Introduction of Henry VIII and Religion Reform 亨利八世和宗教改革

The Biography:Henry VIII ( June 28, 1491 January 28th 1547), England Henry VII's second son, the Tudor Dynasty second king. He is also the Lord of Ireland, and later became king of Ireland.The young king burly, strong spirit of bold, brave, versatile. He received a good education since childhood.The influence of Henry VIII by the feudal aristocracy old traditions are deep. He spend a lot of time in the tournament, the Knights and nobles hunting, recreation, do not want to deal with daily affairs.The Background:The influence of the Renaissance, culture, religion, legal profession, the emergence of a group of emerging bourgeois humanist and reformer. At the same time, the Catholic Church in the Church of Rome as the center, still maintain a strict control and the highest authority of Western European countries. In Britain, the old aristocratic church remains in the central and local dominance of Henry VIII. It is in this situation, in 1509 to the throne.The major events:First,the storm has also been marriage of Henry VIII after another. He has married 6 wives, all no good results.Henry's early continue against France, United Spanish foreign policy, succession, and his young brother Arthur's widow, the Spanish Princess Aragon married Catherine.Since 1522 , Henry VIII has sent troops to the invasion of France, and Charlie V to provide military spending, in order to support the huge expenditure depleted originally ample reserves, Henry VIII had held a council tax, and cable donations.He also took Welsh into England during his reign. Henry is the greatest impact on future generations of the English Reformation. Parliament from 1529 to 1536, with the eight session, in Cromwell and other reformers instigated, a religious reform through a series of acts of Parliament.Such as the Act of Supremacy.Henry VIII to divorce and marries the new queen and the Catholic Church in Rome that will implement the reformation, enemies, and through some important bill, allow yourself to marries another woman, and then made the Archbishop of the Episcopal Church of England, the English Church from the Church of Rome, he became England's supreme leader, and the dissolution of the monasteries, the British the royal power therefore reached the peak.At the same time, he used corporal punishment, slave labor and the execution of such bloody means, the brutal repression of the Rangers. The punishment of vagrants, resettlement of labor, levy relief tax, the maintenance of public order and management of local administrative and judicial affairs authority is handed over by the squire served as magistrate and parish clerk, so they replaced the emperors and popes, become the central rule the tool in place.Henry VIII in his later years in domestic and foreign policies had no contribution. He tried to control Scotland without success, with heavy war with France in 1542 to 1546 years. Based on the large scale of Taxation, borrowing to maintain the war, no success, just bring financial bankruptcy, soaring prices, currency devaluation, the confiscation of the Royal Abbey estate, most was sold to the hands of the new aristocracy and bourgeoisie.Henry VIII's serious illness, the mood of depression and paranoid irritable. He came to realize that the anti reform is a greater threat to arrest of its leader, the Duke of Norfolk, ready to kill, but did not perform, so Henry VIII died in January 28, 1547 in Windsor.The influence：Advantages:Henry VIII reigned for 38 years, on the one hand ,social economic status, during which the British political system, culture, ideology, all religions have great changes. Although the strength of the emerging bourgeoisie, is the fundamental reason for the changes, but as an absolute monarch, Henry VIII conform to the trend of the times and play his role. Reform is the most radical of all the British monarch and the most decisive.On the other hand,the British Protestant countries into a unique and full of vitality, the British economic and political power from the church moved to the nobility, the social effect is very far-reaching.Disadvantages:the reformation, especially the confiscation of large Abbey estate, brought a profound social revolution. The royal family because of the financial demand and political support, a large number of real estate sold or donated to the new aristocracy and commercial bourgeoisie, the emerging forces get rich religious reform, become vested interest. They engage in enclosure, increase rent away, tenants, resulting in a large number of homeless peasants, social order is turbulent.And during the reform, more than 70 thousand people were killed, about 2% of the British population at that time.。

The RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced.------F. Engles<1> Brief introduction▪Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.▪“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.▪Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe;▪Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.During the period of Renaissance:1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken,2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,3. national languages and cultures took shape,4. art and literature flourishedBrief introduction▪There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied.▪The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation．▪Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe．Examples:①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe；②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others；③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron；④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) createdpaintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．<2>Essence and features▪Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.（另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to:to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe;to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie inthe sphere of cultural life.▪Features: there are two striking features①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.<3>Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.Humanism：The progressive thinkers of the humanists held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class;<4>HumanismHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a reverence for the Greek and Roman civilization based on the conception that man is the measure of all things.Contrary to the subordination of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.<5>Features of humanism in RenaissanceEmphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human being and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare’s HamletWhat a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like and angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！▪1. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism;▪2.shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philoso phy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains.▪3. Applying Aristotle’s theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society.<6>Influence and English RenaissanceInfluences:1.These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe.2.The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creationEnglish Renaissance:Oxford Reformers: the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. Education was revitalized and literature became more popular.This was England’s Golden Age in literature. There appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.English RenaissanceContents●I.TheSixteenthCentury England ●II. Renaissance in England ●III. The main artistic styles●IV. William Shakespeare●V. Francis BaconI. The Sixteenth Century England1. Enclosure Movement2. The establishment of absolute monarchy3. Religious reformation4. International situation5. Cultural preparati●The background of the humanism in Europe●The introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and a commercial market for literature;●The great economic and political changes led to the rise of democracy;●The spirit of nationalism;●The growing of "new science” etc.Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age1. An age of comparative religious tolerance;2. An age of comparative social contentment;3. An age of dreams, of adventures, of unbounded enthusiasm;4. An age of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism.II. Renaissance in England▪The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Eraa. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century---first half of the 16-th centuryb. Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)c. Declining: the period of James I (1603-1625) early 17-th centuryThe flowering of English literatureThe second half of the 16th century, “a nest of singing birds”The early period:imitation and assimilation, translated works, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms. ▪Sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.▪Blank verse: iambic pentameter unrhymedThe latter period:Drama— the real mainstream of the English Renaissanceyears 1587-93. they were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood by writing. Through hard work, they revised old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic techniques because they has close contact with the actors and audiences. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen and suspected by the government. It was their industrious works that furnished the Elizabethan stage.Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareIII. The main artistic stylesThe artistic styles as lyric poetry, narrative poetry, drama are maturized; new styles which characterized the modern literature such as sonnets, short stories and novels were produced.translation:Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Homer’s Iliad, Montaigne’s Essays▪travel books:More’s Utopia▪poetry: Edmund Spenser▪drama: “University Wits”, Marlowe, Shakespeare▪essay: Francis BaconForerunner of utopian socialism▪An imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason.▪The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia---a community of property---a pure, pre-Marx form of communism.The Sheph erd’s Calendar 《牧人日历》: 12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, put into the mouths of speakers distinguishing themselves as shepherds, really representing Spenser and his friends.▪Amoretti《爱情小诗》:a series of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth. All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet.▪Epithlamion 《婚后曲》: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.The Faerie Queene《仙后》:▪The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: a long poem planned 12 books. 12 knights for the qualities of the chivalric virtues--- the six completed books are holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy.Fairy Queen—Queen Elizabeth, the knights as a whole --- England, the evil figures—enemies.Themes of the poem :●nationalism( celebration of Queen Elizabeth)●humanism (strong opposition to Roman Catholicism),●Puritanism (moral teaching)Spenserian stanza:it is a nine-line stanza with the first 8 lines iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter 六步格的诗rhyming abab,bcbc,c which is the typical verse in The Faerie Queene.For its rare beauty, this verse form was much used by many later poets, esp. imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.Spenser’s position in English Literature:the publica tion of “The Shepherd’s Calendar” marks the budding of Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.The language he used was modern English which has distinguished itself from the Middle English of Chaucer's day. Spenserian stanza: a model of poetic art among the Renaissance English poets.“the poet’s poet”, the first master to make the Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusion and held his position as a model of poetic art. His influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.Life: short but riotous⏹Major works:➢Tamburlaine the Great:《帖木耳》•A drama in a blank verse•About the rise and fall of Tamburlaine the Mongol conqueror on the 14th century central Asia.•A tragedy about a man who thinks he can but actually can not control his own fate.•By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force, the author voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.•➢The Jew of Malta:《马耳他的犹太人》•A study of the lust for wealth, which centers around Barabas the Jew, an old money lender, whose only philosophy is the art of gaining advantage.•Suggestive of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.•A tragic result: typically greedy of riches and gold, which is another feature shared by those in Renaissance England. •➢The History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士》•Refer to compare with Goethe’s Faust•The Faust myth in 16th century Germany: the myth of men seeking great earthly power from demons at the cost of their immortal soul.•The conventional view: Dr. Faustus is a morality play that vindicates humility, faith and obedience to the law of God. •The new view: Dr. Faustus celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness, and also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order.⏹Social significance and literary achievement1.showing the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. Its eager curiosity for knowledge, power and gold.The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.The heroes are mainly individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and to themselves.…soul of the Age!The applause! Delight! The wonder of our stage! Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!William Shakespeare1. Brief Introduction2. Shakespeare’s dramaFour periods of his literary career Categories of his drama 3. the artistic features of his plays4. Shakespeare’s place and contribution5. Shakespeare’s sonnetsWhat to be at least known about ShakespeareLife: birthplace, birth date, death date, important time in his life and career●His major works: 37 plays(10histories, 10 comedies, 10 tragedies), 2 long narrative poems, 154 sonnets.Plays to be read: great comedies & 4 great tragedies●Writing features in each of four periodsI. Brief IntroductionA dramatist “not of an age, but of all time” by Ben Jonhson, not of Engla nd, but of the world.●Not only a master of English language but also a genius of character portrayal and plot construction●A “poet of reality” for his idea that literature should reflect nature and reality.●37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.II. Shak espeare’s dramaFour Periods of Shakespeare’s Literary careerFour major phrases represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing and late periods.1. Period of early experiment and apprenticeship (1590-1594)Background:A. it was in the middle of the highly thriving Elizabethan Age.B. The thoughts of humanism and the ideas of man’s emancipation, freedom of love was rapidly spread.C. Shakespeare was a young man full of astonishing versatility and wonderful talent and the great interest in the political questions of his time.Features:A. the writer made experiments in a number of dramatic forms: the historical plays, comedy, the revenge tragedy and the romantic tragedy.B. this period is distinctively marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of witty language or speech, and by the final and frequent use of blank verse. In his hand, blank verse developed into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thoughts and emotions (thus shaking off the rigidity of rimed and mechanic lines) .2. Period of maturity (1595-1600)Features:A. a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays and sonnets.B. a sweet and joyful time when the writer portrays successfully a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life.C. a great shift in characterization. A notable gallery of heroines in the comedies and vivid characters in historical plays is presented: Portia, Posalynd, Voila, Beatrice, Sir John Falstaff.3. Period of gloom and depression (1601-1607)Background:A. the aggravation of the social situation: the rising of peasants, the corruption, the tension between bourgeoisie and the feudal lands.B. the change of mood in the playwright: gloomy and indignantFeatures:A. a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”B. the writer gave a scathing exposition of the somber pictures and scenes of murder, lust, treachery, ingratitude and crime.C. a higher level of crafts is reached: more intricate plotting, intense inner conflict, meticulous depiction of human mind.4. Period of calm and reconciliation (1608-1612)Background:A. the fall and collapse of absolute monarchB. the retirement of the playwright back into the tranquil countrysideFeatures:A. some serenity and optimism, instead of the beginning lightness and the middle somber violence reigned.B. romantic dramas and comedies were the main form.C. moral teaching and supernatural forces were relied on to restore the rightful honor and position. These plays all show a falling off from his previous works.Categories of his dramacomedies histories tragedies romances？？Comedy is a light form of drama aiming primarily to amuse and ending happily. It often deals with people in their human state, restrained and ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions.Four Great ComdiesThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you Like itTwelfth NightComedies of the First PeriodThe keynote of his comedies:●to portray people just freed from the feudal fetters, sing of youth, love and ideas of happiness.●The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mould their fate according to their own free will. Thus becomethe sons and daughters of Renaissance.●The victory of humanist ideal is inevitable. The general spirit of these plays is optimistic.The Merchant of Venice•The double plot: one is about the Bassanio’s winning of a bride by undergoing a test; the other is about the demanding of a pound of human flesh by Shylock.•The traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.•The new one is to regard the play as a satire of the Christian hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and unreasoning prejudice against Jews.Portia: a rich heiress of Belmont in Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.●1. Portia is a woman of Renaissance—beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespear’s ideal women.●2. the young heroes in Shakespeare's comedies are always independent in character and take their own path of life.History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy.●His histories include two tetralogies (四部曲)and two other plays. Characterizes two centuries of English history from Richard III to Henry VIII (1377-1547)●There is only one ideal king---Henry V who represents the aspiration for national unity under a powerful and efficient monarchy.The image of Henry V:Henry V is the symbol of Shakespear’s ideal kingship. He represents the upsurging patriotism of the time. In depicting Henry V as a prince and as a man, Shakespeare looks deep into the personality of his hero and shows a profound understanding of the politics and social life of the time.Theme: Shakespeare’s historical plays describe the decaying of the old feudal society an d the rising of the new forces. His historical plays sum up the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign. The idea is anti-feudal inIt is concerned with the harshness and injustice of life. They are often serious plays with sad endings.●Often the hero’s tragedy is due to a weakness in his or her character which brings self-destruction. A weakness such as the excessive pride of Faustus, the overweening ambition of Macbeth, or the uncontrolled jealousy of Othello.●In S hakespeare’s plays, he saw sharp contradictions between his lofty humanistic ideals and the evil social forces. Background for Shakespeare’s tragediesHe began to observe life with penetration, to expose mercilessly the contradiction of the Elizabethan society. The economical and social crisis which began at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth continued right up to the English Revolution.The bourgeoisie intended to break up the yoke of absolute monarchy and struggled for free development.It was in this atmosphere of general unrest that he created his great tragedies.Four Great Tragedies All analyzing the human wickedness.●Hamlet: the hero’s weakness makes him vulnerable in fighting against the outward evil.●Othello shows how an outward evil make s use of the hero’s weakness and causes his fall.●King Lear demonstrates how man’s mistake sets free the evils of treachery, hypocrisy, flattery, selfishness and distrust.●Macbeth reveals how the outward evil stirs up the wickedness in man and destroys him.Hamlet“Hamlet” is considered the summit of Shakespeare's art.Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all combined. His image reflects the versatility of the man of Renaissance.Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, over-subtle and fruitless kind, it is the result of his penetrating mind. It expresses, in away, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century.III. the artistic features of his plays1. Characterization: By using comparison and contrasts, he depicts a group of individuals with strong and distinct personalities.The melancholy of Hamlet, the wickedness of Claudius and Iago, the honesty of Othello, ambition of Macbeth and the beauty and wit of Portia.2. Psycho-analytical study: He reveals the intricate inner workings of the character’s minds through the full use of soliloquies(独白).3. Structure:⏹His plays usu. have more than one plot. Through contrast and parallel, the major and minor plots are woven intoan organic whole.⏹the device of a play within the play also plays an important part.4. Language: Shakespeare is a master of the English language, with a large vocabulary of 16000 English words. More important are the figurative speeches such as analogy and metaphor.5. style: realistic style. The reader may be impressed by the typical speech modes —the question in Hamlet, the ambiguities in Macbeth, the exclamations and very simple but also very basic questions in King Lear.IV. Shakespeare’s place and contributionOne of the founder of realism in world literature. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he paints a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of new bourgeoisie.Amazing prolificacy. In 22years, nearly 40 plays, no two of which evoke the same feeling or image among the audience, a master of every forms of drama.Skilled in many poetic forms. The songs, sonnets, couplets, esp. at home with blank verse, which became a vehicle of utterance to all the possible sentiments of his characters.A great master of English language. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. He is known to have used 16,000 different words. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.He was universally regarded are the summit of English Renaissance. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point view, in literary form or in language.SonnetDefinition:▪A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.Origin:▪A form of lyrical poetry was originated in Italy. “sonnet” was derived from Provencal (普罗旺斯语) “Sonet”. It was once a short popular poetry used for singing in the medieval age.▪Italian poet Petrarch was the major representatives of the poets who used this poetic form. He wrote altogether 375 sonnets, dedicated to his lover. That is the Petrarchan sonnet.▪Sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt . It flourished in the 1590s and reach its peak of popularity with the surge of Renaissance in England.Two types of sonnetThe Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet :Petrarchan Sonnet▪The Italian form, in some ways the simpler of the two, Its fourteen lines break into an octave （八行诗）(or octet), which usually rhymes abba,abba, and a sestet （六行诗节）, which may rhyme cdecde or cdcdcd, or any of the multiple variations possible using only two or three rhyme-sounds.▪It usually projects and develops a subject in the octave, then executes a turn at the beginning of the sestet, which means that the sestet must in some way release the tension built up in the octave.▪Example: see Wyatt's "Farewell Love and all thy laws for ever."Farewell, LoveSir Thomas Wyatt (1503~1542)Farwell, Love, and all thy laws forever,Thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more;Senec and Plato call me from thy lore,To perfect wealth my wit for to endeavor,In blind error then I did persever,Thy sharp repulse, that prickth aye so sore,Hath taought me to set in trifles no storeAnd’ scape forth since liberty is leverTherefore farewell, go trouble younger hearts, And in me claim no more authorityWith idle youth go use thy property,And therein spend thy many brittle darts,For hitherto though I have lost all my time,Me lusteth no longer rotten boughs to climb.别了，爱，以及你所有的法则，你上饵的钩子不再能把我缠绞，塞内克与柏拉图叫我离开你那套，并尽我才智把完美的财富获得。

