现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit9

Book 3 Unit 91.be seated 坐着take a seat 坐下；就坐save/reserve a seat 留座位2.decorate with 以…装饰3.light up 照亮；点亮p on 敲5.take tea 品茶6.flap at 拍打7.out of proportion to sth 不成比例8.linger over 徘徊9.as it were 似乎10.roll over 转过身来11.put his head in her lap 把头枕在她腿上12.the air of …的样子（姿态）13.hover over 在…盘旋；俯身14.lean over 俯身15.break in 插嘴16.lean back 背靠17.carry out 实施18.prick up its ears 竖起耳朵19.let it go 打住；停止20.That seemed to me so right. 正合我意。

21.in the pause 停顿22.breathe to 吐露23.couldn’t help doing 禁不住24.clutch at 紧握25.die down 消退26.become of 使……遭遇；……降临于；发生……情况27.be wrapped up in sb 埋头于；与……有关系；被包藏于28.snap v. 突然折断；咯哒一声关上；厉声说；给…拍照；咬（at）29.fix v. 扎牢；使牢固；安排，决定；修理n. 困境30.stretch v. 伸展，张开；时间的延续/延展开/占地面积（over）；伸出n. 连续的水域；连续，延续（时间）31.beyond adj/adv 超过；另一边32.apart adv.相距；拆分（take sth apart）tell apart 区分pull apart 撕开drift apart 飘离，疏远；各奔东西fall apart 崩溃come apart 破碎，瓦解grow apart 变得隔阂；朝不同方向生长apart from 除……之外（还有/不再有）；远离33.leap to one’s feet 一跃而起34.add up to 合计35.add to 增添36.agree with 适合（身体）37.set out 出发38.allow for 考虑到39.general manager 总经理40.answer for 为…负责= be responsible for41.back you up 支持你42.bear ou 证实（bear-bore-borne）43.blow up 爆炸44.count sb in 把sb算在内45.count on 指望46.without words 没有话语beyond words 难以言表at a loss for words 不知说什么好47.fade away 逐渐消失；渐渐减弱die away （风，声，光线）逐渐减弱fall down 跌倒；倒下die down （火势，怒火）逐渐平息；（植物）枯萎48.beg sb to do sth 恳求某人做plead with sb for sth 向…恳求49.tremble 由于寒冷、虚弱、愤怒或者恐惧等而发抖，站立shiver 因寒冷或情绪突变而出现的短时间的轻微和快速的颤抖shudder 着重指由于恐惧、震惊等而引起的全身突然而强烈的战栗shake （普通，含义广）人/物不由自主地颤动，摇摆，侧重剧烈，无规律50.content adj “满意的”强调安于现状/知足常乐只能做表语，不能做定语be content with /be content to do sthcontented a. 满足的satisfying a. 令人满意的，圆满的satisfactory a.令人满意的，符合要求的（事物）51.for all 尽管；虽然52.break off 中断；绝交break down （机器）发生故障；（健康，精神）垮掉，垮下来break up 分解，驱散，离异break away 挣脱，脱落53.beside 在…旁边；与…不相干on top of 在…之上；熟练掌握；另外（还有）；紧接着in addition to 除…之外还有54.It be some time before 要过多久才能…55.on one’s return 当某人回来时56.be expected to do 有望做sth57.be reported to do 据报道…58.After what seemed a very long time 在经过似乎很长一段时间后After what seemed a friendly exchange of greetingsTranslation1.他们都伸长了脖子想看个究竟。

Unit9一、词汇短语Text Asword[]n.剑，刀；武力【例句】The pen is mightier than the sword.（谚）笔比剑更有力量；文胜于武。

【词组】put to the sword屠杀；杀死cross swords with sb.（与某人）交锋，争论【助记】s（蛇）+word（字）→蛇一说话就吐信子，信子如同蛇的刀controversial[]adj.争论的，引起争论的，可疑的【例句】A controversial film that set the entertainment world on its ear.一部有争议的电影使得娱乐界一片哗然【助记】contro（相反）+vers（转）+ial【派生】controversy n.争论；论战；辩论sovereignty[]n.完全的自主；主权，主权国家【例句】China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity must not be infringed.中国的主权和领土完整决不允许侵犯。

【搭配】territorial sovereignty领土主权【助记】Soviet苏联以前是个主权国家；super+reign超级统治。

upheaval[]n.剧变；动乱【例句】The French Revolution was a volcanic upheaval in European history.法国大革命是欧洲历史上的一次剧变。

【搭配】political,social upheavals政治的、社会的动乱【助记】upheav＝upheave（v.举起，鼓起），al：举起consist[]vi.（in）在于，存在于；（of）由…组成，由…构成；（常与with连用）一致，符合【例句】His job consists of helping old people who live alone.他的工作包括帮助无人照顾的独居老人。

Unit 9Section OnePart 1 Spot DictationAs the bulge of the baby boom pushes into (1) middle age - the 30-to-50-year-olds are now the (2) largest age group in this country - our outlook on getting older is (3) changing. In fact, experts are finding today that getting older is getting better, in very (4) real ways.Most people in their middle years are at the (5) peak of their working lives. This is the time of (6) competence when people get a great deal of (7) satisfaction and security out of realizing they have something to (8) offer others.As you get older, you're more (9) secure in your relationships. The longer you've been married, the more likely it is that you are going to (10) stay married.It takes a long time to become a (11) person. The older you get, the more (12) unique you become. You become (13) clearer about what you think, what you like and don't like. You know who you are.One of the things we fear about growing older is increasing (14) isolation. If you let it, your world can (15) shrink. But if you make the effort, (16) midlife can be a time of more personal relationships. If you (17) nourish your relationships, by the time you've reached midlife you have a rich network -lifelong friends, (18) acquaintances, colleagues, an extended family.While older people are free to spend their time the way they want, they also know they have (19) less of it. That makes them more aware of how precious timeis and more (20) discriminating about how they use it.ExerciseDirections: Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with what you hear. (Refer to Tapescript)Unlike air travel, which is regulated internationally, rail travel is in many cases controlled nationally. The degree of safety of rail travel is therefore highly variable from country to country, depending on the degree of regulation and the quality of regulation in the country concerned. In Britain and the United States rail passenger deaths work out at an average of less than 10 rail passenger deaths per year. Unfortunately, the rail passenger deaths per year statistics in the less developed parts of the world are considerably higher than the rail passenger deaths per year statistics are in the western world.In the UK over the last 25 years, there has been an average of one train accident for every million miles run. Because individual trains carry such a large number of passengers compared with the number of passengers carried in cars, buses and planes, this actually means that the degree of risk is, comparatively, one which is almost non-existent.By far the greatest cause of railway accidents is human error, either in controlling or responding to signals. Recent improvements in the numbers ofaccidents are in large measure due to the introduction of automatic and computerized signalling equipment. Radio communication systems between drivers and control centres have also proved influential in reducing accidents. With the continuing development of radio communication systems and automatic signalling systems we can look forward to further reductions in what are already impressively low accident rates.ExerciseDirections: Listen to the passage and write down the gist and the key words that help you decide.1)This passage is about rail travel safety.2)The key words are highly variable. degree and quality of regulation: Britainand the United States. less than 10 rail passenger deaths per year: less developed parts. higher: UK. last 25 years. one train accident for every million miles run: cause. human error: automatic. computerized signaling.radio communication systems. reduce accidents.Section Two Listening Comprehension ~Part 1DialogueAdolescenceInterviewer: So, you say Eric's what you'd consider pretty strict but prettyfair? So, for example, when he tells you to do Interviewer: somethingJora: Well, he's strict and I get angry when he doesn't want me to do stuff. But afterwards I can almost always see why he said it, y'know?Interviewer: Yeah.Jora: And there's only a couple of incidents where, well, that were totally,y'know, that I didn't understand at all.Interviewer: Hmm. Not a bad record.Eric: No. Vh, 'cos I'm sure I've made some mistakes.Interviewer: Is ... how would you compare your mom? Is she less strict than your dad? Mm-hmm. Well, she's less strict, but it's, it's like I can't win, y'know? The stuff that my dad's not strict about, my mom's strict about, and· the stuff that my mom's not strict about, my dad is. And, well, like my dad doesn't let me see PG-13* or R movies, but my mom does. She, well, she rents R-rated* movies, and lets me watch them and all, but my dad won't even let me see PG-13.Eric: Well, uh, that's not really true. It depends on what it is. My rule with PG-13 is either I've had to have seen it first or, you know, talked to someone who I trust ... who's seen it.Interviewer: So, your mom's looser about movies. Uh, what's shestricter about?Jora: Chores, junk food, buying me specific things -Interviewer: When you say buying you things, do you mean -Jora: Like when we go to the store.Interviewer: She doesn't want to pay for them?Jora: She doesn't want to pay for things. She wants me to buy my own friends' presents, you know, stuff like thatInterviewer: So, do you get anallowance?Jora: Yeah, I do.Interviewer: So, Jora, what do you think about your dad? Do you think he's a pretty good dad? I mean, how does he compare with your friends' fathers? Jora: Urn, my dad is very strict, but he's ... he's .. , he's pretty good. He ... he's very nice and he lets me do just enough so I don't get too angry.ExerciseDirections: Listen to the dialogue and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).l.T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6.F 7. T 8. TPart 2 PassageA Brief History of Banking1)Situated usually at a table or in a small shop in the commercial district, thebankers aided travelers who came to the town by exchanging foreign coins for local money.2)It wasn't long before the idea of attracting deposits and securing temporaryloans from wealthy customers became an important source of bank funding.3)The banking industry gradually spread outward from the classicalcivilizations of Greece and Rome into northern and western Europe.4)The early banks in Europe were places for safekeeping of valuable items aspeople came to fear loss of their assets due to war, theft, or expropriation by government.5)As the 19th century began, the development of large, professionally managedbanking firms was centered in a few leading commercial centers, especially New York.When did the first banks appear? The first bankers lived more than 2,000 years ago. They were money changers, situated usually at a table or in a small shop in the commercial district, aiding travelers who came to the town by exchanging foreign coins for local money or discounting commercial notes for a fee in order to supply merchants with working capital.The first bankers probably used their own capital to fund their activities, but it wasn't long before the idea of attracting deposits and securing temporary loans from wealthy customers became an important source of bank funding. Loans were then made to merchants, shippers, and landowners, at rates ofinterest as low as 6 percent per annum to as high as 48 percent a month for the riskiest ventures ! Most of the early banks of any size were Greek in origin.The banking industry gradually spread outward from the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome into northern and western Europe. Banking encountered religious opposition during the Middle Ages, primarily because loans made to the poor often carried high interest rates. However, as the Renaissance began in Europe, the bulk of bank loans and deposits involved relatively wealthy customers, which helped to reduce religious opposition to banking practices.The development of new overland trade routes and improvements in navigation in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries gradually shifted the center of world commerce from the Mediterranean region toward Europe and the British Isles, where banking became a leading industry. The Industrial Revolution demanded a well-developed financial system. In particular, the adoption of mass production methods required a corresponding expansion in global trade to absorb industrial output, requiring new methods for making payments and credit available. Banks that could deliver on these needs grew rapidly.The early banks in Europe were places for safekeeping of valuable items (such as gold and silver bullion) as people came to fear loss of their assets due to war, theft, or expropriation by government. In England during the reigns of. Henry VIII and Charles I, government efforts to seize private holdings of gold and silver resulted in people depositing their valuables in goldsmiths' shops, who,in turn, would issue tokens* or certificates, indicating that the customer had made a deposit at these businesses. Soon, goldsmith tokens or certificates began to circulate as money because they were more convenient and less risky to carry around. The goldsmiths also offered certification of value services - what we today might call property appraisals*. Customers would bring in valuables to have an expert certify that these items were indeed real and not fakes - a service many banks still provide their customers.When colonies were established in North and South America, Old World banking practices were transferred to the New World. As the 19th century began, state governments in the United States began chartering* banking companies. The development of large, professionally managed banking firms was centered in a few leading commercial centers, especially New York. The federal government became a major force in US banking during Civil War.Exercise A Pre-listening QuestionA bank is, actually, a business organization, usually a limited company, which trades mainly in money, receiving and holding deposits and paying sums out of them by order of the customer, lending money at interest, discounting bills of exchange, moving from one place to another, acting as customer's agent in buying and selling securities, serving as trustee or executor, and performing various extra services for customers, e.g. arranging travel and insurance and advising on tax and investment.Exercise B Sentence DictationDirection: Listen to some sentences and write them down. You will hear each sentence three times ..Exercise C Detailed ListeningDirections: Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.l.B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. BExercise D After-listening DiscussionDirections: Listen to the passage again and discuss the following questions.1)The early banks in Europe were places for safekeeping of valuable items(such as gold and silver bullion) as people came to fear loss of their assets due to war, theft, or expropriation by government. In England during the reigns of Henry VIII and Charles I, government efforts to seize private holdings of gold and silver resulted in people depositing their valuables in goldsmiths' shops, who, in turn, would issue tokens or certificates, indicating that the customer had made a deposit at these businesses. Soon, goldsmith tokens or certificates began to circulate as money because they were more convenient and less risky to carry around. The goldsmiths also offered certification ofvalue services - what we today might call property appraisals. Customers would bring in valuables to have an expert certify that these items were indeed real and not fakes - a service many banks still provide their customers.2)(Open)Section Three NewsNews Item 1Greenland Ice SheetA US Space Agency study finds that Greenland is melting around the edges. The loss to the world's second largest ice sheet - more than 50 cubic kilometers per year - is enough to raise global sea level by 0.13 millimeters. NASA scientist Bill Krabill says the data indicates a process of change that does not immediately threaten coastal regions."The more important thing is to consider it as a signal of global climate change and to monitor it in case it starts to accelerate."Eighty-five percent of Greenland is covered by ice and is more accessible for scientific study than Antarctica, which is under the world's largest ice sheet."Greenland, the way it's positioned - much more north south, and the southern tip of Greenland protrudes* into the more temperate* latitudes* - it may react much quicker to global climate change than Antarctica does."Exercise ADirections: Listen to the news item and complete the summary.This news item is about the rapid thinning of the ice sheet on Greenland.Exercise BDirections: Listen to the news again and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).l.F 2.F3. T 4. T 5. TCooling AntarcticaA new study says Antarctica, the southernmost continent, has cooled measurably in recent years. The findings are a departure from global trends that show significant warming during the last century.University of Chicago Professor Pete~ Doran monitors the pulse* of Antarctica. He and other researchers have plotted* climate trends in the region. They are working with data from weather stations in Antarctica's Dry Valleys, a perpetually snow-free, mountainous zone, and from stations across the continent.Their records show a decrease by 0.7 degrees Celsius per decade in the Dry Valleys since 1986 and a similar cooling trend across the continent since 1978.Doran said, "Antarctica is somewhat isolated because there is a big ocean current* that constantly circles around the continent and actually sort of isolates it, and that's what makes it cold. And, that may be a factor in why we are seeingAntarctica cooling is that slight disconnect from the rest of the globe, and it's not behaving in the same way."Exercise ADirections: Listen to the news item and complete the summary.This news item is about the result of a new study which suggests Antarctic cooling.Exercise BDirections: Listen to the news again and answer the following questions.1. A new study says Antarctica, the southernmost continent, has cooled measurably in recent years.2. Professor Peter Doran and other researchers have plotted climate trends in the region.3. Antarctica's Dry Valleys is a perpetually snow-free, mountainous zone.4. The records show a decrease by 0.7 degrees Celsius per decade in the Dry Valleys since 1986 and a similar cooling trend across the continent since 1978.5. There is a big ocean current that constantly circles around the continent, so Antarctica is somewhat isolated from the rest of the globe, and does not behave in the same way.News Item 3Climate ChangeTAPESCRIPT AND KEYThe UN study predicts global temperatures will increase by nearly sixdegrees Celsius during this century. It says this will lead to increased flooding, drought, a rise in sea levels, and other climatic effects.The study says all regions of the world will suffer adverse* effects of climate change. The panel's co-chairman, James McCarthy, says some plant and mammals will be irreversibly* damaged; others will become extinct.Mr McCarthy says millions of people will be made homeless in low-lying countries such as Bangladesh because of sea level rise. Some islands will disappear completely. Economic losses will be incalculableIn addition, the report says crop and water loss will lead to more famine* in dry areas of the world, such as Africa.Exercise ADirections: Listen to the news item and complete the summaryThis news item is about a study report on the dangers of global warming. Exercise BDirections: Listen to the news again and complete the following outline.Global WarmingI.Global temperatures increaseA. Global temperatures will increase by nearly six degrees Celsius.II. Unfavorable effectsA. Increased flooding,drought with crop and water lossa.Some plants and mammals will be irreversibly damaged or becomeextinct.b.More famine in dry areas of the world, such as Africa.B. A rise in sea levels, and other climatic effectsa)M illions of people will become homeless in low-lying countries such asBangladesh.b)Some islands will disappear completely.c) Economic losses will be incalculable.Section Four Supplementary ExercisesPart 1 Feature ReportGlobal WarmingBy the year 2100, authors of a new study say, there could be a major increase in global temperatures if nothing is done to curb greenhouse gas emissions. The predictions are contained in an article appearing in the current issue of the journal Science.Writing in Science, Tom Wigley of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, and Sarah Raper, of the University of East Anglia in England, described the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel * on Climate Change.The IPCC is a United Nations group made up of hundreds of climatologists* and geologists* from around the- world. It concluded that, if greenhouse gases - such as carbon dioxide and methane* - are allowed to continue to migrate intothe earth's upper atmosphere unchecked, temperatures near the ground could rise between 1.4 and 5.8 degrees Celsius by the end of this century.However, what policymakers want to know according to Mr Wigley is the likelihood, or probability that temperatures will be at the low end of that range or exceed the range. So, he and a colleague Sarah Raper developed a formula for figuring out how large the temperature increase might be."One of the things we did was that we tried to work out what one would call the fifty-percent confidence interval *. The temperature range that corresponds to fifty-percent probability for warming lies within that range. But the fifty-percent confidence interval is roughly 2.4 to 3.8 degrees Celsius. And what that means is there's a 25 percent probability, or one chance in four, that, by 2100, the warming - the global warming - will exceed 3.8 degrees Celsius." Atmospheric scientist Tom Wigley says he used a computer model that refined the global warming range. The investigators plugged* in several different variables* that might occur throughout the century, such as the emissions of different greenhouse gases, to come up with the narrower range.But another study published in the journal Science challenged the IPCC's prediction that temperature will rise between 1.4 and 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100. John Reilly is with the global climate change program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. Mr Reilly says the IPCC range contains no uncertainty analysis."It makes a difference whether you think there's a 60-percent chance it'sgoing to rain today or a 30-percent chance it's going to rain today."Mr Reilly says mathematicians at MIT have made some calculations of their own, and come up with a different global warming range.MIT's John Reilly estimates the average rise in global temperatures will be 2.5 degrees Celsius if nothing is done by the end of the century.Exercise ADirections: Listen to the news report and complete the summary.This news report is about different predictions of global warming range by 2100. Exercise BDirections: Listen to the news again and answer the following questions.1)IPCC stands for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a UnitedNations group made up of hundreds of climatologists and geologists from around the world.2)The IPCC concluded that, if greenhouse gases - such as carbon dioxide andmethane - are allowed to continue to migrate into the earth's upper atmosphere unchecked, temperatures near the ground could rise between 1.4 and 5.8 degrees Celsius by the end of this century.3)What policymakers want to know according to Mr Wigley is the likelihood, orprobability that temperatures will be at the low end of that range or exceed the range.4)They conclude that by 2100, the global warming will exceed 3.8 degreesCelsius.5)MIT's John Reilly and his colleagues estimate the average rise in globaltemperatures will be 2.5 degrees Celsius if nothing is done by the end of the century.International Financial Markets1)Policymakers try to stimulate growth through either expansionary monetaryor fiscal policy.2)With the increase in size and mobility of capital internationally, a substantialamount of national debts may be to foreigners, denominated in foreigncurrencies.3)Once the supply of international reserves is threatened, the country'scentral bank may be forced to step aside, allowing the currency todepreciate.4)The domestic economy may weaken severely following the currency crisis, ifother countries have pursued similar macroeconomic strategies, or facesimilar macroeconomic conditions.5)International financial markets impose a powerful disciplining force, muchthe same as stock market investors reward and penalize companies for good and bad performance.An important aspect in the transformation of international financialmarkets comes from the speed, severity*, and scope of market reactions. Policymakers who try to stimulate growth through either expansionary monetary or fiscal* policy must face an external constraint imposed by a pegged* exchange rate or a limit on how much can be borrowed from foreigners. Throughout most of the post-World War II period, imbalances resulting from differences in national economic policies or macroeconomic* performance were slow to develop. Capital mobility was limited, and there was less opportunity for capital flight. At some point, the overstretched country would devalue by 10 percent, 20 percent, or so and the cycle would start again - with no great headlines, no great drop in national income, and no knock-on* effects to neighboring countries.Over the last 10 years, the nature of international financial adjustment has changed. With the increase in size and mobility of capital internationally, a substantial amount of national debts may be to foreigners, denominated in foreign currencies, and in practice these debts are often short-term. As long as foreigners feel confident about the macroeconomic performance of a country, existing short-term debts are rolled over and new capital flows may follow thus furthering the expansion.However, any event that shakes confidence (a corporate failure, a bank failure, a commodity price drop, a political speech, or a scandal) could halt the flow of capital and jeopardize* the rollover* of debt on existing terms. A scenario of this sort triggers* a demand for international reserves, which arein limited supply at the central bank. Once the supply of international reserves is threatened, the country's central bank may be forced to step aside, allowing the currency to depreciate without any assurance of where the next stable anchor will be. We can call this a currency crisis. Because bank debts are in foreign currencies, the devaluation worsens bank balance sheets and banks may be forced to stop lending or call in existing loans to raise cash. Domestic banks are likely to fail if these steps are unsuccessful. Thus, the domestic economy may weaken severely following the currency crisis. If other countries have pursued similar macroeconomic strategies, or face similar macroeconomic conditions, these events underscore the impact that a vast pool of capital may have when it is mobile across borders and denominated in a foreign currency.International financial markets impose a powerful disciplining force - rewarding good policies and outcomes, and penalizing* poor policies and outcomes - much the same as stock market investors reward and penalize companies for good and bad performance. This new international investment climate raises important questions for the pricing of foreign securities and for investors and macroeconomic policies.Exercise A Pre-listening QuestionThe most conspicuous function of money is that it can be used as a means of making payment forgoods and services. In a more scientific term, it is generally accepted as amedium of exchange.Exercise B Sentence DictationDirections: Listen to some sentences and write them down. You will hear eachsentence three times.(Refer to Tapescript)Exercise C Detailed ListeningDirections: Listen to the passage and decide whether the following statementsare true (T) or false (F). Discuss with your classmates why you think thestatement is true or false.1. The speed, accuracy, and scope of market reactions lead to another important aspect Tin the transformation of international financial markets.(An important aspect in the transformation of international financial markets comes from the speed, severity, and scope of market reactions.)2. Through the most of the Second World War, capital mobility was limited. As aFresult, there were hardly any possibilities for capital flight.(Throughout most of the post-World War II period, there was less opportunity forcapital flight.)3. To some degree, the overstretched country -at that time would devalue by at least 10 Tpercent in the circulation of capital.(At some point, the overstretched country would devalue by 10 percent, 20 percent,or so.)-T 4. Over the last decade, the nature of international financial has changed.(Over the last 10 years, the nature of international financial adjustment h~schanged.)T 5. Existing short-term debts can be put off as long as foreigners feel certain about the macroeconomic situation of a country.(As long as foreigners feel confident about the macroeconomic performance of acountry, existing short-term debts are rolled over.)F 6. Any event that shakes confidence could promote the flow of capital.(Any event that shakes confidence could halt the flow of capital.)7. Once the supply of international reserves is threatened, appreciation of the currency Fwill follow.(Once the supply of international reserves is threatened, the country's central bankmay be forced to step aside, allowing the currency to depreciate without anyassurance of where the next stable anchor will be.)8. The disciplining force which rewards good performance and penalizes badTperformance is much alike in international financial markets and stock markets.(International financial markets impose a powerful disciplining force - rewarding good policies and outcomes, and penalizing poor policies and outcomes - much the same as stock market investors reward and penalize companies for good and bad stock market investors reward and penalize companies for good and bad performance.)Exercise D After-listening DiscussionDirections: Listen to the passage again and discuss the following questions.1)Once the supply of international reserves is threatened, the country's centralbank may be forced to step aside, allowing the currency to depreciate without any assurance of where the next stable anchor will be. We can call this a currency crisis. Because bank debts are in foreign currencies, the devaluation worsens bank balance sheets and banks may be forced to stop lending or call in existing loans to raise cash. Domestic banks are likely to fail if these steps are unsuccessful. Thus, the domestic economy may weaken severely following the currency crisis.2)(Open)。

