –a year-more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to[A]the pressure from its investors.[B]the complaints from its readers.[C]the high cost of operation.[D]the increating online ad sales.37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should[A]make strategic adjustments[B]end the print sdition for good.[C]seek new sources of readership.[D]aim for efficient management.38.It can be inferred form Paragraphs 5and6 that a “legacy product”[A]will have the cost of printing reduced.[B]is meant for the most loyal customers.[C]helps restore the glory of former times.[D]expands the popularity of the paper.39.Peretti believes that,in a changing world,[A]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.[B]aggressiveness better meets challenges.[C]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[D]legacy businesses are becoming outdated.40.which of the following would be the best title of the Text?[A]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.[B]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.[C]Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.[D]Shift Online Newspapers All at Once.Part BDirections:Read the following Text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 Points)No matter how formal or informa the work environment，the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University，people assess your competence，trustworthiness，and likeability in just a tenth of a second，solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for succeas” era is that the range of options is so much broader.Norms haveevolved and fragmentedIn some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials,it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhance our goals? Here are some tips;41about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgradea nd that’s OK.42.Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43. Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What converys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural con Text, the more control you can have over your impact.44. Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and con Text. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.Part CDirections:Read the following Text carefully and then translate the undetlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental heal th is our birthright.(46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally heally; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system or the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us.(47) O ur mental health doesn’t really go anywhere ;like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem-confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in out common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives – the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will woke out. It’s a form of innate or unlearne d optimism.(48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles. With kindness if they ate in pain .and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful. Managing our home life , or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for About how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade a nd that’s OK.Section III WritingPart A51 .Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university .Write a notice of about 100 words，providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.DO not sigh your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead.DO not write the address. (10 points)Part B52 .Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following picture in your essay, you should1. describe the pictures briefly,2. interpret its intended meaning, and3. give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案解析I cloze1. As well as2. Decide on3. Arrange4. Above all5. After6. Into7. But 8. Recite9. Tying10. Lighting11. Union12. Live13. Until14. Obtain15. Persuaded16. Whatever17. Brought18. Divided19. Shows20. WhileII Reading comprehensionPart AText121. Physical beauty would be redefined.22. Doing harm to.23. New standards are being set in Denmark.24. Showing little concern for health factors.25. A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.Text 226.is not well reflected in politics27. gradually destroyed28. The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. highlight his firm stand against lobby pressure30. the town-and-country planning in BritainText 331. uncertainty32. winning33. less severe34. has an impact on their decision35. the necessaryText 436. the high cost of operation37. make strategic adjustments38. is meant for the most loyal customers39. Aggressiveness better meets challenges40. Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your HandPart B41. Decide if the time is right42. Know your goals43. Understand the context44. Work with professionals45. Make it efficientPart C46. 我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理;它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。
2016年硕士研究生入学统一考试专业学位英语二Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A., B, C. or D. on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points) Happy people work differently. They ‟re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggest that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too. Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper 2 2 , , , firms firms firms in in in happy happy happy places places places spend spend spend more more more on on on R&D R&D R&D (research (research (research and and and development development development ). ). ). That That That‟‟s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future. The The researchers researchers researchers wanted wanted wanted to to to know know know if if if the the the 4 4 4 and and and inclination inclination inclination for for for risk-taking risk-taking risk-taking that that that come come come with with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities ‟ average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas. 7 7 enough, enough, enough, firms firms firms‟‟investment investment and and and R&D R&D R&D intensity intensity intensity were were were correlated correlated correlated with with with the the the happiness happiness happiness of of of the the area area in in in which which which they they they were were were 8 . 