亨利八世与他的六位妻子英文读后感Title: The Tumultuous Marriages of Henry VIII: A Reflective AnalysisIntroduction:Henry VIII, a name synonymous with power, politics, and, most notably, the six women who held the title of his queen. The life and marriages of Henry VIII are not merelyhistorical facts but serve as a lens through which we can observe the interplay of love, power, religion, and political expediency in the courts of the Tudor era. This analysis will delve into the complex relationships that defined one of England's most controversial monarchs, exploring the dynamics of each marriage, their impact on the kingdom, and the personal growth—or lack thereof—of Henry himself.The First Wife: Catherine of AragonHenry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was initially filled with promise. It was a strategic union that aimed to strengthen England's alliance with Spain. However, thefailure to produce a male heir and the king's infatuation with Anne Boleyn led to a bitter end. The pope's refusal to grant a divorce sparked Henry's defiance, leading to the English Reformation and the establishment of the Church of England. Catherine's unwavering Catholic faith only widened the chasm between them, making their separation a harbinger of the religious and political upheavals to come.The Second Wife: Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn's ascent to the throne marked a seismic shift in English society. Her marriage to Henry was seen as a victory for the emerging reformist faction within the court. Anne's charisma and intelligence were undeniable, yet her reign as queen was short-lived due to accusations of incest, adultery, and treason. Her execution is often cited as anexample of Henry's ruthlessness and his willingness to dispose of those who no longer served his interests.The Third Wife: Jane SeymourOften overlooked, Jane Seymour provided a moment of stability in Henry's tumultuous life. Her gentle nature and quiet disposition were a stark contrast to the fiery personalities of her predecessors. Jane's death shortly after giving birth to Henry's long-awaited male heir, Edward, underscores the grave risks associated with childbirth during that era. Despite their relatively brief time together, Jane left a lasting impression as the 'good queen' who finally gave Henry his son.The Fourth Wife: Anne of ClevesThe marriage to Anne of Cleves was a political maneuver intended to solidify Protestant alliances and counterbalance the influence of the conservative faction at court. However, the union was doomed from the start due to mutual dislike.Anne's perceived lack of beauty and charm did not captivate Henry as his previous wives had, leading to a swift annulment. This episode highlighted Henry's impulsive nature and his tendency to be swayed by appearances rather than deeper qualities.The Fifth Wife: Catherine HowardCatherine Howard's youth and vivacity initially wonHenry's favor, but her indiscretions soon overshadowed any affection he may have had for her. Her scandalous past and alleged infidelity led to her downfall, showcasing the king's intolerance for betrayal and reinforcing the dangerousreality of being a Tudor consort. Catherine's execution underscored the precarious position of women in power during that time and the severe consequences of failing to meet the expectations placed upon them.The Sixth Wife: Catherine ParrCatherine Parr's marriage to Henry VIII stands out as the most unconventional. Their union was based on mutual respect and shared intellectual interests. Unlike her predecessors, Catherine managed to retain her position even after Henry's death by adapting to the changing political landscape and forming alliances with the new powers-that-be. Her survival can be attributed to her intelligence, adaptability, and ability to navigate the treacherous waters of Tudor politics.Conclusion:The six marriages of Henry VIII offer a compelling narrative that encapsulates the essence of the human condition—the eternal quest for love, power, and validation. Each wife played a distinct role in shaping the course of English history, leaving an indelible mark on Henry's reign and the kingdom as a whole. While some met tragic ends, others managed to carve out legacies that extended beyond their time as queen.Through these unions, we witness Henry's transformation from a young, idealistic prince to a ruthless monarch who would stop at nothing to achieve his goals. His marriages reflect the broader societal changes taking place during the Renaissance, where individualism, religious reform, and political intrigue shaped the fabric of daily life. The lessons we can draw from Henry's story are timeless, reminding us of the importance of balancing personal desires with responsibility, and the consequences of unchecked ambition.In retrospect, the marriages of Henry VIII serve as a cautionary tale about the dangers of allowing passion and power to supersede reason and empathy. They remind us that history is not just about kings and queens but about the people whose lives are inextricably bound to those in power. As we look back on the life of this iconic figure, we are left with a rich tapestry of love, loss, and legacy—atestament to the enduring complexity of human relationships and the ever-evolving nature of history itself.。