大学英语听力第三册UNIT9听力原文及答案Unit 9Exercise 11 M：Hi,Sarah,I've heard you have apart-time job at the college.W：Yes,I work at the Dean's office every afternoon.And Idofiling,write letters,arrange appointments and answers telephone calls.Q：What does the woman do?2 W：Hello,will you please send someone up to my apartment?The hot water is running and Ican't turn it off.M：Sorry,my mean are all out now.But I'll come to help you.Q：What kind of person does the woman want the man to send to her?3 W：What does Jack do for aliving?M：He sells vegetables and fruits in his store.Q：What is Jack's job?4 W：What are you going to major in,John?M：Either education or medicine.My mother mants me to be ateacher or adoctor but I'd rather design houses.Q：What does John want to be?b,c,d,d Exercis 1my name is Mary Smith.My job is to act in front of lots of people in atheater.Sometimes Ialso act in movies.2 Ijust started my new job in an Italian restaurant.It's agood job for me because Ilike food and Ilove cooking.Besides,the money is not bad.3 Ilike what Ido because it is not an indoors job.I can't stand sitting in an office all day long.Digging garden is hard work but the pay is good and there's plenty of fresh air.4 Nursing is agood job gor me.I like helping people,youknow,especialy sick people.I feel very happy when my patients get wel again.5 Iam proud to say that the cakes Imake sell very well in the neighborhood and every new and then Ihave new customers coming to buy cakes from my shop.1 An actress.2 Acook.3 Agardener.4 Anurse.5 Abaker.Paula Chandler Is Having an Interview Mark：How do you do?It's Paula Chandler,isn't it?Paula：Yes.How do you do?Mark：Have aseat.I'm Mark Mason,and Ihave your application from here.I just wanted to check the information.Paula：Fine,sure.Mark：You're applying for the position of export sales representative,aren't you?Paula：Yes,I am.Mark：You aren't from New York,are you?Paula：No,I'm not.I'm from Beston.Mark：And you went to school in Fairfield.Paula：That's right.Fairfield High.Mark：You got abavhelor's degree at Boston University,didn't you?Paula：Yes,that's right.Mark：But you didn't get amaster's degree,did you?Paula：No,I didn't.Mark：And you have worked in international sales,haven't you?Paula：Yes,I have.I've been sales representative in Mexico and Central America.Mark：For which company?Paula：General Motors.Mark：How long have you been asales representative for GM?Palua：About two years.Mark：But you haven't worked in Brazil,have you?Palua：No,I haven't,but I'd like to.Mark：You can speak Spanish,can't you?Palua：Yes,I can.My parents are Mexican-Americans.Mark：I see.Can you speak Portuguese,too?Palua：Yes,I can.I took acourse in Portuguese at cooege.Mark：Excellent.Well,I think that's about all Iwant to askyou.We'll let you know our decision as soon as possible.Palua：Thank you very much.1 How do you do?2 Yes,I can.3 No,I've been working as asales representative for Gm for two years.4 No,my parents speak Spanish.They are Mexican-Americans.5 No,I took acourse in Portuguese at college.6 We'll let you know our decision as soon as possible.1 American 2Boston 3Fairfield High School；Bachelor's degree at Boston University 4Export sales representative5English,Spanish,Portuguese 6international sales as sales representative of GM in mexico and Central America Choosing aCareer Some of the liberal arts graduaters I've worked with over the years were confused about their career options.They just didn't know about all the fields or kinds of jobs that they could investigate.Dave,for example,had his heart set on working for Nike.He loved sports and had played college baseball.Nike was his place-he just knes it.Problem was Nike didn't know it.Dave was an English major and wasn't sure what job he could do for them.When afamily friend arranged for ameeting with an accountant that worked at Nike,Dave hoped the man would find him ajob at the company.But Dave didn't tell the man the type of job he could do,didn't ask questions about Nike'scommunications department,nor did he inquire about who else he should talk to at the company.The result：Nothing happened after that meeting.It wasn't the Nik eemployee's job to fugure out what career Dave could do,it was Dave's.Not having aclear idea of the type of jobs he can do is acratical error.I began to work with Dave shortly after the Niek meeting,focusing him on his stronger skills-writing,editing,and computer skills.Dave began working temporary jobs and started networking with thealumor.Through networking,he learned about aposrion at apublishing company.He landed ajob as editorial asistant at acompany that published comic books and was coming out with anew baseball vedeo game.Dave found aterrific job once he directed his skills to what he could do for an employer instead of what an employer could do for him.c,d,a,c 1a liberal arts college graduate 2English at college3college baseball 4writing,editing,computer 7networking with his fellow gradnates 8editoral assistant at apublishing company.MSN空间完美搬家到新浪博客！。

Lesson 9Pre-class work II2. 1 ) ( 1 ) decoration ( 2 ) exasperation ( 3 ) infuriation (4) mockery(5) floatation (6) loathing (7) stretch (8) strike/stroke2) ( 1 ) im-(in) + press = impress ( press in)(2)op-(against) + press = oppress (press against)(3)de-(down) + press = depress (press down)(4) com-(together) + press = compress (press together)(5)re-(back) + press = repress (press back)(6)ex-(out) + press = express (press out)3) ( 1 ) decoration (2) decorative ( 3 ) managerial/management (4) management(5) unmanageable(6)rolling (7)lingering (8)Occasionally, creativity (9)troublesome (lO)forgefful( 11 ) admiration ( 12)Proportionately (13) impulse, Impulsive (14) exhilaratingMore Work on the Text II Vocabulary1. 1 )to peel the potatoes 2) to decorate the rooms3 )to lift her veil 4) to unbutton the collar5 )to loathe the weather 6) to haunt my memory7) to draw a deep breath 8) to make a grimace9)to give a hint 10) not to breathe a wordll)to stretch one's neck 12)to unfold the map13)to float on the river 14)to plead with her15)to prick up one's ears 16)to ripple in the breeze17 ) to hover over the trees 18) to lay down the apple2. 1 ) hate/loathe 2) unreasonable/absurd/ridiculous 3) unsettled4) learned/well-educated/knowledgeable 5) unfolded/opened 6) tragic/sad 7) vague/unclear8) malancholv 9) discontent/dissatisfied/resentful 10) soohisticated/artful/crafty3．1-5) at, of, out of, up/to, up；6-10) to, with, for, for, up；11-15) out/to/at, out, up, in, on4. l)They all stretched their necks to see what was happening.2)The desert stretches for nearly a hundred miles.3)Take a break. Go and stretch yourself a b..it.4)In front of her was a beautiful stretch of open land.5)He simply loves to hear his own voice. Often he talks for hours at a stretch.6)If you go beyond that limit the economy will collapse.7)One glance at the damaged car, and he knew that it was beyond repair.8)She was then in a terrible fix. She could neither bear him nor leave him.9)If you still can't fix it this time, you will have to bear the consequences.10)He swung his stick at the tiger with all his strength. But the stick snapped and the tiger was unharmed. In his panic, he had hit the tree nearby.11)He only stayed long enough to snap a few pictures.12) "It is none of your business," he snapped.13)He snapped his briefcase to, stood up and said, "Then there's nothing more to be said. "14)He became very curious and began to take the computer apart.15)The two switch knives looked very much alike. The jurors could not tell them apart.16)When the accident happened I was standing only a few meters apart from the car.5. B, B/D, A, D, B, B, C, D6．1)孩子们，规矩点，别乱来。

Unit 9Task 1【原文】Compere：And now for our first question. It comes from Mrs。

June Moore。

Mrs. Moore？Mrs。

Moore: Does the panel think that computers will change our lives?Compere: Mrs。

Moore wants to know if computers will change our lives. Philip Barnes?Philip Barnes：Computers have already changed our lives. Business is more efficient.Planes and trains provide a better service。

.Miss Anderson：Just a moment，Mr。

Barnes。

You may be right about business, but how many people have lost their jobs because of computers？Computers have changed our lives, but I don't want my life changed。

Arthur Haines：Excuse me，Miss Anderson. We’re talking about our lives, not your life. The computer will affect everyone in the world。

Records can bekept of everything we do。

Records will be kept of all our privatelives. In my opinion, the computer is the greatest disaster of the 20thcentury.Phyllis Archer: Could I interrupt？Arthur Haines says the computer is a disaster, but the computer is a machine. It was invented by people; it is used bypeople. If the computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster。

