英国：Geoffrey Chaucer（杰弗里·乔叟）: He is the father of English poetry. He was buried in the Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “…Poets‟Corner”. As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man‟s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集）is his masterpiece. He made great contribution to the English language.Sir Thomas Malory（托马斯·马洛礼）: The author of The Death of Arthur《亚瑟王之死》, which tells the whole life of King Arthur. It was he who finally compiled together the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. He is a knight. He made great contribution to the development of English prose.Edmund Spenser（爱德蒙·斯宾塞): He is the first master to make Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusions.The Faerie Queene《仙后》is Spenser‟s masterpiece, which is an unfinished allegorical romance.Christopher Marlowe（克里斯托弗·马洛）: He was the most gifted of the University Wits. He perfected the blank verse and made it the principle medium of English drama. His first play is Tamburlaine the Great《帖木儿大帝》. Dr. Faustus 《浮士德博士的悲剧》is his masterpiece.Marlowe is the only dramatist of the time who is ever compared with Shakespeare.Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）: He is a representative of the English renaissance, a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He is regarded as the chief figure in English prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature. The most wildly read works are his essays, of Studies, of Friendship, of Truth.John Donne（约翰·多恩）: He is a Jacobean(詹姆士一世）poet and preacher, representative of the metaphysical poets of this period. Donne wrote little secular(现世的）poetry, instead, he devoted all his time and efforts to his priestly duties, writing sermons and religious poems.George Herbert(乔治·赫伯特）: He was called “the saint of the Metaphysical school”. He is a devout(虔诚的) Anglican clergyman who believes that a poet should sing the glory of God. Virtue《美德》is one of his masterpieces.Ben Jonson(本·琼森）：He is an English renaissance dramatist and poet. His reputation as a playwright has traditionally been associated with Shakespeare, and his reputation as a poet has been compared to that of John Donne. Song to Celia《致西莉亚》is famous.John Milton(约翰·弥尔顿）：Milton is political in both his life and his art. He is a master of the blank verse. He is a great stylist. The revolutionary enthusiasm of thebourgeois revolution and the bitter hatred for the despotic(暴虐的）ruler is best shown in his works. Paradise Lost《失乐园》is his masterpiece.John Bunyan(约翰·班扬）：He is a religious novelist whose style is modeled after of the English Bible. He was the chief Puritan writer of prose. He is known for his simple and lively prose style. The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》is his masterpiece, which theme is every Christian has to take in his inner heart a journey in order to be saved.John Dryden(约翰·德莱顿）：He is one of the leading writers in the Restoration period. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet. He is the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th century.Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔·笛福): He is known as a pioneer novelist of England and also a prolific writer of books and pamphlets on a great variety of subjects. He was a businessman and did not have much knowledge of the classics. Moll Flanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》and Robinson Crusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》are two of his famous books.Jonathan Swift(乔纳森·斯威夫特): He is a master of satires. He is a member of the Anglican Church. He was a church man and a university graduate. He viewed human society with contempt and has been called a cynic（愤世嫉俗者）and even a misanthrope.(厌恶人类的人. A Modest Proposal《一个谦卑的建议》is one of his famous books. Gulliver’s Travels《格列弗游记》is his masterpiece.Henry Fielding(亨利·菲尔丁): He is a dramatist, an essayist and a novelist. His fame is established chiefly upon his success as a novelist. He is the founder of the English realistic novel. The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯的故事》is regarded as Fielding‟ s masterpiece.William Blake(威廉·布莱克): The distinctive feature of his poetry is the symbolism in wide range. His most well known poems are collected in two collections. They are Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》and Songs of Experience《经验之歌》. These two collections reflect “ two contrary states of human soul”. His first book of poem was Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》.William Wordsworth(威廉·华兹华斯): He published Lyrical Ballads 《抒情诗歌》in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It can be read as a declaration of romanticism. Wordsworth is most celebrated for his poetry of nature. His love for nature is boundless. He is one of lake poets.