第2章©3. 在国际化基础上，产品分工是部分还是完全的成因。
Under constant opportunity cost conditions, specialization is complete. 机会成本不变的条件下，专业化是完整的。
A country can devote all of its resources to the production of a good without losing its comparative advantage. Under increasing cost conditions, specialization tends to be partial©.增加成本的条件下，化偏As production costs rise with expanded production, the home country eventually loses its comparative advantage.4. 相对需求理论的含义。
它是如何解释国际贸易条件的。
The law of reciprocal demand suggests that if we know the domestic demands expressed by both trading partners for both products, the equilibrium terms of trade can be defined.5. 为什么在成本递增条件下，不存在贸易时的生产点会影响相对成本，而成本不变的条件下则不存在这种影响。
Where a nation produces along its production possibilities curve in autarky affects the nation's comparative costs under increasing cost conditions. This is because the slope of a bowed-out production possibilities curve, which indicates the marginal rate of transformation,varies at each point along the curve. Under conditions of constant costs, the production possibilities curve is a straight line. The marginal rate of transformation does not change in response to movements along the production possibilities curve.成本不变的条件下，生产可能性曲线是一条直线。
边际转换率不应在生产可能性曲线运动的变化。
6. 为什么李嘉图的贸易模型无法准确地决定收益。
The gains a country enjoys from free trade depend on the equilibrium terms of trade, which is determined by world supply and demand conditions. 一个国家的收益享有自由贸易依赖贸易的平衡，这是由世界的供给和需求条件确定。
By recognizing only the role of supply, Ricardo was unable to determine the equilibrium terms of trade.7. 机会成本不变和机会成本递增的含义。
在什么条件下一国的成本保持不变或递增。
Constant opportunity costs refer to a situation where the cost of each additional unit of one product in terms of another product remains the same. Constant costs occur when resources are completely adaptable to alternative uses. Under increasing cost conditions, a nation must sacrifice more and more of one product to produce each additional unit of another product. Increasing costs occur when resources are not completely adaptable to alternative uses. 固定的机会成本是指一种情况中，在另一个产品一个产品每增加单位成本保持不变。
固定成本发生资源完全适用于其他用途。
增加成本的条件下，一个国家必须牺牲更多的一个产品生产另一种产品的一个单位。
成本增加时出现的资源并不完全适用于其他用途。
9. 比较成本和生产可能性曲线的关系。
阐述对于不同的机会成本，生产可能性曲线形状有何不同。
The principle of comparative advantage can be explained in opportunity cost, which indicates the amount of one product that must be sacrificed in order to release enough resources to be able to produce one more unit of another product. The slope of the production possibilities curve (i.e., the marginal rate of transformation) indicates this rate of sacrifice. A nation facing a straight-line production possibilities curve produces under conditions of constant costs, while production under increasing costs refers to a bowed-out (i.e., concave) production possibilities curve. 比较优势原理可以解释机会成本，这表明一种产品要牺牲为了释放足够的资源能够生产更多的单位另一种产品的数量。
的生产可能性曲线的斜率（即，边际转换率）表明该速率的牺牲。
一个国家面临的一个直线生产可能性曲线生产成本不变的条件下，当生产成本增加是指一个退出（即，凹）生产可能性曲线。
第3章3.里昂惕夫之谜如何挑战要素禀赋模型的普遍适用性。
The Leontief paradox questioned the applicability of thefactor-endowment theory by concluding that the United States exported labor-intensive goods. This was the opposite conclusion that would be expected when applying the factor endowment theory to the United States. 里昂惕夫悖论质疑的要素禀赋理论的适用性的结论，美国出口劳动密集型产品。
这是相反的结论，将运用要素禀赋理论去美国的时候。
5. 林德的理论：（1）对制成品（2）对初级农业产品。
Linder maintains that the factor-endowment theory is valid for trade in primary products, but that the theory of overlapping demands best applies to trade in manufactured goods. 林德认为要素禀赋理论在初级产品贸易是有效的，但最好的重叠需求理论应用于制造品贸易。
6. 国家干预总呢观测如何影响一个行业的国际竞争力。
Governmental regulations imposed on domestic producers lead to higher production costs and a decrease in competitiveness. Such regulation is a negative determinant on trade performance. Nations that impose more stringent and costly governmental regulations on their producers, relative to those abroad, tend to lessen their international competitiveness. 政府规定，对国内生产商征收导致较高的生产成本和降低竞争力。
这样的规定是对贸易绩效负行列式。
国家实施更严格的和昂贵的生产商的政府规定，相对于国外，倾向于减少其国际竞争力。
7. 要素禀赋理论证明了贸易如何影响贸易伙伴间的收入分配，解释。
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory reasons that exports of products embodying large amounts of relatively cheap, abundant factors makes those factors less abundant domestically. This leads to higher prices and thus an increased share of national income for these factors. 赫克歇尔俄林的理论原因，体现了大量相对便宜的出口产品，丰富的因素使得这些因素不太丰富的国内。
这导致了这些因素更高的价格，从而增加国民收入的份额。
8. 产业政策的含义。
政府如何创造新兴产业的比较优势。
在制定产业政策时会遇到的问题。
