国际商务英语Chapter 12 E-commerce

abandon[2'b9nd2n]v.舍弃；抛弃list[list]n.倾侧;表,一览表;名单numerous['nju:m2r2s]a.众多的,许多的monopoly[m2'n0p2li]n.垄断，专利aboard[2'b0:d]n.船(飞机)上;上船,登机lively['laivli]ad.生动的，活泼的nylon['nail2n]n.尼龙mood[mu:d]n.情绪，心情absolute['9bs2lu:t]a.绝对的；专制的；完全的load[l2ud]v. n.装；加载；负载object['0bd7ikt 2b'd7ekt]n.物,物体;目标;客体mop[m0p]v.擦，洗，抹accident['9ksid2nt]n.事故local['l2uk2l]a.地方的;区域的objective[0b'd7ektiv]a. n.客观的;目标mortgage['m0:gid7]n.抵押accomplish[2'k0mpli6]v.完成location[l2u'kei62n]n.定位;位置oblige[2'blaid7]v.迫使motel[m2u'tel]n.汽车旅客旅馆accountant[2'kaunt2nt]n.会计lodging['l0d7i8]n.寄宿，住宿observe[2b'z2:v]v.观察motive['m2utiv]n. a.动机；发动的account receivable[]应收帐款long-distance[]a.长途的obtain[2b'tein]v.获得；买到mount[maunt]v.登，爬上；装上acknowledgement[2k'n0lid7m2nt]n.承认;告知收到loosen['lu:sn]v.放松；（解，松）开occasion[2'kei72n]n.原因，理由；需要;场合;情况movement['mu:vm2nt]n.运动,移动;(社会)运动acre['eik2]n.英亩loss[l0s]n.丧失；亏损occupation[0kju'pei62nl]n.行业;职业multitude['m3ltitju:d]n.众多,大群active['9ktiv]a.积极的loyal['l0i2l]a.忠诚的occurrence[2'k3r2ns]n.发生，出现muscular['m3skjul2]a.肌肉发达的，强健的adapt[2'd9pt]v.适应;改编lubricate['lju:brikeit]v.润滑odour['2ud2]n.气味mysterious[mis'ti2ri2s]a.神秘的;帮弄玄虚的adequate['9dikwit]a.足够的，恰当的lumber['l3mb2]v.伐木office['0fis]n.办公室namely['neimli]ad.即，就是admit[2d'mit]v.让...进入，接纳；容纳luxurious[l3g'zju2ri2s]a.奢侈，豪华，昂贵omission[2u'mi62n]n.省略;删去narration[n9'rei62n]n.叙述advance[2d'va:ns]n. v.进展；前进machinery[m2'6i:n2ri]n.机械only['2unli]a. ad.仅仅，只natural['n9t62r2l]a.天然的,本来的advantage[2d'va:ntid7]n.优点；优越性magnificent[m9g'nifisnt]a.壮丽，华丽的open an account[]开户nearby['ni2bai]a. ad.附近advertisement[2d'v2:tism2nt]n.广告magnitude['m9gnitju:d]n.巨大;量值大小openly['2up2nli]ad.公开地necessarily['nesis2rili]ad.必定，必然，当然agenda[2'd7end2]n.议事日程main[mein]a.最主要的，最重要的operator['0p2reit2]n.操作人员necessity[ni'sesiti]n.需要,必要性agreement[2'gri:m2nt]n.一致;协议maintain[mein'tein]v.保持；维持opportunity[0p2'tju:niti]n.机会needle['ni:dl]n.针alike[2'laik]a.相像的major['meid72]a.较大的;较多的;较重要的opposite['0p2zit]a.对立的,相对的negative['neg2tiv]a.否定的;反的;负的ally['9lai, 2'lai]n. v.同盟；使结盟make[meik]v.造，制作，使...optional['0p62nl]a.可以任选的negotiate[ni'g2u6ieit]v.谈判；疏通altogether[0:lt2'ge52]ad.完全；总共manager['m9nid72]n.经理；管理人ore[0:]n.矿石neighbourhood['neib2hud]n.邻接；邻居关系；地区ambition[9m'bi62n]n.志向，抱负；野心manipulate[m2'nipjuleit]v.操纵，摆布organize['0:g2naiz]v.组织起来net[net]a.网amuse[2'mju:z]v.逗乐mansion['m9n62n]n.大厦ornament['0:n2m2nt, '0:n2ment]n. v.装饰物；装饰nevertheless[nev252les]ad. conj不过;然而anchor['98k2]n.锚；抛锚，固定manufacture[m9nju'f9kt62]v.（大量）制造，加工ounce[auns]n.盎司,英两nickel['nikl]n.镍币,镍announce[2'nauns]v.宣布，宣告manufacturer[m9nju'f9kt62r2]n.制造商;制造厂outdoors['aut'd0:z]a.户外的，野外的nominate['n0mineit]v.提名,命名anyhow['enihau]ad.无论如何,不管怎样marine[m2'ri:n]a. n.海上的,海运业outlet['aut-let]n.输出口;销路;引出线none[n3n]pron.没有人apartment[2'pa:tm2nt]n.(一套)住宅(住房) market['ma:kit]n.市场,行情outlook['aut-luk]n.眼界,景色normally['n0:m2li]ad.正常地appeal[2'pi:l]v.呼吁;有吸引力marvelous['ma:vil2s]a.惊人的，奇迹般的outstanding[aut'st9ndi8]a.杰出的notation[nou'tei62n]n.标志application[9pli'kei62n]n.申请，申请书mask[ma:sk]n.面罩overall['2uv2r0:l]a.全面的，总体的notice['n2utis]v.注意到appreciate[2'pri:6ieit]v.感激；欣赏massive['m9siv]a.庞大的overestimate['2uv2'restimeit]v.估计过高nought[n0:t]n.零，无approve[2'pru:v]v.赞成，批准masterpiece['ma:st2pi:s]n.杰作，名作overlap[2uv2'l9p]v.重迭novel['n0v2l]a.