铁路多式联运的服务设计模型外文翻译

分工：梅P142-145芸P146-149糖P149-155元P155-161丫P161-167薇P167-173资料整理：芸PPT制作：梅翻译：梅P142-145最初使用这些船舶是一个从美国新奥尔良和休斯敦湾港口的几个西非国家的每天固定的航次。

船舶将能用集装箱携带重型设备和工程货物（一个或多个大型运输船来建造厂房，大坝等）。

干散货船和油轮船舶（Dry Bulk and Tanker Vessels）远洋散货船是建造用于运输基本商品（例如：煤炭、谷物、铝矿、铁矿）或者初级产品（例如：羊毛、棉花）。

运输石油和其他大宗液体散装货物的船叫做“油轮”，油轮是为了运输此类货物而进行特殊设计并建造的。

已被建造的最大船舶就包括油轮。

一些油轮和世贸中心双子塔大厦的其中一幢几乎一样高大（高1350尺，宽200尺）。

但近年来，越来越多的实例表明，大宗新散货商品（比如可可和咖啡）都正在进行集装箱化——用集装箱船进行运输。

影响海运的因素(Factors Influencing Marine Transportation)海洋运输营运商，跟其他运输模式一样，必须考虑一系列对生存安全至关重要的因素。

一、明确谁是顾客。

（Clear idea of who the customer is.）客户需求会根据自己的竞争态势的变化而变化，这反过来又决定了他们需要从交通运输业得到怎样的服务。

某些客户只需要在一年里有几个集装箱来运输；而另外一些客户需要足够的运输力来保障一个或更多的营运商有25000个集装箱，业务维持至少一年。

某些客户需要服务于短距离的市场（例如近海地区、内陆河流等）；另一些客户则延伸到全世界。

一些客户的货物需要特殊处理，像危险货物或冷藏货物；而另外一些则需要按照可靠的时间表来满足产品和客户的运输需求。

二、充分了解业务。

(Full understanding of their business.)营运商是否提供严格的港口到港口服务？由顾客决定货物如何运离和运抵码头？或者，营运商是否提供门到门服务？账单由顾客全部支付还是剩下一部分由承运人承担？或者，该服务是否介于两者之间？三、集中航次和多端口航次的对比。

货运信息化 | FREIGHT INFORMATIZATION 文章编号：1004-2024(2020)07-0006-05 中图分类号：U297；TP315 文献标识码：BDOI ：10.16669/ki.issn.1004-2024.2020.07.021 铁路多式联运一体化信息集成平台总体设计1.1 平台定位构建现代化交通网络系统，平衡各种运输方式，加快形成安全、便捷、高效、绿色、经济的综合交通体系，是我国综合交通发展的重要趋势[1]。

近年来，中国国家铁路集团有限公司(以下简称“国铁集团”)积极响应国家物流战略和运输结构调整要求，货运服务方式正逐渐从传统的“站到站”运输向“门到门”全程服务转变，铁水联运、铁公联运等多式联运运量占比不断提升。

2019年，国铁集团完成铁公联运运量1.3亿t 。

但是，铁路、水运和公路运输数据信息格式不统一、数据不互通、信息不共享，多式联运信息断链，多种运输方式间衔接不畅，全程物流效率低下[2]。

同时，由于铁路局集团公司管辖范围有限，吸引的社会物流企业数量较少，信息平台采集的数据量较少，只能建立区域内或重点企业的“点对点”连接，无法形成覆盖全国的全流程多式联运数据交换集成网络。

因此，需要以国铁集团为核心，建设多式联运一体化信息集成平台。

铁路信息化总体规划明确提出：“围绕总公司发展战略和重点任务，开展信息化重点示范项目建设。

通过示范项目建设，推进信息化总体规划落地实施。

”为了推进多式联运深度融合，应构建信息共享服务平台，加强物联网、大数据、电子数据交换(EDI)等技术的应用[3]。

作为铁路信息化总体规划的信息化收稿日期：2020-07-01作者简介：史元超 (1985—)，男，北京人，硕士研究生。

陈诚(1985—)，男，山西阳泉人，硕士研究生。

基金项目：中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划课题(P2018X003；K2018X004)铁路多式联运一体化信息集成平台设计研究史元超1，陈 诚2(1. 中国国家铁路集团有限公司 货运部，北京 100844；2. 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 运输及经济研究所，北京 100081)摘 要：多式联运中，铁路、水运和公路3种主要运输方式之间数据不互通、信息不共享，导致物流信息断链，不同运输方式间作业衔接不畅，全过程物流效率较低。

国际多式联运的优点
Minimizing time loss at transhipment points. Providing faster transit of goods. Reducing the burden of documentation and
formalities. Saving cost. Establishing only one agency to deal with.
多式联运应具备的条件
No matter how many kinds of mode of transport during transportation, multimodal transport operator, who is responsible for the entire transport, must contract with consignor.
Land Bridge Transport
Land Bridge Transport Mini Bridge Transport Micro Bridge Transport
大陆桥运输线路1
North American Land Bridge Siberian Land Bridge New Eurasian Land Bridge
Assume the responsibility of multimodal transport contract related to transportation and other services, and to ensure the goods to holders of multimodal transport documents or documents specified consignee.

InterlockingIn railway signaling, an interlocking is an arrangement of signal apparatus that prevents conflicting movements through an arrangement of tracks such as junctions or crossings。

The signaling appliances and tracks are sometimes collectively referred to as an interlocking plant。

An interlocking is designed so that it is impossible to give clear signals to trains unless the route to be used is proved to be safe。

In North America, the official railroad definition of interlocking is：" An arrangement of signals and signal appliances so interconnected that their movements must succeed each other in proper sequence "。

Interlocking typesInterlockings can be categorized as mechanical, electrical (relay-based), or electronic/computer-based。

Mechanical interlockingIn mechanical interlocking plants, a locking bed is constructed, consisting of steel bars forming a grid。