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(塞缪尔·柯尔律治): He is one of the lake poets. His representative work is The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》. Another well known poem is Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗）. He and Wordsworth are regarded as two greatest progenitors(先驱) of the English Romantic spirit.George Gordon Byron(乔治·戈登·拜伦): Byron makes a great contribution to the English Literature, which is the literary figure of the “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Don Juan《唐璜》is his masterpiece.Percy Bysshe Shelley(珀西·比希·雪莱): He is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He formed rebellious thoughts. Though he was very gentle by nature, he disgusted(厌恶) all the unjust things and tyranny of the governing class so he wrote many works to express his rebellious thoughts. Queen Mab《麦布女王》is his first important poem.John Keats(约翰·济慈): He is considered as a remarkable master of lyrical poetry, a consummate(完美的) artist in poetical language, a singer and an advocate of the cult(狂热) of beauty, a writer of “pure poetry”, a sort of “art for art‟s sake” dreamer who steeps(浸) himself in poetic fancy and fantasy and has little interest in social or political problems of his day. On First Looking into Chapman’ s Homer《初读查普曼译荷马史诗》is the most important of Keats‟ early sonnets.Charles Lamb(查尔斯·兰姆): Charles Lamb was a famous essayist in the English Romantic period. He is best known for his Essays of Elia《伊利亚随笔选》and children‟s book Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚故事集》. Lamb has been referred as the most lovable figure in English literature, and his influence on the English essay can not be overestimated.Walter Scott(瓦尔特·司各特): He is a famous historical novelist in the English Romantic period. Scott made his fame by his novels, which are not only characterized by romantic elements, but also are noted for their realistic description of historical events. Critics agreed that the English Romantic period ended when Scott died. Scott paves the way to realism and marks the transition from Romanticism to Realism. Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》is his representative work.Charles Dickens(查尔斯·狄更斯): He is one of the greatest critical realists in the Victorian Age. He paid lots of attention to the social problems. He showed great sympathy and love for the poor people and exposed all the injustice, hypocrisy, corruption in the bourgeois society. Dombey and Son《董贝父子》and Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》are two of his representative works.William Makepeace Thackeray(威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷): He is one of the greatest critical realists in the Victorian Age. He mainly described the lives of the upper and the middle classes. He was a cynic who saw no good in anything and doubted the goodness of human nature. Vanity Fair《名利场》is his masterpiece.Lord Alfred Tennyson(阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生): He is one of the “The Big Three” of Victorian poets. He was given the title of “Poet of the People”. His famous books are :Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》，Ulysses《尤利西斯》，In Memnoriam A.H.H《悼念》》Robert Browning(罗伯特·布朗宁): He is considered to be the most original poet of the Victorian Age. He was bold and unconventional in matter and style. He is noteworthy for the dramatic monologue. In his dramatic monologues, he penetrates to the psychology of his characters and through their own speeches, he analyzes his characters and reveals the innermost(最深处的) secret of their lives. The poem My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》is one of the most representative of his dramatic monologues.Matthew Arnold(马修·阿诺德): He was both a British poet and a literary critic. He has been characterized as a sage(圣人) writer, a type of writer who chastises(责骂) and instructs the reader on contemporary social issues. Arnold started his literary career as a poet and he became one of the typical poets in Victorian Age. His most famous poetry is Dover Beach《多佛海滩》. Most of his poetic production is beautiful, often formally impressive.Charlotte Bronte(夏洛特·勃朗特):She introduced the first governess(女家庭教师) novel in the history of English literature. She is the forerunner of the feminism.She gave voice to the feelings and aspirations of the educated women of her age. Jane Eyre is her masterpiece. She is one of “the Bronte sisters”.Thomas Hardy(托马斯·哈代): Living at the turn of the century, he is often regarded as a transitional writer. His works reflect the transition of the English literature from the Victorian Age to Modern Age. Hardy started off the tradition of “regional novels”. Most of his novels are set in Wessex, a fictional primitive region. He is the representative person of Naturalism. Tess of D’ Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》is his masterpiece.George Bernard Shaw(乔治·伯纳·萧)：He is considered to be the best known English dramatist since William Shakespeare. Shaw was awarded the Nobel Price. He expressed his views on a variety of subjects with great frankness and wit. Shaw was strongly against the credo “Art for art‟s sake”. He held that art should serve social purpose by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people. Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》is one of his masterpieces.James Joyce(詹姆斯·乔伊斯): He is one of the most prominent literary figures of the 20th century. His works shows a unique synthesis(综合) of realism, the “Stream of Consciousness”and symbolism. All his poems has the same setting——Ireland, especially Dublin, and the same subject——the Irish people and their life. Ulysses《尤利西斯》is one of his major books.John Osborne(约翰·奥斯本): He is an English playwright and screenwriter. Thesuccess of his play Look Back in Anger《愤怒的回顾》transformed the post-war English theater. He is the example of the Angry Young Men with his play Look Back in Anger.Samuel Beckett(贝克特): His philosophy is complete pessimism. Man‟s reason is is unreliable. Truth does not exist, or if it does, man can never know it, because no human acts have meaning or purpose and life as a whole is tedious. There is no hope of communication with other human beings, for we are all unreal or false to one another. Waiting for Godot is his masterpiece.Iris Murdoch(爱丽丝·默多克): She is an Irish-born British author and philosopher, best known for her novels about political and social questions of good and evil, sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Her works include A Severed Head《砍掉的头》, The Black Prince《黑衣王子》, and so on.William Golding(威廉·戈尔丁): He won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Apart from writing, his occupations include being a schoolmaster, a lecture, an actor, a sailor, and a musician. Lord of the Flies《蝇王》is his masterpiece.V.S.Naipaul(维·苏·奈保尔): He is a British novelist and essayist. He is the author of more than twenty books of fiction and nonfiction. He was awarded Nobel Prize for Literature. He is one of the best three migrant writers in English literature. Between Father and Son is one of his best known nonfictional works. In a Free State is one of his best known fictional works.Martin Amis(马丁·艾米斯): He is an English novelist. He is probably the most widely acclaimed writer in contemporary Britain. His best known novels are Money:A Suicide Note《钞票：绝命书》and London Fields《伦敦场地》. He has been listed for the Booker Prize twice.Seamus Heaney(谢默斯·希尼): He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. His poetry consists of mainly two genres: First,, the observed and recollected facts of his early rural experience. Second, the psychological meditation on the violence in Northern Ireland. His poetic language is recommended for the vivid description of details and profound philosophical meditation.Death of a Naturalist《自然主义者之死》is one of his best known works.Oscar Wilde(奥斯卡·王尔德): He is one of the most accomplished writers in the Victorian Age, the advocator of “ art for art‟s sake”. He expresses a satirical and bitter attitude towards the upper class in his plays. He is a spokesman for the “aesthetic movement”. The Picture of Dorain Gray《道林·格雷的画像》and The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》are regarded as his masterpieces.美国：Jonathan Edwards(乔纳森·爱德华兹)：Puritanism is a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and levelheaded common sense. Jonathan Edwards represents the former aspect, and Franklin the latter. All of his endeavors contributed to bringing about the Great Awakening“. His works include The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》, Personal Narrative《自述》, and so on.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明·富兰克林): He is one of the “Founding Fathers of the United States of America” and the prestigious(有名望的) diplomat who endeavored to gain the support from France during the Independent War which made the formation of United States possible. The Autobiography《自传》could be seen as the representative work of Franklin.Philip Freneau(菲利普·弗瑞诺): He is a “poet of the American Revolution” and the “father of American Poetry”. In his generation, he tried to bring the innovation to the American poetry. And he tried to see the native American‟s life and the vast continent of America. His most important works include the poems The Rising Glory of America《美洲光辉的兴起》，The Wild Honey Suckle《野忍冬花》，The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》.Washington Irving()华盛顿·欧文）：Irving has been called “Father of the American short story”. He is the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he is also regarded as father of American literature. He plays an important role in inspiring American romanticism with his masterpiece Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》.James Fennimore Cooper(詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库伯): His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature. He was one of the first authors to write about the American Westward Movement. He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》is his masterpiece.Ralph Waldo Emerson: He is a leading person of New England Transcendentalism. One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”. His emphasis on the spirit runs through virtually all his writings. Nature 《论自然》is his masterpiece, which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.Edgar Allan Poe(埃德加·艾伦·坡):He is a romantic poet who is preoccupied with the subject of the death of one‟s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. His poems are heavily tinted(着色) in a dreamy, hallucinatory（引起幻觉的）color. The Raven《乌鸦》is a good example. And as a short story writer, he was a fascinating man of imagination.