8 . But But is is is it it it really really really happiness happiness happiness that that that‟‟s s linked linked linked to to to investment, investment, investment, or or or could could something something else else else about about about happier happier happier cities cities cities 9 9 9 why why why firms firms firms there there there spend spend spend more more more on on on R&D? R&D? R&D? To To To find find find out, out, out, the the researchers researchers controlled controlled controlled for for for various various various 10 10 10 that that that might might might make make make firms firms firms more more more likely likely likely to to to invest invest invest ––like like size, size, industry, industry, and and and sales sales sales ––and and for for for indicators indicators indicators that that that a a a place place place was was was 11 11 11 to to to live live live in, in, in, like like like growth growth growth in in in wages wages wages or or population. population. The The The link link link between between between happiness happiness happiness and and and investment. investment. investment. Generally Generally 12 even even after after after accounting accounting for these things. The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which which the the the authors authors authors 13 13 13 to to to “less “less “less codified codified codified decision decision decision making making making process”process”and and the the the possible possible possible presence presence presence of of “younger “younger and and and less less 14 14 managers managers managers who who who are are are more more more likely likely likely to to to be be be influenced influenced influenced by by by sentiment.” sentiment.” sentiment.” The The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more more in in in places places places where where where most most most people people people are are are relatively relatively relatively happy, happy, happy, rather rather rather than than than in in in places places places with with with happiness happiness inequality. 17 this doesn ‟t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It ‟s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment sentiment would would would help help help 19 19 19 how how how executives executives executives think think think about about about the the the future. future. future. “It “It “It surely surely surely seems seems seems plausible plausible plausible that that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average,” said one researcher. 1 A. why B. where C. how D. when 2 A. In return B. In particular C. In contrast D. In conclusion 3 A. sufficient B. famous C. perfect D. necessary 4 A. individuation B. modernism C. optimism D. realism 5 A. echo B. miss C. spoil D. change 6 A. imagined B. measured C. invented D. assumed 7 A. SureB. OddC. UnfortunateD. Often8 A. advertisedB. dividedC. overtaxedD. headquartered9 A. explain B. overstateC. summarizeD. emphasize10 A. stages B. factors C. levels D. methods 11 A. desirable B. sociable C. reputable D. reliable 12 A. resumed B. held C. emerged D. broke 13 A. attribute B. assign C. transfer D. compare 14 A. serious B. civilized C. ambitious D. experienced 15 A. thus B. instead C. also D. never 16 A. rapidly B. regularly C. directly D. equally 17 A. After B. Until C. While D. Since 18 A. arrives B. jumps C. hints D. strikes 19 A. shapeB. rediscoverC. simplifyD. share 20 A. pray for B. lean towards C. give awayD. send out【参考答案】1. C. how 2. B. In particular 3. D. necessary 4. C. optimism 5. D. change 6. B. measured 7. A. Sure 8. D. headquartered 9. A. explain 10. B. factors 11. A. desirable 12. C. emerged 13. A. attribute 14. D. experienced 15. A. thus 16. D. equally 17. C. While 18. C. hints 19. A. shape 20. B. lean towards Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Direction: Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 It It‟‟s s true true true that that that high-school high-school high-school coding coding coding classes classes classes aren aren aren‟‟t t essential essential essential for for for learning learning learning computer computer computer science science science in in college. college. Students Students Students without without without experience experience experience can can can catch catch catch up up up after after after a a a few few few introductory introductory introductory courses, courses, courses, said said said Tom Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon ‟s School of Computer Science. However, However, Cortina Cortina Cortina said, said, said, early early early exposure exposure exposure is is is beneficial. beneficial. beneficial. When When When younger younger younger kids kids kids learn learn learn computer computer science, they learn that it ‟s s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers – but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It ‟s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said. Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away. The The Flatiron Flatiron Flatiron School, School, School, where where where people people people pay pay pay to to to learn learn learn programming, programming, programming, started started started as as as one one one of of of the the the many many coding boot camps that that‟‟s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers high-schoolers get get get the the the same same same curriculum, curriculum, curriculum, but but “we we try try try to to to gear gear gear lessons lessons lessons toward toward toward things things things they they they‟‟re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood. The students in the Flatiron class probably won‟t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails ” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn – how how to to to think think think logically logically logically through through through a a a problem problem problem and and and organize organize organize the the the results results – apply apply to to to any any any coding coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina. Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes –for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want –the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that –the better. 