亨利八世的历史故事英国的宗教改革与王权亨利八世的历史故事：英国的宗教改革与王权亨利八世（Henry VIII）是英国历史上一位具有重要影响力的君主。

他执政期间，引领了英国的宗教改革运动，同时巩固了王权的地位。

本文将详细探讨亨利八世的历史故事，重点关注他在英国宗教改革与王权增强方面的贡献。

亨利八世于1509年登基，他的统治开始时英国仍然是一个天主教国家，国内由于天主教教廷的干预而存在着一些不满情绪。

然而，亨利八世执政初期并没有明显的宗教改革倾向。

直到1527年，他为了追求继承人而提出要与妻子凯瑟琳（Catherine）离婚的请求，这一事件才成为亨利八世进行宗教改革的导火索。

起初，亨利八世希望得到罗马教廷的承认，尽管一些因素使得这一请求不太可能被接受。

但是教宗克勉七世（Clement VII）却拖延了处理此事的时间，这导致亨利八世的耐心逐渐消磨殆尽。

最终，在1534年，亨利八世颁布了《王的至高无上法令》（Act of Supremacy），宣布英国国王是英国教会最高权威，摆脱了对罗马教廷的依赖，成立了英国国教。

亨利八世的这一举措被普遍认为是英国宗教改革的开端，也是对王权的巩固。

他将天主教教会的权力转移到了国王手中，掌控了教会的土地、财产和高级职位的任命权。

此后，亨利八世设立了新的教会机构，建立了英国国教的框架，这对于英国后来的宗教改革有着深远的意义。

在宗教改革之后，亨利八世并没有追求激进的宗教变革，他依然保持相对温和的宗教政策。

他鼓励对天主教的改革，但同时也抵制基督教新教派的扩张。

亨利八世的这一立场既是为了巩固自己的王权，又是考虑到国内的宗教多元性。

他希望通过制定宽松的宗教政策来维持国内的稳定与和谐。

尽管在宗教改革方面亨利八世的立场相对温和，但他对于反对他的人持有极其严厉的态度。

为了维护王权，并防止任何可能的反叛行为，亨利八世采取了残酷的措施。

他进行了大规模的镇压，流放了一些教士和贵族，甚至处决了一些被认为对王权构成威胁的人。

英语国家概况（课后问答题）第一部分英国概况1 What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?Britain is the shortened form of the United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland while the British Isles is a geographical name.2 What are the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain?They are England, Scotland and Wales 3. What is the official name of Great Britain？The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland4. Where did the King Harold defeat Tostig and Harold Hardrada?( At Stanford Bridge)5.What did William do after he suppressed镇压the Saxon risings in the north?(He built a string of defense防卫castles to ensure his military control of the whole country.)6. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?( For nearly 400 years)7 What was the peculiar features of the feudal system of England?(All landowners, whether the tenants-in-chief or subtenants, took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.)8 What did Willliam I leave to his sons after he died?( He left Normandy to his eldest son, Robert, and England to his second son William, and a large sum of money to his third son, Henry.) 9 What was William I’s policytowards the church?(He wanted to keep it completely underhis control, but at the same time toupload its power.)10 When was the Domesday Bookcompleted?( In 1086)11 What was the consequence of theHundred Years’ War?(The French drove the English out oftheir land. By 1453, Calais was theonly part of France that was still in thehands of English)12 What did the Lollards preach?(The Lollards preached the equality ofmen before God)13 What were the two countriesElizabeth I successfully played offagainst each other for nearly 30years?( France and Spain were the twocountries that Elizabeth I successfullyplayed off against each other for nearly30 years)14 What was the outcome结果ofthe English Civil War?(It not only overthrew feudal system inEngland but also shook the foundationof the feudal rule in Europe. It isgenerally regarded as the beginning ofmodern world history.)15 What were the three main causesof Henry VIII’s religious reform ofthe Church?( The three main causes were: a desirefor change and reform in the Churchhad been growing for many years andnow, encouraged by the success ofMarin Luther, many people believed itstime had come; the privilege andwealth of the clergy were also resented;and Henry needed money)16 Which party did MargaretThatcher represent in the 1970s?(She represented the ConservativeParty)17 What did the Whigs stand for inthe early 19th century?Whigs stood for a reduction in Crownpatronage, sympathy towardsNonconformists, and care for theinterests of merchants and bankers.18 Why did changes in farmingmethods改变耕作方式affect lives ofmillions in the 18th century?(Because village and agriculture werethe backbone of England at that time.)19 When did Britain finally becomea full member of the EuropeanEconomic Community?(Britain finally became a full memberof the European Economic Communityin January, 1973)没背20 Why was Mrs. Thatcherremoved from office in 1990?(It was because of her opposition toEuropean Union and her imposition ofan extremely unpopular flatrate ‘polltax’ in place of property taxes to payfor local government service.21 What were the two groups of theChartiests? What was theirdifference?(The Chartists could be divided intotwo groups: the Moral Force Chartistsand the Physical Force Chartists. Theformer wanted to realize their aims bypeaceful means while the latter wantedto achieve their purpose by violence)22 What was the goal of the LondonWorking Men’s Association in itsstruggle?(It aimed to ‘ to seek by every legalmeans to place all classes of society inpossession of equal political and socialrights)精品文库23 Why was Britain known as the factory of the world in the mid-19th century?(Because the British economy was among the strongest in the world)24 Who has the power to declare war and make peace in the UK?(The Queen)25 How many members of Parliament does the House of Commons in the UK consist of ? (651Members of Parliament)26 What does the British Parliament consist of ?(It consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons) 27 What did the term ‘parliament’ originally mean?( It originally meant a meeting for parley or discussion)28 Where does the Sovereign’s coronation take place?(It takes place at Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂in London)29Where does the Queen’s expenditure arising from支出所产生的public duties come from?( The Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments)30 How is the British House of Commons elected?The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage.31 What is a ‘shadow cabinet’ 影子内阁in Britain?( The party which wins the second largest number of seats in parliament becomes the Official Opposition and it forms its own ‘cabinet’ known as ‘shadow cabinet’32 What are the three main Christian festivals in Britain? (The three main Christian festivals inBritain are Christmas. Easter, and WhitSunday.)33 Who is directly responsible for theNHS in Britain?谁直接负责国民保健制度在英国(Central government is directlyresponsible for the NHS in Britain)34 What are the two establishedchurches in Britain?(They are the Church of England andthe Church of Scotland in Scotland)35 How many provinces does theChurch of England have?(The Church of England has twoprovinces: Canterbury and York)36What is the National Day inBritain?(The birthday of the British Monarch isa National Day in Britain)37 What does ‘Oxbridge’ refer to inGreat Britain?(It refers to the Universities of Oxfordand Cambridge)没背38 What kind of schools are theindependent schools in Britain?(The independent schools are thosesupported entirely by fees and privatefuns)39What are the three groups ofnation newspapers?(They are quality, popular andmid-market papers.)40 Which religion in Ireland is thelargest non-Catholic denomination?(The Anglican Church圣公会ofIreland is the largest non-Catholicdenomination.)没背41 What was the consequence ofthe Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921?什么是后果，英爱条约1921？(Violentopposition to the treaty byultranationalists led to a civil war.)没背42 What was the result ofgrowing Irish nationalism in theearly decades of the 20th century?(Irish nationalism became stronger andeven more violent in the early decadesof the 20th century and climaxed in theEastern Uprising of 1916 in which anIrish Republic was proclaimed.)没背43 Wht happened after theEnglish king was declared the headof the Church of Ireland replaceingthe Pope?英国国王宣布爱尔兰教会领袖代替教皇(There followed centuries of religiousas well as political persecution政治迫害, which helped to strengthen anddeepen Ireland’s Catholic spirit.)第二部分美国部分1What are the two novels giving avivid description of the miserable lifeof the black slaves?(Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots)2 What is the reason for the growthof population in Florida?(Florida’s population growth owesmuch to its attractiveness both as aplace to retire and as a convenientplace for business with and travel toCentral and South America)3 When did the higher birth rateappear in the United States?(The birth rate appeared during ‘thebaby boom’[1946-1964]) ？？4 When was the Declaration ofIndependence adopted?(It was adopted on July4,1776)没背5Please write any three of the13 colonies the British establishedalong the east coast of NorthAmerica between 1607 and1733.(Virginia, Maine, New精品文库Hampshire)6What are the implications of the ‘Manifest Destiny’?The implications of ‘manifest Destiny’ are three fold(1)the inevitability of the founding of the United States of America;是必然的(2)the legitimacy 合法的of the expansion of America Territory美国领土; (3) the spread of American democracy美国民主being the task任务of American people who were cho sen to do the Lord’s work.没背7 What were the two serious weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?邦联条款They were:(1)There was no national executive or law-enforcing branch;没有执行或执法部门(2)Congress国会was too large a body to function功能as government. And Congress had no power to raise taxes.国会无权征税8What agreement did America and Britain sign in 1783 by which Britain recognized the independence of the United States? The Treaty of Paris9 What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?They were representive form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.。