新颖的arise[2'raiz]v.起来，起应mate[meit]n. v.伙伴,助手,配偶;交配overlook[2uv2'luk]v.监督；指导nowhere['n2uhw/2]ad.任何地方都不arrive[2'raiv]v.到达，抵达某地mature[m2'tju2]a.成熟的overseas['2uve'si:z]a.海外的null[n3l]a.无效的,等于零的Asian['ei62n]a.亚洲的meadow['med2u]n.草地,牧场owe[2u]v.欠；归功于abide[2'baid]v.遵守，坚持(by)assent[2'sent]v.同意;赞成;认可means[mi:nz]n.方法，手段ownership['2un26ip]n.所有权abroad[2'br0:d]ad.到国外,在国外assignable[]a.可转让的; 可过户的meantime['mi:n'taim]ad.与此同时pace[peis]n.（一）步，步态（调）abundant[2'b3nd2nt]a.充裕的associate[2's2u6ieit]v.联系；交往measure['me72]v. n.测量；量度pack[p9k]v.包，捆accommodation[2,k0m2'dei62n]n.（舱室、床位等）招待设施；调停assure[2'6u2]v.使确信，保证mechanic[mi'k9nik]n.机修工,机械工packet['p9kit]n.小包,袋account[2'kaunt]n.帐目,帐户attempt[2'tempt]v.尝试；试图medal['medl]n.奖章，勋章painting['peinti8]n.绘画,油画accounting[2'kaunti8]n.会计学;清算帐目attest[2'test]v.证实;证明medicine['medisin]n.(内服)药pamphlet['p9mflit]n.小册子achieve[2't6i:v]v.获得（胜利），达到（目的）attractive[2'tr9ktiv]a.有吸引力的，动人的melt[melt]v.熔化，融化，溶解paper['peip2]n.纸acquaintance[2'kweint2ns]n.了解; 熟人auditor['0dit2]n.审计员; 查帐员memorial[mi'm0:ri2l]n.纪念物；纪念碑paragraph['p9r2gra:f]n.段落act[9kt]v. n.行动；行为，动作authorization[0:42rai'zei62n]n.授权;批准memorandum(memo)[]n.便笺;备忘录parcel['pa:sl]n.小包;邮包actually['9ktju2li]ad.实际上available[2'veil2bl]a.可用的mention['men62n]v.提及，说起parliament['pa:l2m2nt]n.(英)下议院,国会in addition to[]除...以外averse[2'v2:s]a.不愿意的;嫌恶的merchandise['m2:t62ndaiz]n. v.商品;经商partial['pa:62l]a.偏袒的;部分的adjust[2'd73st]v.调整，校准awfully['0:fuli]ad.异常，非常mercury['m2:kjuri]n.水银particular[p2'tikjul2]a.特殊的，特别的admission[2d'mi62n]n.接纳,收容,允许进入baggage['b9gid7]n.行李mess[mes]n.混乱，一团糟particularly[p2'tikjul2li]ad.特别，尤其advance payment[]预付货款banking['b98ki8]n.银行业;金融metal['metl]n.金属party['pa:ti]n.聚会adverse['9dv2:s]a.逆的,相反的;不利的bargain['ba:gin]v. n.计价还价,成交;买卖合同metre['mi:t2]n.公尺，米passenger['p9sind72]n.乘客，旅客affect[2'fekt]v.影响；感动battery['b9t2ri]n.炮组;电池mighty['maiti]a.强有力的passport['pa:sp0:t]n.护照agency['eid72nsi]n.代理处，代办处beach[bi:t6]n.海滩,湖滨mild[maild]a.温和，温柔的patent['peit2nt]n. a.专利(权),专利的aid[eid]n.援助；辅助beginning[bi'gini8]n.开端，开始mill[mil]n.磨坊;工厂patron['peitr2n]n.保护人；赞助人alloy['9l0i, 2'l0i]n.合金behavior[bi'heivj2]n.行为,表现millionaire[milj2'n/2]n. v.定金;存款;沉淀pause[p0:z]n. v.暂停，中止alternative[0:l't2:n2tiv]a.选择的;选择方案beneath[bi'ni:4]prep. ad在下方mineral['min2r2l]n.矿物,无机物;(pl)矿泉水pavement['peivm2nt]n.人行道amateur['9m2t2:]n. a.业余的,非专业的;业余活动者bet[bet]v.打赌minimum['minim2m]n.最小值payment['peim2nt]n.支付，付款amicable['9mik2bl]a.友善的，和平的bind[baind]v.凝结，凝固minor['main2]a.较小的，较少的peculiar[pi'kju:lj2]a.特别的；奇异的analysis[2'n9l2sis]v.分析blend[blend]v. n.混合，掺合minus['main2s]a. prep.负的,减;负号pedlar['pedl2]n.小贩angle['98gl]n.,角bond[b0nd]n.联结，结合，约束minutes[]n.会议记录penetrate['penitreit]v.穿过，透过，渗透过anticipate[9n'tisipeit]v.预期;预先...bound[baund]v.跳跃，弹起,边界missing['misi8]a.失去的，失踪penny['peni]n.分(美国辅币)apparatus[,9p2'reit2s]n.器械;仪器;装置branch[bra:nt6]n.树枝,分枝misunderstand[mis3nd2'st9nd]v.误解perceive[p2'si:v]v.察觉，领悟apology[2'p0l2d7i]n.道歉，认错broad[br0:d]a.广阔，宽的，辽阔mobile['m2ubail]a.灵活多变的，机动的perfect['p2:fikt, 'p2:fekt]a.完美的；完全的appendix[2'pendiks]n.附录;附庸;盲肠broker['br2uk2]n.经马人,掮客model['m0dl]n.模型performance[p2'f0:m2ns]n.演出;性能appoint[2'p0int]v.任命，指定brush[br36]v. n.刷子；画笔modify['m0difai]v.修饰；更改；缓和periodical[pi2ri'0dik2l]n.期刊approach[2'pr2ut6]v.'接近；与...