Unit 9Task 1【答案】1) the campus hero; the women’s track coach2) the class started before I got here3) will develop4) cloudy; the glass is a little dirty5) a symbol of happiness; wear black【原文】1) Man: I had the girls running in circles when I was in college.Woman: I never knew you were the campus hero.Man: I wasn't. I was the women's track coach.2) Instructor: Mr. Jenkins, why are you late?Student: I guess because the class started before I got here.3) Woman: Doctor, you have to come immediately--my baby swallowed some camera film!Doctor: Just calm yourself, nothing will develop.4) Customer: Waiter, this water is cloudy.Waiter: The water's okay, madam. It's just that the glass is a little dirty.5) Woman: The bride wears white on her wedding day as a symbol of happiness, for this is themost joyous day in her entire life.Man: Why does the groom wear black?Task 2【答案】【原文】Catherine: I think firstly I find the French language, very melodic to listen to. It's very easy on the ear, and it almost sounds poetic. No matter what kind of mood the individual is in,who's talking, or what they're talking about, there seems to be a rhythm to the language.And it's rounded; there are no sharp, jagged edges to the language, so it's very pleasingto the ear.Chris: I think the accent I really like is the Dane speaking English. They sound awful when they speak Danish, but when they speak English there's a beautiful, low, sensitive, verysoft quality about it.Donald: I like the way they bring their French pronunciation into English. They can't pronounce "h"s and they can't pronounce "th" properly. And I think that actually sounds very nice.Also I like the rhythm: they bring French rhythms into English--nice, steady rhythmsand I like that too. It's just it, it... whenever I hear a French person speaking English itsounds more gentle and more lyrical.Lesley: I think the most attractive foreign accents for me are Mediterranean accents because they, if you like, import their own culture into the English accent and give it a lot of life that sometimes, that kind of--the gestures and everything that the English people don't have, so you get a beautiful mixture of the serious Northern European and the Southern European together.Susan: I like the Swedish accent because it, it makes me smile and the way it's spoken is so sing-songy that you can't help but smile when other people actually speak it. And it always makes you want to try and put the accent on yourself.Task 3【答案】spelling; meaning; history; a slab of ham; a lump of bread; hunk of something to eat; a strong man;a book of maps; the top bone of the neck; Olympians; holding the sky on his head and hands; Sixteenth; on the cover of a book of maps; blessing; I hope you will have a good night; day’s eye; it has a little golden eye, like a tiny sun; the English daisy closes at night; the English loved their daisies.【原文】The spelling and meaning of words are very interesting. But what's more interesting is the history of a word, or where it came from. Let's examine some of the words and see how they got into our language.LUNCH Lunch perhaps comes from an old Spanish word lonje, a slab of ham. We may also get our word from a form of lump, maybe a lump of bread, but whether lunch comes from ham or bread, it meant a hunk of something to eat.ATLAS An atlas is a strong man, and also a book of maps. The story of this word begins a long time ago in Greece. The ancient Greeks believed that their gods had once been a race of giants called Titans. The Titans fought with another group of gods called Olympians, and the Olympians won. Atlas was a Titan. He was punished for fighting by having to stand at the western edge of the world, holding the sky on his head and hands, so that it would not fall on the world and smash anything.After the ancient Greek religion died out, the idea of Atlas changed. From holding up the sky with his head and hands, he came to be thought of as holding the world on his shoulders. Mercator, a mapmaker of the sixteenth century, used a picture of Atlas on the cover of a book of maps, so a book of maps came to be called an atlas.The word has still another meaning. The top bone of the neck is called atlas because it supports the head.GOOD-BYE Good-bye is a blessing; originally it was God be with ye, and in the course of time it became one word. Many of our greetings are good wishes, but we say them with so little thought that we forget this. When we say good morning, good evening, good night, and so on, what we are really saying is, "I hope you will have a good morning (or evening, or night)."DAISY The daisy has a little golden eye, like a tiny sun. Perhaps this is the reason the English people named it day's eye, or perhaps they chose the name because the English daisy closes at night. The English loved their daisies, which were pink and red, as well as white. Six hundred years or so ago, the English poet Chaucer said:The daisy, or else the eye of the day,The queen, and prettiest flower of all.Task 4【答案】A.1) T2) T3) F4) T5) FB.1) b2) c3) a4) c5) c6) b【原文】MATTHEW: Chris, why is it that there are so many different languages , and that in Europe certainly if you travel more than a hundred miles , you're likely to find peoplespeaking a completely different language to your own?CHRIS: Well, it's true to say that there are er ... hundreds and hundreds of different languages.It's perhaps um . . . however , more interesting and more informative to say that thereare several different groups of languages er . .. Most European languages,with theexception of I think Finnish and er .. . Basque and . . . Hungarian I believe,belong tothe Indo-European group of languages, I'm not very sure myself of the . . . the actualdetails of the history of these languages, but you can be very sure that er ... most ofthese languages , say Latin and Greek nd our own language a and er . . . German ander ... French and ... all the others, are connected. The reason why you can travel fromone Willage to another in Switzerland and er . . . from one area to another in Englandand find different dialects, if not different languages spoken, is that um ... severalhundred years ago communication was by word of mouth. Word of mouth meant thatpeople had to move ; if people were to move they needed roads and there were noroads.MATTHEW: Do you see any chance for a universal language like Esperanto?CHRIS: Not for an artificial er ... language, no ... I suppose the Roman Catholic Church usedLatin. but Latin had a ... a particular religious basis and this is probably why it wastherefore chosen. I don't see very much chance for Esperanto; I think it's an awfullygood idea but I don't believe that language works like that.I think people willprobably er .. . work towards the most convenient language to use.They will not setout to learn a new language. It seems to me that er ... either English,. Russian orChinese, perhaps Japanese, will be the language of the future er . . . My bet's onEnglish.MATTHEW: Maggie, why do you think it is that so few English people speak a second language? MAGGIE: I think when you learn a language at school ...it tends to be rather a dead occupation, and it's very difficult to stimulate any interest among school children. But when youactually go to the country and spend say a month in . . . in an exchange visit whenyou're a schoolgirl, or a schoolboy um ... then you suddenly become more interestedbecause you ... you want to communicate with poeple when you're actually abroad,and it's not safe to rely on the fact that most people speak English when um . . . inforeign countries. Mm . . . I think English people traditionally thought that . . . thatforeigners always spoke English, and a lot of foreigners do, but there are people thatyou meet in the street or you want to take a bus somewhere, then you find that youneed to speak the language and'it's very unnerving to be in a situation where you can'tcommunicate with people when you do want to travel around.MATTHEW: Have you ever been abroad and learnt er ... a language in the country? MAGGIE: Yes , well when I was a secretary I er... went and lived in Geneva for two years, andI learnt French at school but I . . . I really didn't speak it at all. I knew it theoreticallybut I wasn't able to communicate with people. But I was in a situation where if I didn'tspeak French , then I would not have been able to do my shopping and buyfood ,and so I picked the language up and I made friends with French people ... SwissFrench people, and I found that if I wanted to communicate with all . . . all the peoplethat I met , then I had to learn French, and I think it's the best method of learningbecause you're in the situation. It's very hard at times —you can sit through dinnerparties and not understand what ... what's going on and you think everybody thinksyou're stupid because you can't communicate with them, but it's ... it's the hard waybut I think it's the best way to learn.MATTHEW: Elfriede, you come from Austria and yet you've been living in England now for the last three years. Has having to learn and speak another language created greatproblems?ELFRIEDE: Um ... At the beginning, yes, it was rather difficult for me to get the right job . . .um. after you've lived here for one or two years you get to know the system and thenthat's quite good. You know how to use libraries and oh .. . you get to know where toum... call in emergencies; um ... you get to know ... er ...trying to get a radio andunderstand the radio and all the . . . programmes they have . . . um and when they'reon and the little stories.MATTHEW: What about English humour on the radio?ELFRIEDE: Um . . . I think that takes a very very long time to understand and I'm sorry to say that I haven't managed yet to understand it completely, but er... I find it veryinteresting to speak other languages um ... because English people have differenter ...have a different mentality, and have a very different character and a differenttemperament and it is fascinating for me to talk to them um... and also for myself tobe able to express myself in a different language and to communicate with them.Task 5【答案】1) A mother is leaving instructions with her babysitter before going out.2) Wake up; give her the dummy; give her a cuddle; sing to her; read her a story; go back to sleep.3) Two friends are taking about their holiday together.4) It reminds.., of... holiday; city; wine; good food; tower; view; walking along the river; paintings;I love...; I like...; I remember...5) Two women are meeting at a doctor’s waiting room.6) It's diagnosed; have another look; do something about...; go away; give.., for...; it's your turn. 【原文】Number 1Fiona: Okay, Deek, I'm off now. [Okay.] Everything's okay, is it?Deek: Yes, I think so. The only thing is... is she likely to wake up?Fiona: No, I don't think so. She doesn't usually, but...Deek: What if she does?Fiona: Well, yes. Don't. worry about it. Her dummy's by the bed, so if you just pick her up, give her the dummy, give her a little bit of a cuddle; [Yes.] sing to her if you like.Deek: Shall I read her a story or something?Fiona: Yes, anything like that. [Yes.] Then she should just go back to sleep again quite happily. Deek: Okay.Fiona: Oh! And I've left stuff for you in the fridge. There's some salad and cold chicken and some beer as well. Okay then?Deek: Right then. Bye.Fiona: Bye-bye.Number 2Lesley: Ah ... it's such a lovely day. It reminds me of last week, doesn't it you?Fiona: Oh don't! I mean that was just so fantastic, that holiday!Lesley: I love that city, you know.Fiona: I do too. Really, it's got something about it, a certain sort of charm ...Lesley: Mm, and all that wine and good food ...Fiona: And so cheap. Right, I mean, compared to here ...Lesley: Yes, although the shops are expensive.Fiona: Mm, yes.Lesley: I mean, really I bought nothing at all. I just ate and ate and drank and drank.Fiona: I know. Wasn't that lovely?Lesley: Yes, and I, I go there. I like listening to the people talking, sitting outside drinking wine. Fiona: Yes. Could you understand what they were saying? When they were speaking quickly, I mean.Lesley: Well, it is difficult, of course. And then I liked that tower, too.Fiona: You liked that tower? I'm not sure about it, really. (No) It's very unusual, right in the centre of the city.Lesley: True, but there's a lovely view from the top.Fiona: Oh, you went right up, didn't you? (Mm, yes) Oh no, I didn't.Lesley: Of course you didn't.Fiona: I remember that day. We weren't together.Lesley: No, that's right. (Mm) You went down by the river, didn't you?Fiona: That's it. Oh, walking along the river and all the couples (Yes) and it's so romantic ... (Is it true) and the paintings too ...Lesley: They do have artists down by the river, do they? (Yes) Oh, how lovely!Fiona: Oh, it really is super.Lesley: Yes. Oh, I think we ought to go back there again next year, don't you?Fiona: I do, yes. (Mm) If only just to sample some more of the wine.Lesley: It'd be lovely, wouldn't it?Fiona: Yes.Number 3Mary: I'm so pleased. What about you then?Jane: Well, he said he wanted to have another look at it.Mary: Yes. What are they doing about it?Jane: Well, I don't think they're going to do anything really. It just sometimes goes away [Well, can't...] something like that.Mary: Well, can't they give you anything for it?Jane: Well, no, they didn't say the9 could. [Really?] No, just got to be patient and wait for it to go away.Mary: Well, that seems a bit stupid, doesn't it?Jane: Yes, it does.Mary: You'd have thought.., you'd have thought they'd have thought of something.Jane: Yes. Ooh it's your mm.Mary: Yes. Certainly.Jane: Good luck!Mary: Thank you!Task 6【答案】A.1) c2) a3) b4) cB.1) T2) F3) F4) T5) F6) T【原文】Learning to SpeakIt is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will “obe y〞spoken instructions some time before they can speak, though they word obey is hardly accurate as a description of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children will ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby’s intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their voices. This self imitation leads on to deliberate imitation of sounds made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.It is a problem we need not get our teeth into. The meaning of a word depends on what a particular person means by it in a particular situation; and it is clear that what a child means by a word will change as he gains more experience of the world. Thus the use, at say seven months, of "mama" as a greeting for his mother cannot be dismissed as a meaningless sound simply Because he also uses it at other times for his father, his dog, or anything else he likes.Playful and apparently meaningless imitation of what other people say continues after the child has begun to speak for himself. I doubt, however, whether anything is gained when parents cash in on this ability in an attempt to teach new sounds.Task 7【答案】Topic: Body language1. Brief introduction"statements"; non-verbal communication; small facial expressions, hand gestures and body movements that we make to express our feelings2.Detailed introductionour facial expressions and gestures are automatic and unconscious most of the time; we paid conscious attention to the hidden messages in body language; facial; body2.1 facial expressionsEyes, eyebrows, lips and facial muscles: capable of “saying〞things.2.2 Hand and body gesturesHand or sign language: highly developed, especially by the deaf.bring our finger to our lips; scratch or rub our heads; slap our heads; take our head in both hands to sort of clear our minds3. ConclusionA sampling of; we pull an ear; we cross our legs; who don't communicate with body language; writers; frowns, scratches his chin, slaps his head, purses his lips, stares at the ceiling and throws up his arms.【原文】Let's talk about body language. You already "speak" it and "read" it. Body language is all of the small facial expressions, hand gestures and body movements that we make. We may not realize it,but each movement and expression says something about our feelings.In fact, we might say that body language is the clearest and most common way Of communicating our feelings directly to others. We all know the most obvious body "statements": We wave our hands in greeting, we shake hands, pat each other on the back, we hug friends and kiss loved ones. We smile, we laugh, we wink and we frown, and sometimes we cry. All of these gestures are called non-verbal communication (non-verbal means we do not use words to "say" what we feel.)Normally, we don't think very much about our body language. Our facial expressions and gestures are automatic and unconscious most of the time. But researchers tell us we might learn to under-stand each other a little better if we paid conscious attention to the hidden messages in body language. Let's consider a few of the more obvious facial, hand and body gestures.The human face is wonderfully rich in its ability to express feelings. The eyes, the eyebrows, the lips and the facial muscles are all capable of "saying" things.For example, we speak of "wide-eyed wonder". If the eyes open wide, that may mean surprise, wonder, excitement or sometimes fear. And that is an important thing to remember about body language--one element alone does not tell us everything. We have to see gestures in Combination. So wide eyes alone would not tell us whether the person was surprised, pleased or scared, but when we see wide eyes, a little smile and a slight tilt of the head, we understand that the person is "wonderfully pleased"."Squinty" eyes, tight lips, and the head pushed forward probably suggest anger or hostility.Half-closed eyes may suggest fatigue, boredom or indifference. But add a lowered tilt of the head, a fluttering of the eyelids and a slight smile, and we get a coy and flirtatious message.Strangely enough, one of the eye features over which we have very little control--the size of our pupils--says something about our interest in a subject. If we like something, our pupils get larger. Studies show that most men think a woman with large pupils is more "attractive" than the same woman with small pupils. But the men aren't really conscious of the pupils. They just know they like the "looks" better in the samples with large pupils. No wonder eye make-up is so popular.Eyebrows are almost like signal flags: one brow up, one down suggests doubt, disbelief or uncertainty. Both up means surprise or mistrust. Squeeze them together and we get a frown or scowl.The lips shape non-verbal as well as verbal messages. The smile is the most obvious, but try baring the teeth just on one side or pull the lips tightly across the teeth and the smile becomes a snarl and a threat. In this, and in many of our other body gestures, we are close to the animals.The lower lip by itself can say little things. The "pout" is a fat lower lip pushed way out. It means "I'm not happy because I'm not getting what I want." But if we tuck the lower lip into our mouth and bite it, we are conveying anxiety and fear. Licking the lips is a "dry mouth" gesture which usually means stress or anxiety.There are whole books written on hand gestures, and, in fact, hand or sign language has often been highly developed, especially as an aid to the deaf. But the routine hand language, such as pointing with the index finger to accuse someone, or the clenched fist beating in the air to threaten someone, is familiar to us all. But a clenched fist held close to the body usually means tension or anxiety while the open hands, palms up may mean "I'm innocent" or "give me" or "forgive me".Both hands raised up and facing the audience means "I give up" or "I surrender". But tilt thehands and palm down and extend the arm and it means "I bless" or "I give". The "pat on the head" is a kind of blessing or gesture of love and giving. We clap hands to indicate approval or in some cases to call someone or get attention.When the hands get very busy we say that someone "talks with his hands" and among certain individuals and cultures it is almost impossible to talk without a wild display of hand motions.If we are slightly puzzled by something, we may bring our finger to our lips. If it's a real puzzler, we scratch or rub our heads. If we do something wrong, we slap our heads. To start allover something, we often begin by taking our head in both hands to sort of clear our minds and "set our head on straight".These are only a sampling of the many types of body language. There are books which discuss everything from the way we pull an ear to the way we cross our legs. From the looks of things, the only people who don't communicate with body language are the writers. Readers never get to see how often the writer frowns, scratches his chin, slaps his head, purses his lips, stares at the ceiling and throws up his arms.Task 8In contemporary English, there are many reported differences in the talk of males and females . In same gender pairs having conversations, women generally discuss their personal feelings more than men . Men appear to prefer non-personal topics such as sport and news . Men tend to respond to mention personal experiences that match or connect with the other woman’s . There is a pattern documented in the American English social context of women cooperating and seeking connection via language, whereas men are more competitive and concerned with power via language . In mixed-gender pairs having conversations, the rate of men interrupting women is substantially greater than he reverse. Women are reported to use more expressions associated with tentativeness , such as “hedges〞(sort of , kind of ) and “tags〞(isn’t it ? , don’t you ?) , when expressing an opinion : Well ,erm , I think that golf is kind of boring , don’t you ?。

