Introduction & reading and vocabulary

职场英语：i n t r o d u c t i o n s介绍(总2页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--职场英语：Introductions 介绍这是一篇由网络搜集整理的关于职场英语：Introductions 介绍的文档，希望对你能有帮助。

你好，我是林清，你是哪的?注释：be from,从哪里来，哪的.人。

2. I'm Jane Smith, from America. Just call me Jane .我是简·史密斯，来自美国。

叫我简好了。

注释：史密斯是姓，简才是名字，朋友之间常常只称呼名字。

3. This is Jane, my classmate.这是简，我的同学。

4. I'd like to introduce my friend Linda to you.我想把我的朋友林达介绍给你。

注释：I would like to do something .“我想做某某”，这是礼貌正式的说法，是非常重要的句型。

5. John, I'd like you to meet ny friend Lily.约翰，来，我给你介绍一下我的朋友丽丽。

注释：I would like you to do something. 也是礼貌正式的说法，是非常重要的句型。

6 .My name is Peter Jones. May I know your name, please?我叫皮特琼斯。

请问您尊姓大名?注释：May I know your name, please是问对方姓名的一种正式的说法。

/。

Chapter 2. Introduction2.1Introduction to Introduction2.2Build a Model of Introduction2.3Establishing the Narrowed Research Topic2.4Establish the Need/Gap2.5State the Purpose of Your Research2.6State Value of Research2.7Outline the Research2.8Moves and Steps of Introduction2.9Tenses in Introduction2.10Exercises2. _______________________________________________________________Suppose you were writing an article titled “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you plan to write the Introduction part? Brainstorm with your teammates and write d own a list of the key information.three questions:1.How do writers normally start the Introduction?2.What type of information shoul d be in my Introduction, and in what order?1.__________ What is the context of this problem?2.__________ Why is this research important?3.__________ What is the gap in our knowledge this research will fill?4.__________ What steps will we take to try and fill this gap or improve the situation?5.__________ Is the study limited to a specific geographical area or to only certain aspects of the situation?6.__________ Is there any factor, condition or circumstance that prevents the researcher from achieving all his/herobjectives?7.__________ In considering his/her method, model, formulation or approach, d oes the researcher take certainconditions, states, requirements for granted?research problem.•Do I introduce the topic in the first sentence?••••your work explores an area/issue/question that has previously not been explored, or not been explored in detail, in not explored in the way that you are going to use. There are four ways to demonstrate that you are adding to the•••••--claiming centrality (why this field of study is important) AND/OR --moving from general to specific AND/OR--reviewing relevant items of previous research AND/OR--describing the background AND/OR--definition of key words•Move 2: _________________________--indicating a gap OR--raising a question OR--continuing a previously developed line of inquiry OR--counter-claiming (disagreeing with an existing/accepted approach) •Move 3: _________________________--outlining purpose/setting objectives AND/OR--announcing present research (methodology) AND/OR--announcing principal findings (results) AND/OR________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________∙Too much detail, and hence too long.∙Repetition of words, phrases or ideas.∙Unclear problem definition.∙Poor organization.Now review your list of Introduction for the article “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you improve it into a better one?often used in the opening sentences. For example:1.Tungsten is a heavy metal with several unique physical and mechanical properties. (Effects of tungsten onenvironmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)2.When analyzing hydraulic networks, it is usually possible to identify three types of variables. (FuzzyApproach for Analysis of Pipe Networks, Roberto Revelli and Luca Ridolfi, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1.Earlier studies carried out on 0.5 Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V steel showed notch strengthening for shallow notches andtendency towards notch weakening for sharp notches. (Effect of Multiaxial State of Stress on Creep Rupture Behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo Steel, Sunil Goyal et al. / Procedia Engineering 55 ( 2013 ) 510 – 516)2.However, the vast majority of these studies have been confined to suspensions with millimeter- ormicron-sized particles. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.Keblinski, et. al. , International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 855-863)3.Nair (1982) notes in his study that another one of the reasons for lack of widespread use of more rigorousmathematical programming techniques is that is sometimes difficult (if not impossible) to isolate a problem for optimization using this technique. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science) Note that comparable options exist in the clauses.1.The effects of tungsten on environmental systems have not been investigated extensively and publisheddata are fragmentary. (Effects of tungsten on environmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)(environment engineering)2.Radaj [9] developed a n approach based on Neuber’s micro-structural support hypothesis by suggesting anadditional fictitious radius r f at the notch, which allows the local stress to be analyzed directly withoutrequiring a stress concentration factor or fatigue notch factor [8]. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)3.Rigorous mathematical programming optimization techniques are well established and numerous authorshave attempted to apply these techniques to practical structural engineering design problems with varying degrees of success. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K.Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference)(computer science)4.It has long been recognized that suspensions of solid particles in liqids have great potential as improvedheat-management fluids. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.accidently.1.This paper presents a model-based input-output synchronizing technique for reducing sense axismeasurement drift resulted from the mechanical structure imperfections. (Input-Output Synchronization for Bias Drift Reduction of MEMS Gyroscopes, Afshin Izadian, et. al., 2008 American Control Conference) (electronic and automatic control)2.In accomplishing these two tasks, this paper hopes to point out how two modeling approaches initiallyappearing very similar are in fact qualitatively different.(Wong, C. (2014) A Novel Operational Partition between Neural Network Classifiers on Vulnerability to Data Mining Bias. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 7, 264-272.) (software engineering)You may ask whether you should use is, was,has been, or will be when you describe the present research. Indeed, both is and was is used in the Introduction. Very rarely can has been or will be appear.1.In this study, a fatigue assessment for various welded joints of Invar alloy in an LNG carrier was performedusing the notch stress approach. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)2.Next, common structural engineering design and analysis software packages in the design office arediscussed, along with optimization techniques “built in” to the software. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science)3.To clarify the differences and similarities in each discipline, this study will examine the major academicvariations within the data mining field in relation to keywords, articles, books, courses offered, textbooks taught, and soft-ware used.( Data Mining Technology across Academic Disciplines, Lesley Farmer, et. al., Intelligent Information Management, 2011, 3, 43-48)(software engineering)4.In the present investigation, effect of notch on creep behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo steel has been studied. Thedifferent notch acuities have been introduced to study the multiaxial state of stress. The creep rupture of the material under multiaxial state of stress has been explained based on the stress distribution around the notch estimated using FE analysis. (material science)Note that using the Past Simple tense when you present the results in the Introduction means that the findings are linked only to the present research, while using the Present Simple tense means that you believe your finding are convincing enough to be considered as accepted facts.1.After three semesters of use of this architecture we found that we could archive a single integratedarchitecture that would serve both courses. (VLabNet: The Integrated Design of Hands-on Learning in Information Security and Networking, Valerie J. H. Powell, et. al., Information Security CurriculumDevelopment Conference’2007)(computer science)2.With our multi-scale feature sharing network, we achieve the state-of-the-art performance (97:3%) on LFWbenchmark. (Learning Deep Face Representation, Haoqiang Fan, et. al., ) (electronic and automatic control)(1) Establish the topic: _____________________________________(2) General research problem: _____________________________________(3) Brief overview of previous research _____________________________________(4) Establish the gap: _____________________________________(5) The purpose of the research: _____________________________________2.Identify the moves and steps by the model of the Introduction to test if it complies with them.3.What do you think the structure of Introduction is like? Why is Introduction shaped like this?。