关于多式联运的英文文献及译文一万字Title: A Study on Multimodal TransportAbstract:Multimodal transport, also known as combined transport, involves the use of two or more modes of transportation to move goods from the point of origin to the final destination. This paper aims to explore the concept of multimodal transport, its advantages, challenges, and future prospects.Introduction:In today's globalized world, the movement of goods has become essential for trade and commerce. Multimodal transport offers a cost-effective and efficient solution to transport goods over long distances. By combining multiple modes of transport such as road, rail, air, and sea, businesses can minimize transportation costs and reduce transit times.Advantages of Multimodal Transport:One of the main advantages of multimodal transport is the flexibility it offers. In case of disruptions or delays in one mode of transportation, goods can be seamlessly transferred to anothermode to ensure timely delivery. This helps in reducing the risk of product damage and loss.Another advantage of multimodal transport is the reduction of carbon emissions. By utilizing more sustainable modes of transportation such as rail and sea, businesses can lower their carbon footprint and contribute to environmental conservation efforts. This is crucial in today's era of climate change and global warming.Challenges of Multimodal Transport:Despite its numerous benefits, multimodal transport also faces several challenges. One of the main challenges is the lack of coordination between different modes of transport. Each mode operates independently, leading to potential delays and complications in the transportation process.Another challenge is the issue of interoperability. Different modes of transport may use different technologies and standards, making it difficult to seamlessly transfer goods between them. This can result in inefficiencies and higher costs for businesses.Future Prospects of Multimodal Transport:With advancements in technology and infrastructure, the future of multimodal transport looks promising. The development of digital platforms and tracking systems can help improve the coordination and efficiency of different modes of transport. This will enable businesses to track their goods in real-time and make timely decisions to optimize their supply chain.Moreover, governments and international organizations are recognizing the importance of multimodal transport in promoting sustainable economic development. They are investing in infrastructure projects and regulatory frameworks to facilitate the seamless movement of goods across different modes of transport.Conclusion:In conclusion, multimodal transport is a key enabler of global trade and commerce. By leveraging the advantages of different modes of transport, businesses can optimize their supply chain and reduce transportation costs. However, to fully realize the potential of multimodal transport, stakeholders must address the challenges of coordination and interoperability. With the right investments and strategies, multimodal transport canbecome a sustainable and efficient solution for transporting goods across long distances.Above is a brief introduction of multimodal transportation, its advantages, challenges, and future prospects.。

货运需求配流模型的英文The freight demand allocation model is a crucial aspect of logistics management, addressing the efficient distribution of goods to meet varying demand patterns. This model aims to optimize the allocation of transportation resources, minimizing costs while satisfying customer requirements. It considers various factors such as shipment size, destination, time constraints, and transportation modes to determine the most cost-effective and efficient distribution plan. By accurately predicting and allocating freight demand, companies can enhance their operational efficiency, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction.货运需求配流模型是物流管理中的重要一环，旨在根据变化多样的需求模式高效地分配货物。

该模型旨在优化运输资源的配置，在最小化成本的同时满足客户需求。

它考虑了诸如货物规模、目的地、时间限制和运输方式等多种因素，以确定最具成本效益和效率的分配计划。

通过准确预测和分配货运需求，企业可以提高运营效率、降低成本并提升客户满意度。

The freight demand allocation model employs various mathematical techniques and algorithms to analyze and solve complex distribution problems. These include optimization methods that consider multiple objectives, such as minimizing total transportation costs and maximizing customer service levels. Additionally, the model incorporates data analytics and forecasting techniques to predictfuture demand patterns and identify potential bottlenecks in the supply chain.货运需求配流模型运用多种数学技术和算法来分析和解决复杂的分配问题。

英汉铁道车辆词典English-Chinese Dictionary of Rolling Stock策划: 赵喜晶Planned by: Zhao Xijing责任编辑: 王奉昌Executive Editor: Wang Fengchang《英汉铁道车辆词典》前言1998年11月, 青岛四方-庞巴迪-鲍尔铁路运输设备有限公司（简称BSP公司）成立。

在庞巴迪加拿大公司的精心策划、组织下，庞巴迪加拿大公司、庞巴迪英国公司、庞巴迪法国公司等公司的管理人员和技术人员为BSP员工进行了长达三年多的技术转让/培训工作。

鉴于现有的国内铁道车辆词典远远落后于现代铁道车辆技术的发展，其中大量的词汇不符合英国、北美洲国家的习惯用法，为了统一我国的铁道车辆词汇的英语表达方式，改善国际技术交流，我们在技术转让期间组织中国、加拿大和英国技术人员、现场翻译，整理、编写了本词典。

在编写过程中，有关技术人员详细讨论、严格审查了所有铁道车辆词汇，淘汰了过时的车辆词汇，并纠正了大量的具有中国特色的英语车辆词汇，从而规范了铁道车辆词汇的英语表达方式。

本词典以铁道车辆词汇为主，兼收铁道车辆生产企业常用的厂房、设备、工装、工具、量具词汇，包括常用的产品设计、工艺、生产、办公设备词汇，并补充了焊接术语、外贸术语（含WTO主要词汇）以及EMU(电动车组)相关术语。