打交道bulk order[]大宗订购molecule['m0likju:l]n.分子permission[p2(:)'mi62n]n.答应；允许argue['a:gju:]v.争辩bureau['bju2r2u]n.局,署,处monitor['m0nit2]v.班长perpetual[p2'pet6u2l]a.永久的，永恒的arrange[2'reind7]v.安排buy[bai]v.买ability[2'biliti]n.能力；才能personal['p2:s2nl]a.个人的；亲自的article['a:tikl]n.冠词calculate['k9lkjuleit]v.计算，核算，打算absence['9bs2ns]n.缺席；缺乏personnel[p2:s2'nel]n.全体人员，全体职员as pron[]这一点;就这件事can[k9n]n.能accept[2k'sept]v.接受persuade[p2:'sweid]v.说服asset['9set]n.(单项)财产candy['k9ndi]n.糖果accompany[2'k3mp2ni]v.交往；同伴pest[pest]n.害虫,瘟疫assist[2'sist]v.协助capital['k9pitl]n.首都；省会on account of[]因为，由于petroleum[pi'tr2ulj2m]n.石油assume[2'sju:m]v.承担；呈现career[k2'ri2]n.生涯accounts payable[]应付帐款phenomenon[fi'n0min2n]n.现象；奇迹atmosphere['9tm2sfi2]n.大气,大气层;氯氛carry['k9ri]v.运送；手提，肩挑achievement[2't6i:vm2nt]n.功绩；成就phrase[freiz]n.短语;警句attendant[2'tend2nt]n.服务员,侍者in case[]万一;在...情况下; 以防acquire[2'kwai2]v.获得，学到（知识等）picnic['piknik]n.野餐attract[2'tr9kt]v.吸引cast[ka:st]v.投掷action['9k62n]n.行动；作用pillar['pil2]n.柱子audience['0:dj2ns]n.听众，观众；倾听；（正式）接见caution['k0:62n]n.v.谨慎,慎重的ad[9d]n.广告pioneer[pai2'ni2]n.先锋authority[0:'40riti]n.权威,权力censor['sens2]n.监察员address[2'dres]v. n.演说；讲话piston['pist2n]n.活塞automatic[0:t2'm9tik]a.自动化的central['sentr2l]a.中心的，中央的administration[2dminis'trei62n]n.管理;行政机关(署,局) plan[pl9n]n.计划average['9v2rid7]a. n.平均（的*;通常的certain['s2:t2n]a.某种；一定的adopt[2'd0pt]v.采纳pleasure['ple72]n.愉快；满足award[2'w0:d]v.授予challenge['t69l2nd7]v. n.挑战advanced[2d'va:nst]a.先进的；高级的plug[pl3g]n.塞子;插头background['b9kgraund]n.背景chapter['t69pt2]n.章,回advertise['9dv2taiz]v.做广告，宣扬P.M./p.m.[]ad.下午，午后band[b9nd]n.一帮，一伙chart[t6a:t]n.海图;图表afford[2'f0:d]v.提供；出产;付得起poll[p2ul]n. v.投票数；投票，民意测验banquet['b98kwit]n.宴会cheque[t6ek]n.支票agreeable[2'gri2bl]a.同意的；一致的；令人愉快的pollution[p2'lu:62n]n.污染basement['beism2nt]n.地下室choice[t60is]n.选择，挑选airmail['/2meil]n.航空邮件population[p0pju'lei62n]n.人口bazaar[b2'za:]n.集市，市场circular['s2:kjul2]a.圆形的，循环的allowance[2'lau2ns]n.津贴，补助(费)portable['p0:t2bl]a.轻便的because of[]因为citizen['sitizn]n.公民,市民altitude['9ltitju:d]n.（海拔）高度positive['p0z2tiv]a.积极的on behalf of[]代表，为了classify['kl9sifai]v.分类amaze[2'meiz]v.使惊异possession[p2'ze62n]n.占据,占有belong to[bi'l08]vi.属于climate['klaimit]n.气候amount[2'maunt]n. v.合计；总数;相当于possibly['p0s2bli]ad.可能地；也许beneficial[beni'fi62l]a.有益的club[kl3b]n.俱乐部analyse['9n2laiz]v.分析，分解postage['p2ustid7]n.邮费bid[bid]v.表达；喊价；叫牌（体）coin[k0in]n. v.硬币;铸币anniversary[,9ni'v2:s2ri]n.周年纪念potential[p2'ten62l]a. n.潜在的；潜力；电动势，可能的blame[bleim]v.责备,责难collective[k2'lektiv]n.集体anxious['98k62s]a.焦急的，担心的;渴望的power['pau2]n.强权,权力board[b0:d]n.会议桌，全体委员，委员会comfortable['k3mf2t2bl]a.舒服的apart[2'pa:t]ad.分开,离开precede[pri(:)'si:d]v.高于...；先于...border['b0:d2]n.边界commerce['k0m2(:)s]n.商业,贸易apparent[2'p9r2nt]a.明显的; 表面的; 外观的precise[pri'sais]a.精确的，精密的；严谨的bow[bau]v.鞠躬；点头commodity[k2'm0diti]n.日用品applicant['9plik2nt]n.申请者predominant[pri'd0min2nt]a.主要的,占优势的brief[bri:f]a.简短的,短暂的communicate[k2'mju:nikeit]v.传递，传送；通信appointment[2'p0intm2nt]n.约定，约会prefer[pri'f2:]v.更喜欢，宁愿brochure[brou'6u2]n.小册子companion[k2m'p9ni2n]n.同伴;同事approval[2'pru:v2l]n.赞同，批准preferential[pref2'ren62l]a.偏重的bronze[br0nz]n.青铜,古铜comparison[k2m'p9risn]n.比较,对照argument['a:gju:m2nt]n.论据prepare[pri'p/2]v.准备；预备bulb[b3lb]n.电灯泡competition[k0mp2'ti62n]n.竞赛arrangement[2'reind7m2nt]n.