科技学术论文Introduction引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，性质与意义，动机与目的、主要理论根据及其基本原理等，同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果、存在问题和知识空白，以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，但应注意掌握适当的范围和尺度，一般来说仅需要介绍极密切的有关史料即可，不宜泛泛赘述大量历史文献，否则会造成Introduction长而乏味。

first：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性second：强调有必要解决存在的问题third：介绍作者自己的研究内容、提出创新性逻辑的连贯内容的创新词汇简洁时态1. What is an introduction?The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”.2. What’s the purpose of the introduction?The introduction comes at the start of a piece of writing. Without this part, the reader cannot easily understand the more detailed information about the research that comes later in the thesis.It introduces:（1）.the research by situating it (by giving background),（2）.presenting the research problem , and saying how and why this problem will be solved , （3）.explaining why the research is being done. (ratio'nale) which is crucial for the reader to understand the significance of the study.3. How should I start?You may want to start your introduction by describing the problem you are trying to solve, or the aim of your work4. How to build a model of introduction?Read the following introduction and decide what the author tells us in each sentence.5. The model of introduction.(1) establishes the importance of this research topic确立研究主题的重要性(2) provides general background information for the reader.为读者提供总体的背景信息(3) in a more specific/detailed way, using research references to support both the background facts and the claim for significance.与第1、2句的做法一样，但是更具体(4) describes the general problem area or the current research focus of the field.描述了所研究领域的一般性问题或当前的研究焦点(5) provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review提供了总体问题领域到文献综述之间的一个过渡(6) provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.概述了此研究领域重要的研究项目(7) describes a gap in the research描述了已有研究的空白(8) describes the paper itself描述了论文本身的工作(9) gives details about the methodology详细描述了论文中所用的方法(10) announces the findings公布了论文的结论6. Four components of a model.（1）Establish the importance of your fieldProvide background/ facts/information (possibly from research)Define the terminology in the title/key wordsPresent the problem area/current research focus确立研究领域的重要性提供背景事实或信息（有可能来自现有文献）定义题目或关键词中的术语给出所研究问题的范畴或目前的研究重点（2）Previous and/or current research and contributions前期的研究或目前的研究及其贡献（3）Locate a gap in the researchDescribe the problem you will addressPresent a prediction to be tested确定已有研究工作的空白；描述你要解决的问题呈现要验证的预测（4）Describe the present paper描述现在的论文7.Grammar and writing skills.语法时态写作技巧8. V ocabulary词汇的简洁举例三篇文章：1.Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of hepatotoxicity induced by triptolide in Wistar rats在Wistar大鼠中，通过基因表达谱和通路分析由雷公藤甲素诱导的肝毒性引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉，例如本文中，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，TP的性质Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF)与药理学意义possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities 实验的动机However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems目的we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.主要理论根据及其基本原理Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity.Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006).have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010).clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007) To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al., 2005; Yao et al., 2008).等存在问题和知识空白Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性，叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新，Triptolide (diterpenoid triepoxide, TP), purified from the shrublike vine Tripterygium wilfondii Hook F (TWHF), possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-fertility, anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive activities (Chen, 2001; Huynh et al., 2000; Panichakul et al., 2006). Recently, the methanol/chloroform (T2) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of TWHF, in which TP was identified as the principal active compound, have emerged as treatments of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis, leprosy and asthma (Lipsky and Tao, 1997; Liu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2010). However, clinical use of TWHF or TP has been limited due to severe adverse reactions, such as gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, reproductive toxicity and problems associated with circulatory systems (Hikim et al., 2000; Ni et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2011).Recently, hepatotoxicity induced by various extracts of TWHF in animals and humans has been reported by many researches (He et al., 2006; Mei et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007). Besides, Liu et al., (2010) found that potential hepatotoxicity in rats treated with TP for 28 days was associated with increasing levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Liu et al., 2010). Moreover, it was reported that oral administration of TP to rats could lead to liver injury or even death (Fu et al., 2011). In addition to this, our previous investigation showed that the concentration of TP found in liver exceeds those observed in other tissues, such as spleen, lung, heart, and kidney (unpublished data). On account of this, we hypothesized that liver is a major toxic target of TP treatment. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity from a safety point of view.Unfortunately, its underling mechanisms are still insufficiently recognized. To date, only mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and hepatocyte apoptosis were proposed to be involved in TP-induced liver injury (Fu et al., 2011; Mei et al.,2005; Yao et al., 2008). Considering that microarray technology is recognized as a reliable toxicologica method to determine mechanisms of drug-induced toxicity, identify biomarkers and to predict chemical toxicity (Lee et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011). Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify candidate genes associated with TP treatment and to provide novel insights to better elucidate the mechanisms of toxic effects of TP.Here, we describe genome-wide gene expression in the TP-exposed Wistar female rat liver. Differential gene expression was evaluated in 6-week-old female Wistar rat livers following 14 days of continuous exposure to large doses of TP. Hepatic differential gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis for over-represented functions and phenotypically anchored to complementary histopathologic, biochemical, and dosimetry data in the liver. The results indicate that TP affects diverse cellular pathways, including insulin signaling pathway, glucose metabolism, cell cycling, oxidative stress and apoptosis. These data provide a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as useful information for predicting drug hepatotoxicity.2.综述Blood vessels, a potential therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis?血管，类风湿性关节炎潜在的治疗靶标？IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be defined as a disease of the blood vessels, both micro- and macro-vessels. The formation of new micro-vessels is in fact necessary to afford the nutritional supply to proliferating synovial pannus, while macro-vessels are the site where accelerated atherosclerosis driven by disease’s systemic inflammation develops. New vessels formation on one side, and atherosclerotic plaque progression on the other, might seem two different biological phenomena, the first related to the articular involvement of the disease, the second to its main systemic complication. In this context, targeting blood vessels in RA might mean either attempting to reduce synovial vascular supply starving the synovial pannus limiting its proliferation or, in the other case, trying to limit macro-vessels’damage outside the joint. In this review we will analyse the possibility of targeting synovial microvessels to treat rheumatoid arthritis, but we will discuss as well the evidence supporting a link between micro- and macro-vascular involvements in RA.综述的介绍，介绍所提到物质的基本概念，简要说明课题的缘起与背景，RA与血管生成相关，与血管生成的必要性，在这里，说明该文章立题的主要依据与主要原理，并提出在此综述中接下来会说到的内容，如：作者将分析滑膜微血管治疗类风湿关节炎的可能性，且讨论，血管与RA微观和宏观之间联系的证据。