AcknowledgementThe publisher and the executive editor of this dictionary wish to express their thanks to the many people who have contributed advice and suggestions, particularly Larry Woods from Bombardier Inc., Canada,Stephen Blenkinsop from Bombardier Inc., U.K., Emmanuel Verhoeven from Project Management Department of BSP, and some engineers from BSP such as Yu Xuehui, Zhai Zhimin, Wang Kaituan, Shang Lei, Lu Rui from Engineering Department, Guo Qianyang from Methods Department, Qu Zhijin from Marketing Department and Xing Yongshun from Production Department.AAAMA(Administrative Aspects of Market Access)市场准入的行政管理措施abnormal phenomenon 异常现象abnormal sound 异声，不正常声音abnormal wear 不正常磨耗abrasion磨损, 擦伤abrasive 磨料abrasive cloth砂布abrasive disc研磨盘abrasive resistance耐磨强度abrasive surface 磨耗面abrasive wear磨耗, 磨蚀, 磨损abrasive wheel砂轮absorbent 吸收剂absorption system 吸收系统absorption-type refrigerating unit吸收式制冷机组absorptivity 吸收系数ABS System (Automatic Block Signal System) 自动闭塞信号系统accelerated release 加速缓解accelerated release rate加速缓解率accelerated release reservoir加速缓解风缸accelerating potential加速电压acceleration transducer 加速度传感器accelerator 加速器accelerator valve 加速阀accelerograph 加速度仪accelerometer加速度仪acceptable offer可接受的报价acceptance L/C承兑信用证acceptance of goods接受货物accepting bank承兑银行access door检修门access level(计算机)访问级别accessory contract (合同附件)从契约accessory frame 辅框accessory frame assembly 辅框组成accessory of underframe 底架附属件accident and indemnity(A. & I. )意外事故及损害赔偿accommodation bill 通融(汇划)票据account (A/C或Acct.)帐户, 帐单account of (A/O) 某人帐内accounting dollar计帐美元across-the-board tax-cut全面减税accumulated kilometrage累计行驶公里数accumulated mileage累计行驶里数accumulative commission累计佣金accumulator 蓄电池，蓄能器accumulator box蓄电池箱accumulator tank蓄电池槽acetylene 乙炔气acetylene generator乙炔发生器AC-DC power supply 交流-直流供电AC inductor generator交流感应子发电机acid accumulator 酸性蓄电池acid battery酸性蓄电池acid corrosion 酸性腐蚀acid pickling 酸洗acid proof 耐酸acid slag酸性渣acidity酸度ACM(Auxiliary Converter Module)辅助变流器模块acoustic insulation 隔音acoustic warning device声音报警装置ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group) 非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）actionable subsidy（补贴协议）可诉补贴activation启动, 起动activator活化剂; 灵敏度提高装置active(电力)带电的, 有功的, 主动的active coil有效线圈active control bogie主动控制转向架active power/reactive power transmitter 有功/无功功率电量变送器active voltage有功电压/有效电压actual braking distance实制动距离actual braking time 实制动时间actual tare实际皮重actual throat焊逢厚度actual total loss实际全损actual weight (A/W)实际重量actuating lever起动杆;促动杠杆actuator 致动器ac wiring 交流布线adapter 承载鞍; 适配器ADD(Automatic Dropping Device)自动降弓装置addendum modification coefficient齿顶高度修正系数additional period of time额外时间additional premium附加保费addressing(计算机)寻址, 定址adequate insurance充分保险adhesion (轮轨之间的) 粘着力adhesion braking 粘着制动adhesive胶粘剂, 胶合剂adhesive tape 胶带adjustable spanner活扳手adjustable wrench活扳手adjuster nut 调整器螺母adjusting hand wheel 调整手轮adjusting lead screw 调整丝杠adjusting lever 调整杠杆adjusting lever seat 调节杆安装座adjusting nut 调整螺母adjusting pad 调整垫adjusting plate 调整板adjusting ring (风扇) 摇头环adjusting screw调整螺丝adjusting shoulder调整凸肩adjusting spring 调整弹簧, 复原弹簧adjusting spring seat 调整弹簧座adjustment brokerage理算手续费admittance导纳admittance vector导纳矢量ad valorem(拉丁语A.V.)按价, 从价advance payment guarantee预付款保证函advanced B/L预借提单, 无货提单advanced deposits进口押金制advanced freights(A.F.)预付运费advancing (价格)趋涨advice of drawing汇款通知书advising bank/notifying bank通知银行Aero Insurance Underwriters (A.I.U.) 航空保险承保人/公司aerodynamics空气动力学affirmative covenant保单afloat (in transit) 路货, 在途after-sales-service 售后服务after sight见票后ageing, aging 时效, 老化agency trade代理贸易agent (Agt.)代理商agglomerated flux烧结焊剂aggregate amount总金额aggregate to…总(合)计agitator 搅拌器agreement of intent意向协议书AIEE ( American Institute of Electrical Engineer ) 美国电气工程师学会air admission pipe 进气管air admission port 进气口air baffle气流隔板air(way) bill of lading空运提单air brake 空气制动机air-brake equipment 空气制动装置air-brake hose 空气制动软管air-brake hose clamp空气制动软管夹具air brake hose coupling空气制动软管联接器air brake hose label 空气制动软管标签air brake safety control空气制动机安全控制air brake system 空气制动系统air chamber bushing 气室套air circuit breaker 空气断路器air cleaner 空气净化器/过滤器/清洁器air coil 空气 ( 冷却 ) 盘管air compressor 空气压缩机air compressor governor空气压缩机调压器air compressor governor synchronizing system 空气压缩机调压器同步机构air compressor suction strainer空气压缩机进风滤尘器air compressor switch 空气压缩机开关air-conditioned passenger car 空调客车air-conditioning equipment 空调装置air conditioning test 空调试验air conditioning unit 单元式空调机组air-cooling equipment 风冷装置air cushioned spring 空气弹簧air cylinder body 气缸体air damper 空气减振器air delivery duct 送风道air diffuser 送风口, 空气扩散器air dryer空气干燥器air duct 风道air-exhaust device 排气装置air filter 空气过滤器(滤清器)air freshener 空气清新器air gap空气间隙, 气隙air handling unit空调器;空调装置air heater 空气加热器air hose 通风软管air inlet cock 给风塞门air inlet duct 进风道air inlet pipe 进风管air intake进风口, 进气口air lines风管道air gauge 压力表, 风压表air gauge cock压力表塞门air grid 出风格栅air inlet进气口, 进风口air inlet pipe 进气管air outlet排气口, 出气口air outlet hood 散风罩air passage空气道, 气路air pipe strainer 风管滤尘器air port 风口air-precooling equipment 空气预冷装置air-preheating