21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______ A. complete future job training B. remold the way of thinking C. formulate logical hypotheses D. perfect artwork production 【答案】B 22. In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________ A. experience B. interest C. career prospects D. academic backgrounds 【答案】B 23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________ A. help students learn other computer languages B .have to be upgraded when new technologies come C .need improving when students look for jobs D. enable students to make big quick money 【答案】A 24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______ A. bring forth innovative computer technologies B. stay longer in the information technology industry C. become better prepared for the digitalized world D. compete with a future army of programmers 【答案】C 25. The word “coax ”(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________ A. persuade B. Frighten C. Misguide D. challenge 【答案】A Text 2 Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands —once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species …historic range. The The crash crash crash was was was a a a major major major reason reason reason the the the U.S. U.S. U.S. Fish Fish Fish and and and Wildlife Wildlife Wildlife Service Service Service (USFWS) (USFWS) (USFWS) decided decided decided to to formally list the bird as threatened. “ The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ,” said USFWS USFWS Director Director Director Daniel Daniel Daniel Ashe. Ashe. Ashe. Some Some Some environmentalists, environmentalists, environmentalists, however, however, however, were were were disappointed. disappointed. disappointed. They They They had had pushed pushed the the the agency agency agency to to to designate designate designate the the the bird bird bird as as as ““endangered,endangered,”” a a status status status that that that gives gives gives federal federal federal officials officials greater greater regulatory regulatory regulatory power power power to to to crack crack crack down down down on on on threats threats threats .But .But .But Ashe Ashe Ashe and and and others others others argued argued argued that that that the the the”” threatened threatened”” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations collaborations with with with western western western state state state governments, governments, governments, which which which are are are often often often uneasy uneasy uneasy with with with federal federal federal action. action. action. and and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken ‟s habitat. Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that that unintentionally unintentionally unintentionally kill, kill, kill, harm, harm, harm, or or or disturb disturb disturb the the the bird, bird, bird, as as as long long long as as as they they they had had had signed signed signed a a a range range —wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used used to to to compensate compensate compensate landowners landowners landowners who who who set set set aside aside aside habitat habitat habitat , , , USFWS USFWS USFWS also also also set set set an an an interim interim interim goal goal goal of of restoring restoring prairie prairie prairie chicken chicken chicken populations populations populations to to to an an an annual annual annual average average average of of of 67,000 67,000 67,000 birds birds birds over over over the the the next next next 10 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (W AFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states ” remain in the driver driver‟‟s seat for managing the species,” Ashe said. Not Not everyone everyone everyone buys buys buys the the the win-win win-win win-win rhetoric. rhetoric. rhetoric. Some Some Some Congress Congress Congress members members members are are are trying trying trying to to to block block block the the plan, plan, and and and at at at least least least a a a dozen dozen dozen industry industry industry groups, groups, groups, four four four states, states, states, and and and three three three environmental environmental environmental groups groups groups are are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn ‟t go far enough. “The federal government is is giving giving giving responsibility responsibility responsibility for for for managing managing managing the the the bird bird bird to to to the the the same same same industries industries industries that that that are are are pushing pushing pushing it it it to to extinction, ” says biologist Jay Lininger. 26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____. A. its drastically decreased population B. the underestimate of the grassland acreage C. a desperate appeal from some biologists D. the insistence of private landowners 【答案】A 27. The “threatened threatened”” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____. A. was a give-in to governmental pressure B. would involve fewer agencies in action C. granted less federal regulatory power D. went against conservation policies 【答案】D 28. 28. It It It can can can be be be learned learned learned from from from Paragraph3 Paragraph3 Paragraph3 that that that unintentional unintentional unintentional harm-doers harm-doers harm-doers will will will not not not be be be prosecuted prosecuted prosecuted if if they_____. A. agree to pay a sum for compensation B. volunteer to set up an equally big habitat C. offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job D. promise to raise funds for USFWS operations 【答案】A 29. According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is______. A. the federal government B. the wildlife agencies C. the landowners D. the states 【答案】D 30. Jay Lininger would most likely support_______. A. industry groups B. the win-win rhetoric C. environmental groups D. the plan under challenge 【答案】B ？A ？Text 3 That That everyone everyone everyone‟‟s s too too too busy busy busy these these these days days days is is is a a a clich clich é. . But But But one one one specific specific specific complaint complaint complaint is is is made made especially mournfully ： There There‟‟s never any time to read. What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don ‘t seem sufficient. The web ‟s full of articles offering tips on making time to read:” Give up TV ” or “Carry a book with you at all times.” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes minutes doesn doesn doesn‟‟t t work. work. work. Sit Sit Sit down down down to to to read read read and and and the the the flywheel flywheel flywheel of of of work-related work-related work-related thoughts thoughts thoughts keeps keeps spinning-or spinning-or else else else you you you‟‟re re so so so exhausted exhausted exhausted that that that a a a challenging challenging challenging book book book‟‟s s the the the last last last thing thing thing you you you need. need. need. The The modern modern mind, mind, mind, Tim Tim Tim Parks, Parks, Parks, a a a novelist novelist novelist and and and critic, critic, critic, writes, writes, writes, ““is is overwhelmingly overwhelmingly overwhelmingly inclined inclined inclined toward toward communication …It It is is is not not not simply simply simply that that that one one one is is is interrupted; interrupted; interrupted; it it it is is is that that that one one one is is is actually actually actually inclined inclined inclined to to interruption.interruption.”” Deep Deep reading reading reading requires requires requires not not not just just just time, time, time, but but but a a a special special special kind kind kind of of of time time time which which which can can can‟‟t t be be obtained merely by becoming more efficient. In fact, “becoming