大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓 Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。

这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。

好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。

Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。

先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。

因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。

第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。

研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。

The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understan ding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。

这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。

在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。

… however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated p reviously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。

INTRODUCTION结构框架：1、论文涉及到的选题和核心概念的文献回顾.（1）研究领域（2）前人工作（3）问题所在（4）本文贡献1.Begin the Introduction by providing a concise background account of the problem studied.研究背景介绍）2.State the objective of the investigation.Your research objective is the most important part of the introduction.（研究的必要性）3.Establish the significance of your work: Why was there a need to conduct the study?（研究的意义）4.Introduce the reader to the pertinent literature. Do not give a full history of the topic. Only quote previous work having direct bearing on the present problem.5.Clearly state your hypothesis, the variables investigated, and concisely summarize the methods used.6.Define any abbreviations or specialized terms.7.Provide a concise discussion of the results and findings of other studies so the reader understands the big picture.8.Describe some of the major findings presented in your manuscript and explain how they contribute to the larger field of research.9.State the principal conclusions derived from your results.10.Identify any questions left unanswered and any new questions generated by your study.abstract例句：精美句子总结：To the author’s knowledge*****,There is little information available in literature about ****We conducted this study to determine wether******。

SCI科技论文Introduction四步法写作技巧SCI论文的Introduction应该回答"为什么"的问题：你为什么选择该主题进行研究；为什么它很重要；为什么你采用了特定的方法或途径；等等。

你也可以将Introduction看作是指出本领域内的gap的部分（你的result和discussion需要填补这个gap）; Introduction也可以用来在广泛的研究领域中定义和主张自己的领域（立“山头”）。

Introduction的另一项工作是提供一些背景信息并设定背景。

您可以通过描述您考虑的研究问题或提出的研究问题（在论文的主体部分，您将提供问题的解决方案或问题的答案），并简要回顾过去尝试过的任何其他解决方案或方法来完成这项工作。

学位论文通常有一个单独的、标题为"文献综述"的章节，但研究论文没有这样的部分；但是，Introduction中包含了简要的综述。

既然你已经给出并设定了背景，那么Introduction的最后一部分既应该明确论文中描述的实验方法或分析研究的目标，也应该包括具体的细节或论文后面要回答的具体问题。

Introduction一般包含三个段落，约占一般研究论文正文总字数的10%，采用“倒金字塔式”写法。

四步法写Introduction1. 提供背景资料，设置背景Introduction的这一初始部分为读者准备了后面更详细、更具体的信息。

前几句一般都是概括性的。

以下是一些例子：一篇关于土壤中有机物的论文可以这样开头："可持续的作物生产是土壤的物理、化学和生物特性的函数，而这些特性又明显地受到土壤中有机物的影响。

”一篇讨论细菌在治疗癌症方面可能发挥的有益作用的论文，可以这样开头。

"细菌作为抗癌剂的作用早在一百年前就被认识到了。

”一篇关于锂电池的论文可以用以下句子来介绍研究内容：“锂离子电池的快速增长及其新的用途，如为电动汽车提供动力和为电网供应储存电能，这就要求有更可靠的方法来了解和预测电池的性能和寿命。

英国论文中Introduction的六个层次“公式”有小伙伴们觉得英文论文写作不难，但却总是拿不到高分，非常奇怪。

其实是大家把它想简单了，就好比I n t r o d u c t i o n部分，看似简单，其实要写好真的很难。

引言（I n t r o d u c t i o n）作为对论文的内容和结构的概括可以遵循一定的“公式”，也就是说引言（I n t r o d u c t i o n）可以被解构为6个层次的内容，下面就给大家讲解一下。