equipment 空气预热装置air pressure gauge 压力表air pressure reservoir气室air pump 风泵, 即空气压缩机air pump governor 风泵调压器air refrigerating machine 空气制冷机air relay valve 空气中继阀air release valve排气阀, 泄气阀air reservoir 储风缸air reservoir clamp储风缸夹air reservoir/tank body 气室体air-return duct 回风道air seasoning = natural seasoning自然干燥air spring空气弹簧air spring assembly空气弹簧组成air spring height-measure plate空簧高度测量板air spring support 空簧支承梁air switch空气开关, 空气断路器air tightness 气密性air tightness test气密性试验air transport document空运提单air valve body 空气阀体air velocity 风速air/water sequence valve 气/水联动阀air waybill航空运输单据airway bill of lading空运提单airway delivery note空运提货单air whistle 风笛, 风鸣器aisle 走廊aisle decoration strip 大走廊饰带板alarm circuits 报警电路algorithm算法alkaline accumulator / battery碱性蓄电池all risks insurance全(一切)险Allen key内六角扳手alley lamp = panel lamp 壁灯allowance 加工余量allowance for damage货损折价all steel-covered wagon 全钢棚车alongside B/L靠船边提单alternation of destination charge变更卸货港附加费altitude海拔高度aluminum alloy carbody 铝合金车体aluminum profile 铝型材aluminum straight edge 铝直尺ambient temperature 环境温度ambiguous clause含义不明条款ambulance car 卫生车amendment of contract修改合同ammeter 电流表amount of insurance in force现行保险额amplifier扩音器, 放大器analog channel模拟通道analysis certificate 化验证明anchor plate 下鞍, 油罐托angle 角钢, 角铁angle cock 折角塞门angle cock hanger折角塞门吊板angle iron 角铁angle of advance提前角angle steel角钢anneal v. ; n.(使)退火annealed 退火的annealed casting退火铸件annealed steel 退火钢annealed tensile strength退火后的拉伸强度announcement of tender招标通告annual closing年终结算annual run-in capacity年磨合容量annular gap环形间隙anodization n.阳极氧化处理anodize = anodise v. 阳极氧化处理antedated B/L倒签提单antenna 天线装置antenna hook 天线钩antenna support base 天线支柱座antenna-tension porcelain insulator天线拉紧瓷瓶antenna tension spring 天线拉紧弹簧anti-alias filter去假频滤波器anticipatory L/C预支信用证anti-creep ledge防脱台anti-creep plate 防跳板anticreep 防脱性能anti-creep prong二次防脱尖端anti-creep shelf防脱止端anti-creep stop 防脱止端anti-dumping lawsuit 反倾销诉讼anti-dumping measures against反倾销措施anti-lightning system防雷系统anti-roll bar 抗侧滚扭杆anti-roll bar assembly抗侧滚扭杆组成anti-rotating plate 防转板anti-rotating stop 防转止挡antirust paint防锈漆antiskid device 防滑器antiskid footsteps 防滑脚蹬anti-trapping device防挤压装置anti-vibration mounting减振架/装置anti-wheel slide system (AWSS)车轮防滑系统anti-yaw damper 抗蛇行减振器anti-yaw damper seat 抗蛇行减振器座APC(Automatic Power Control)自动过分相区控制装置API(application program interface)应用程序接口ATP(Automatic Train Protection)列车自动保护appeal body 上诉机构applicant申请人application for marine insurance海运投保单/投保书application piston 作用活塞application piston stem作用活塞杆application valve 作用阀, 控制阀application valve bracket作用阀安装座application valve stem作用阀杆applications(计算机)应用程序 (软件, 系统...)apportion v. 分摊apportionment n.分摊appraisal certificate评价证明书appraiser of customs海关检验员approximate (Approx.)约计arbitration clause仲裁条款arbitration court仲裁院arc blow电弧偏吹(磁偏吹)arc brazing电弧硬钎焊arc chute电弧隔板arc cutting电弧切割arc force电弧力arc length弧长arc self-regulation电弧自身调节arc spot welding电弧点焊arc spraying电弧喷涂arc stability电弧稳定性arc stabilizer稳弧剂arc stiffness电弧挺度arc voltage电弧电压arc welding电弧焊arc welding gun焊枪arch bar bogie 拱板转向架area network（计算机）区域网络argon shielded arc welding氩弧焊argon shielded arc welding - pulsed arc 脉冲氩弧焊armrest臂靠, 扶手armrest base臂靠底板armrest bracket臂靠支架arrival draft货到后提示的汇票article (Art.) 条款articulated car 关节式车, 铰接式车articulated joint铰接接头articulated rod 活节连杆as built drawing 竣工图纸ASEAN Free Trade Area东盟自由贸易区ASIC(application specific integrated circuit)专用集成电路as welded焊态assembly总成, 组装, 系统, 部件assembly fixture组装夹具, 组装架assessable to tax应课税的atmospheric corrosion test大气腐蚀试验at buyer’s option由买方决定at named inland point of departure在指定的内陆发货地点at seller’s option由卖方决定atomic hydrogen welding原子氢焊attachment附件attachment screw止动螺丝, 定位螺丝attendant call system 呼叫乘务员系统“at the market”照市价audible attendant call system呼叫乘务员可听装置audible visual warning 视听报警austenite annealing奥氏体退火austenite stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢authority to pay 支付授权书authority to purchase (A/P)购买授权书auto-coupling 自动挂接; 自动连挂automatic air brake 自动空气制动机automatic brake valve自动制动阀automatic changeover 自动换挡/切换automatic coupler 自动车钩automatic coupling自动耦合器automatic height adjuster自动高度调整装置automatic loading自动加载/装载/装入automatic lock 自动锁automatic lubricator自动润滑器automatic operation自动操作/运行automatic shutdown(发动机)自动停车automatic slack adjuster闸瓦间隙自动调整器automatic temperature-control device 温度自动控制装置automatic train control（ATC）列车自动控制automatic train protection(ATP)列车自动保护automatic welding自动焊auxiliary contact辅助触点/触头auxiliary power system 辅助电源系统auxiliary repair plate 辅修牌, 定检牌auxiliary reservoir 副风缸auxiliary transom 辅助梁average retardation rate 平均减速度average tare平均皮重award裁决，判决AX(Analogue input/output unit)模拟输入/输出装置axial fan轴流式风扇/风机axis of weld焊缝轴线axle body 轴身axle box damper轴箱减振器axle box guide轴箱定位; 轴箱导框axle box guidance device轴箱定位装置axle box spring 轴箱弹簧axle braking ratio 轴制动率axle diameter 轴径axle generator车轴发电机axle load 轴荷重axle loading force 轴载荷axle temperature measuring hole轴温测孔axle temperature sensor 轴温传感器axle temperature surveillance system 轴温检测系统Bback bead封底焊道backfire回火backflow回流backgouging清根background(计算机)后台backhand