more efficient ” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be be maximized maximized maximized means means means you you you approach approach approach it it it instrumentally, instrumentally, instrumentally, judging judging judging any any any given given given moment moment moment as as as well well well spent spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, godlessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you ‟ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The The future future future comes comes comes at at at us us us like like like empty empty empty bottles bottles bottles along along along an an an unstoppable unstoppable unstoppable and and and nearly nearly nearly infinite infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.” No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book. So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You‟d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behavior helps us “step outside time ‟s flow ” into “soul time.” You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, books, or on or on single-purpose single-purpose e-readers. e-readers. e-readers. ““Carry Carry a a a book book book with with with you you you at at at all all all times times times”” can can actually actually actually work, work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no no longer longer longer feels feels feels as as as if if if you you you‟‟re re ““making making time time time to to to read,read,read,”” but but just just just reading, reading, reading, and and and making making making time time time for for everything else. 31. The usual time-management techniques don ‟t work because . A. what they can offer does not ease the modern mind B. what challenging books demand is repetitive reading C. what people often forget is carrying a book with them D. what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed 【答案】D 32. The “empty bottles ” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to . A. update their to-do lists B. make passing time fulfilling C. carry their plans through D. pursue carefree reading 【答案】B 33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps . A. encourage the efficiency mind-set B. develop online reading habits C. promote ritualistic reading D. achieve immersive reading 【答案】D 34. “Carry a book with you at all times ”can work if . A. reading becomes your primary business of the day B. all the daily business has been promptly dealt with C. you are able to drop back to business after reading D. time can be evenly split for reading and business 【答案】A 35. The best title for this text could be . A. How to Enjoy Easy Reading B. How to Find Time to Read C. How to Set Reading Goals D. How to Read Extensively 【答案】B Text 4 Against Against a a a backdrop backdrop backdrop of of of drastic drastic drastic changes changes changes in in in economy economy economy and and and population population population structure, structure, structure, younger younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found. Across Across generational generational generational lines, lines, lines, Americans Americans Americans continue continue continue to to to prize prize prize many many many of of of the the the same same same traditional traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it. oung Y oung people people people who who who are are are still still still getting getting getting started started started in in in life life life were were were more more more likely likely likely than than than older older older adults adults adults to to prioritize prioritize personal personal personal fulfillment fulfillment fulfillment in in in their their their work, work, work, to to to believe believe believe they they they will will will advance advance advance their their their careers careers careers most most most by by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found. From From career career career to to to community community community and and and family, family, family, these these these contrasts contrasts contrasts suggest suggest suggest that that that in in in the the the aftermath aftermath aftermath of of of the the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics. Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While While younger younger younger people people people are are are somewhat somewhat somewhat more more more optimistic optimistic optimistic than than than their their their elders elders elders about about about the the the prospects prospects prospects for for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life ” face face a a a tougher tougher tougher a a a good-paying good-paying good-paying job, job, job, starting starting starting a a a family, family, family, managing managing managing debt, debt, debt, and and and finding finding finding affordable affordable housing. Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can‟t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college college when when when he he he was was was young.young.“I I still still still grew grew grew up up up in in in an an an upper upper upper middle-class middle-class middle-class home home home with with with parents parents parents who who didn didn‟‟t have college degrees,”Schneider said.” I don ‟t think people are capable of that anymore.”36、One cross-generation mark of a successful life is . A. trying out different lifestyles B. having a family with children C. working beyond retirement age D. setting up a profitable business 【答案】B 37、It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to . A. favor a slower life pace B. hold an occupation longer C. attach importance to pre-marital finance D. give priority to childcare outside the home 【答案】C 38、The priorities and expectations defined by the young will . A. become increasingly clear B. focus on materialistic issues C. depend largely on political preferences D. reach almost all aspects of American life 【答案】D 39、Both young and old agree that . A. good-paying jobs are less available B. the old made more life achievements C. housing loans today are easy to obtain D. getting established is harder for the young 【答案】D 40、Which of the following is true about Schneider? A. He found a dream job after graduating from college B. His parents believe working steadily is a must for success C. His parents‟ good life has little to do with a college degree D. He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging 【答案】C Part B Directions ：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET . (10 points) A. Be silly B. Have fun C. Ask for help D. Express your emotions. E. Don‟t overthink it F. Be easily pleased G. Notice things Act Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age. (1) As adults, it seems that we‟re constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don ‟t need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it ‟s time to learn a few lessons from them. 41_____________________. (2) (2) What What What does does does a a a child child child do do do when when when he he he‟‟s s sad? sad? sad? He He He cries. cries. cries. When When When he he he‟‟s s angry? angry? angry? He He He shouts. shouts. shouts. Scared? Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don ‟t dictate our behaviors, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process process too too too far far far and and and end end end up up up suppressing suppressing suppressing emotions, emotions, emotions, especially especially especially negative negative negative ones. ones. ones. That That That‟‟s s about about about as as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on. 。