安排；筹备；整理prescribe[pris'kraib]v.指示，处方bunch[b3nt6]n.一(束、串)complement['k2mplim2nt]n.补充物,补足物,定额ascertain[9s2'tein]v.查明，确定present['preznt]v. n.礼物on business[]因公，因事comply[k2m'plai]v.服从,照办assembly[2'sembli]n.集会，会议presently['prez2ntli]adv.一会儿，不久cable['keibl]n.电缆;发电报comprise[k2m'praiz]v.包含，包括；构成assign[2'sain]v.分配；指定preserve[pri'z2:v]v.保存；保护camera['k9m2r2]n.照相机;摄象机concentrate['k0ns2ntreit]v.集中assistant[2'sist2nt]n.助手；图书管理员press[pres]v.压cancel['k9ns2l]v.取消，撤消conduct['k0nd2kt, k2n'd3kt]v.引导，传导assumption[2's3mp62n]n.假定；采取prestige[pres'ti:7]n.威望，声望capable['keip2bl]a.有...能力confident['k0nfid2nt]a.有信心的attach[2't9t6]v.附上,贴上;属于prevail[pri'veil]v.流行,盛行,占优势carbon['ka:b2n]n.碳confirmation[k0nf2'mei62n]n.确认;确认书attention[2'ten62n]n.注意price[prais]n.价格carpet['ka:pit]n.地毯connection[k2'nek62n]n.连接;联系attraction[2'tre9k62n]n.有吸引力的人或事物primary['praim2ri]a.初级的;首要的case[keis]n.情况conservation[k0ns2(:)'vei62n]n.保存，保护audit['0:dit]v.审计,查帐principal['prins2p2l]a. n.主要的；主要人物cash[k96]n.现金consignee[k0nsai'ni:]n.收货人;承销人authorize['0:42raiz]v.授权；核准，认可private['praivit]a.私人的,非公开的category['k9tig2ri]n.种类；类目constant['k0nst2nt]a.坚定的，坚贞的automobile['0:t2m2bi:l]n.汽车probable['pr0b2bl]a.可能的，大概的celebrate['selibreit]v.庆祝，赞颂；举行仪式consume[k2n'sju:m]v.消费，消耗on the average[]平均，一般说来process['pr2uses]n.过程per cent[p2'sent]百分之contain[k2n'tein]v.容纳；遏制await[2'weit]vt.等候product['pr0d2kt]n.产物,产品century['sent6uri]n.世纪content['k0ntent, k2n'tent]v.（使）满足badly['b9dli]ad.坏；恶劣地professional[pr2'fe62nl]a.职业的chain[t6ein]n.链，链条；一连串continent['k0ntin2nt]n.大陆banker['b98k2]n.银行主profit['pr0fit]n.利益,利润change[t6eind7]v.变化contracted[k2n'tr9ktid]n.已约定的bar[ba:]n.杠上运动;酒吧profound[pr2'faund]a.深奥的；深厚的；深刻的characteristic[k9rikt2'ristik]n.（个、特）性，特征convenience[k2n'vi:nj2ns]n.方便basic['beisik]a.基本的，基础的;碱的progressive[pr2'gresiv]a.进步的check[t6ek]v.检查；核对convertible[k2n'v2:t2bl]a.可改变的,可兑换的B.C.['bi: si:]公元前project[pr2'd7ekt, 'pr0d7ekt]v. n.规划，设计；工程childhood['t6aildhud]n.幼年(时代)，童年co-operative[]a.合作的beforehand[bi'f0:h9nd]ad.预先，事先promising['pr0misi8]a.有希望的，有前途的circle['s2:kl]n.圆cordial['k0:dj2l]a.诚恳，亲切，热诚behave[bi'heiv]v.举止,表现promotion[pr2'm2u62n]n.推销circulation[s2:kju'lei62n]n.循环，流通，传播correspondence[k0ris'p0nd2ns]n.一致;通信;相应below[bi'l2u]ad. prep在下面；向下proof[pru:f]v.检验；校对claim[kleim]v.声称；要求council['kaunsil]n.理事会bestow[bi'st2u]v.把...赠与，把...授予;花费property['pr0p2ti]n.性质，性能clerk[kla:k, kl2:k]n.职员,店员course[k0:s]n.进程bill[bil]n.招贴，广告proposal[pr2'p2uz2l]n.提议，建议clinic[klinik]n.诊所craft[kra:ft]n.技艺,工艺blank[bl98k]n.空白;完全的;没有表情的prosperity[pr0s'periti]n.繁荣；昌盛coast[k2ust]n.海岸creditor['kredit2]n.贷方,债权人on board[]在船上,在飞机上proprietor[pr2'prai2t2]n.所有者collect[k2'lekt]v.聚集critical['kritik2l]a.临界的boss[b0s]n.老板protest[pr2'test, 'pr2utest]v.抗议`反对combination[k0mbi'nei62n]n.结合cubic['kju:bik]a.立方体的box[b0ks]n.盒子provision[pr2'vi72n]n.给养，口粮commend[k2'mend]v.称赞；推荐current['k3r2nt]a.流行的;当前的brilliant['brilj2nt]a. n.光辉的,辉煌的;卓越的;宝石publication[p3bli'kei62n]n.发表;出版物commission[k2'mi62n]n.委员会custom['k3st2m]n.习俗,惯例broken['br2uk2n]a.破碎的，破坏了的pump[p3mp]n.泵，抽水机in common[]共用，共有cylinder['silind2]n.圆柱体brown[braun]n. a.棕色punishment['p3ni6m2nt]n.惩罚community[k2'mju:niti]n.社区,社会daring['d/2ri8]a.胆大的，敢作敢为bulk[b3lk]n.大块;体积;大量pure[pju2]a.