welding右焊法backing焊接衬垫backing shoe(焊接)铜滑块backlog未交订货back order 暂时无法满足的订货backrest座位靠背backstep sequence welding分段退焊back stop 门挡back to back L/C对背信用证back(-)up (计算机)备份; 支承back-up battery后援电池backup ring 支承环, 垫圈backup washer支撑垫圈back view后视图back welding 封底焊backing焊接衬垫backing bead打底焊道backing plate 顶板, 支撑板backing shoe铜滑块backing welding 打底焊backing welding electrode底层焊条backlog积压而未交付的订货back order暂时无法满足的订货backrest(座位)靠背backstep sequence welding分段退焊baffle plate 挡板baggage car (美国) 行李车bail保证人balance of internationalpayments/balance of payment国际收支balancer 平衡铁, 平衡器balancer bushing平衡铁套balancing valve平衡阀bale（大）包，大捆ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball cut-out cocks 球形截断塞门ball point滚珠支枢ball seat 球座ball-type angle cock 球芯折角塞门ball union 球面接头ball valve 球形阀bandwidth频带宽度bank discount rate银行贴现率bank guarantee for loan借款保证函bank rate银行利率, 银行贴现率bank transfer银行转帐banker’s acceptance bill银行承兑汇票banker’s letter of guarantee银行保证函bar clamp卡栏bar 吧台bar socket (底门)转陀bareboat charter光船租船/静船期租船bare terminal (of an electrode )焊条夹持端barter易货贸易base底座, 底板base frame底座, 底架base frequency基本频率base metal母材金属base plate基板, 底板base tariff level 基础税率base unit(计算机)基本元件basic slag碱性渣basicity碱度basket filter篮式过滤器batch number批号, 炉号battery box 蓄电池箱battery bus蓄电池汇流条battery cell蓄电池组单元电池battery charger 蓄电池充电器battery enclosure蓄电池外壳battery filter 蓄电池滤波器battery operated蓄电池供电的battery operation 蓄电池供电battery power蓄电池电源battery set /unit蓄电池组BCCU(Battery Charging Control Unit) 蓄电池充电控制设备BCU(Brake Control Unit)制动控制装置bead焊道beam current束流beam power电子束功率bear and bull 买空卖空bear sale卖空bearer 托bearing box轴承箱bearing bush轴瓦bearing cap 轴承盖bearing collar轴承环bearing housing轴承箱bearing liner轴瓦bearing pad轴承座bearing plate 支承板bearing plate assembly支承板组成bearing ring轴承套圈bearing seat 轴承座bearing shield轴承罩bearing sleeve 轴承套bed bracket 床托bedding 卧具belleville spring碟形弹簧bellows折篷; 气囊; 伸缩管;波纹管; 防尘套belt pulley 皮带轮belt pulley seat 皮带轮座belt rail (侧墙)大腰带bench工作台;钳工台bench drill台钻bench vice台钳beneficiary受益人bent stop valve 弯形止阀benzine(轻质)汽油berth 卧铺berth bottom plate卧铺地板berth bracket卧铺托berth chain 卧铺吊链berth curtain 卧铺帘berth curtain hanger卧铺帘挂berth frame 卧铺框berth hanger(上)卧铺钩berth hinge 卧铺折页berth lamp 卧铺灯, 床头灯berth lock卧铺锁berth lock bracket卧铺锁托berth number plate 卧铺号牌berth partition 卧铺间壁berth post 卧铺柱berth safety hook卧铺安全钩berth safety rope 卧铺固定绳berth safety strap卧铺安全带berth side frame 卧铺边框berth sort indicator lamp 席别灯berth support bracket 卧铺支座berth support rod 卧铺支撑杆bevel angle坡口面角度beveling(of the edge)开坡口bias resistor偏压电阻器bid bond投标保证金bi-directional cylinder 双向风缸big guiding bushing 大导向套big repair大修bill at sight即期票据bill at usance远期票据/汇票bill of exchange汇票bill of freight运单bill of lading提(货)单bill of lading to a named person记名提单bill of lading to bearer不记名提单binary signal（计算机）双态信号binder粘结剂; 资料夹bit address位地址blade key 平板钥匙blank v. 冲切bleed valve放泄阀; 放气阀bleeder resistor泄漏电阻, 分泄电阻器blind/window shade 百叶窗blind window 盲窗block diagram方块图block sequence welding分断多层焊blow-off device 放气装置blow-off valve 放气阀, 急泄阀blow-out coil灭弧线圈body 体body center plate 上心盘body center plate support心盘座body center plate support angle心盘座角钢body center plate assembly 上心盘组成body side bearing 上庞承bogie转向架bogie brake rigging转向架基础制动装置bogie center plate 下心盘bogie center plate assembly下心盘组成bogie diagonal转向架对角线bogie frame转向架构架bogie friction moment against pivot转向架回转阻力矩bogie pivot 转向架中心销bogie pivot centers转向架中心距bogie rigidity against distortion转向架扭曲刚度bogie rigidity against shearing转向架剪切刚度bogie side bearing base 下旁承体bogie side bearing plate 下旁承盒bogie side bearing rubber pad下旁承胶垫bogie side bearing sliding block下旁承滑块bogie side bearing seat 旁承座bogie with integral box side frame整体侧架转向架bolster枕梁; 摇枕bolster assembly 摇枕组成bolster stop 摇枕挡bolster hanger assembly摇枕吊组成bolster hanger bracket 摇枕吊座bolster hanger lug 摇枕吊耳bolster hanger pin摇枕吊销bolster hanger pin seat摇枕吊销座bolster hanger shaft摇枕吊轴bolster leaf spring摇枕板弹簧bolster opening 摇枕孔bolster spring摇枕弹簧bolster and spring assembly摇枕弹簧组成bolt die 板牙bolt head螺栓头bolt holder 螺栓座bolted connection螺栓连接bolted joint螺栓联轴节bonded and laminated window多层粘合的车窗bonded joint粘合接头bonding agent粘合剂BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions 国际收支条款boost voltage升压电压, 附加电压booster fan增压风机, 辅助风机boot up v.(计算机)引导boot up n.(计算机)使系统开始工作; (电信)启动, 引导boss 轮毂; 凸台“bottleneck” restrictions 瓶颈制约bottom chord 下弦梁bottom connection plate sill端梁下连接板bottom cover 下盖bottom door 底门bottom door bearing底门轴承bottom door frame底门框bottom door lock pin 下门锁销bottom door plate 底门板bottom door rail 底门纵梁bottom door sash 底门框bottom lock lifter下锁销bottom lock lifter body下锁销体bottom lock lifter hook下锁销钩bottom lock lifter connector下锁销杆bottom oblique chord下斜弦梁bottom-operated water valve下作用水阀bottom operation coupler 下作用车钩bottom plate 底板bottom side bearing box 下旁承盒bottom valve 下阀bottom view底视图, 下视图bound level 约束水平boundary(计算机)边界bow spring弓形弹簧Bowden cable波顿安全电缆box car 棚车box pallet箱形托盘box reed 盒簧box spanner套筒扳手boxed wheel sets 带轴箱的轮对brace 斜撑bracket 托座; 托架, 支架brain drain人才外流brake 制动机brake-block 闸瓦，刹车/制动片brake bracket 制动梁brake bracket guide制动梁滑槽brake