亨利八世人物概况统治1509年4月22日—1547年1月28日加冕日期1509年6月24日前任亨利七世继任爱德华六世皇室都铎王朝父亲亨利七世母亲约克的伊丽莎白出生1491年6月28日普拉森舍宫逝世1547年1月28日怀特霍尔宫安葬地点温莎堡生平亨利八世（1491.6.28—1547.1.28)是英国都铎王朝的第二位国王，亨利七世次子。

亨利八世在位的38年是英格兰发生重大变化的时期，其中最重要的是16世纪宗教改革。

这次改革的基本意义在国家政治方面，而不在宗教方面，核心问题是亨利八世与罗马教廷决裂，导致英国形成完全的民族国家。

这次改革从确立亨利八世与安妮博林的婚姻合法开始，到确保国王对教会的绝对统治而宣告结束。

从表面上看，宗教改革是由亨利八世个人的离婚案引起的；从实质上看，变革是在英格兰民族主义和反教权主义日益高涨的情况下实现的，并和亨利八世的对法战争和西欧的国际格局变化都有一定的联系。

他自1509年4月22日开始在位，这时英国已经逐渐从一个欧洲偏远蛮荒及以暴政著称的小国发展成为有影响的专制极权国家，他的父亲亨利七世在位时，执行睦邻友好政策，将两个女儿分别嫁给苏格兰和法国的王储，为自己长子亚瑟娶西班牙公主凯瑟琳为妻。

但婚后不久他的长子因病去世，当时西班牙和法国不和，他为了维持中立不得罪西班牙王室，力图挽留长媳，经向教皇请示，（根据天主教教规夫妻结合是上帝的旨意，不允许离婚再嫁娶，丧偶再嫁也需要教皇批准。

）教皇批准可以再嫁他的次子，当时只有12岁的亨利八世。

亨利八世18岁即位并娶寡嫂凯瑟琳，但他妻子只为他生了一个女儿玛丽（后来的玛丽一世）以后几次生育的孩子都早夭，此前英国尚未有过女王，而且有迷信说法说弟娶兄嫂不吉，他又和女侍官安妮·博林产生了婚外情，他让自己的主教宰相向教皇申请离婚，因为他这次婚姻是教皇亲自批准的，这为教皇出了一个难题，因为当时教廷亦不想得罪有强大势力的西班牙。