纯净的；纯洁的comparative[k2m'p9r2tiv]a.比较的，相当的up to date[]直支最挥;最近的burden['b2:dn]v.便负担purple['p2:pl]n. a.紫色compete[k2m'pi:t]v.竞争,比赛debit['debit]v.借方;将...记入借方button['b3tn]n.钮扣pursue[p2'sju:]v.追赶，追求，从事complain[k2m'plein]v.抱怨deceive[di'si:v]v.欺骗，欺诈cafeteria[k9fi'ti2ri2]n.自助食堂qualification[kw0lifi'kei62n]n.资格;合格证;规定complicated['k0mplikeitid]a.结构复杂的;难懂的decline[di'klain]v.下倾,下降campaign[k9m'pein]n.战役；（政治或群众）运动quality['kw0liti]n. a.质量；合格的composition[k0mp2'zi62n]n.作文；写作deem[di:m]v.认为；相信candidate['k9ndidit]n.候选人，报考者quarantine['kw0r2nti:n]n. v.(被隔离)检疫computer[k2m'pju:t2]n.计算机，电子计算机definition[defi'ni62n]n.定义capacity[k2'p9siti]n.能力;容量quarter['kw0:t2]n.一刻钟，四分之一conclude[k2n'klu:d]b.得出结论，议定delay[di'lei]v.延迟；耽搁card[ka:d]n.卡片；名片quartz[kw0:ts]n.石英conference['k0nf2r2ns]n.（正式）会议delight[di'lait]v.使高兴carrier['k9ri2]n.带菌者;载体;航空母舰questionnaire[kwest62'n/2]n.调查表confine[k2n'fain]n.限制；使不出门demonstrate['dem2nstreit]v.说明，论证，证实,表示in any case[]无论如何，总之quiet['kwai2t]a.安静的，平静的congratulate[k2n'gr9tjuleit]v.祝贺depend on[]依赖，依靠cassette[ka:'set]n.盒子,盒式磁带,暗盒quotation[kw2u'tei62n]n.引证;行情;报价单consequence['k0nsikw2ns]ad.因而,所以depth[dep4]n.深度cause[k0:z]n.原因radical['r9dik2l]a.（政治的）激进的considerate[k2n'sid2rit]a.考虑周到的，体谅的deserve[di'z2:v]v.应受，值得cement[si'ment]n.水泥;胶粘剂rainbow['reinb2u]n.虹consist[k2n'sist]v.存在于...despite[dis'pait]prep.不管，不顾centigrade['sentigreid]a.百分度的,摄氏温度的raise['reiz]v.使升高;提高;增加construction[k2n'str3k62n]n.建筑,建造determinable[di't2:min2bl]a.可确定的ceremony['serim2ni]n.典礼，仪式；礼节random['r9nd2m]a.随便的；任意的；随机的consumption[k2n's3mp62n]n.消费device[di'vais]n.装置,器件chair[t6/2]n.椅子rank[r98k]n.军衔contemplate['k0ntempleit]v.凝视；沉思diameter[dai'9mit2]n.直径channel['t69nl]n.航道,水道;海峡rarely['r/2li]ad.难得,很少context['k0ntekst]n.(文章的)上下文,前后关系dictation[dik'tei62n]n.口授笔录，听写charge[t6a:d7]v. n.装满（电荷、负荷），使承受责任at any rate[]不管如何continuous[k2n'tinju2s]a.连续不断的digest[di'd7est, 'daid7est]n.文摘chemical['kemikl]a.化学的would rather[]宁愿,但愿contrast['k0ntr9st, k2n'tr9st]v.对比，对照diminish[di'mini6]v.使减少;缩小china['t6ain2]n.瓷器,瓷料rational['r962nl]a.理性的，合理的convenient[k2n'vi:nj2nt]a.方便的directly[di'rektli]ad.径直地；直接地circuit['s2:kit]n. v.环行;绕行;电路ray[rei]n.光线,射线convince[k2n'vins]v.使确信；使认识（错误等）disappointed[dis2'p0intid]a.失望的circumstance['s2:k2mst2ns]n.情况react[ri'9kt]v.起作用；起反应copper['k0p2]n.铜discovery[dis'k3v2ri]a.发现;发现物classic['kl9sik]n.名著，杰作reality[ri'9liti]n.现实corporation[k0:p2'rei62n]n.公司,法人团体display[dis'plei]v.展示，显示client['klai2nt]n.委托人；当事人；顾客reasonable['ri:zn2bl]a.有道理的cost[k0st]v.花费，价值distance['dist2ns]n.距离closet['kl0zit]n.私室;密室;小房间receipt[ri'si:t]n.收到；收据；收入count on[]依靠，指望distribute[dis'tribju:t]v.分发，散布code[k2ud]n.法典,准则receiver[ri'si:v2]n.接受者;接收机courtesy['k2:tisi]n.礼貌，谦恭divisible[di'viz2bl]a.可分的;可割的collection[k2'lek62n]n.收集reception[ri'sep62n]n.接待，欢迎creative[kri(:)'eitiv]a.创造性的;引起的dollar['d0l2]n.美元combine[k2m'bain]v. n.（使）联合；兼有；集团recipe['resipi]n.烹饪法;处方;菜谱crisis['kraisis]n.危机;转折点dot[d0t]n.圆点comment['k0ment]n. vi.评论reciprocal[ri'sipr2k2l]a.互惠的，互相的crystal['kristl]n.水晶draft[dra:ft]v. n.[美]征兵；分遣队committee[k2'miti]n.委员会recognition[rek2g'ni62n]n.认识curl[k2:l]v.(使)卷曲,卷缩drawee[dr0:'i:]n.受票人; (汇票)付款人commonly['k0m2nli]ad.一般地;共同地recommendation[rek2men'dei62n]n.建议，劝告，推荐curve[k2:v]n. v.曲线;(使)弯曲duly['dju:li]adv.