bracket hanger制动梁吊座brake bracket connecting rod制动梁拉杆brake bracket release spring制动梁缓解弹簧brake branch pipe 制动支管brake caliper制动夹钳brake control unit制动机控制装置brake cylinder 制动缸brake cylinder bellows制动缸气囊brake cylinder displacement制动缸排出量brake cylinder exhaust cock制动缸排风塞门brake cylinder force制动缸推力brake cylinder hanger制动缸吊brake cylinder lever 制动缸杠杆brake cylinder lever bracket制动缸杠杆托brake cylinder lubricator 制动缸润滑器brake cylinder protector制动缸保护器brake cylinder release valve制动缸缓解阀brake cylinder tee joint制动缸三通接头brake disc 制动盘brake disc assembly制动盘组成brake disc seat制动盘座brake disc seat front fillet制动盘座前肩brake disc seat rear fillet制动盘座后肩brake end nipple pipe 制动端接管brake equipment 制动装置brake hanger 闸瓦托吊brake hanger bracket闸瓦托吊座brake hanger lug闸瓦托吊耳brake head 闸瓦托brake head pin闸瓦托销brake hose 制动软管brake hose coupling 制动软管联接器brake lever 制动杠杆brake lever fulcrum 制动杆支点brake lining 制动闸片brake main pipe 制动主管brake pad制动闸片brake performance制动机性能brake pin 制动杠杆销brake pin bushing制动销套brake pipe 制动主管brake pipe hanger制动主管吊卡brake pipe pressure制动主管压力brake piping 制动管brake press 折弯机brake propagation 制动波brake propagation rate制动波速度brake/release sensitivity test制动／缓解感度试验brake rigging 基础制动装置brake rod制动拉杆brake stability test制动安定试验brake system 制动系统carbody brake rigging车体基础制动装置brake shaft 手制动轴brake shaft bracket手制动轴托brake shaft sleeve手制动轴套brake shoes 闸瓦，刹车片，制动片brake shoe back闸瓦钢背brake shoe clearance闸瓦间隙brake shoe force闸瓦力brake shoes holder闸瓦托brake shoes key闸瓦插销brake shoes slack adjuster闸瓦间隙调整器brake step 手制动踏板brake unit 单元制动机brake wheel 手制动轮braking 制动braking capacity制动能力braking cylinder 制动缸braking deceleration制动减速度braking distance 制动距离braking efficiency 制动效率braking distance 制动距离braking force 制动力braking leverage 制动倍率braking ratio 制动率braking release valve 制动缓解阀braking set-point制动设定点braking system制动系统branch line 铁路支线branch steam pipe 进气支管branch steam pipe of tee-pipe steam jacket 三通管加温套进气支管branded article商标商品brass 黄铜brazability/solderability钎焊性braze硬钎缝braze interface硬钎焊面braze metal硬钎缝金属brazed/soldered joint钎焊接头brazing 硬钎焊brazing filler metal硬钎料brazing /soldering blowpipe钎炬brazing /soldering flux钎焊焊剂, 钎剂brazing /soldering joint clearance钎缝间隙brazing /soldering temperature钎焊温度breach of condition违反要件breach of contract违反合同breach of warranty违反担保breaking groove 断裂槽breaking strength /ultimate strength断裂强度break跌价breakdown击穿; 故障breakdown current击穿电流breakdown point击穿点breakdown potential 击穿电势breaker断路器break-up value资产净值breather通风口breather hole通气孔breathing-type safety valve呼吸式安全阀bridge 电桥, 跨接(线)Brinell hardness 布氏硬度Brinell hardness tester布氏硬度计British thermal unit 英制热量单位broach n. 拉(削)刀broach v. 拉孔, 拉削broaching machine 拉床broadcast desk 播音台broadcaster 播音员broadcasting desk 播音台broadcasting device广播装置broadcasting connector 播音连接器broadcasting room 播音室“broadcasting room” plate“播音室”铭牌broadcasting studio 播音室broad-gauge car 宽轨车broken flange 轮缘破损broken rim 轮辋裂bronze 青铜browse(计算机) v.浏览 n. 浏览的时间brush电刷brushless AC generator无触点交流发电机BSI (British Standard Institute)英国标准学会BTC (British Transport Commission) 英国运输委员会buckle 弯曲, 瓢曲, 中间浪buffer bar 缓冲杆buffer beam缓冲梁buffer disc 圆头缓冲器buffer foot plate 搭板buffer plate 缓冲板buffer rod 缓冲杆buffer rod back seat 缓冲杆后支座buffer rod front seat 缓冲杆前支座buffer seat 缓冲器座buffer spring 缓冲弹簧, 缓冲杆弹簧buffer spring seat 缓冲弹簧座buffer tread plate 搭板buffet car 酒吧车, 小餐车buffet counter小卖部buffing 抛光buffing shoulder (车钩)冲击台builder’s number plate 制造商牌号板build-up sequence熔敷顺序built-in agenda 既定日程built-in software内置软件bulk cargo 散装货物, 大宗货物bulk carrier散装货船bulk cement car 散装水泥车bulk container散装货集装箱bulkhead间壁, 隔壁, 隔板bulkhead plate 堵板bull bar 挡牛板bumper 缓冲挡, 缓冲梁bumper shaft 挡轴bundle (Bdl.)捆, 扎, 束, 卷, 盘bunk 座卧两用铺位bunker surcharge燃料附加费bur 毛刺burn-through烧穿bus(计算机/电工)总线bus bar汇流条, 母线bus coupler(计算机)总线耦合器bushing 衬套, 导套business agency商业代理business day 营业日butt joint 对接接头butt weld对接焊缝butt welding 对接焊butterfly bolt蝶形螺栓butterfly circuit 蝶形电路butterfly nut蝶形螺母butterfly valve 蝶(形)阀buying order购货单buying rate买入价buzzer 蜂鸣器by-laws 法规, 规章, 细则by-pass pipe 旁通管by-pass valve 旁通阀by-pass valve cap旁通阀盖by-pass valve cover旁通阀盖by-pass valve rubber seat旁通阀橡胶垫by-pass valve spring旁通阀弹簧by separate mail另邮by way of 经由Ccab 司机室cab apron司机室搭板cab armrest司机室扶手/靠手cab brace司机室托架cab car司机车cab circular window司机室圆窗cab floor beam司机室地板梁cab handhold司机室扶手cab support 司机室托座cable bracket电缆架cable clamp电缆夹cable connector 电缆延长连接器cable coupling电缆套/电缆连接cable duct 电缆管, 电缆槽cable duct underneath car 车底电线管calbe gland电缆夹套cable harness光缆捆束cable head电缆头cable lug电缆接线头/端衔套cable release电缆释放装置cable sleeve电缆套管/连接套管cable socket电缆插座/接线座cable strap电缆夹具cable terminal电缆端cable wire电缆芯线cabling 布线, 敷设电缆CAD( computer-aided design)计算机辅助设计calculated braking distance计算制动距离calculation unit核算单位calculator 计算器calendar year日历年度calf rest 腿靠calibrate v.校准calibration n.