六个层次“公式”即：背景；现状及分歧；目的；原因；意义；o u t l i n e。

具体写作层次如下：第一层次描述这个所选t o p ic的背景和重要性背景写作的主要目的是引出所选t o p ic以往的研究文献也及该课题以往的研究观点，因此在写作上虽然会比较宏观一些，但一定要紧密联系t o p i c，可以用一两句话带过。

举个例子：“O n e o f t h e m o s t c o m m o n d i l e m m a s f a c i n g m a n y s t u d e n t s i nt h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s b e e n t h e q u e s t i o n o fw h e t h e r o r n o t t o t a k e a p a r t-t i m e j o b.R i s i n g t u i t i o n f e e s a n d l i v i n g e x p e n s e s m a k e l i f e v e r y d i f f i c u l t f o r s t u d e n t s w h o d o n o t b e n e f i t f ro m t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f t h e i r p a r e n t s o r o t h e rs p o n s o r s.I n o r d e r t o s u r v i v e,t h o u s a n d s o f s t u d e n t s t a k e o u ts e v e r a l l o a n s a n d i n c u r s e r i o u s d e b t i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e i r y e a r sa t u n i v e r s i t y.H o w e v e r,o t h e r s a t t e m p t t o e a s e t h e f i n a n c i a lb u r d e n o f f u l l-t i m e s t u d y b y f i n d i n g a p a r t-t i m e j o b.”介绍该课题目前的研究现状以及存在的分歧在这一部分不仅要对前人的研究做简要说明，还要总结这些文献的g a p，也就是目前的研究中都存在哪些争议，或者没有涉及到的研究。

introductionto的用法搭配
introduction to后一般加书名，文献名，意思是：入门(书) ，导论。

introduction：n. 介绍; 引进; 初次投入使用; 推行; 新采用(或新引进)的事物; (正式的)引见。

扩展资料
The students showed great interest after the professor gave a brief introduction to the course.
教授简单介绍了这门课程之后，学生们表现出极大的兴趣。

It's a useful introduction to an extremely complex subject.
这是对一门极为复杂的学科的有益入门教程。

This album was my first introduction to modern jazz.
这张专辑唱片让我初次接触了现代爵士乐。

On balance, the book is a friendly, down-to-earth introduction to physics.
总而言之，这是一本通俗而务实的'物理入门书。

Ecuador provides a perfect introduction to South America; it's a continent in miniature
厄瓜多尔是认识南美洲的绝佳切入点，它是南美大陆的缩影。

Introduction用法Introduction是一个常用的词汇，通常用于引导和介绍一个主题或者概念。

在文档写作中，Introduction的使用具有重要意义，能够帮助读者了解并获得对文档内容的整体把握。

本文将介绍Introduction的用法和写作技巧，并提供一些示例，以帮助您写出清晰、吸引人的Introduction。

为什么需要IntroductionIntroduction在文档写作中起到引领和导向的作用。

一个良好的Introduction应该具备以下几个方面的功能：1.引起读者注意：通过巧妙的开场，吸引读者的兴趣，激发他们继续阅读的欲望。

2.介绍主题：对于复杂或陌生的主题，Introduction可以提供一些背景信息和基本概念，帮助读者更好地理解文档内容。

3.提供结构导引：Introduction可以简要概述文档的结构和主要内容，帮助读者获得整体把握，并能够更好地进行阅读和搜索。

4.确立目的和意义：Introduction应该清晰地阐明文档的目的、意义以及解决的问题，使读者知道他们将从文档中获得什么。

5.遵循简洁原则：Introduction应该简明扼要，不应该过于冗长，避免在这一部分过多展开，以免让读者失去耐心。

Introduction的写作技巧下面介绍一些Introduction写作的技巧，帮助您撰写出精彩的Introduction。

1. 开门见山在Introduction的开头尽快引入主题，避免过多的铺垫和废话。

通过提出一个引人入胜的问题、引用一个相关的案例或者分享一些令人惊讶的事实，让读者立刻对主题产生兴趣。

2. 提供背景信息如果主题相对复杂或者涉及专业知识，可以在Introduction 中提供一些背景信息，帮助读者理解文档的前提条件。

但是要注意概述背景信息时要简洁明了，不要过分细节，以免让读者感到困惑。

3. 确定目的和意义明确阐述文档的目的和意义，告诉读者他们将从文档中获得什么，并为什么这个主题或概念对他们有价值。