Unit 5Task 1【答案】A.1) More than 38 million people2) Ms. Stanecki is an UN AIDS Senior Adviser. She says that some of the fastest growing epidemics can found in Asia.3) Intravenous drug use.4) Anti-AIDS drags are widely available there. This has made some people pay less attention to the danger of becoming infected with HIV.B. 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) TC. worsening, five million, Africa, 25 million, one million, increase, political andfinancial, have access, one in five, more than half【原文】A new report by the UN AIDS organizations finds the global AIDS epidemic is worsening. The agency says more people in all regions around the world are becoming infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS.UN AIDS reports that significant progress has been made in providing treatment for larger numbers of AIDS victims and in achieving greater political and financial commitments in the fight against the fatal disease. Despite this, the report says none of these efforts has been enough to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.Last year, the report notes five million people became newly infected with HIV. That is more people than any previous year. Currently, it says, more than 38 million people are living with the disease.UN AIDS Senior Adviser Karen Stanecki says Asia, with 60 percent of the world's population, is home to some of the fastest growing epidemics in the world. In 2003 alone, she says, more than one million people became infected with HIV.“Equally alarming, we have only just begun to witness the f ull impact of AIDS on African societies as infections continue to grow and people are dying in large numbers. The scale of the problem in Africa is well documented, with over 25 million infections. If we don’t act now, 60 percent of today’s 15-year-olds will not reach their 60th birthday.”The report says the Caribbean is the hardest hit region in the world after Africa. It also finds the HIV/AIDS epidemic is continuing to expand in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, mainly due to intravenous drug users.UN AIDS says infections also are on the rise in the United States and Western Europe. It blames this largely on the widespread availability of anti-AIDS drags, which it says has made some people in these wealthy countries complacent.UN AIDS Director of Monitoring and Evaluation, Paul De Lay, acknowledges that around the world prevention programs are reaching fewer than one in five people who need them. Nevertheless, he says there has been a dramatic increase in prevention activities for young people and several other successes as well."In Africa, for instance, 60 percent of children have access to AIDS education both in primary and secondary schools. That is a huge increase from the late 1990s. In highly vulnerable groups like sex workers, we are seeing a real success story in Africa.32 percent of sex workers that are identified have access to HIV prevention and there is a large increase in condom use in this population."The report says global spending on AIDS has increased greatly, but, more is needed. It estimates $12 billion will be needed by next year, and $20 billion by 2007,for prevention and care in developing countries. The United Nations says AIDS funding has increased sharply in recent years, in part due to the US government's global AIDS initiative. But it says still globally less than half the money needed is being provided.Task 2【答案】A.1) 40,000, addicted, nature, nurture2) won’t, addict, prone3) genetic, fixed, fated4) regulations, implicationsB. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a)C.1) Human genes are all under close study in laboratories.2) It implies that insurance companies or employers might take advantage and discriminate against those who have been identified as being at high risk.【原文】Mary Gearin: Welcome to the lab. Like it or not, we're all in the Petri dish now as more scientists than ever look for the cause of our habits lying hidden inour genes.Dr. Whitfield: The advances in DNA technology mean that techniques can be applied to this type of research which weren't possible before and which give theprospect of what you might call an explosion in outcomes in actualfindings that we can use.Mary Gearin: It's a detective story with an unknown number of villains. We haven't established how many of our 40,000 genes may leave us more likely to beaddicted, but some scientists do believe they've confirmed a layperson'sprinciple—that we're about half nature, half nurture.Dr. Whitfield: The conclusion at the moment is that genetics accounts for about half the variation in liability to a number of kinds of addiction and thatenvironmental influences, or just the random things that happen to us aswe go through life, account for the other half.Mary Gearin: Of course, genes won't determine who will or won't become an addict, only those who are more prone to becoming one. Listen to a reformedsmoker and a leading researcher in the field, Wayne Hall.Wayne Hall: I think we really do have a task in front of us to educate people that “genetic” doesn’t mean fixed, immutable, unchangea ble, fated. It stillleaves plenty of room for human decision, choice and capacity to influenceand change behaviour.Mary Gearin: Wayne Hall is pushing for regulations to deal with the ethical implications that have inevitably surfaced.Wayne Hall: If we were able to identify people in advance as being at high risk because they possessed a set of genes, then that might have adverse effectson them in terms of the way others in their social environment treat them. Itmight have effects if insurance companies take account of that informationor employers and so on.Mary Gearin: But would addicts take any more responsibility for their own actions?Our distinctly unscientific sample of smokers told us: not really. If a testcame out, would you have yourself tested to see if you had that gene?Julie: Honestly, probably not.Mary Gearin: Would you want your kids to take that test to perhaps ware them off smoking if they had that gene as well?John Mackay: Only if they become problem smokers I'd probably suggest it, yeah.Otherwise I wouldn't worry about it.Task 3【答案】A. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)B.[√] 2.[√] 3.[√] 5.[√] 7.[√] 9.[√] 10.[√] 12.[√] 13.C.1) elementary school teacher, frustrations, peers, taught, learnt2) high EQ, adults, children【原文】Claire Nolan: Hi. This is Claire Nolan.Bill Rodney: Any I’m Bill Rodney. Today we’ll be discussing EQ—not IQ. EQ: emotional intelligence. We've been hearing a lot about EQ lately, and in factyou might have seen Daniel Goleman's best-selling book about it in thebookstore. Your emotional intelligence quotient seems to include both intra-and interpersonal relationships—in other words, how well you handle yourown emotions, and how well you respond to others.Claire Nolan: Yes, but Bill, that's not exactly a new idea, is it? I mean—I know a lot of old proverbs about thinking before you act, and that kind of thing.Bill Rodney: That's true, but the term itself is a new one, and it shows that people have realized, the way you control your feelings is just as important as youreducation—maybe even more important. But what's really interesting andthe focus of today's session is: Can you learn EQ? We'll be talking to threepeople today—all educators, in their own way—to get their perspective onit. Our first guest is Betty Cortina. Betty, you're an elementary schoolteacher. Do you really think that some kids have higher EQ's than others? Betty Cortina: Oh sure! Even at five or six years old, some of the kids tend to be much more patient and easy-going than others. And then others are proneto shout and make a big fuss. I mean, I don't want to make it sound as if it'sbad to be spirited, or anything, but if you can't control your emotions, evenat that age, you can have a lot of problems.Bill Rodney: Like what?Betty Cortina: Well, if you can't deal with setbacks, you don't make progress; and if you're always impatient, your peers don't like you.Bill Rodney: Can you give us an example?Betty Corrina: Sure. One example is how kids deal with frustration. Imagine a child who is having trouble doing a math problem. She gets frustrated with theproblem, throws her pencil down, yells angrily, "This is a stupid problem!I hate it!" Another child, with a higher EQ, might be able to handle thesituation better. She might try different ways to approach the problem, orask for help, and so on. And she will be more successful because she won't let her negative feelings get in the way of her task.Bill Rodney: I guess I can understand that, but my question is: Can you learn to have a higher EQ? Let’s see, our next guest is Jim McDonald. Do youwant to respond to that question?Jim McDonald: Yes. Well, as you know, I run management training programs for a bank here in the city, and I agree this EQ idea is defin itely important. Let’sface it: When the going gets tough, it’s much better for an employee tohave a positive, enthusiastic attitude than to dwell on failures. But what Ifind is that some people just take life in stride and other people don't. Imean, of course you can point them in the right direction—that's what I tryto do in my seminars—but some people never learn to improve their EQ. Betty Cortina: No, I disagree. Kids can be taught to have patience and not to give up when things go wrong. They learn to respond well to their emotions. Theylearn how to sit still and listen, and how to respect others. And I don'tbelieve we are born with a high emotional intelligence quotient. I think wehave to learn those skills.Jim McDonald: Okay, so maybe you can teach children, but frankly, I don't see how adults can ever change. I mean, I work with a lot of managers, and thegood ones are sharp, perceptive people who respond well to change. Idon't think the others can learn that.Bill Rodney: Why not?Jim McDonald: Well, part of the problem is that people with a low EQ have a difficult time seeing how their behavior affects other people. They see no reason tochange. Their behavior has negative effects—for themselves and forothers—but they don't see it that way. They tend to blame other people forthe problems they are having. People like this just don’t work well withother people. I’d say they have a lower EQ and they’ll probably neveradjust their behavior.Task 4【答案】A.1) Marriage counsel/Psychologist.2) Yes.3) With help, he learned to see that his wife’s success was also his success instead of his failure.B.1) T 2) F 3) T【原文】Bill Rodney: Our third guest, Ian Davis, is a marriage counselor. Ian, from the perspective of a marriage counselor, can adults change their EQ's?Ian Davis: Yes. I am a psychologist and I work with couples, married couples, who are having problems. From what I can see, some people, adults, I mean, canchange their EQ's.Bill Rodney: How so?Ian Davis: Well, I think that the key to keeping a relationship together is learning to empathize with your partner.Bill Rodney: Did you say "empathize"?lan Davis: Yes, it's crucial. Couples who have successful relationships try hard to understand each other's feelings. First, you have to put yourself in yourpartner's shoes. That makes it easier for you to make allowances for yourpartner's weaknesses. You have to learn to control your reactions even when you feel angry or resentful.Bill Rodney: So you're saying people can learn those things? Don't you think that, as Jim said, some people have it and some don't?Ian Davis: No, I disagree strongly with what he said. I do see people change. If I didn't think people could change, I'd be in a different line of work!Bill Rodney: I'm not quite sure I understand what you're saying. Tell us about someone you've seen acquire a higher EQ.Ian Davis: Well, let me tell you about a case I saw recently. I had some clients, a husband and wife, a few months ago, and the wife had gotten a promotionat work. Now the husband was happy for her, of course, but he also felt abit jealous. He felt like a failure because he hadn’t gotten a promotion at hisjob.Bill Rodney: So what happened to them?Ian Davis: Well, the husband had to learn to swallow his pride and put aside his negative feeling. I told him to concentrate on the good thing that hadhappened to his wife instead of thinking about himself. With practice, hewas able to see that her success was also his success, not his failure. I reallythink he raised his own EQ by doing that.Bill Rodney: Thank you, Ian. And I’ll remember to keep EQ in mind. Maybe I can geta little better it! And thank you, Betty and Jim, for joining us today.Task 5【答案】1) He should have asked some questions, like what kind of work she did, or how long she spent at the computer every day.2) Acupuncture.3) They have to be more careful before they recommend operations.4) He tends to get better when it’s warmer.C.Column 1 Column 2Linda Jenkins Atlanda, GeorgiaShelley Travers Eugene, OregonRay Ishwood New York City【原文】Bill: Good morning, everyone. This is Bill and the show is Body Talk. Today's topic is problems with doctors. Now, who hasn't had a problem with a doctor? Call in and tell us yours. Our number is 1-800-555-BODY. That didn't take long…here's our first caller now. Hello, this is Bill and you're on Body Talk!Shelley Travers: Morning, Bill. This is Shelley Travers, calling from New York City.Thanks for taking my call. I just want to say how important I think itreally is for a doctor to listen to a patient.Bill: Tell me about it! So, Shelley, what happened to you?Shelley Travers: Well, I was getting these really bad, shooting pains in my back. I couldn't sleep at night or anything. So I went to my doctor, and heexamined me and had me do all these tests and things. And I even had togo into the hospital for some X-rays. But after all that—I mean, I tookoff a lot of time from work—they told me there was nothing wrong withme. I was thinking about trying alternative medicine and going to achiropractor when a co-worker... I'm a secretary...Bill: What was that, Shelley? I didn't catch all of what you said. You mean, you were in serious pain.., the doctor's tests didn't show anything…youwere going to go to a chiropractor...Shelley Travers: Well, yes, that's right. Awful, right? But a co-worker said, "You know, your desk chair is too hard. If you sat on a soft cushion that might makeyour back feel better." Anyway, she was totally right. So then I felt reallymad, because, I mean, I had taken all that time from work to see thedoctor, but all I really needed was a cushion!Bill: So, your doctor hadn't really listened and asked the right questions, right, Shelley?Shelley Travers: Yeah, that's right. He never asked me what kind of work I did, or how long I spent at the computer every day. If he had asked somequestions, he probably wouldn't have sent me for all those tests!Bill: Sure sounds like your doctor wasn't much help. But, I'm glad the cushion worked. Thanks, Shelley. Bye, now. Hi, Bill here. You're on BodyTalk.Linda Jenkins: Hi there, Bill. My name is Linda Jenkins, and I’m calling from Atlanta, Georgia. I want to tell you what happened to me… It’s kind ofembarrassing though…Bill: Ah, go ahead. Linda, Don't be embarrassed. We're listeningLinda Jenkins: Well... ah... Okay. I had this big wart on my foot. It got so bad that I could hardly...Bill: Sorry to interrupt you, Linda. What did you say?Linda Jenkins: A wart, you know, a hard lump. Kids get them on their hands all the time, but I got one on the bottom of my left foot. So, my doctor said I'dprobably need an operation to remove it. Burn it off, or something. Hereally scared me!Bill: So, you were scared, but did you take his advice?Linda Jenkins: No, actually, I didn't. But I was just desperate, because, you know, I could hardly walk. So, I decided to try acupuncture.Bill: Wait a minute. I didn't catch that. What did you say?Linda Jenkins: I tried acupuncture—I went to an acupuncturist. And you know, she really listened to me and got me to change my diet and get more rest. Shesaid the wart was probably a reaction to stress. I had been working late a lot. Eventually, the wart cleared up. I really think that doctors have to be more careful before they recommend operations. Sometimes there's a much simpler treatment. I mean, if doctors put themselves in their patients' shoes, they might not be so quick to start cutting!Bill: You know, Linda, you're absolutely right! I couldn't agree with you more!Thanks for sharing your story with us. Good-bye, and good luck! Hello,you're on Body Talk.Ray Ishwood: Hello, Bill. Ray Ishwood, calling from Eugene, Oregon.Bill: How are you doing, Ray?Ray Ishwood: Fine, Bill. Ah, well.., here's my story. For several years, I've had arthritis in my hands and wrists. This winter—it was so cold andrainy—the pain got really bad. My doctor gave me a series of injections,really painful, to my hands. He said that in a few weeks I would feelbetter.Bill: Well, did you? Did those painful shots help?Ray Ishwood: Well... I don't really know... I mean, I'm feeling a lot better now, but I think it's because of the warmer weather. I tend to get worse when it'scold and rainy outside. So, I don't think that the shots were that much help.And they were very painful. I just don't want to continue with them ifthey don't really make much of a difference.Bill: You're probably right, Ray. Well, I'm glad you're feeling better, and thanks for calling Body Talk.Task 6【答案】A. 1) c) 2) b)B. veracts, immune system, reaction, the sting, blood pressure, breathe, medicineC. A. immune system,B. red, itchy eyes, runny nose, difficult breathingC. 1. Normal2. Allergic【原文】Today I think we are ready to start talking about allergies, and about allergic reactions. In the first part of my lecture, I'm going to explain what an allergic reaction is. Then I will try to describe what an allergic reaction to a bee sting is like. In the second part of my lecture, I'm going to talk about allergy testing and allergy shots. I'll explain one way the testing is done. I'll also tell you how and why allergy shots are given. That's a lot to cover, so let's begin.What is an allergic reaction? Well, an allergic reaction is really an action of the immune system in the body—an action of the immune system in your body. The immune system's job is to protect you, to make antibodies to protect you from things that are dangerous to your health. In an allergic reaction, however, your body makes antibodies to something that isn't really a problem for the body—that is, it's not usually a problem for someone without an allergy. For example, milk and cats’ hair and dust are usually not dangerous to humans. But, for some reason, your body might produce antibodies to milk or to cats' hair or to dust. Your body is trying to protect you from these things.When the immune system does this, it is, in a sense, working too hard. The result is a fight. The fight is between your antibodies and the milk you drank or the cat hair or the dust you breathed in. You know your body is having a fight because you sneeze, or you have red, itchy eyes and a runny nose, or you feel tired, or you may have difficulty breathing. These are some of the common signs of an allergy.Now let's turn our attention to one specific allergic reaction. Let's look at what happens with a bee sting. Anyone who gets a bee sting will have some reaction. A normal reaction is pain and swelling and redness where the sting is. This type of reaction is also called a local reaction because the reaction is only in the location, the place, where the sting is.In contrast, an allergic reaction to a bee sting is a much stronger reaction. It is a general reaction that affects the whole body. This general reaction is called an anaphylactic reaction, a-n-a-p-h-y-l-a-c-t-i-c. This is shown in the figure on page 76, so take a look at the figure. In this kind of reaction, several things happen. There is pain and swelling, but it is all over the body, not just where the sting is. The person's legs, arms, feet, and face usually itch and turn red. It often becomes difficult for the person to breathe. The person can also become weak and confused. The blood pressure may drop. For some people, these reactions may continue for hours unless some medicine is given. In fact, the person can die if he or she isn't given medicine to stop the reaction.Task 7【答案】A. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) FB. definition, prevention, an unusual, antibodies, symptoms, Untreated, death, the thing, an allergic reactionC. under the skin, red bump, less sensitive, several times【原文】Now, if you are allergic to something, it's important to know how to prevent these reactions. One question is: How do people know if they are allergic to something, say, if they are allergic to bee stings? One way to find out is to have an allergy test. One type of test is a skin test. To do the test, the doctor injects a small amount of the venom, the poison from the bee, under the skin. You can see this in the left hand figure on page 77. Then, the doctor watches closely to see what happens. The doctor pays attention to two things: the color of the skin and the size of the bump on the skin. This is shown in the right hand figure on the same page. If the skin reacts strongly—in other words, if the bump is big and very red—this means the person is very allergic. If the skin only changes a little, the person is only slightly allergic. If the skin doesn't change, this usually means the person isn't allergic.If the doctor finds out the person is allergic to bees, or bee stings, allergy shots are often recommended. In the allergy shots, the doctor uses a small amount of bee venom. The doctor does this to make the person less sensitive to the venom, in other words, to build up the person's immunity to the venom. This is similar to what doctors do when they give children shots against childhood diseases like measles.Each visit, the doctor increases the amount of venom in the shot. The doctor starts off with a very small amount of venom and uses slightly more each time. Increasing the amount builds up immunity to the venom. This immunity will not protect the person from a bee sting, of course. If the person gets stung, he or she will still get a local reaction, but will not have an allergic reaction. Okay, so that's basically how the allergy shots work.To sum up the main points of our talk today, let's recall what an allergic reaction is and how allergic reactions can be prevented. Remember that an allergic reaction is an unusual reaction to something that doesn't normally affect people. In an allergic reaction, for example, to a bee sting, the body keeps producing antibodies and the person can have an anaphylactic reaction. This can be very serious, and the personmay even die if he or she isn't given medicine. Allergy shots help you to prevent an allergic reaction. They help make someone less sensitive to the thing that causes the allergy, such as the bee venom.Okay, well, if can remember these points, I think that's all for today.Task 8【原文】Want your kids to eat healthy? Check your own diet. The more fruit and vegetables Mom and Dad eat, the more Junior is likely to consume, according to a study of two-to-six-year-olds at London's University College. And youngsters who were introduced to these foods earlier tended to reach for them more often. Those who had been breast-fed ate fruit and vegetables more frequently than bottle-fed kids. The likely reason? Breast milk takes on the flavours of the food Mom eats.Speaking of milk, researchers found that girls who met calcium requirements had mothers who drank more milk. Moreover, those who got at least the minimum recommended amount of calcium at age five (800 mg daily) were nearly five times as likely to so at age nine (1,300 mg daily).。