校准call for bid招标call for funds招股, 集资call for tender招标call loan活期贷款call rate活期贷款利率callable in 24 hours 24小时内通知付款calling apparatus 呼唤器calliper卡尺, 卡钳callout插图的编号, 标注calorie 卡，小卡calorie meter 热量计calorie value 热值cam 凸轮cam transmission凸轮传动CAM(computer-aided manufacture)计算机辅助制造canceling former order撤销前期订货cancellation clause撤销条款cant超高, 倾斜cant deficiency超高不足cant rail(英)/plate(美)上侧梁, 顶篷侧梁canvas 帆布cap chain 盖链cap-type nut 盖形螺母capacitance 电容, 电容量capacitor 电容器capacity(计算机)容量(通行能力);能力;计算效率capacity of cooling water 冷却水容量capacity of draft gear 缓冲器容量capillary pipe/tube 毛细管capital equipment固定设备capital investment资本投资capital optimum资本限额capital-output ratio资本与产量比capital repair大修car axle 车轴carbide 硬质合金carbide cutter 硬质合金刀具car body =carbody 车体carbody fittings 车体配件carbody shell 车体钢结构carbon arc cutting碳弧气刨carbon arc welding碳弧焊carbon brush 碳刷carbon brush cover 碳刷盖carbon brush holder 碳刷架carbon collector strip受电弓碳滑板carbon collector strip holder受电弓碳滑板支架carbon deposit 积碳, 碳沉积carbon dioxide content 二氧化碳含量carbon equivalent碳当量carbonization 渗碳(处理), 碳化(处理) car building 车辆制造carburetter汽化器, 化油器carburet(t)or汽化器, 化油器carburization渗碳(处理), 碳化(处理) carburizing flame(reducing flame)碳化焰（还原焰）car construction 车辆构造cardan joint 万向接头cardan shaft 万向轴car depot 车辆段car discharge valve 车辆放风阀car door sheave 车门滑轮car fleet 车队car position plate 顺位牌, 车位牌car profile(车顶)弯梁car replacer救援复轨器car signal valve车辆信号阀car with axle generator 母车car without axle generator 子车carbon arc welding碳弧焊carbon copy (cc)复写的副本carbon steel 碳钢card holder 定检框care and maintenance 精心养护care of (c/o) 转交cargo in bulk散装货cargo list 装货/装船清单cargo receipt货物(承运)收据carline (车顶)弯梁carload (C.L.) 整车货carriage = (美国) car 铁路客车carriage paid to (CPT) 运费付至carriage wheel车轮carried forward (c/f) 转下页carried over (c.o.) 结转下期carrier 托carry-over rate转期利率carrying vessel载货船只carte blanche(法语)全权委托carton纸箱cartridge夹头, 卡盘; 筒cartridge heater筒式加热器; 加热筒case number箱号cash account现金帐目cash against bill of lading (Cash B/L)凭提单付现金cash against documents (C.A.D.)凭单据付款cash on delivery (C.O.D.)交货付款cash payment现金支付cash sales现金销售cash with order (C.W.O.) 随订单付款casing箱, 盒, 外壳cast number 浇铸号cast resin铸制树脂cast steel frame 铸钢构架casting(s) 铸件catalog price商品目录价格catenary (电气化铁路) 架空接触线catenary span接触网跨距catenary system 架空接触线系统CCU(Communication Control Unit)通信控制装置ceiling 内顶篷ceiling DC electric fan 车顶直流电扇ceiling duct 车顶风道ceiling lamp 顶灯ceiling panel 内顶板ceiling partition panel顶篷隔板ceiling price最高限价clinometer测角器, 倾斜仪copper bar铜排, 铜条, 铜棒center berth 中铺center buffer spring 中央缓冲弹簧center buffer stem 中央缓冲杆center-depressed sill (车体)刀把梁center drawbar中央牵引杆center dumping car 中央倾卸车center hole 中心孔center line中心线center pin 中心销center plate 心盘center plate block心盘座块center plate loading force心盘载荷center plate pad 心盘垫center point earth中心点接地center sill 中梁center sill bottom angle中梁下角铁center sill bottom cover plate中梁下盖板center sill channel 中梁槽钢center sill separator中梁隔铁center sill splicing 中梁拼接center sill stiffener中梁补强铁center sill top angle 中梁上角铁center sill web plate中梁腹板center spring bracket 中心弹簧座center wedge block 中心楔块centering 定中心, 对准中心centering block 摆块centering block hanger摆块吊centering device 复原装置centering hole 中心孔, 定心孔centering spring 复原弹簧centers中心距centralized control function集中控制功能centralized inverter 集中式逆变器centralized power supply 集中供电centralized purchase集中采购centrifugal compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal dirt collector 远心集尘器centrifugal dust collector远心集尘器centrifugal fan 离心式风扇/风机centrifugal filter离心滤清器/过滤器centrifugal pump 离心泵centripetal force 向心力CEO ( Chief Executive Officer )首席执行官ceramic washbasin 陶瓷洗面器certificate of competency能力证书certificate of conformity合格证certificate of delivery (C/D)交货证明书certificate of importation进口证明书certificate of inspection检查证明书certificate of insurance保险证明书certificate of intention意愿证明书certificate of loss残损证书certificate of manufacturer制造厂证明书certificate of origin (c/o)原产地证明书certificate of quality质量证明书certificate of reasonable doubt合理质疑证书certificate of service劳务证明书certificate of soundness 合格证书certification 认证certification firm 认证公司chafing plate 摩擦板chain 链; 连锁店chain bracket链座chain hook 链钩chain intermittent fillet weld并列断续角焊缝chain link 链环chain sheave 链轮channel 槽钢；（计算机）通道，信道channel steel槽钢chamfer n.; vt. 倒角changeover switch 转换开关changeover valve 变位阀characteristic curve 特性曲线charge valve充气(充液, 加载)阀charger control panel 充电器控制板charging circuit充电电路charging current 充电电流charging diaphragm 充气膜板charging load 充电载荷charging piston 充气活塞charging plug 充电插头charging receptacle 充电插座charging test 充电试验charging valve 充气阀, 充注阀charging valve body充气阀体charging valve seat充气阀座charging valve spring 充气阀弹簧charging voltage 充电电压Charpy hardness 夏氏硬度Charpy (impact) test 摆锤式冲击试验charter包租船chartered bank 特许银行chassis底板, 底架, 底盘cheap money policy低息贷款政策check支票，即期银行汇票check nut 防松螺母,锁紧螺母check plate 防松板check ring 挡圈, 止动环check rod 抑止杆, 牵条check valve 止回阀, 单向阀check valve cap止回阀盖check valve case止回阀盒check valve seat止回阀座check valve spring止回阀弹簧check washer 防松垫圈check without funds空头支票chip 铁屑, 碎片; 芯片chisel 凿子chock止动器;楔子choke 缩孔堵, 限制堵; 扼流圈chopper 斩波器, 断路器chord 弦杆chroma色品, 色度chrome铬chrome plating 镀铬chronic depression 慢性萧条chronograph 计时器C.I.F(Cost, Insurance, Freight)(成本, 保险费, 运费) 到岸价CIF ex-ship’s hold CIF舱底交货CIF ex-tackle CIF 吊钩下交货CIF landed CIF卸到岸上circlip 弹性挡圈circuit board电路板circuit breaker 断路器circuit breaker cylinder断路器风缸circuit diagram 电路图。