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(亨利·沃兹沃斯·费罗): He is among the first ofAmerican writers to use native themes. A Psalm to Life《人生礼赞》is his most famous poem that encourages people to preserve despite tragedy. Poems on Slavery 《奴役篇》is his another famous work.Henry David Thoreau(亨利·大卫·梭罗): He was an active Transcendentalist. He saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man‟s spiritual well-being, and regarded it as a symbol of the spirit. He was very critical of modern civilization.. Walden《瓦尔登湖》is his masterpiece.Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳撒尼尔·霍桑): He is a master of symbolism. He has an unceasing interest in the “interior of the heart” of man‟s being. All his life, Hawthorne seems to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life. The Scarlet Letter《红字》is his masterpiece，which established him as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century.Herman Melville(赫尔曼·麦尔维尔): He was best known as the author of one book, Moby Dick which is considered as the world‟s greatest masterpieces. Influenced by Hawthorne he changed his original design of Moby Dick《莫比·迪克》Walt Whitman(沃尔特·惠特曼): He is a great poet with a strong sense of mission. His best known work, Leaves of Grass《草叶集》，broke with the poetic convention, and its sexuality and exotic and vulgar language brought harsh criticisms on it.Emily Dickinson(艾米莉·狄更生): She explores the inner life of the individual. His poetry is a clear illustration of her religious-ethical and political-social ideas. On the ethical level Dickinson emphasizes free will and human responsibilities. The themes of her poetry concern about religion, life, death, love and marriage, immortality, nature, eternity.William Dean Howells(威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯): He is the champion of realism. He writes about the rising middle class and the way they live. His famous work, The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯·拉帕母的发迹》is a fine specimen of American realistic writing.Mark Twain(马克·吐温): He should be remembered both as a great literary artist and a great social critic in the history of the United States. He describes the lower class of American society and is famous for colloquial style and localism. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里·芬历险记》is his masterpiece. Henry James(亨利·詹姆斯): He describes the upper class of the American society. He is famous for psychological realism. His fame rested largely upon his handling of his major fictional fame, “the international fame”. His famous books include The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇人的画像》, The Ambassadors《使节》, etc.Stephen Crane(斯蒂芬·克莱恩): He is considered as the founder of the terse laconic(简明的) school of Hemingway and the war writers. He was a pioneer writing in the naturalistic tradition. His famous books include: The Red badge of Courage 《红色英雄勋章》，Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎玛吉》，etc.Theodore Dreiser(西奥多·德莱塞): He is generally acknowledged as one of American literary naturalists. He retained a strong sympathy for communism and joined Communist Party shortly before his death. He was left-oriented in his views. He was widely read in literature. Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》is his masterpiece.Jack London(杰克·伦敦): He is considered as the founder of psychological realism. His famous works include: Marin Eden《马丁·伊登》，The Law of Life《生命的法则》，etc.Ezra Pound(艾兹拉·庞德)：He is regarded as “the father of modern American poetry” and the “most influential leader of the Imagist Movement.”William Carlos Williams(威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯): His poetic power stems from his clear vision of the real world.He feels strongly that poetry must be grounded in everyday experience and in the speech of the common man. It must use the common meters of living speech. The Red Wheelbarrow《红色手推车》is his representative work.Robert Frost(罗伯特·弗罗斯特): He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》is one of his masterpieces. He has been linked with the tradition of nature poetry.T.S Eliot(艾略特)：He is a great modernist poet, an important verse dramatist and a great prose writer. His poetry was becoming noted for its fresh visual imagery, its flexible tone, and highly expressive rhythm. The Waste Land《荒原》is his masterpiece, which gives a picture of the spiritual ruins in Europe after the end of World War I. Wallace Stevens(华莱士·史蒂文斯): He is sharply against Eliot‟s earlier pessimism and later religious attitude. He was absolutely committed to the notion that a poet lives in two worlds——the world of reality and the world of imagination——and builds bridges between them. Anecdote of the Jar《坛子的轶事》is one of his famous works.Carl Sandburg(卡尔·桑伯格）：He is one of the Mid-West prairie poets that became known in the Chicago Renaissance. He was optimistic. He saw an America of “tomorrows” and wrote about it in his poems such as “the Prairie”. His attitude toward the industrial and mechanical civilization that America was developing was essentially affirmative.E.E Cummings(卡敏斯): He is the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry. He is a symbol of the modern pioneering spirit in modern American literary history.Hart Crane(哈特·克莱恩): He was one of the best American poets of the twentieth century. Crane was a voracious(贪婪的）reader. He has his own views on poets and poetry. Bridge《桥》is one of his famous works.F.Scott.Fitzgerald(弗·司各特·菲茨杰拉德）：He is widely regarded as one of twentieth century‟s greatest writers. His greatness lies in the fact that he found intuitively, in his personal experience, the embodiment of that of the nation and created a myth out of American life. The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》is his masterpiece.Ernest Hemingway(欧内斯特·海明威）：He was regarded as the most important spokesman for the Lost Generation. He received Nobel Prize for Literature. His famous style——“Iceberg Principle” that emphasizes simplicity and economy of expression. Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage in the face of tragedy. They reveal man‟s impotence and despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds. These heroes are called “The Hemingway Code Hero”.Sinclair Lewis(辛克莱·刘易斯）：The first American author to win the Noble Prize, Sinclair Lewis has been called the worst important writer in American Literature. He was a sociological writer. His novels form a segment of American social history. Babbit《巴比特》is one of his famous works.Sherwood Anderson(舍伍德·安德森）：His works‟ influence on American fiction is profound, and its literary voice can be heard in Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, and others. One of his famous woks are Winesburg Ohio《小镇畸人》.Willa Gather(薇拉·凯瑟）：She was one of the few “uneasy survivors of the 19th century. Hanging onto the traditional values, she never able to come to terms with modernity. She has a deep-seated(根深蒂固的) abhorrence(痛恨) for the modern present with all its amenities(愉快) and contrivances(发明）.William Faulkner(威廉·福克纳）：He is the foremost southern writer of the 20th century. His theme is essentially an analysis of the underlying cause for failure and decay of modern society. Light in August《八月之光》is his masterpiece.John Dos Passos(约翰·多斯·阳索斯): In a sense the thirties can be called the decade of John Dos Passos. He is the leading naturalist of the Depression, and hismasterpiece, U.S.A《美国三部曲》was probably the best work that came out of the period. Of all the major literary figures involved in the turbulence(动荡) of modern American life, he experienced most the agony of having to do an about-face(沉底改变) in his political outlook.John Steinbeck(约翰·斯坦贝克）：He is considered as the foremost writer of the Great Depression during the 1930s. His novels mainly dealt with the migration of agriculture workers during the Great Depression. The Grapes of Wrath(愤怒的葡萄）is his masterpiece.Eugene O’Neill(尤金·奥尼尔): He is regarded as America‟s greatest play wright and he is the only dramatist in American literary history so far to win a Nobel Prize. His important works include: The Emperor Jones《琼斯皇帝》，The Hairy Ape《毛猿》，and on on.Arthur Miller(阿瑟·米勒）：He is one of the leading figures of the post-war American dramatists.He is a great play wright of social philosophy, concerned with the inner thoughts of individuals and their conflicts with the morality of their society. Death of a Salesman《推销员之死》is his masterpiece.John Updike(约翰·厄普代克）：He is an American novelist, poet, short-story writer,art critic, and literary critic. Updike‟ s most famous works are his Rabbit series.Joseph Heller(约瑟夫·海勒）：He is an American satirical novelist, short-story writer and playwright. Catch-22《第二十二条军规》is his masterpiece about American servicemen during World War II. Although he is remembered primarily for Catch-22, his other works center on the lives of various members of the middle class and remain examples of modern satire.Eudora Welty(尤多拉·韦尔蒂): She is an American author who writes about stories and novels about the American South. Her book The Optimist’s Daughter 《乐观者的女儿》won the Pulitzer Prize.Saul Bellow(索尔·贝娄): He is famous for his narrative skills and for his studies of Jewish-American life. He was awarded the Nobel Prize. Herzog《赫尔佐格》is his masterpiece.Bernard Malamud(伯纳德·马拉默德）：He is an author of novels and short stories. Along with Saul Bellow and Philip Roth, he is one of the great American Jewish authors of the 20th century. The Assistant《店员》is one of his important works.J.D.Salinger(杰罗姆·戴维·塞林格）：He is an American author, best known for his novel Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》, as well as his reclusive(隐居的) nature.Ralph Ellison(拉尔夫·埃里森): He is a novelist, literary critic, scholar and writer. Ellison is best know for his novel I nvisible Man《看不见的人》，which won the National Book Award.Toni Morrison(托尼·莫里森): She is a Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize winning American novelist, editor and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed black characters. Song of Solomon《所罗门之歌》is one of his important works.Allen Ginsberg(艾伦·金斯堡): He is an American poet who vigorously opposed militarism and sexual repression. He was a leading figure of the Beat Generation. Howl 《嚎叫》is his masterpiece.Tennessee Williams(田纳西·威廉斯): He is an American playwright who receives many of the top theatrical awards for his woks of drama.His plays portray the loneliness and isolation of modern man, The Glass Menagerie《玻璃动物园》is his masterpiece.。
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