按时,及时地compact['k0mp9kt, k2m'p9kt]a.紧凑的，紧密的recorder[ri'k0:d2]n.录音机cut back[]削减，减少during['dju2ri8]prep.在...期间compare[k2m'p/2]v.比较rectangle['rekt98gl]n.长方形、矩形dam[d9m]n.水坝dwelling['dweli8]n.住所competent['k0mpit2nt]a.有能力的,应该做的,足够的reduction[ri'd3k62n]n.减少，缩小date['deit]n.日期earnings['2:ni8z]n.收入,利润complaint[k2m'pleint]n.抱怨；控告；疾病refer[ri'f2:]v.把...归于;提到deadline['dedlain]n.期限,有效期effect[i'fekt]n.结果；影响；效果compliment['k0mplim2nt]n. v.赞美的话；祝贺，致意reference['ref2r2ns]v.参考;提及,提交;关联debtor['det2]n.借方,债务人effort['ef2t]n.努力，尽力comprehensive[k0mpri'hensiv]a.综合的;有理解力的reflection[ri'flek62n]n.反对；水中映像declaration[dekl2'rei62n]n.宣告，宣布，宣言electrical[i'lektrik2l]a.电的，电气科学的conceive[k2n'si:v]v.想象，设想refrigerator[ri'frid72reit2]n.冰箱decrease[di'kri:s, 'di:kri:s]v.减少elementary[eli'ment2ri]a.基础的，初步的conclusion[k2n'klu:72n]n.结束；结论regard[ri'ga:d]v.注重，注意,认为,问候defence[di'fens]n.防御；保卫embarrass[im'b9r2s]v.使为难，使窘迫confidence['k0nfid2ns]n.信心regardless of[]不管degrade[di'greid]v.降级；使堕落emphasize['emf2saiz]v.强调；重压confirm[k2n'f2:m]v.认可，批准register['red7ist2]v.登记,注册delicate['delikit]a.精美的employment[im'pl0im2nt]n.职业,工作congress['k08gres]n.大会,国会(美)regular['regjul2]a.有规律的；固定的;定期的delivery[di'liv2ri]n.传递，传送，交付endeavour[in'dev2]v.努力，力求consequently['k0nsikw2ntli]ad.因此regulation[regju'lei62n]n.规定，规则department[di'pa:tm2nt]n.部门,系endow[in'dau]v.捐赠consign[k2n'sain]v.把...托付给,寄存relate[ri'leit]v.叙述deposit[di'p0zit]v.存放，寄存engage[in'geid7]v.雇（聘）用；从事于consistent[k2n'sist2nt]a.坚固的，坚实的；始终如一的relative['rel2tiv]a. n.亲戚;相对的derive[di'raiv]v.导致enjoy[in'd70i]v.喜欢；享受...乐趣consult[k2n's3lt]v.商议；请教；查阅（字典等）relay['ri:lei]v.换班，接力，中继desirable[di'zai2r2bl]a.全乎需要的;便利的ensure[in'6u2]v.保障；保险contact['k0nt9kt, k2n't9kt]v.（使）接触reliable[ri'lai2bl]a.可靠的detail['di:teil]n.细节entertainment[ent2'teinm2nt]n.娱乐contemporary[k2n'temp2r2ri]a.当代的relieve[ri'li:v]v.救；解除develop[di'vel2p]v.发展envelope['env2l2up]n.信封context['k0ntekst]n.(文章的)上下文,前后关系reluctant[ri'l3kt2nt]a.不愿的,勉强的, diagram['dai2gr9m]n. v.图表;用图解法表示equality[i(:)'kw0liti]n.同等，平等contract['k0ntr9kt, k2n'tr9kt]v.使收缩;皱remain[ri'mein]v.剩下,余留;保持diary['dai2ri]n.日记；日记簿essential[i'sen62l]a.基本的，必不可少的contribute[k2n'tribju(:)t]v.贡献remarkable[ri'ma:k2bl]a.显著的on diet[]节食etc.[it'setr2]等待conversation[k0nv2'sei62n]n.谈话;会话remit[ri'mit]v.宽恕；赦免diligent['dilid72nt]a.勤勉的，用功的evidence['evid2ns]n.明显；证据co-operate[]v.合作;协作rent[rent]v. n.租用；出租；租金diplomatic[dipl2'm9tik]a.外交的example[ig'za:mpl]n.例子；榜样copy['k0pi]n. v.副本replace[ri'pleis]v.取代disadvantage[dis2d'va:ntid7]n.缺点except[ik'sept]prep.除...之外correspond[k0ris'p0nd]v.通信report[ri'p0:t]n. v.报告,汇报discharge[dis't6a:d7]v. n.解散excessive[ik'sesiv]a.过度的costly['k0stli]a.昂贵，豪华representative[repri'zent2tiv]n.代表；象征dislike[dis'laik]n. v.不喜欢；厌恶execution[eksi'kju:62n]n.实行;实施courageous[k2'reid72s]a.勇敢的reputation[repju(:)'tei62n]n.名誉；声望dispute[dis'pju:t]v.争辨,争执;争夺exhibit[ig'zibit]v.展览，展出cover['k3v2]n.封面require[ri'kwai2]v.需要；要求distinction[dis'ti8k62n]n.区别,差别;级别expect[iks'pekt]v.期待；指望credit['kredit]n.,v.信任；信用research[ri's2:t6]v.调查；研究district['distrikt]n.区域expire[iks'pai2]v.终止,到期criterion[krai'ti2ri2n]n.准则resemble[ri'zembl]v.像，类似dock[d0k]v.削减(费用)exploration[ekspl0:'rei62n]n.考察, 探索cube[kju:b]n.立方体reserve[ri'z2:v]v.贮备，保存dominate['d0mineit]v.支配，统治extend[iks'tend]v.