Unit 9Task 1【原文】Compere: And now for our first question. It comes from Mrs. June Moore. Mrs. Moore?Mrs. Moore: Does the panel think that computers will change our lives?Compere: Mrs. Moore wants to know if computers will change our lives. Philip Barnes?Philip Barnes: Computers have already changed our lives. Business is more efficient.Planes and trains provide a better service...Miss Anderson: Just a moment, Mr. Barnes. You may be right about business, but how many people have lost their jobs because of computers? Computershave changed our lives, but I don't want my life changed.Arthur Haines: Excuse me, Miss Anderson. We're talking about our lives, not your life.The computer will affect everyone in the world. Records can be keptof everything we do. Records will be kept of all our private lives. Inmy opinion, the computer is the greatest disaster of the 20th century. Phyllis Archer: Could I interrupt? Arthur Haines says the computer is a disaster, but the computer is a machine. It was invented by people; it is used bypeople. If the computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster.Compere: Thank you, Phyllis Archer. Thank you, panel. And thank you, Mrs. Moore.Task 2【答案】A.1) It includes a 9-inch TV screen, a keyboard with 46 numbers and characters on it, a printer, and two disk drives.2) It's all contained right on the floppy disk.3) It’s much better than a typewriter in that one can move words or sentence s from place to place or make corrections or changes right on the screen, and never have to erase on paper.4) It can help him make a monthly budget for his household with electronicspreadsheet software.B.1) loads your program into the machine2) typewriter, typewriter,3) turning the computer on and loading a program4) the different things the program can do【原文】Narrator: For Harvey Van Runkle, it was love at first sight, or should we say, love at first byte? Really, it is 64,000 bytes—that's the size of the memory on hisnew BANANA-3 personal computer. It all happened by accident. His wife,Charlotte, had sent him out to buy a new toaster, when he found himselfstanding in front of a computer display at the BANANA Computer Store. Salesman: Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this little computer is going to change your lives.Just consider the hardware: You have a 9-inch TV screen. That’s yourvideo display terminal. You have a keyboard with 46 numbers andcharacters on it. You have a printer that will give you paper printouts ofyour work in three colors. You have two disk drives—one inside thecomputer terminal and one outside. This computer can do anything! Nowlet’s have a little demonstration. Who would like to try the newBANANA-3 computer? You, sir. You look interested. Step right up and trythe BANANA-3.Harvey: What's a d-disk drive?Salesman: That's the part of the computer that loads your program into the machine. Harvey: Oh. What's a program?Salesman: The program? That's your software. That's the instructions. It's all contained right on this floppy disk here. The instructions on this disk tellthe computer what to do.Harvey: Oh, you mean like my wife. She always tells me what to do. Salesman: Exactly. Now what type of program would you like? I have word processing, I have electronic spreadsheet...Harvey: What's word processing?Salesman: Word processing is using the computer like a typewriter. But it's much better than a typewriter. You can move words or sentences from place toplace or make corrections or changes right on the screen. You never haveto erase on paper. It's a wonderful little program! Would you like to try it,Mr...Harvey: Van Runkle. Harvey Van Runkle. I've never used a computer before... Salesman: It's easy. First we start up the machine, and then boot up a program. Harvey: Boot up?Salesman: That's computer talk for turning the computer on and loading a program.There. Now we look at the menu.Harvey: Menu? But I just had lunch. I'm not hungry.Salesman: No, no. This is a program menu, not a restaurant menu. It shows the different things the program can do. For example, here we have "file". Ifyou select file, you can choose which of your documents you want to workon. And here’s “edit”. This gives you ways to correct your document. Harvey: Gee, this is great! There's only one problem.Salesman: What's that?Harvey: I don't have any documents. I'm a plumber.Salesman: But you have bills, don't you?Harvey: Yeah, but...Salesman: Well, with our electronic spreadsheet software, you can make a monthly budget for your household.Harvey: No. My wife, Charlotte, does that.Salesman: Well, now you can do it, Harvey.Harvey: I don't know...Salesman: And you have friends, don't you?Harvey: Yeah, well there's my brother-in-law Bob...Salesman: Great! You can write letters to Bob on your new BANANA-3 computer!Harvey: Okay. How much is it?Salesman: Never mind. Do you have a credit card?Harvey: Well, sure...Salesman: Great. Joe, get Harvey here signed up, will you? He wants a BANANA-3 with a printer and software. Okay, step right up, ladies and gentlemen. Thiscomputer can do anything!Task 3【答案】A.1) They are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.2) Digital computers.3) Only one person at a time can use them.4) It is because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.5) Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected to the minicomputer by interface wires. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.B.Similarities and Differences between Microcomputers andThere are two primary kinds of computers: analog computers and digital computers. Unless you are a scientist, you probably will not use analog computers. These computers are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.In contrast, digital computers perform their tasks by counting. Some digital computers are built to help solve only a specific kind of problem. For example, digital computers that monitor airplanes flying in and out of airports are built only for that task. Most digital computers, though, can be used to help solve many kinds of problems. Among them, microcomputers and minicomputers are two kinds of common digital computers.Microcomputers, also called personal computers, are the newest computers. Many are about the size of a very small television set. Some, however, are so small and light that people can carry them easily on business trips. Because computer manufacturers produce an enormous amount of computer hardware, it is possible for anyone to own and use a microcomputer. Therefore, we now see these machines in many homes, schools, and businesses. There is one disadvantage to these computers, though. Only one person at a time can use them. Also, many people who buy microcomputers do not understand what these machines can and cannot do. Some experts say that almost half of all micro-computers are not used often because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.Like microcomputers, minicomputers are used in small businesses. However, they are larger than microcomputers and are used more frequently in large offices and businesses than in small businesses. Another difference is that more than one person can use a minicomputer at the same time. We call this time-sharing. Some minicomputers can have more than a hundred people time-sharing them. Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected to the minicomputer by interface wires. But even though more than one person can use a minicomputer, the computer has only one CPU. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.Task 4【答案】A.1) It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being playedat too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.2) Lupa had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is.3) When Lupa stood up and walked around the room, it was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone.B.1) They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me.2) You know something; I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program.3) You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you?It was a Sunday; but how do you know whether I'm right? Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit.【原文】Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the computer. It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it."Do you have a name?" Lupa asked."Not yet," the computer answered. "They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me."Now Lupa thought this was clever, the way they had programmed the computer. She wondered if there was some way to screw up the program. She had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is, so she decided to give it atry."My paws give me pause," she said.The computer was silent."My paws give me pause," Lupa repeated. "It's a clause without claws."Lupa waited in silence for a response."You know something," the computer said. "I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program."Lupa smiled. "This was marvelous," she thought to herself. "They'd thought of everything.""Sorry," she said. "Mi dispiace.""Ah, you speak Italian," the computer said with some sarcasm."Qui, d'accord," Lupa answered. "C'est vrai.""And French, too. Your French is better than your Italian. Though neither one is great. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have to shut down. It's closing time."Lupa stood up and walked around the room. It was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone. She thought about how to test for this."You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you?" Lupa asked."It was a Sunday," the computer answered, "but how do you know whether I'm right? Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit."Task 5【答案】A.1) b) 2) c)B.1) F 2) F 3) F 4) THello. I think we can begin now if you're ready. Um, today I want to talk to you about computers, about the impact of computers on how we talk, on the ways we talk. Now of course we all know that computers have changed our lives in many ways. Stop and think for a minute about how we use computers in our everyday life. It's hard to think of anything we do that hasn't been changed by computers. For example, computers allow us to get money directly from our bank accounts at cash machines. At hospitals, computers help doctors understand what is wrong with patients. We can use computers to help us decide which color to paint our houses, which hair styles to have, or which dresses or suits would look good on us--lots of professional and personal uses. Computers are simply a part of our lives, and, I think it is safe to say, they will continue to be. What I'd like to look at today is how the use of computers has had an impact on our language--how computers have changed the expressions we say, the words we use.First, let me give you some examples. These are examples from English that I'dlike you to think about. The first example is this. Someone at an office says, "We'd like to have the project online by next Monday." In computer talk "online" means started or working. So this statement means that we'd like to have the project started and going by next Monday.The second example is from a discussion or seminar. Someone might say, "Let's take this discussion offline until tomorrow." To take a computer "offline" means to disconnect it or take it out of the system. What do you think it means to take a discussion offline? To take a discussion "offline" means to stop talking about it. This example means "let's stop discussing this now and talk about it tomorrow."The third example is: "I'll try to interface my plans with yours." To "interface", in computer talk, means to do something so that different computer parts or software can work together. So "I'll try to interface my plans with yours" means that "I'll try to change my plans to fit with yours." People still say, of course, "I'll try to change my plans to fit with yours." But now we might also start to hear people say, "I'll try to interface my plans with yours," or "Let's see if we can interface our schedules so that we can meet next week."Let’s try one more example. Our fourth example might take place at home. Someone says,” I just can’t access where I left my car keys.” In computer talk to “access” something means to make information available. If I can’t access where I left my keys, I don’t have this information available for me to use. What would be another way to say this? Of course, we could also say, “I can’t remember where I put my keys.”Task 6【答案】1) Cyber ethics.2) It will focus on teaching educators how to teach their students cyber ethics.3) Because it’s not done verbally so that people can overhear it; they think it’s anonymous on the Internet.4) She was a former principal and an adjunct professor at Marymount University,teaching curriculum development and technology in the classroom.5) Young computer users do not see hacking, e-mail threats, cyber talking, Intellectual Property Rights violations and virus distribution as crimes.6) She said that it is something that needs to be instructed as routine curriculum, and student should know that these behaviors are as unacceptable in cyberspace as in the physical realm.【原文】Although schools are doing a better job at teaching children how to use the Internet, they are not addressing cyber ethics. "Cyber Ethics: Teaching Responsible Use of Technology" will focus on teaching educators how to teach their students cyber ethics. When typical crimes are committed on the Internet, students do not see them as a crime, said Cherie Geide, the conference director."They don't see anything wrong with it because they see it as a prank. It's more unacceptable to do it verbally where people can overhear it. They think it's anonymous on the Internet," said Geide, a former principal and an adjunct professor at Marymount University, teaching curriculum development and technology in the classroom.Geide said young computer users do not see hacking, e-mail threats, cyber talking, Intellectual Property Rights violations, such as in software or music, and virus distribution as crimes."This is something that needs to be instructed as routine curriculum," she said, "that this behavior is as unacceptable in cyberspace as in the physical realm.Task 7【答案】A.1) It's Microsoft's SANTA that the kids can't resist; it's the ultimate software with atraditional twist—recommended by no less than the jolly old elf, and on the package, a picture of Santa himself.2) Father did last-minute Internet shopping; Mum and I had just settled down for a long wint er’s nap.B.1) not a creature was stirring, except father's mouse. The computer was humming; the icons were hopping2) were hung next to the modem with care in the hope that Santa would bring new software3) were nestled all snug in their beds, with visions of computer games filling their leads4) now had been re-routed to Washington State where Santa's workshop had been moved by Bill Gates5) now finds he's a new billionaire; with a shiny red Porsche in place of his sleigh, and a house on Lake Washington just down the way from where Bill has his mansion; preens in black Gucci boots and red Calvin Klein jeans6) no more dolls or tin soldiers or little toy drams, only compact disk ROMs with the Microsoft label7) a new Christmas star, owned by the Microsoft guy8) turned on with a Jingle-Bells sound, as I sprang from my bed and was turning around9) a smiling Bill Gates next to jolly old Santa, two arm-in-arm matesexclaim in voices so bright, have a Microsoft Christmas, and to all a good night 【原文】It was the night before Christmas, and all through the house not a creature was stirring, except father's mouse. The computer was humming; the icons were hopping, as father did last-minute Internet shopping.The stockings were hung next to the modem with care in the hope that Santa would bring new software. The children were nestled all snug in their beds, with visions of computer games filling their leads.The letters to Santa had been sent out by Mum, to santa@, which now had been re-routed to Washington State where Santa's workshop had been moved by Bill Gates. All the elves and the reindeer had had to skedaddle to flashy new quarters in suburban Seattle.Alter living a life that was simple and spare, Santa now finds he's a new billionaire; with a shiny red Porsche in place of his sleigh, and a house on Lake Washington just down the way from where Bill has his mansion. The old fellow preens in black Gucci boots and red Calvin Klein jeans.No more dolls or tin soldiers or little toy drams will be under the tree, only compact disk ROMs with the Microsoft label. So spin up your drive from now on, Christmas runs only on Windows 95.It's Microsoft's SANTA that the kids can't resist; it's the ultimate software with a traditional twist—recommended by no less than the jolly old elf, and on the package, a picture of Santa himself."Get 'em young, keep 'em long" is Microsoft's theme; and a merger with Santa isa marketer's dream. "To the top of the NASDAQ! To the top of the Dow! Now dash away! Dash away! Dash away—wow!"And Mum in her handkerchief and me in my cap, had just settled down for a long winter's nap. When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter, the whirr and the hum of our satellite platter. As it turned toward that new Christmas star in the sky, the SANTALITE owned by the Microsoft guy. As I sprang from my bed and was turning around, my computer turned on with a Jingle-Bells sound.And there on the screen was a smiling Bill Gates next to jolly old Santa, two arm-in-arm mates. And I heard them exclaim in voices so bright, have a Microsoft Christmas, and to all a good night!Task 8【答案】A.1) You would need a computer because of its "memory" and speed; a computer can consider more factors than a person can.2) The reservation clerk uses a machine to record information about where you wantto go and the flight number of the plane that will take you to your destination.3) The computer not only determines what seats are available at what prices, but it also prints the tickets at the same time.B.1) there is a limit to the number of considerations the human mind can2) analyzing this factor in relation to information about the business that has already been programmed3) in which computers are being4) whether or not there is space for youC. See the last paragraph but one in the script.【原文】Suppose you are a manufacturer of bicycles. You are trying to decide whether or not to build a larger factory or to buy more machines. You could just say to yourself, "Business has been good. We've sold a lot of bicycles recently, so I think we ought to expand our plant."Or you could consider such questions as the following: How much would the changes cost? Can the bicycle-riding population be expected to increase or decrease? Many such questions would have to be answered, but there is a limit to the number of considerations the human mind can take into account.In a situation like this, you would need a computer. Because of its "memory" and speed, a computer can consider more factors than a person can. Does the bicycle manufacturer wonder how the weather will affect bicycle sales? The computer can tell him by analyzing this factor in relation to information about the business that has already been programmed into the computer.This is just one of many situations in which computers are being used today. This new servant of man is only about twenty-five years old, but it has already changed the lives of more than 200 million Americans. Wherever the citizen turns, he finds a computer working.Computers are used when one reserves space on an airplane. Walk into any airline office. Before selling you a ticket, the reservation clerk uses a machine that looks like a typewriter to record information about where you want to go and the flight number of the plane that will take you to your destination. This information is sent instantly to a centralcomputer that may be many kilometers away from the airline office. Within seconds, the computer informs the clerk whether or not there is space for you on that plane.Such reservation systems are now in increasing use. They are also employed by hotels, by com-panics that rent cars, and by offices that sell tickets to theaters and sports events. The computer not only determines what seats are available at what prices, but it also prints the tickets at the same time.When computers are used in the way just described, some part of the system can actually be seen. Usually what one sees is a machine that looks like a typewriter; it is called a computer terminal. But computers are also used in unseen ways. For example, they determine how much time there should be between traffic signals to prevent traffic problems and to keep millions of cars moving in an orderly flow. When you buy an automobile, a factory process that is controlled by a computer enables you to obtain a car with your own choice of colours and special features in just a few weeks' time. In medical laboratories, computers have reduced the errors in testing, and they have saved doctors countless hours of work. Before long, medical histories of all Americans will be kept in computer "banks". If a person becomes ill far from his home, local doctors will be able to get his medical record immediately. In science, the computer has performed in minutes experiments which would have required thousands of hours of work by human hands and minds.The United States is not the only country affected by the "computer revolution". All the major countries of the world have computers, and the developing countries are increasingly aware that computers play a big part in their economic advancement.Task 9【答案】A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) c)B. 1) T 2) F 3) FC.1) potential criminals: Computer crime2) using less obvious and less easily remembered passwords that allow access to3) limit the user's access to information as well as the operations the userD.Courts are being tougher and computer security is improving. Computer security is getting more sophisticated. For example, less obvious passwords are being used, and access-control software and "dial back" systems have been developed. Scrambling devices and audit trails are also available.【原文】Let's talk a little now about what is being done to stop computer crime. First, the courts are getting much tougher on hackers. They are punishing computer criminals more severely. They are trying to send a strong message to potential criminals: Computer crime is serious. If you're caught doing it, you'll be punished. This is seen as a way of preventing hacking.Computer security is getting more sophisticated. It's being improved by using less obvious and less easily remembered passwords that allow access to systems. These passwords should be given to the minimum number of people.Access-control software is becoming more common. This software limits the user's access to information as well as the operations the user can perform. So, for example, access control software might only let users read certain files or programs, but not let them input data, and may keep them out of other files entirely.Then there are "dial back" systems that ask the user or caller for a password. Thesystem then checks the password in a directory and calls the user back at his or her telephone number. This stops hackers who are calling from another number from gaining access to the system.Scrambling devices are also being developed by computer engineers. These devices scramble messages so that hackers can't understand them. Data can be unscrambled and used only if the scrambling key is known by the user. Scrambling is a very effective way of protecting information.Audit trail software is also now available. Audit trails monitor the use of a computer and alert owners to any attempt to enter their computer system. It is usually possible to identify any user who gained access to the system and when the access occurred, making it possible to trace the hacker.Well, those are some of the major things that are happening at the present time in order to decrease computer crime. None of them is completely satisfactory, but together they are certainly helping. These changes, as well as the improvements that are certain to come, should influence people to stop hacking by making it less profitable and more risky.Task 10【原文】"The astronauts are returning to earth at exactly 5:24. Splashdown will be in the Pacific, 427ciles west of Hawaii."You have often heard announcements like this on television. Scientists can tell us exactly when pace-capsule will arrive on the moon, for instance, and exactly when it will return. They can calculate things like this to the nearest second. How do they do it? Well, of course, they use mathematics. We can all do simple sums on paper, but we must use computers for extremely difficult calculations. Perhaps you have seen mechanical calculating machines in banks and offices. Computers aren't mechanical. They don't have wheels and gears in them. Instead, they work on electrical circuits and can do difficult calculations at tremendous speed. They can work 100 million times faster than the human mind!。