教廷迟迟不能批准他离婚，而他的女侍官已经怀孕。

Ancestors of Henry VIII of England16. Maredudd ap Tudur8. Owen Tudor17. Margaret ferch Dafydd4. Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond18. Charles VI of France9. Catherine of Valois19. Isabeau of Bavaria2. Henry VII of England20. John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset10. John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset21. Margaret Hollanddy Margaret Beaufort22. Baron Beauchamp of Bletso11. Margaret Beauchamp ofBletso23. Edith Stourton1. Henry VIII of England24. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge12. Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York25. Anne de Mortimer6. Edward IV of England26. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland13. Cecily Neville27. Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland3. Elizabeth of York28. Richard Wydevill14. Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers29. Elizabeth Bodulgate7. Elizabeth Woodville30. Peter of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol15. Jacquetta of Luxembourg31. Margaret de Baux亨利八世的三代祖先亨利八世父亲：亨利七世祖父：第一任里奇蒙伯爵埃德蒙·都铎（Edmund Tudor）祖父之父：欧文·都铎（Owen Tudor）祖父之母：瓦卢瓦的凯瑟琳（Catherine of Valois）祖母：玛格丽特·波福夫人（Lady MargaretBeaufort）祖母之父：第一任萨默塞特公爵约翰·波福（John Beaufort, 1st Duke ofSomerset）祖母之母：玛格丽特·博尚（Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso）母亲：约克的伊丽莎白外祖父：爱德华四世外祖父之父：第三任约克公爵、金雀花的理查（Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Dukeof York）外祖父之母：塞西莉·内维尔（Cecily Neville）外祖母：伊丽莎白·伍德维尔（Elizabeth Woodville）外祖母之父：第一任里弗斯伯爵理查德·伍德维尔（Richard Woodville, 1st EarlRivers）外祖母之母：卢森堡的杰奎达（Jacquetta of Luxembourg）Marriage lengthsDiagram of Henry's VIII reign relative to his marriages.King of England-Henry VIIIReign 21 April 1509 – 28 January 1547 (37 years, 282 days) Coronation 24 June 1509 (aged 17) Predecessor Henry VII SuccessorEdward VISpouseCatherine of Aragon Anne BoleynJane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine ParrIssueMary I of EnglandHenry Fitzroy Elizabeth I of England Edward VI of EnglandHouse House of Tudor Father Henry VII of England Mother Elizabeth of York Born 28 June 1491Greenwich Palace , Greenwich Died 28 January 1547 (aged 55) Palace of Whitehall , London Burial St George's Chapel , Windsor CastleSignatureReligion Christian (Anglican , previously Roman Catholic )Marriages and issueName Birth Death Notes By Catherine of Aragon(married Greenwich Palace 11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533)Unnamed Daughter 31 January15102 February 1510Henry, Duke of Cornwall 1 January151122 February 1511Henry, Duke of Cornwall December1514died within one month of birthQueen Mary I 18 February151617 November 1558married 1554, Philip II ofSpain; no issueUnnamed Daughter November1518died within oneweek of birthBy Anne Boleyn(married Westminster Abbey 25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536)beheaded on 19 May 1536Queen Elizabeth I 7 September153324 March 1603 never married; no issueBy Jane Seymour(married York Place 30 May 1536; Jane Seymour died 24 October 1537)King Edward VI 12 October15376 July 1553 unmarried; no issueBy Anne of Cleves(married Greenwich Palace 6 January 1540; annulled 9 July 1540)no issueBy Catherine Howard(married Oatlands Palace 28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541)beheaded on 13 February 1542no issueBy Catherine Parr(married Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543; Henry VIII died 28 January1547)no issueBy Elizabeth BlountHenry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset 15 June 1519 23 July 1536illegitimate; married 1533,the Lady Mary Howard; noissueBy Mary BoleynPaternity is debated by historians.Catherine Carey, Lady Knollys c. 1524 15 January 1569 married Sir Francis Knollys; had issueHenry Carey, Baron Hunsdon 4 March152623 July 1596married 1545, AnnMorgan; had issue（附：中文）*备注：关于私生子，亨利八世只正式承认里奇蒙和萨默塞特公爵亨利·菲茨罗伊，其他都没有。