伸延currency['k3r2nsi]n.通货,货币residence['rezid2ns]n.住处，住宅doubtful['dautful]a.怀疑的external[eks't2:nl]a.外部的，[药]外用的cushion['ku62n]n.坐垫resign[ri'zain]v.辞（职）；放弃dramatic[dr2'm9tik]a.戏剧(性)的extremely[iks'tri:mli]ad.极，非常cut down[]削减，减少，降低resolute['rez2lju:t]a.坚决的drawing['dr0:i8]n.图(指素描或工程图) factor['f9kt2]n.因素；因子damage['d9mid7]v. n.损坏resolve[ri'z0lv]v.解决；分解durable['dju2r2bl]a.耐用的failure['feilj2]n.失败；失灵out of date[]过时的，陈旧的resource[ri's0:s]n.资源；办法，智谋off duty[]下班fake[feik]v.n.伪造；虚构；赝品debate[di'beit]v.争论respective[ris'pektiv]a.个别的,各个的eager['i:g2]a.渴望的；热心的as far as[]至于;就...;直到decade['dekeid]n.十年;十个(天) response[ris'p0ns]v.回答；响应economy[i(:)'k0n2mi]n.经济fashionable['f962n2bl]a.流行的，时髦的declare[di'kl/2]v.宣布responsible[ris'p0ns2bl]a.负责的effective[i'fektiv]a.有效的feature['fi:t62]n.外貌，特征dedicate['dedikeit]v.奉献，专用restore[ris't0:]v.寻回;恢复;重建elaborate[i'l9b2rit]v.精心制作female['fi:meil]a.女性的,雌的define[di'fain]v.限定result[ri'z3lt]n.结果,效果elegant['elig2nt]a.优雅的file[fail]n. v.文卷;归档degree[di'gri:]n.等级，程度resume[ri'zju:m]v.再开始,再继续;恢复elevator['eliveit2]n.电梯，升降机finance[fai'n9ns, fi-]n.财政,金融delicious[di'li62s]a.芳香的,可口的;妙的retailer['ri:teil2]n.零售商emergency[i'm2:d72nsi]a.紧急事件,紧急情况fiscal['fisk2l]a.国库的,财政的demand[di'ma:nd]v.要求retire[ri'tai2]v.退却，引退，退休employee[empl0i'i:]n.雇员flexible['fleks2bl]a.柔韧的；灵活的departure[di'pa:t62]n.出发;背离in return[]作为报答enclose[in'kl2uz]v.围住,封入flour['flau2]n.面粉,粉deprive[di'praiv]v.剥夺reveal[ri'vi:l]v.展现；揭示，揭露endorsement[in'd0:sm2nt]n.背书;变更保险范围的条款fold[f2uld]v.折叠description[dis'krip62n]n.描写;况明书reverse[ri'v2:s]v. n.颠倒;相反energy['en2d7i]n.(物)能,能量foodstuff[]n.食品，食料dispatch[dis'p9t6]n.急件;快件revise[ri'vaiz]v.修改；校订engine['end7in]n.发动机；机车foreign['f0rin]a.外国的detain[di'tein]v.使留住，阻住；拘留reward[ri'w0:d]n.酬金,奖enormous[i'n0:m2s]a.巨大的forgive[f2'giv]v.原谅，宽恕development[di'vel2pm2nt]n.发展rise[raiz]v.升高；增长enterprise['ent2praiz]n.事业;企业formula['f0:mjul2]n.公式,程式dial['dai2l]n. v.日晷;电话拨号盘,刻度盘;拨号risk[risk]n. v.风险；冒险entrance['entr2ns]n.进入，入口fortune['f0:t62n]n.命运;运气;财产dictate[dik'teit]v.规定robot['r2ub0t]n.机器人epoch['i:p0k]n.(新)纪元,(新)时代foundation[faun'dei62n]n.基础；基金differential[dif2'ren62l]a.微分的roll[r2ul]v.滚动equivalent[i'kwiv2l2nt]n. a.等价；等值的frame[freim]n.构架,框架dimension[di'men62n]n.尺寸;空间维数route[ru:t]n.路；路线estate[is'teit]n.等级;阶层freight[freit]n.货物,货运,货车direction[di'rek62n]n.方向；指导row[r2u]n.排，行event[i'vent]n.事件，重大事件friendly['frendli]a.友好的disagree[dis2'gri:]vi.意见不同；不一致ruby['ru:bi]n.红宝石exact[ig'z9kt]v.确切的fully['fuli]ad.完全地;足足discount['diskaunt]n. v.折扣;打折扣rule[ru:l]v. n.规则；规定excel[ik'sel]v.胜过;杰出fundamental[f3nd2'mentl]a.基本的，根本的dismiss[dis'mis]v.解雇，开除run[r3n]v.跑exceptional[ik'sep62nl]a.特殊的;额外的furniture['f2:nit62]n.家具dissolve[di'z0lv]v.分解，使溶解rust[r3st]n. v.锈；生锈exclude[iks'klu:d]v.排除gain[gein]v. n.获得；获利distinguish[dis'ti8gwi6]v.区别；识别safe[seif]n.安全的exert[ig'z2:t]v.尽力，努力；使用权力garage['g9ra:7]n.车库dividend['dividend]n.股息,红利;被除数sake[seik]n.目的;缘故existence[ig'zist2ns]n.存在gather['g952]v.聚集document['d0kjum2nt]n.文件salary['s9l2ri]n.薪水expensive[iks'pensiv]a.昂贵的generally['d7en2r2li]ad.一般地dose[d2us]v. n.给...服药;剂量on sale[]上市，出售explanation[ekspl2'nei62n]n.解释，说明geographical[d7i2'gr9fik2l]a.地理学上的，地理的dozen['d3zn]n.一打same[seim]a.同样的express[iks'pres]v. a.表达；可表达的；明确的globe[gl2ub]n.