Unit 9 Vocabulary1(P215)Into Chinese1.有力的工具2.时髦的字眼3.资金流4.债券融资5.产权投资6.跨国兼并与收购7.往来账目赤字8.收支盈余9.裙带资本主义10.规模经济11.零部件生产12.吓人的前景13.有道理的假设14.强有力的反对15.转基因作物16.缺少共同的议事日程17.腐蚀当地文化18.声请加入19.极力夸大某人的势力20.推广技术Into English1.a double-edged sword2.national sovereignty3.a daunting question4.trade negotiation5.economic unification6.ever-declining costs7.consumer confidence8.economic forecast9.economic entities10.multilateral institutions 11.ensuing financial crisis12.after adjusting for inflation13.a full-scale economic downturn14.lopsided trade flows15.boom-bust cycle16.management skill17.product design18.unpredictable consequence19.high-cost industries20.the OECD2.(P216)1.propel/push/ spur2.The amount we benefit;neutralized;heighten/intensify3.inspire/rouse/stimulate/stire/give rise to/lead to4.expected/estimated/projected/forecast;help to improve/contribute to improving/favor a rise in5.shield/defend/preserve;reduce/lower;phase out/lift/eliminate6.championed/advocated/stood for/fought for/supported;trade liberalization;engage with/integrate with/link up with/participate in7.develop into/snowball until it becomes/grow into/escalate into;slump/recession/depression/crisis8.disregard/ignore9.dwarfed/exceeded10.retarded/impeded/obstructed/hindered/prevented/held back3(P217)l.0ur company projects an 8% growth rate this year,up by 2% compared with last year.2.China is projected to increasingly favor more and more cross-border mergers and acquisitions.3.The slides projected on the screen showed that he tried to project himself as a strong man in the election campaign.4.He was greatly relieved to hear that the authorities had accepted his recommendation and the multibillion-dollar project had been postponed indefinitely.5. Dr Nelson had been operating on one wounded soldier after another for five hours. Therefore we all sighed with relief when Dr Mason was able to come to relieve him.ernment relief is like a pain-killer. It gives you relief,but it does not cure the disease. Besides,you can easily get hooked on it.7.Private businesses are not asking the government to shield them against competition. They just hope not to be discriminated against.8.We must try to win them over or neutralize them so that we can completely isolate the main enemy.9.Judging by the rate of inflation so far,perhaps it is necessary to raise interest rates again so that the recent pay raise will not be completely neutralized.10.A general feeling of optimism when the reform stared. People all believed that there were bright prospects for our modernization.4(P217)1-11CBABC ACBCA B5(P218)1(P218)1.alien2.foreign3.foreign4.foreign5.alien2(P219)1.surpass2.exceeded3.surpassed4.exceeding5.surpass6.exceeding3(P219)1.consist in2.consist in3.consist of4(P219)1.threat2.menace/threat3.threats4.menace/threat5.threat5(P219)1.deadly2.deadly3.dead4.dead/deadly5.deadGrammar1(P220)1 (P.220)The kind of noun that is generally used as subject in such sentence refers to a fact, an idea or equivalents. Words that can be followed by an appositive clause can generally be used with be + predicative clause.1. Nouns that refer to facts or equivalents: question, reality, addiction, truth (1, 6, 5, 8)2. Nouns that refer to opinions or equivalents: answer, danger, presumption. significance (2, 3,4,7)3. Nouns that refer to feelings or equivalents: worry, regret (9, 10)2 (P.220)1. whether we are going to be the servants or the masters of technology2. My answer is that it is neither; love is simply a strong feeling of deep affection3. that its facilities are superb but the fares are a bit too high4.that they can hardly cope with the need of resources of the ever-growing population5. that it has some functions of a computer like Web browsing6.whether temporary employees could enjoy social security benefits as permanent staff7. that this area will sooner or later turn desert8. that man is descended from the apes9. how important decisions are made here10. that the teacher-student relationship is so harmonious both in and after class2(P221)1 (P. 221)1. subject我们所说的那个市场2. object of the preposition "about" 教育家喜欢称之为“顿悟”的那个概念3. predicative (没有)人们通常认为士兵所具有的样子4. object of the preposition “of”你们叫天气的那东西5. predicative有些人所说的那种酷爱读书的人6. predicative第欧根尼自诩的那种人7. object of the preposition “in”生态学家所说的“极大而独立的自然保护区”8. object of the preposition “to”我所认为的那个现实世界2 (P. 222)1. What you call works of art2. what their friends considered only "pocket money"3. What other people considered pressure4. what the media termed the toughest war on drugs so far5. what we called traitors6. what she termed “an error of judgment”7. what his wife calls a total workaholic8. what people consider normal behavior9. what people used to regard as the most important virtues10. what they term a love-hate relationship3(P. 222)1. This is a simple sentence.Subject: Ever declining costs for communication and transportationPredicate verb: favoredQualifier: before the InternetObject: more global commerceParenthesis: from jet planes, batter undersea telephone cables and satellites ( The prepositional phrase, separated from the rest of the sentence by dashes, explains how the ever declining costs are achieved. )2. This is a complex sentenceSubject: companiesPredicate verb: seekQualifier: By trying to maximize their presence in as many nations as possible (an adverbial modifying the predicate verb "seek")Object: to achieve economies of scale and to stay abreast of technological changes Parenthesis: that is, to lower costs through higher sales and production volumes (used to explain “ to achieve economies of scale ” )Qualifier: that can now occur almost anywhere (a relative clause modifying “ technological changes ” )4 (P. 222)“你的嘴说:‘不，不，不’，可你的眼睛却说:‘是，是.是’。