亨利八世英语简介亨利八世，是都铎王朝第二任君主，，英格兰与爱尔兰的国王。

他是英王亨利七世与伊丽莎白王后的次子。

下面是店铺给大家整理的亨利八世英语简介，供大家参阅!亨利八世简介Henry VIII (English: Henry VIII, June 28, 1991 - January 28, 1547) was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty (April 22, 1509 - January 28, 1547), England With the king of Ireland. He was the second son of King Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth.Henry VII after the death of Henry VIII in April 22, 1509 to inherit the throne.As the second king of the Tudor dynasty, also the Irish lord, and later became the king of Ireland. Henry VIII, in order to divorce his wife to marry a new queen, and then the Roman Pope against the implementation of religious reform, and through a number of important bills to allow themselves to marry another, and then the British bishop of the Archbishop of the British Church, the British Church from Rome The Holy See, became the highest religious leader in England, and the dissolution of the monastery, so that the power of the British royal family thus reached its peak. During his reign, he joined Wales into England.On January 28, 1547, Henry VIII died at the Whitehorn Palace, buried in St. George's Church in Windsor, and buried with his third wife, Jane Seymour. His only legitimate son Edward VI according to the third "throne succession law", inherited its throne.亨利八世人物生平Life backgroundHenry's father Henry VII, is the descendants of England's Lancaster royal family, in 1485, Henry VII in the Bossworth battleto defeat Richard III, then king ascended the throne, into England, Wales and Ireland, the establishment of both Tuo dynasty. In order to ease the political contradictions and strengthen their legitimacy as the king, on January 18, 1886, at the Westminster Abbey in London, Henry VII with the York Dynasty Edward IV daughter Elizabeth held a wedding ceremony.On June 28, 1991, Henry was born in the Placencia Palace in the Greenwich district of London, the third child of Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth. Before his birth, Queen Elizabeth had given birth to the eldest son of Wales Prince Arthur Tudor, the eldest daughter Margaret Tudor princess.TeenagerHenry was well educated since childhood, and the poet Skelton was his teacher, and when he was a little longer he met and consulted the people of Elasmo and some Renaissance celebrities. He knows Latin, French, Italian and some Spanish, Greek, loves poetry and can play music. He also likes hunting and is good at equestrian, archery, wrestling, and royal tennis.In 1493, Henry was sealed as the governor of Dover and the five-port coalition chief. In 1494, Henry was called the Duke of York.1501 years, Henry VII for the eldest son of Arthur to marry the Spanish princess Aragon Catherine to conclude the alliance with the king of Aragon King Ferdinand II and Castilla Queen Isabella I.1502 years, Arthur and Catherine married four months after the sudden death of Arthur. As the brother of Joseph's premature death, 12-year-old Henry became the heir to the throne, successor Prince of Wales.To continue to maintain a friendly relationship with Spainthrough marriage, Henry VII persuaded Catherine to stay and to join Kathleen for the second son of Henry.At the time, the marriage violated the Catholic teachings, Aragon's Catherine declared himself not with the house of Arthur. Later, Catherine's mother, Isabella I, sought the Pope's order to allow the marriage.1505 years, Henry VII did not want to continue with the Spanish Union, so the Prince of Wales Henry announced that he did not agree with the marriage of Catherine, Spain and the United Kingdom for diplomatic mediation, marriage was not lifted.Ascended the throneOn April 21, 1509, Henry VII died.June 11, 1509, Henry and Catherine officially held a wedding ceremony.On June 24, 1509, Henry held a coronation ceremony at Westminster in London, inheriting the throne, for Henry VIII.The young king Henry VIII, burly, can text to Wu. In the early years of his reign, some of his actions were influenced by the new thought of the Renaissance. He wrote two books, and also wrote poetry, he ascended the throne soon created folk "green sleeves" become popular songs.Henry VIII personally visited Thomas Utah, the author of Utopia (Thomas Moore was finally sent to the guillotine for refusing to accept Henry VIII's religious reform) and had appointed him as a close friend.He also supports the maintenance of British judicial power, opposing the intervention of the Holy See, claiming that "in Britain except the king, the king is the supreme authority."Henry VIII once created the British Royal Navy, he orderedthe construction of fast and flexible new warships, the artillery installed in the cabin inside, and equipped with specialized fighting sailors, and the construction of several navy dedicated dock. He issued a charter in Trinidad in 1514, making it specialized in the maritime industry and has the right to tax the nautical and set the lighthouse.Henry VIII was also influenced by the feudal aristocratic traditions. He spent a lot of time with the aristocratic knights contest, hunting, play, do not want to deal with daily business. He promulgated a decree, strict provisions of the nobility in the dress on the level of distinction between the prohibition of civilians in the dress fair more than the move. He often shows his king's style at the court event to conquer the ministers and guests.1517 Henry VIII in Greenwich held knight contest contest, when he played gold armor, cover inlaid with colored jewelry purple satin gown, crotch horses also gold hanging silver. A foreign envoy exclaimed, "The wealth and civilization of the world are here, and some people regard England as a barbarian land, and in my opinion they are barbarians.Six marriagesFirst marriageAragon's Catherine is the first queen of Henry VIII, Catherine is the widow of Henry VIII's brother, that is, Henry VIII's sister-in-law.Queen Catherine has aborted several times, a baby girl prematurely, three boys died. The only surviving child, Mary Tudor, was born on February 18, 1516 at the Pleistia Palace in London, which was later known as "Bloody Mary" by Mary I.In 1525, Henry VIII found that Catherine could not give birthto his male heir and had an affair with the waitress Anne Boleyn (also known as Antiphor). Henry VIII to the Bible that brother married brother and sister who would have no future generations to request a divorce. But Catherine insisted that he was a queen, refused to divorce with Henry VIII. Because Catherine is a Spanish princess, so the pope did not approve Henry divorce. So Henry VIII to let the judge Wolsey and the Pope to negotiate, hoping to get the consent of the Pope. With the Pope's failure to negotiate Wolsey was exiled, Wal-Mart's successor, Thomas Moore, was soon removed from office by Thomas Kramer as archbishop of Canterbury.In January 1533, in the absence of the Pope's permission, Henry VIII secretly married Anne Boleyn, the Pope announced the expulsion of Henry. As a retaliation, the British Parliament immediately legislated from the Holy See, Archbishop Cran Mai then declared Henry and Catherine's marriage invalid, and Anne Boleyn's marriage legal.Second marriageHenry VIII's second queen Anne Boleyn, according to BBC British history description, Anne Boleyn's sister Mary Boleyn is Henry VIII's mistress. Anne went to France to return after studying, into the British court, Henry VIII and she fell in love.On June 1, 1533, Anne Bolin was crowned Queen of England. Catherine was deprived of the title of the queen, and imprisoned in a next manor. Mary Tudor was also relegated to an illegitimate daughter, not allowed to meet with her mother.In September 1533, Anne Bolin gave birth to her daughter Elizabeth, that is, later "virgin queen" Elizabeth I. The same is because Anne did not give birth to his son, Henry VIII in turn transferred his mind to Anne's waitress Jane Seymour's body.In 1536, Henry VIII ordered the arrest of Anne Boleyn and her brother's brother George. George was charged with his three friends aloof Anne Boleyn and planned to assassinate the king. George and his friend were executed, and Anne Boleyn was sentenced to adultery with his brother, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London.May 19, 1536 Anne was beheaded. Henry VIII declared himself and Anne Boleyn's marriage was invalid.Third marriageMay 30, 1536, Henry VIII and Jane Seymour held his third wedding.On June 4, 1536 she was publicly declared a queen, but she was not officially crowned because of the spread of the plague in London at that time.On October 12, 1537, Edward Tudor (later Edward VI), the son of Jane Seymour, was born in the room of the Hampton County in Middlesex, the king Henry VIII and the England royal family Looking forward to the male heir. Jane Seymour in the postpartum recovery quickly, sent in 1536 signed the second "throne succession law", officially announced "by His Majesty the King and me between the legitimate marriage of the birth of the prince." England in the country jubilant, the church singing "praise ode", the city lit bonfire, to celebrate the birth of Edward.However, on October 23, 1537, Jane Simo bursts of puerperal fever and died the next night. Henry VIII in the letter to the French king of Francois I mentioned, "... ... she brought joy to me, but it is mixed with the pain of her death.Fourth marriageThe painter Hans Holby came to England in 1532 to escape the religious war in Europe and was hired as a court painter. Herecommended Henry Ann to Princess Anne, a small country between France and Nederland. Although Henry VIII did not like the appearance of Princess Anne, the two were married on January 6, 1540. Because Henry Henry VIII hated Anne queen, do not want to touch her, turn to the pursuit of Queen Anne's waitress Catherine Howard (Anne Boleyn's cousin).Henry VIII once again made himself and Anne Queen's marriage invalid, demanding divorce. He gave Anne "king's sister" title, and gave her a lot of money, let her in the British seclusion. In July 1540, Queen Anne and Henry VIII divorced, and later lived in London until 1557 died.Fifth marriageOn July 28, 1540, Henry VIII married Catherine Howard. But Catherine married and Minister Thomas Carphepper had an affair, also appointed former lover Francis Dillham as secretary. Someone confessed Catherine's contact with others to Thomas Cramer, then Archbishop of Canterbury, who was adulterated to Henry.Henry VIII arrested all the lovers of Catherine. In 1543, Catherine was hanged.Sixth marriageIn 1543, the old Henry eventually married Catherine Parr in the court for his sixth wife. Catherine Parr was a widow married twice, and her religious view was radical, and Henry was a conservative. They often argued that several times almost let her die, but she always make concessions in time.Affected by the queen, Henry and two daughters Mary, Elizabeth reconciliation. Catherine Pale takes Henry's children, Mary, Elizabeth and Edward to take care of them so that they are well educated. She also took good care of the old age sick, easyto anger Henry.Suspicion of old ageHenry VIII was overweight in his later years, and once he was wounded on horseback, he was stunned and questionable.He was arrested by the rebel leader Norfolk Norfolk, etc., ready to be executed, but not yet implemented, Henry VIII to facilitate the January 28, 1547 died at the Whitehorn Palace in Windsor, the appointment of sixteen major reformists The new aristocracy formed the Privy Council, which assisted the 9-year-old Edward VI to inherit his throne.Henry VIII was buried in St. George's Church in Windsor, and was buried with his third wife, Jane Seymour.Henry VIII died ten years later, the three legitimate children are sitting on the British throne, but no heirs.亨利八世人物评价During the reign of Henry VIII, the practice of religious reform, the British Church from the Holy See, became the highest religious leader in England, the national government agencies made a comprehensive reform in Europe to balance the interests of foreign policy to protect their own political and economic interests. These modern countries, which have led to great changes in the social and economic situation, political system, culture, ideology and religion of the United Kingdom, have created favorable conditions for the further development of capitalist factors. In this process Henry VIII played an important role as an autocratic monarch with unprecedented power.。