2020年硕士研究生招生考试试题
科目代码及名称:615 语言学概论适用专业：汉语言文字学/语言学及应用
（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）
一、判断题。
（每题1分，共10分）
1、一种语言中句子的数目是无限的。
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2、语言具有自然属性、社会属性的双重属性。
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3、声调由音强和音高决定。
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4、“花”由“花朵”的“花”引申为“花架子”的“花”是换喻。
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5、同一聚合群中的音位往往有相同的组合关系。
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6、词缀按其功能可以分为派生词缀和附加词缀。
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7、汉语是没有形态的孤立语。
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8、渐变性和平衡性是语言演变的两大特点。
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9、汉语和藏语、越南语同属于汉藏语系语言。
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10、茉莉、葡萄、荔枝、柠檬、玫瑰都是借词。
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二、名词解释。
（每题4分，共16分）
1、音位
2、语素
3、共同语
4、语言联盟
三、应用题。
（每题24分，共48分）
1、用国际音标给下面一段文字注音。
语言替换的过程大体上是先出现双语或多语现象，然后是几种语言中的优势语言逐渐排挤、替代其他语言而完成语言的替换。
这是一个漫长的过程，不是在几年中就能得出结果的一次性行为。
2、分析现代汉语a音位的变体以及出现的语音条件。
四、论述题。
（每题38分，共76分）
1、试论语音演变的规律性及其所具有的特点。
2、试论词义演变的方式与途径。
第1页，共1页。
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotto n threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [ D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that” incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet agovernment-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll o fenforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in mea ning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons ra te “the countryside” alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the NationalHealth Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue styli sh houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater con sideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It arg ues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part oftheir investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantiallabour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of deb ate. ”Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper – printing presses, delivery trucks –isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online –only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.” Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? ”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said“I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.” The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital – only subscription. “It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Ti mes is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a ” legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41_________________________As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular h elpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest fee dback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42________________________Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )43 ________________________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _______________________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45 ________________________The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words. Providing thenewly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly2) interpret the meaning , and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)2016考研英语一答案解析1、【答案】[B] as well as【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容可以判断，“择偶涉及男方的亲朋好友，_____女方的亲朋好友”显然前后是并列关系，选项中只有B选项as well as 表示并列关系。
2016考研英语（一）真题及参考答案2015年12月28日Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word（s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。
(10 points）In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male。
It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker。
A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen。
5 a spouse has been selected，each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family。
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair。
Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting，9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year，13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common 。
2016考研英语（一)真题及参考答案2015年12月28日Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text。
Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male。
It may involve not only his parents and his friends， 1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker。
A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations。
or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse，giving the child little to say in the selection。
4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen。
5 a spouse has been selected，each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family。
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half。
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly -acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18.[A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that" incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase "impinging on"(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models' character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air". Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain's public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn't start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes's preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today's BritainText 3"There is one and only one social responsibility of business" wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist "That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect" whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials." says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构33. The expression "more lenient"(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online - only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive that less aggressive."36. The New York Times is considering ending it's print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a " legacy product"[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today's workplace and the "dress for success" era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what's the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips: 41___[B] Decide if the time is rightAs an executive coach, I've seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you're in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you're not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there's no need for an upgrade and that's OK42_____[G]Know your goalsGet clear on what impact you're hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more "SoHo." (It's OK to use characterizations like that )43 ____[D]Understand the contextLook at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _____[E]Work with professionalsEnlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It's not as expensive as you might think.45 ______[F]Make it efficientThe point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn't go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem -confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism.(48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with总部在西安九大校区全程面授一流环境顶级名师学府考研——您最值得信赖的考研培训辅导机构kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.【参考译文】46. 我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。
温州大学考研真题温州大学是位于中国浙江省温州市的一所综合性大学。
自1999年开始，温州大学每年都会举行考研入学考试，以选拔优秀的研究生。
考研真题是考试前真实的试题，通过对真题的复习和解析，考生可以更好地了解考试形式和内容，提高备考效果。
本文将从历年的温州大学考研真题中选取几道典型题目，进行解析和讲解。
一、英语专业硕士(MA)考研真题阅读理解：Passage 1The United States has developed a new system to predict tornadoes.Research by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) shows that its new method forecasts the intensity and duration of tornadoes with an accuracy of up to 90%.The system, called High-Resolution Rapid Refresh, uses the current weather data and computer modeling to predict the pattern of tornadoes. The research team analyzed 147 tornadoes in the US Midwest last year to validate their predictions.According to the NOAA's prediction, there will be an 80% chance of severe weather conditions, including tornadoes, in parts of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.NOAA scientist Steve Weiss said, "The method has been used in predictions for only a year, and its performance has been outstanding."Tornadoes usually occur in the US Midwest in the late spring and early summer. In recent years, tornadoes have caused significant damage and lossof life in the region. With the new prediction system, it is hoped that the people in tornado-prone areas can be better prepared and protected.1. What is the new method developed by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)?A) A method to analyze tornado patterns.B) A method to predict severe weather conditions.C) A method to forecast tornado intensity and duration.D) A method to validate weather predictions.答案：C) A method to forecast tornado intensity and duration.解析：根据Passage 1中的第一段和第三段可以得知，NOAA开发了一种新的系统，用于预测龙卷风的强度和持续时间，所以答案是C。
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They're more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That's because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities' average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough, firms' investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8. But it is really happiness that's linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size, industry , and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to "less confined decision making process" and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.'' The relationship was 15 stronger in places wherehappiness was spread more 16. Firms seem to invest more in places.17 this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It's not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward -thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average," said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9.[A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send actSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It's true that high-school coding classes aren't essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon's School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it's not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers - but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving morechildren this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that's become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but "we try to gear lessons toward things they're interested in," said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won't drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the "Ruby on Rails" language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn - how to think logically through a problem and organize the results - apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes -for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want -the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that -the better.21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______[A] complete future job training[B] remodel the way of thinking[C] formulate logical hypotheses[D] perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________[A] experience[B] interest[C] career prospects[D] academic backgrounds23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________[A] help students learn other computer languages[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C] need improving when students look for jobs[D] enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______[A] bring forth innovative computer technologies[B] stay longer in the information technology industry[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[D] compete with a future army of programmers25.The word "coax"(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________[A] persuade[B] frighten[C] misguide[D] challengeText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands-once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern UnitedStates. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species 'historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened ."The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ," said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as "endangered," a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats .But Ashe and others argued that the" threatened" tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action. and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat , USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let "states" remain in the driver 's seat for managing the species," Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn't go far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction, " says biologist Jay Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____.