Unit 7Task 1【答案】A.1) In a mental asylum.2) He was a member of a committee which went there to show concern for the pertinents there.3) They were cants behaving like humans.4) He was injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill.5) He spent the rest of his life in comfort.B.painter, birds, animals, cats, wide, published, encouragement, A year or two, The Illustrated London News, cats' Christmas party, a hundred and fifty, world famous 【原文】Dan Rider, a bookseller who loved good causes, was a member of a committee that visited mental asylums. On one visit he noticed a patient, a quiet little man, drawing cats. Rider looked at the drawings and gasped."Good lord, man," he exclaimed. "You draw like Louis Wain!""I am Louis Wain," said the artist.Most people today have never heard of Louis Wain. But, when Rider found him in 1925, he was a household name."He made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world," said H. G. Wells in a broadcast appeal a month or two later. "British cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves."Before Louis Wain began drawing them, cats were kept strictly in the kitchen if they were kept at all. They were useful for catching mice and perhaps for keeping the maidservant company. Anyone else who felt affection for cats usually kept quiet about it. If a man admitted that he liked cats, he would be laughed at. The dog was the only domestic animal that could be called a friend.Louis Wain studied art as a youth and became quite a successful newspaper and magazine artist. He specialized in birds and animals, including dogs, but never drew a cat till his wife was dying. They had not been married long, and during her illness a black-and-white cat called Peter used to sit on her bed. To amuse his wife, Louis Wain used to sketch and caricature the cat while he sat by her bedside. She urged him to show these-drawings to editors, fie was unconvinced, but wanted to humour her.The first editor he approached shared his lack of enthusiasm. "Whoever would want to see a picture of a cat?" he asked, and Louis Wain put the drawings away. A year or two later he showed them to the editor ofThe Illustrated London News, who suggested a picture of a cats' Christmas party across two full pages. Using his old sketches of Peter, Louis Wain produced a picture containing about a hundred and fifty cats, each one different from the rest. It took him a few days to draw, and it made him world famous.For the next twenty-eight years he drew nothing but cats. He filled his house with them, and sketched them in all their moods. There was nothing subtle about his work. Its humour simply lay in showing cats performing human activities; they followed every new fashion from sea bathing to motoring. He was recognized, somewhat flatteringly, as the leading authority on the feline species. He became President of the National Cat Club and was eagerly sought after as a judge at cat shows.Louis Wain's career ended abruptly in 1914, when he was seriously injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill. Finally, he was certified insane and put in an asylum for paupers.After Dan Rider found him, appeals were launched and exhibitions of his work arranged, and he spent the rest of his life in comfort. He continued to draw cats, but they became increasingly strange as his mental illness progressed. Psychiatrists found them more fascinating than anything he had done when he was sane.Task 2【答案】A.1) Because he was always trying new things and new ways of doing things just like a young painter.2) It didn’t look like her.3) It was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was.4) People from the poorer parts of Paris, who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick.B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TC. 1881, 1973, Malaga, Spain, ninety-one yearsD. fifteen, nineteen, twenty-three, colors, darker, change, soft-colored, strange, shape,human face and figure, strange【原文】Pablo Picasso was born in 1881. So probably you are wondering why we call him "the youngest painter in the world". When he died in 1973, he was ninety-one years old. But even at that age, he was still painting like a young painter.For that reason, we have called him the "youngest" painter. Young people are always trying new things and new ways of doing things. They welcome new ideas. They are restless and are never satisfied. They seek perfection. Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best, riley prefer to repeat their successes, rather than risk failure. They have found their own place in life and don't like to leave it. We know what to expect from them.When he was over ninety, this great Spanish painter still lived his life like a young man. He was still looking for new ideas and for new ways to use his artistic materials.Picasso's figures sometimes face two ways at once, with the eyes and nose in strange places. Sometimes they are out of shape or broken. Even the colors are not natural. The title of the picture tells us it is a person, but it may look more like a machine.At such times Picasso was trying to paint what he saw with his mind as well as with his eyes. He put in the side of the face as well as the front. He painted the naked body and the clothes on it at the same time. He painted in his own way. He never thought about other people's opinions.Most painters discover a style of painting that suits them and keep to it, especially if people like their pictures. As the artist grows older his pictures may change, but not very much. But Picasso was like a man who had not yet found his own style. He was still looking for a way to express his own restless spirit.The first thing one noticed about him was the look in his large, wide-open eyes. Gertrude Stein, a famous American writer who knew him when he was young, mentioned this hungry look, and one can still see it in pictures of him today. Picasso painted a picture of her in 1906, and the story is an interesting one.According to Gertrude Stein, she visited the painter's studio eighty or ninety times while he painted her picture. While Picasso painted they talked about everything in the world that interested them. Then one day Picasso wiped out the painted head though he had worked on it for so long. "When I look at you I can't see you any more!" he remarked.Picasso went away for the summer. When he returned, he went at once to the picture left in the comer of his studio. Quickly he finished the face from memory. He could see the woman's face more clearly in his mind than he could see it when she sat in the studio in front of him.When people complained to him that the painting of Miss Stein didn't look like her, Picasso would reply, "Too bad. She'll have to look like the picture." But thirty years later, Gertrude Stein said that Picasso's painting of her was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really wasPicasso was born in Malaga, Spain, a pleasant, quiet town. His father was a painter and art teacher who gave his son his first lessons in drawing.Young Pablo did badly at school. He was lazy and didn't listen to what the teachers were saying. He had confidence in himself from the beginning. But it was soon clear that the boy was an artist and deserved the best training he could get. Not even his earliest drawings look like the work of a child.One can say that Picasso was born to be a painter. He won a prize for his painting when he was only fifteen. He studied art in several cities in Spain. But there was no one to teach him all he wanted to know. When he was nineteen he visited Paris.Paris was then the center of the world for artists. Most painters went there sooner or later to study, to see pictures, and to make friends with other painters. Everything that was new and exciting in the world of painting happened there. When he was twenty-three, Picasso returned there to live, and lived in France for the rest of his life.He was already a fine painter. He painted scenes of town life—people in the streets and in restaurants, at horse races and bull fights. They were painted in bright colors and were lovely to look at.But life was not easy for him. For several years he painted people from the poorer parts of the city. He painted men and women who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick. His colors got darker. Most of these pictures were painted in blue, and showed very clearly what the artist saw and felt. The paintings of this "blue period" are full of pity and despair.Picasso did not have to wait long for success. As he began to sell his pictures and become recognized as a painter, his pictures took on a warmer look. At the same time he began to paint with more and more freedom. He began to see people and places as simple forms or shapes. He no longer tried to make his pictures true to life.The results at first seemed strange and not real. The pictures were difficult to understand. His style of painting was known as Cubism, from the shape of the cube. Many people did not like this new and sometimes frightening style. But what great paintings give us is a view of life through one man's eyes, and every man's view is different.Some of Picasso's paintings are rich, soft-colored, and beautiful. Others are strange with sharp, black outlines. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They can make our own view of the world sharper. For they force us to say to ourselves, "What makes him paint like that? What does he see?"Birds, places, and familiar objects play a part in Picasso's painting. But, when one thinks of him, one usually thinks of the way he painted the human face and figure. It is both beautiful and strange. Gertrude Stein wrote, "The head, the face, the human body--these are all that exist for Picasso. The souls of people do not interest him. The reality of life is in the head, the face, and the body."Task 3【答案】American Decorative Arts and Sculpture:colonial period, furniture, ceramics, ship modelsAmerican Art:The Far East, Islam, scroll painting, Buddhist sculpture, prints, the third millennium European Decorative Arts and Sculpture:Western, the fifth century, Medieval art, decorative arts, English silver, porcelain, the musical instrumentsPaintings:11th century, 20th century, impressionists, Spanish, DutchTextiles and Costumes:high quality, a broad selection, weavings, laces, costumes, accessories【原文】Welcome to the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston has long been recognized as a leading center for the arts. One of the city's most important cultural resources is the Museum of Fine Arts, which houses collections of art from antiquity to the present day, many of them unsurpassed. Now let me introduce to you some of the collections here.The Museum's collections of American decorative arts and sculpture range from the colonial period to the present time, with major emphasis on pre-Civil War New England. Furniture, silver, glass, ceramics, and sculpture are on exhibition, as well as an important collection of ship models. Favorite among museum-goers are the collection of 18th-century American furniture, the period rooms, and the superb collection of silver.The Boston Museum's Asiatic collections are universally recognized as the most extensive assemblage to be found anywhere under one roof. Artistic traditions of the Far East, Islam, and India are represented by objects dating from the third millennium B.C. to the contemporary era. The collections of Japanese and Chinese art are especially noteworthy. The variety of strengths in the collection are reflected in such areas as Japanese prints, Chinese and Japanese scroll painting, Chinese ceramics, and a renowned collection of Buddhist sculpture.The Department of European Decorative Arts and Sculpture houses Western European works of art dating from the fifth century through 1900. Outstanding among these holdings are the collection of medieval art and the collection of French 18th-century decorative arts. Also of exceptional importance are the English silver collection, the 18th-century English and French porcelain, and the collection of musical instruments.The Museum has one of the world's foremost collections of paintings ranging from the 11th century to the early 20th century. This department is noted for French paintings from 1825 to 1900, especially works by the impressionists. The Museum's great collection of paintings by American artists includes more than 60 works by John Singleton Copley and 50 by Gilbert Stuart. There is also a strong representation of paintings from Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.The collection of textiles and costumes is ranked among the greatest in the world because of the high quality and rarity of individual pieces and because it has a broad selection of representative examples of weavings, embroideries, laces, printed fabrics, costumes, and costume accessories. The textile arts of both eastern and western cultures are included, dating from pre-Christian times to the present.Apart from what I have mentioned, the Museum has got much more to offer, for example, the collections of classical art, Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern art, and 20th-century art. I'll leave you to explore by yourselves and enjoy your time here.Task 4【答案】A.1) specialists, specialized settings, money, sharp division2) conventions, some societies and periods3) commodityB.1) Because they lacked opportunity: The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.2) Because the art of indigenous peoples did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art.C. 1) F 2) T【原文】The functions of the artist and artwork have varied widely during the past five thousand years. It our time, the artist is seen as an independent worker, dedicated to the expression of a unique subjective experience. Often the artist's role is that of the outsider, a critical or rebellious figure. He or she is a specialist who has usually undergone advanced training in a university department of art or theater, or a school with a particular focus, such as a music conservatory. In our societies, works of art are presented in specialized settings: theaters, concert halls, performance spaces, galleries, and museum. There is usually a sharp division between the artist and her or his audience of non-artists. We also associate works of art with money: art auctions in which paintings sell for millions of dollars, ticket sales to the ballet, or fundraising for the local symphony.In other societies and parts of our own society, now and in the past, the arts are closer to the lives of ordinary people. For the majority of their history, artists have expressed the dominant beliefs of a culture, rather than rebelling against them. In place of our emphasis on the development of a personal or original style, artists were trained to conform to the conventions of their art form. Nor have artists always been specialists; in some societies and periods, all members of a society participated in art. The modern Western economic mode, which treats art as a commodity for sale, is not universal. In societies such as that of the Navaho, the concept of selling or creating a salable version of a sand painting would be completely incomprehensible. Selling Navaho sand paintings created as part of a ritual would profane a sacred experience.Artists' identities are rarely known before the Renaissance, with the exception of the period of Classical Greece, when artists were highly regarded for their individual talents and styles. Among artists who were known, there were fewer women than men. In the twentieth century, many female artists in all the disciplines have been recognized. Their absence in prior centuries does not indicate lack of talent, but reflects lack of opportunity. The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.Artists of color have also been recognized in the West only recently. The reasons for this absence range from the simple--there were few Asians in America and Europe prior to the middle of the nineteenth century--to the complexities surrounding African Americans. The art of indigenous peoples, while far older than that of the West, did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art. Until recently, such art was ignored or dismissed in Western society by the dominant cultural gatekeepers.Task 5【答案】A.1) a) 2) c) 3) b)B.Ⅰ. observant, a dog, Leather BarⅡ. Magnificent visual memory, essentialsⅢ. Rhythm, DustmenⅣ. everyday scenes, Her salty sense of humourC. 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) T【原文】Few artists can have made such an immediate impact on the public as Beryl Cook. At one moment she was completely unknown; at the next, so it seemed, almost everyone had heard of her. First, a few paintings appeared quietly in the window of a remote country antique shop. Then there were exhibitions in Plymouth, in Bristol, in London; an article in a colour supplement, a television programme, a series of greetings cards and a highly successful book. Her rise was all the more astonishing since she was completely untrained, and was already middle-aged by the time she began to paint.Faced with such a series of events, the temptation is to discuss Beryl's art in the context of naive art. This seems to me a mistake, for she is a highly sophisticated and original painter, whose work deserves to be taken on its own terms.What are those terms? If one actually meets Beryl, one comes to understand them a little better. The pictures may seem extrovert, but she is not. For example, she is too shy to turn up at her own private viewings. Her pleasure is to stay in the background, observing.And what an observer Beryl Cook is! It so happens that I was present when the ideas for two of the paintings in the present collection germinated. One is a portrait of my dog, a French bulldog called Bertie. When Beryl came to see me for the first time, he jumped up the stairs ahead of her, wearing his winter coat which is made from an old scarf. A few days later his picture arrived in the post. The picture called Leather Bar had its beginnings the same evening. I took Beryl and her husband John to a pub. There was a fight, and we saw someone being thrown out by the bouncers.The point about these two incidents is that they both happened in a flash. No one was carrying camera; there was no opportunity to make sketches. But somehow the essentials of the scene registered themselves on Beryl, and she was able to record them later in an absolutely convincing and authoritative way.The fact is she has two very rare gifts, not one. She has a magnificent visual memory, and at same time she is able to rearrange and simplify what she sees until it makes a completely convincing composition. Bertie's portrait, with its plump backside and bow legs, is more like Bertie than reflection in a mirror—it catches the absolute essentials of his physique and personality.But these gifts are just the foundation of what Beryl Cook does. She has a very keen feeling for pictorial rhythm. The picture of Dustmen, for instance, has a whirling rhythm which is emphasized by the movement of their large hands in red rubber gloves—these big hands are often a special feature of Beryl's pictures. The English artist she most closely resembles in this respect is Stanley Spencer.Details such as those I have described are, of course, just the kind of thing to appeal to a professional art critic. Important as they are, they would not in themselves account for the impact she has had on the public.Basically, I think this impact is due to two things. When Beryl paints an actual, everyday scene—and I confess these are the pictures I prefer—the smallest detail is immediately recognizable. Her people, for example, seem to fit into a kind of Beryl Cook stereotype, with their big heads and fat and round bodies. Yet they are in fact brilliantly accurate portraits. Walking round Plymouth with her, I am always recognizing people who have made an appearance in her work. Indeed, her vision is so powerful that one tends ever after to see the individual in the terms Beryl has chosen for him/her.The other reason for her success is almost too obvious to be worth mentioning—it is her marvelous sense of humour. My Fur Coat is a picture of a bowler-hatted gentleman who is being offered an unexpected treat. What makes the picture really memorable is the expression on the face of the man. The humour operates even in pictures which aren't obviously "funny". There is something very endearing, for instance, in the two road sweepers with Plymouth lighthouse looming behind them.A sense of humour may be a good reason for success with the public. It is also one which tends to devalue Beryl's work with professional art buffs. Her work contains too much life to be real art as they understand it.This seems to me nonsense, and dangerous nonsense at that. Beryl does what artists have traditionally done—she comments on the world as she perceives it. And the same time she rearranges what she sees to make a pattern of shapes and colours on a flat surface—a pattern which is more than the sum of its individual parts because it has the mysterious power to enhance and excite our own responses to the visible.I suspect Beryl's paintings will be remembered and cherished long after most late 20th-century art is forgotten. What they bring us is a real sense of how ordinary life is lived in our own time, a judgment which is the more authoritative for the humour and lightness of touch.Task 6【答案】A. objects, action or story, painted and composed, interestingB.Plate 1: symmetrical, more interesting designPlate 2: asymmetrical, shapes, colorsPlate 3: extends, the left side, pointC.Plate 4: c) d)Plate 5: a) b) d)Plate 6: a) b) d)【原文】The six pictures in your book are all what we call still life paintings—that is to say, they pictures of ordinary objects such as baskets of fruit, flowers, and old books. There is no “action”, there is no "story" being told in any of these paintings. Yet we find these paintings interesting because of the way they have been painted, and especially because of the way they have been composed.The picture in PLATE 1 was painted by the seventeenth-century Spanish master Zurbaran. How simply Zurbaran has arranged his objects, merely lining them up in a row across the table! By separating them into three groups, with the largest item in the center, he has made what we call a symmetrical arrangement. But it is a rather free kind of symmetry, for the objects on the left side are different in shape from those on the right. Furthermore, the pile of lemons looks heavier than the cup and saucer. Yet Zurbaran has balanced these two different groups in a very subtle way. For one thing, he has made one of the leaves point downward toward the rose on the saucer, and he has made, the oranges appear to tip slightly toward the right. But even by themselves, the cup and saucer, combined with the rose, are more varied in shape than the pile of lemons on the left. All in all, what Zurbarran has done is to balance the heavier mass of lemons with a more interesting design on the right.We find a completely different sort of balance in a still life by the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Pieter Claesz (see PLATE 2). Objects of several different sizes are apparently scattered at random on a table. Claesz has arranged them asymmetrically, that is, without attempting to make the two halves of the picture look alike. The tall glass tumbler, for instance, has been placed considerably off-center, weighing down the composition at the left. Yet Claesz has restored the balance of the picture by massing his most interesting shapes and liveliest colors well over to the right.PLATE 3, a still life by the American painter William M. Harnett, seems even more heavily weighted to one side, for here two thick books and an inkwell are counterbalanced merely by a few pieces of paper. But notice the angle at which Harnett has placed the yellow envelope: How it extends one side of the pyramid formed by the books and inkwell way over to the left edge of the picture, like a long cable tying down a ship to its pier. Both the newspaper and the quill pen also point to this side of the painting, away from the heavy mass at the right, thus helping to balance the whole composition.Now turn to a still life by one of Harnett's contemporaries, the great French painter Paul Cezanne (see PLATE 4). Here the composition is even more daringly asymmetrical, for the climax of the entire picture is the heavy gray jug in the upper fight comer. Notice that Cezanne has arranged most of the fruit on the table, as well as a fold in the background drapery, so that they appear to move upward toward this jug. Yet he has balanced the composition by placing a bright yellow lemon at the left and by tipping the table down toward the lower left corner.Our next still life (see PLATE 5), by the famous Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, seems hardly "still" at all. As we view this scene from almost directly above, the composition seems to radiate in all directions, almost like an explosion. Notice that Van Gogh has painted the tablecloth with short, thick strokes which seem to shoot out from the very center of the picture.Finally, let us look at a painting by Henri Matisse (see PLATE 6). Here we see a number of still life objects, but no table to support them. Matisse presents each form by itself, in a world of its own, rather than as part of a group of objects in a realistic situation. But he makes us feel that all these forms belong together in his picture simply by the way he has related them to one another in their shapes and colors.Task 7【原文】Frank Lloyd Wright did not call himself an artist. He called himself an architect. But the buildings he designed were works of art. He looked at the ugly square buildings around him, and he did not like what he saw. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.Frank Lloyd Wright lived from 1869 to 1959. When he was young, there were no courses in architecture, so he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. Soon he was designing buildings that were beautiful.He also wanted to make his buildings fit into the land around them. One of the houses he designed is on top of a high hill. Other people built tall, square houses on hills, but Wright did not want to lose the beauty of the hill. He built the house low and wide.Now other architects know how to design buildings to fit into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright showed them how to do it..。