地球,天体draw[dr0:]v.画，绘制sample['sa:mpl]n. v.样品，取样extensive[iks'tensiv]a.广博的，广泛的gold[g2uld]n.金子due[dju:]a.应当的satisfaction[s9tis'f9k62n]n.满意extraneous[eks'treinj2s]a.体外的；外来的；外部的govern['g3v2n]v.统治duration[dju2'rei62n]n.持久，持续时间saving['seivi8]n.储蓄face value[]票面价值;票面额graduate['gr9djueit]n. a.大学毕业后的;研究生on duty[]值班，当班scale[skeil]v.标度；比例尺；规模；攀登Fahrenheit['f9r2nhait]n. a.华氏温度grateful['greitful]a.感激的earn[2:n]v.赚得scarce[sk/2s]a.缺乏的;稀有的faith[fei4]n.信任；信仰greeting['gri:ti8]n.欢迎,致敬,问候edition[i'di62n]n.版本scarcity['sk/2siti]n.缺乏fame[feim]n.名声gross[gr2us]a.总的，全部的；十足的efficient[i'fi62nt]a.效率高，有能力scarlet['ska:lit]n. a.猩红色,鲜红farther['fa:52]a.较远；更远guidance['gaid2ns]n.引导，指导elastic[i'l9stik]a.弹性的scenery['si:n2ri]n.风景,背景favour['feiv2]n.喜爱；赞许gulf[g3lf]n.海湾;深渊element['elim2nt]n.元素;元件;因素on schedule[]按预定时间fee[fi:]n.费用。

Lesson 11. International trade: can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another.2. International specialization: one country producing more of a commoditythan it uses itself and selling the remainder to other countries.3. The theory of comparative advantage: holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4.国际专业化：international specialization 绝对利益：absolute advantage比较利益：comparative advantage5. rich in advantage over point on across borders6.Translation:(1) 在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。

In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self- sufficient.(2) 随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments.Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flatpayment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets*By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analysesare made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America, European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was more popular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goodsand services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。

第三课地区经济一体化REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION The past decades witnessed growing importance of regional economic integration. To better enjoy the benefit of tree flow of goods, services, capital, labour and other resources, countries have signed various agreements to liberalize trade among themselves while possibly putting up barriers to economic activities with non-members.过去几十年，地区经济一体化的作用越来越重要。

为了更好地分享商品，服务、劳动力以及其他资源自由流动带来的好处，各国签署了各种协议，促进成员国贸易自由化。

与此同时很可能设置和非成员国间经贸活动的壁垒。

Regional economic integration falls under four types given below in the order from least to most integrative:按照一体化程度的高低，地区经济一体化有以下四种形式The first and loosest form is the free trade area. Members of a free trade area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders (non-members). In other words different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions. Consequently, non-member countries may take advantage of this situation and try to enter the market of the area from the member country with the lowest barrier before selling the goods to a member with a higher barrier. The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and a total GDP of more than 6 trillion US dollars.第一种形式是自由贸易区，一体化程度最低。