英语国家概况（课后问答题）第一部分英国概况1 What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?Britain is the shortened form of the United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland while the British Isles is a geographical name.2 What are the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain?They are England, Scotland and Wales 3. What is the official name of Great Britain？The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland4. Where did the King Harold defeat Tostig and Harold Hardrada?( At Stanford Bridge)5.What did William do after he suppressed镇压the Saxon risings in the north?(He built a string of defense防卫castles to ensure his military control of the whole country.)6. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?( For nearly 400 years)7 What was the peculiar features of the feudal system of England?(All landowners, whether the tenants-in-chief or subtenants, took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.)8 What did Willliam I leave to his sons after he died?( He left Normandy to his eldest son, Robert, and England to his second son William, and a large sum of money to his third son, Henry.) 9 What was William I’s policytowards the church?(He wanted to keep it completely underhis control, but at the same time toupload its power.)10 When was the Domesday Bookcompleted?( In 1086)11 What was the consequence of theHundred Years’ War?(The French drove the English out oftheir land. By 1453, Calais was theonly part of France that was still in thehands of English)12 What did the Lollards preach?(The Lollards preached the equality ofmen before God)13 What were the two countriesElizabeth I successfully played offagainst each other for nearly 30years?( France and Spain were the twocountries that Elizabeth I successfullyplayed off against each other for nearly30 years)14 What was the outcome结果ofthe English Civil War?(It not only overthrew feudal system inEngland but also shook the foundationof the feudal rule in Europe. It isgenerally regarded as the beginning ofmodern world history.)15 What were the three main causesof Henry VIII’s religious reform ofthe Church?( The three main causes were: a desirefor change and reform in the Churchhad been growing for many years andnow, encouraged by the success ofMarin Luther, many people believed itstime had come; the privilege andwealth of the clergy were also resented;and Henry needed money)16 Which party did MargaretThatcher represent in the 1970s?(She represented the ConservativeParty)17 What did the Whigs stand for inthe early 19th century?Whigs stood for a reduction in Crownpatronage, sympathy towardsNonconformists, and care for theinterests of merchants and bankers.18 Why did changes in farmingmethods改变耕作方式affect lives ofmillions in the 18th century?(Because village and agriculture werethe backbone of England at that time.)19 When did Britain finally becomea full member of the EuropeanEconomic Community?(Britain finally became a full memberof the European Economic Communityin January, 1973)没背20 Why was Mrs. Thatcherremoved from office in 1990?(It was because of her opposition toEuropean Union and her imposition ofan extremely unpopular flatrate ‘polltax’ in place of property taxes to payfor local government service.21 What were the two groups of theChartiests? What was theirdifference?(The Chartists could be divided intotwo groups: the Moral Force Chartistsand the Physical Force Chartists. Theformer wanted to realize their aims bypeaceful means while the latter wantedto achieve their purpose by violence)22 What was the goal of the LondonWorking Men’s Association in itsstruggle?(It aimed to ‘ to seek by every legalmeans to place all classes of society inpossession of equal political and socialrights)23 Why was Britain known as the factory of the world in the mid-19th century?(Because the British economy was among the strongest in the world)24 Who has the power to declare war and make peace in the UK?(The Queen)25 How many members of Parliament does the House of Commons in the UK consist of ? (651Members of Parliament)26 What does the British Parliament consist of ?(It consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons) 27 What did the term ‘parliament’ originally mean?( It originally meant a meeting for parley or discussion)28 Where does the Sovereign’s coronation take place?(It takes place at Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂in London)29Where does the Queen’s expenditure arising from支出所产生的public duties come from?( The Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments)30 How is the British House of Commons elected?The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage.31 What is a ‘shadow cabinet’ 影子内阁in Britain?( The party which wins the second largest number of seats in parliament becomes the Official Opposition and it forms its own ‘cabinet’ known as ‘shadow cabinet’32 What are the three main Christian festivals in Britain? (The three main Christian festivals inBritain are Christmas. Easter, and WhitSunday.)33 Who is directly responsible for theNHS in Britain?谁直接负责国民保健制度在英国(Central government is directlyresponsible for the NHS in Britain)34 What are the two establishedchurches in Britain?(They are the Church of England andthe Church of Scotland in Scotland)35 How many provinces does theChurch of England have?(The Church of England has twoprovinces: Canterbury and York)36What is the National Day inBritain?(The birthday of the British Monarch isa National Day in Britain)37 What does ‘Oxbridge’ refer to inGreat Britain?(It refers to the Universities of Oxfordand Cambridge)没背38 What kind of schools are theindependent schools in Britain?(The independent schools are thosesupported entirely by fees and privatefuns)39What are the three groups ofnation newspapers?(They are quality, popular andmid-market papers.)40 Which religion in Ireland is thelargest non-Catholic denomination?(The Anglican Church圣公会ofIreland is the largest non-Catholicdenomination.)没背41 What was the consequence ofthe Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921?什么是后果，英爱条约1921？(Violentopposition to the treaty byultranationalists led to a civil war.)没背42 What was the result ofgrowing Irish nationalism in theearly decades of the 20th century?(Irish nationalism became stronger andeven more violent in the early decadesof the 20th century and climaxed in theEastern Uprising of 1916 in which anIrish Republic was proclaimed.)没背43 Wht happened after theEnglish king was declared the headof the Church of Ireland replaceingthe Pope?英国国王宣布爱尔兰教会领袖代替教皇(There followed centuries of religiousas well as political persecution政治迫害, which helped to strengthen anddeepen Ireland’s Catholic spirit.)第二部分美国部分1What are the two novels giving avivid description of the miserable lifeof the black slaves?(Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots)2 What is the reason for the growthof population in Florida?(Florida’s population growth owesmuch to its attractiveness both as aplace to retire and as a convenientplace for business with and travel toCentral and South America)3 When did the higher birth rateappear in the United States?(The birth rate appeared during ‘thebaby boom’[1946-1964]) ？？4 When was the Declaration ofIndependence adopted?(It was adopted on July4,1776)没背5Please write any three of the13 colonies the British establishedalong the east coast of NorthAmerica between 1607 and1733.(Virginia, Maine, NewHampshire)6What are the implications of the ‘Manifest Destiny’?The implications of ‘manifest Destiny’ are three fold(1)the inevitability of the founding of the United States of America;是必然的(2)the legitimacy 合法的of the expansion of America Territory美国领土; (3) the spread of American democracy美国民主being the task任务of American people who were cho sen to do the Lord’s work.没背7 What were the two serious weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?邦联条款They were:(1)There was no national executive or law-enforcing branch;没有执行或执法部门(2)Congress国会was too large a body to function功能as government. And Congress had no power to raise taxes.国会无权征税8What agreement did America and Britain sign in 1783 by which Britain recognized the independence of the United States? The Treaty of Paris9 What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?They were representive form of government, rule of law, respect of individual rights, religious tolerance and a strong spirit of individual enterprise.。