Unit 1Task 1【答案】A. unusual, whatever, escape, traditions, present, grey, moulded, shape, hereB.1) Students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance.2) When people went anywhere on a visit, the pretty English girls all kissed them.3) Erasmus, Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, and Newton (or Wordsworth, Byron, Tennyson, etc.)【原文】My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever country one comes as a student one cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge traditions---and they go back so far! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same time the past, the present and even the future. It’s easy to see in the old grey stone buildings how the past moulded the present and how the present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this university town looks like and how it came to be here at all.The story of the University began, so far as I know, in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from Oxford.Of course there were no colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from anywhere and everywhere. They were armed; some even banded together to rob the people of the countryside. Gradually the idea of the college developed, and in 1284, Peterhouse, the oldest college in Cambridge, was founded.Life in college was strict; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. Books were very scarce and all the lessons were in the Latin language which students were supposed to speak even among themselves.In 1440 King Henry VI founded King’s College, a nd the other colleges followed. Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, was at one of these, Queens’ College, from 1511 to 1513, and though he wrote that the college beer was “weak and badly made”, he also mentioned a pleasant custom that unfortunately seems to have ceased.“The English girls are extremely pretty,” Erasmus said, “soft, pleasant, gentle, and charming. When you go anywhere on a visit the girls all kiss you. They kiss you when you arrive. They kiss you when you go away and again when you return.”Many other great men studied at Cambridge, among them Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, Newton, Wordsworth, Byron and Tennyson.Task 2【答案】A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c)1) They usually wear black gowns—long gowns that hang down to the feet are forgraduates, and shorter ones forundergraduates.2) Women students do not play a very active part in university life at Cambridge, but they work harder than men.C.1) meadows, green, peaceful, bending into, intervals, deep coloured, reflection, contrasts, lawns2) peace, scholarship, peace, suggest, stretches, charmingly cool, graceful【原文】Now let me give you some idea of what you would see if you were to talk around Cambridge. Let us imagine that I am seeing the sights for the first time. It is a quite market town and the shopping centre extends for quite a large area, but I notice more bookshops than one normally sees in country towns, and more tailors’ shops showing in their windows the black gowns that students must wear—long gowns that hang down to the feet for graduates and shorter ones for undergraduates.In the centre of the town is the market place where several times each week country traders come to sell their produce. Everywhere there are teashops, some in modern and many in old buildings, reached by climbing narrow stairs. There is a great deal of bicycle traffic, mainly undergraduates who race along thoughtless of safety, with long scarves (in various colours to denote their college) wound round their necks.Continuing, I find my way to the river which flows behind the college buildings and curls about the town in the shape of a horseshoe. This narrow river is the Granta, and a little farther on changes in name to the Cam. It flows slowly and calmly. The “Blacks”, as this part of the town behind the colleges is called, have been described as the loveliest man-made view in English. It is indeed beautiful. To the felt, across the stream, there are no buildings, merely meadows, colleges’ gardens and lines of tall trees. Everything is very green and peaceful. On the river bank are willow trees with their branches bending into the water and, at intervals along the river, stone bridges cross the stream and lead into the colleges which line the bank. The deep coloured brick or stone of college walls, sometimes red and sometimes grey, is 500 years old. The walls rise out of their own reflection in the water and their colour contrasts charmingly with glimpses of the many green lawns.Walking along the river bank, where the only sound is the noise of gentle wind in the tree tops, I came to my college, King’s College. Across a bridge and beyond a vast carpet of green lawn stands King’s College Chapel, the largest and most beautiful building in Cambridge and the most perfect example left of English fifteenth-century architecture.The colleges join one another along the curve of the river. Going through a college gate one finds one is standing in an almost square space of 70 yards known as a “court”. Looking down into the court on all sides are the buildings where the students live. The colleges are built on a plan common to all. There is a chapel, a library, and a large dinning-hall. One court leads to another and each is made beautiful with lawns or a fountain or charming old stone path. The student gets a good impression of all the English architectural styles of the past 600 years---the bad as well as the good.There are 28 colleges, excluding three for women students. Women students do not play a very active part in university life at Cambridge, but they work harder thanIt is difficult to walk around the quite courts of the colleges without feeling a sense of peace and scholarship. And the sense of peace that green lawns always suggest to me is found in the town too, for often one is surprised to meet open stretches of grass in the midst of the streets and house giving a charmingly cool countryside effect and reminding one of the more graceful days of eighteenth century. I’ll finish as I began on that note, the feeling one has here o f the past in the present, of continuing tradition and firm faith.Task 3【答案】A. 1) b) 2) c)B.“Five Secrets” for Getting a Student VisaSecret One: Get free, accurate information by visiting the US Embassy website. Secret Two: Be thoroughly prepared.Bring: I-20 form or IAP form;Diploma(s);Standardized test score reports (TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc.);All letters and e-mails from the school, esp. those discussing financial aid;Evidence of funding for the applicant’s studies;Business cards;Any other documents that might be important.Secret Three: Answer the questions that are asked. Don’t give the visa officer a prepared speech.Secret Four: Tell the truth.Secret Five: Come back to China in two ways:1) Come back to see your family and maintain your ties to China.2) Come back to China after graduation.【原文】On March 7, US Consul General David Hopper and three other officials from the Visa Section of the American Embassy met with students at Peking University. One of the officials presented “Five Secrets” for getting a student visa.Secret One:Get free, accurate information on applying for a student visa. Visit the US Embassy website. There is no charge for using these resources. Why pay to get the same information from other sources?Secret Two:Be thoroughly prepared. Make sure you bring:● Y I-20 form (or IAP-66 form);●Your diploma(s);●Your standardized test score reports (TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc.);●All letters and e-mails from the school, especially those that discuss scholarships,assistantships, fellowships and other forms of financial aid;●Evidence of funding for your studies (bank documents, etc.);●Your business cards (if you have a job);●Any other documents that you think might be important.Secret Three:Answer those questions that are asked. Don’t give the visa officer a prepared speech! Here’s an example of what to avoid.Visa officer：Hi, how are you today?Applicant：I’m going to study chemical engineering at X University.Visa officer：X University? I've been to the campus many times.Applicant：I will surely return to China and find a good job with a major multinational company.Visa officer：So tell me, what color is the sky?Applicant：I was given a teaching assistantship because the school believes my test scores and credentials are excellent．These people are not communicating, and the applicant is not advancing his cause! Secret Four：Tell the truth. If the visa officer thinks you’re lying, you won’t get a visa.Secret Five：Come back to China. We mean that in two ways：1. Come back to see your family and maintain your ties to China．Keep up yourfriendships and professional contacts here．Students returning on vacation don’t even need to come in for an interview；they can simply use the drop-box service offered at many CITIC Bank locations.2. Come back to China after you graduate. Use those advanced skills and theoriesthat you learn in the US to make China a better place．Task 4【答案】A.1) You are not well suited for it. / You do not have the necessary qualities or abilities for it.2) You cannot go back to the previous situation. /You cannot change your mind.3) You can’t change halfway the subjects you choose to study.B. 1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) a) 5) a) 6) b)C.References:In the text, John criticizes the British university system for being too specialized in their curriculum, and argues that the American system is a better one. But Peter, the US student, doesn’t agree. In the debate, encourage students to refer to the points made by Peter or john in the conversation. They may also use their own experience at a Chinese university to support their viewpoints.John’s arguments for a broader course of study:—Students who follow a broader course will have a better understanding of the world in general, and they will be more flexible in their jobs, so that if things go wrong they will be able to change jobs more easily.—Things are changing so rapidly that we have to change with them. Too much emphasis on specialization makes it difficult for us to renew or update our knowledge.—The majority of British students never use 90 percent of what they have studied at university, because what they learned is too academic and difficult.Peter’s arguments against John:—There are too man y subjects today. You won’t be competent in anything if you don’t focus. Life is short. You can’t do everything.—People usually know what they want to do in high school.—There are not many alternatives if students want to learn enough to be competent in their subject.—American students with a first degree don’t have the depth of knowledge theyshould have.—Specialization is particularly important in sciences.—People need to acquire a lot of pure knowledge, particularly in technical and scientific areas. The importance of pure knowledge should not be underestimated.【原文】John: I disagree, Peter. I don’t think it really matters what your educational background is. Anyone who is bright enough is going to do well whatever their education.Peter: Bu t John, …John: In fact, I think some people carry on with their education when they would do a lot better to get out and start building their own careers by learning things in real life.Peter: Yes, but the whole point is, life is getting so much more complicated these days that unless you carry on with your studies you just can't cope.John: For certain things, and certain people, okay. But to my mind, the big problem in education is that you specialize too quickly. I mean, in England, you start specializing from the third year in secondary school, when you're about 14. And it gets steadily narrower until you do your A-levels in only two or three subjects.You either do languages, or natural sciences, or social sciences.Peter: But surely these days you have to, John—you can't possibly study everything, because there's just too much.John: Yes, but how many kids at the age of 16 really know what they want to do?How many of them are convinced that the three subjects they've chosen, or have been recommended, are the ones that will let them follow the careers they eventually decide on?Peter: Oh, I think most young people who stay on at school have a fair idea of what they want to do.John: I'm not so sure, Peter. And after all, that's not the end of it. When they get to university in England, the subjects they study are so narrow that they are only good for one thing; so they are stuck with it.Peter: But I don't really see that there is any alternative if people are going to learn enough to be competent in their subject. They've got to specialize early, and I suppose those that realize they've made a mistake can always swap to something else.John: Ah, but that's just it. You can't. Suppose you study languages at university and then decide that you are not cut out for it and would like to be a doctor. You've burnt your bridges. You can't just change horses in midstream; you've got to go right back to the beginning and you lose years. I think the American system is much better.Peter: In what way?John: Well, for your first degree you've got to study a fairly wide range of subjects, and you can choose them yourself, within certain limits.Peter: Fine, but doesn't that mean that American students with a first degree don't have the depth of knowledge they should have?John: Should have for what?Peter: Well, they often aren't accepted for postgraduate work in England with just a first degree.John: Maybe not, but I don't really think that's important. They come out with a pretty good general knowledge in a wide area. After all, when you think about a lot ofthe stuff English students have to study, what good is it to them afterwards? I'm sure the majority of British students never use 90 percent of what they studied at university.Peter: That may be true of some arts subjects, but what about the sciences?John: Even there, a lot of what they do at university is so academic and abstruse that they will never be able to put it to any practical use. I'm sure they would benefit far more from on-the-job experience. And if they've had a broader course of study they've got two advantages.Peter: How do you mean?John: First of all, they will have a better understanding of the world in general, so they will be more flexible in their jobs, and then if things do go wrong they will be able to switch jobs more easily.Peter: That all sounds very simple, but I think you're still underestimating the amount of pure learning that you need these days, particularly in technical and scientific areas. I mean even at school these days, children have to learn far more things than we did when we were at school.John: All the more reason why we should not try to concentrate on such a few things at such an early age. Things are changing so rapidly these days that we have to change with them. When we were younger, there was a pretty good chance that we would be able to carry on in the profession we'd chosen until we retired. But these days, people have got to be prepared to change their jobs and learn new skills as technology moves ahead. Take just the area of the office, for example.How many offices...Task 5【答案】domestic, diversity, flexibility, more than 3,600, campuses, enrolled students, industries, about 3 million, Harvard, Stanford, community colleges, state universities, faculties, ethnic minorities, subjects and course options, student, consumer, flexibility, specialize, a higher education, postsecondary, a new career, retired people【原文】That a record 453,787 foreign students from 180 countries attended colleges and universities in the US in the past academic year is perhaps the most vivid indication that there are important advantages in American higher education.No other country receives even half as many foreign students, yet international students represent only 3% of the total enrollment at US colleges and universities. In all, some fifteen million students attend America's institutions of higher education.These statistics illustrate four major features of the American higher education system which make it attractive to both domestic and foreign students: size, diversity, flexibility and accessibility.Today there are more than 3,600 institutions of higher education in the United States. Some of the large state university systems, such as those in New York, California and Texas, comprise dozens of campuses and hundreds of thousands of enrolled students. Indeed, higher education has become one of the biggest "industries" in the US, employing some three million people.The range and diversity of institutions and programs of study in the US are even more impressive. The system encompasses both prestigious private universities such as Harvard and Stanford, which are among the best in the world, and local publicly-funded community colleges; both huge state university campuses enrolling 40,000-50,000 students and tiny private institutes with fewer than 100 students.American higher education is diverse in other ways, too. Not only do mostcolleges and universities enroll foreign students, but foreign faculty and visiting scholars play an important role on many campuses, particularly the large universities. In most comprehensive institutions, there are as many female students as male, and the numbers of students and faculty from ethnic minorities, particularly Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans have been steadily increasing. As a result, the campus communities of many American universities reflect in microcosm the diversity of larger society.Higher education in the US is also unique in offering an enormous variety of subjects and course options, ranging from Aerospace Engineering to Women's Studies and from Art to Zoology. Because it is dependent on tuition for funding, higher education in the US is student-centered and consumer-oriented; institutions teach what students want to know and what society as a whole thinks is useful. For example, the large public universities of New York, Ohio State University, and the University of Texas at Austin offer hundreds of different degree programs and have academic catalogs listing thousands of courses.The variety of programs and courses contributes to the flexibility of the American system. Undergraduates usually begin their program taking "general education," "liberal arts," or "core curriculum" courses—in order that they might become more "well-rounded" students—and only later select their major in many cases, not until their second year.Because they do not specialize from the very beginning, undergraduate students have more options than their counterparts in other countries. Not infrequently, American undergraduates change their mind and decide to take a different major, but this does not oblige them to start over, for at least part of their course work can still be applied to the new degree.Most academic programs include "elective courses" which students can sometimes take outside their main field of study. This gives them added choice in planning their education, and enables them to broaden their perspective by learning about other subjects. Thus, much is left up to student, who is expected to choose from a bewildering variety of institutions, degree programs and courses, and often must depend on his/her academic advisors for help in planning a program of study.The size, diversity and flexibility of the American higher education system all contribute to its accessibility. Americans take for granted that everyone, regardless of their origin, should have a right to a higher education, and opportunities do exist for a large percentage of college-age young people to pursue postsecondary studies. It should be remembered that in the US the category "higher education" can encompass vocational, technical, professional and other specialized training.Fundamental to American culture is the high value it places on education. At whatever level, education is considered a form of self-improvement, which can lead to new career opportunities, economic advances and personal betterment, regardless of one's age. An increasing number of older, "non-traditional" students are attending college and university in the US, many having gone back for additional training or to prepare for a new career. Moreover, as many as fifteen million Americans, including large number of retired people, enroll in noncredit college courses (in other words, courses not leading to a degree) every year.Task 6【答案】A.1) b) 2) a) 3) a) 4) c) 5) b)B.I.A.1. little use for the liberation of African people2. to overcome the social and technological backwardnessB.1.formal education, society2. catalyst, social changeII.A. the world`s best, the most appropriateB. integrate education and life, and education and productionC. we should judge a child or and an adult by their academic abilityIII. the formal education system, society as a whole, cooperativeness, a desired to serve【原文】Part 1We know that something called “education” is a good thing. And all African states therefore spend a large proportion of government revenue on it. But, I suspect that for us in Africa the underlying purpose of education is to turn us into black Europeans, or black Americans, because our education policies make it quite clear that we are really expecting education in Africa to enable us to emulate the material achievements of Europe and America. We have not begun to think seriously about whether such material achievements are possible or desirable.The primary purpose of education is the liberation of man. To “liberate” is to “set free”. It implies impediments to freedom having been thrown off. But a man can be physically free from restraint and still be unfree if his mind is restricted by habits and attitudes which limit his humanity.Education is incomplete if it enables man to work out elaborate schemes for universal peace but does not teach him how to provide good food for himself and his family. It is equally incomplete if it teaches man to be an efficient tool user and tool maker, but neglects his personality and his relationship with his fellow human beings.There are professional men who say, "My market value is higher than the salary I am receiving in Tanzania." But no human being has a market value—except a slave. When people say such things, in effect they are saying, "This education I have been given has turned me into a marketable commodity, like cotton or sisal." And they are showing that, instead of liberating their humanity by giving it a greater chance to express itself, the education they have received has degraded their humanity. Their education has converted them into objects—repositories of knowledge like rather special computers.We condemn such people. Yet it is our educational system which is instilling in boys and girls the idea that their education confers a price tag on them—which ignores the infinite and priceless value of a liberated human being, who is cooperating with others in building a civilization worthy of creatures made in the image of God. Part 2A formal school system, devised and operated without reference to the society in which its graduates will live, is of little use as an instrument of liberation for the people of Africa. At the same time, learning just by living and doing in the existing society would leave us so backward socially and technologically that human liberation in the foreseeable future is out of the question. Somehow we have to combine the two systems. We have to integrate formal education with the society and use education as a catalyst for change in that society.Inevitably it takes time to change. We have not solved the problem of building sufficient self-confidence to refuse what we regard as the world's best (whatever thatmay mean), and to choose instead the most appropriate for our conditions. We have not solved the problem of our apparent inability to integrate education and life, and education and production. We have not solved the problem of overcoming the belief that academic ability marks out a child or an adult as especially praiseworthy, or as deserving a privileged place in society.This is not a failure within the formal education system. It is a failure of society as a whole. Indeed, the educationalists have advanced in these matters more than other sections of the community. But our society has not yet accepted that character, cooperativeness and a desire to serve are relevant to a person's ability to benefit from further training.Task 7【原文】For beauty and for romance the first place among all the cities of the United Kingdom must be given to Oxford. The impression that Oxford makes upon those who, familiar with her from early years, have learnt to know and love her in later life is remarkable. Teeming with much that is ancient, she appears the embodiment of youth and beauty. Exquisite in line, sparkling with light and colour, she seems ever bright and young, while her sons fall into decay and perish. "Alma Mater!" they cry, and love her for her loveliness, till their dim eyes can look on her no more.And this is for the reason that the true lovableness of Oxford cannot be learnt at once. As her charms have grown from age to age, so their real appreciation is gradual. Not that she cannot catch the eye of one who sees her for the first time, and, smiling, hold him captive. This she can do now and then; but even so her new lover has yet to learn her preciousness.Unit 2Task 1【答案】A. 1) c) 2) d) 3) b)B. 1) T 2) F 3) TC. b→e→d→a→c【原文】Dear Ann Landers:I buried my husband yesterday. We were married for 23 years. My hand is not very steady but I must write this letter. Perhaps it is grief therapy for myself, but whatever the reason I hope you will not think I am out of my head.Our marriage was what you might call "average". We had more than our share of arguments, but on balance we had more fun together than most couples our age. I am Italian and Bill was Irish. Maybe that explains a few things. Anyway, I loved him very much and I know he loved me.We had an argument Wednesday night. It was a bitter quarrel and we both said things we shouldn't have. Thursday morning I fixed Bill a good breakfast but we didn't speak. I figured we'd patch things up at supper. That afternoon at 4 o'clock he was dead. It was a massive heart attack, his first. By the time I reached the hospital, he was gone.Years ago you gave some advice on how to have a good marriage. You said, "Never go to bed mad." How I wish I had taken that advice. It's awful to know that our last words were angry ones.I hope every married couple who reads this will ask themselves this question: "If I never see my beloved again, what were the last words we spoke to one another?" That's something to think about, isn't it? Too Late For Me!。