[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The "threatened" tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____.[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____.[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the speciesin______.[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______.[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challenge各院校2020考研招生简章汇总全国历年考研分数线及趋势图全国研究生导师数据查询系统考研百科|最全考研名词解释全国研究生院高校名单汇总研究生考试专业院校数据库Text 3That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else.31. The usual time-management techniques don't work because .[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32. The "empty bottles" metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to .[A] update their to-do lists[B] make passing time fulfilling[C] carry their plans through[D] pursue carefree reading33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps .[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set[B] develop online reading habits[C] promote ritualistic reading[D] achieve immersive reading34. "Carry a book with you at all times" can work if .[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business35. The best title for this text could be .[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B] How to Find Time to Read[C] How to Set Reading Goals[D] How to Read ExtensivelyText 4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. Whlie younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those "just getting started in life" face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said." I can't afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen." Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young."I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn't have college degrees,"Schneider said."I don't think people are capable of that anymore. "36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is .[A] trying out different lifestyles[B] having a family with children[C] working beyond retirement age[D] setting up a profitable business37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to .[A] favor a slower life pace[B] hold an occupation longer[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance[D] give priority to childcare outside the home38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will .[A] become increasingly clear[B] focus on materialistic issues[C] depend largely on political preferences[D] reach almost all aspects of American life39. Both young and old agree that .[A] good-paying jobs are less available[B] the old made more life achievements[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain[D] getting established is harder for the young40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success[C] His parents' good life has little to do with a college degree[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challengingPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Be silly[B] Have fun[C] Ask for help[D] Express your emotions.[E] Don't overthink it[F] Be easily pleased[G] Notice thingsAct Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age.(1) As adults, it seems that we're constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41_____ [D] Express your emotions(2) What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on.42______[F] Be easily pleasedA couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was 9 years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't bigger house or better carwill be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43_______[A] Be sillyHave you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and ever have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.44______ [B] Have funThe problem with being a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the thing we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)-it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.45______ [E] Don't overthink itHaving said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can back fire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness." And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.【参考译文】超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。
2016考研英语(一)真题及参考答案2015年12月28日Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s pa rents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside”alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off–plan”building where local people might object. Theconcept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business”wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act （FCPA）.It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.”says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A] uncertainty[B] skepticism[C] approval[D] tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A] guarding it against malpractices[B] protecting it from consumers[C] winning trust from consumers.[D] raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A] less controversial[B] more lasting[C] more effective[D] less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A] comes across as reliable evidence[B] has an impact on their decision[C] increases the chance of being penalized[D] constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper―printing presses, delivery trucks ― isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,”he said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes,and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,”Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year ― more than twice as much as a digital ― only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a “ legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numberedparagraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark youranswers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D] Understand the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success”era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular helpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere, like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions: Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about100 words. Providing the newly-enrolled international students withrelevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures Inyour essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly2) interpret the meaning , and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)【参考答案】：Section I1-5 BDCAC 6-10 ACCDB 11-15 DDBAC 16-20 DBACASection IIPart A21-25. ADBCA 26-30. ADCDD 31-35. ACDBA 36-40. DABCDPart B41-45. BGDEFPart C46. 我们不必一定去学习如何做到心理健康，这种能力植根于我们自身，就像我们的身体知道如何愈合伤口，如何修复断骨。