国际物流术语多式联运multimodal transport国际多式联运international multimodal transport国际航空货物运输international airline transport国际铁路联运international through railway transport班轮运输liner transport租船运输shipping by chartering大陆桥运输land bridge transport保税运输bonded tranport转关运输tran-customs transport报关customs declaration报关行customs broker不可抗力accident beyond control保税货物bonded goods海关监管货物cargo under custom’s supervision拼箱货less than container load整箱货full container load通运货物through goods自备箱shipper’s own container到货价格delivered price出厂价factory price成本加运费cost and freight出口退税drawback过境税transit duty海关估价customs ratable price等级标签grade labeling等级费率class rate船务代理shipping agency国际货运代理international freight forwarding agent无船承运业务non vessel operating common carrier business 无船承运人NVOCC non vessel operating common carrier 索赔claim for damages理赔settlement lf claim国际货物运输保险international transportation cargo insurance原产地证明certificate lf origin进出口商品检验commodity inspection清关clearance滞报金fee for delayed declaration装运港船上交货free on board进料加工processing with imported materials来料加工processing with supplied materials保税仓库boned warehouse保税工厂bonded factory保税区bonded area保税物流中心bonded logistics center保税物流中心A型bonded logistics center of A type保税物流中心B型bonded logistics center lf B type融通仓financing warehouse出口监管仓库export supervised warehouse出口加工区export processing zone定牌包装packing of nominated brand中性包装neutral packing提单bill of lading物流管理术语仓库布局warehouse layoutABC分类管理ABC classification安全库存safety stock经常库存cycle stock库存控制inventory management供应商管理库存vendor managed inventoty (VMI)定量订货制fixed-quantity system(FQS)定期订货制fixed-interval system(FIS)经济订货批量economic order quantity(EOQ)连续补货计划continuous replenishment program(CRP)联合库存管理joint managed inventory (JMI)前置期lead time物流成本管理logistics cost control物流绩效管理logistics performance management物流战略logistics strategy物流战略管理logistics strategy management物流资源计划logistics resource planning(LRP)供应链联盟supply chain alliance供应商关系管理supplier relationships management(SRM)准时制just in time(JIT)有效客户反映efficient customer response(ECR)物料需求计划material requirements planning（MRP）快速反应quick response (QR)制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning(MRP2)配送需求计划distribution requirements planning(DRP)配送资源计划distribution resource planning(DRP2)企业资源计划enterprise resource planning(ERP)协同计划、预测与补货collaborative planning,forecasting and replenishment(CPFR) 服务成本定价法cost-of-service pricing服务价值定价法value-of-service pricing业务外包outsourcing流程分析法process analysis延迟策略postponement strategy业务流程重组busimess process reengineering(BPR) 有形损耗tangible loss无形损耗intangible loss总成本分析total cost analysis物流作业成本法logistics activety-based costing效益背反trade off物流信息术语条码bar code商品标识代码identification code for commodity产品电子编码electronic product codeEPC序列号serial number对象名称解析服务object name service(ONS)对象分类object class位置码location number(LN)贸易项目trade item物流单元logistics unit全球贸易项目标识代码global trade item number应用标识码application identifier(AI)物流信息编码logistics information code自动数据采集automatic data capture(ADC)自动识别技术auto identification条码标签bar code tag条码识读器bar code reader条码检测仪bar code verifier条码系统bar code system条码自动识别技术bar code auto ID射频标签RFID tag。

铁路专用英语专业词汇中英对照翻译----铁路工程词汇线路工程 railway line engineering铁路勘测 ;铁道勘测 railway reconnaissance铁路选线 ;铁道选线 railway route selection;railway location;approximate railway location;location of railway route selection经济勘察 economic investigation地质调查 geological survey;geologic survey方案比较 project comparison铁路勘探 ;铁道勘探 railway exploration铁路测量 ;铁道测量 railway survey线路测量 route survey;profile survey;longitudinal survey曲线测量 curve survey既有线测量 survey of existing line;survey of existing railway铁路线路图 ;铁道线路图 railway map定线 location of line铁路设计 ;铁道设计 railway design线路设计 track design平面设计 plane design纵断面设计 longitudinal section design横断面设计 transverse section design曲线设计 curve design车站设计 station design站场设计 design of stations and yards标准设计 standard design线路等级 line grade铁路限界 ;铁道限界 railway clearance建筑限界 construction clearance设计规范 code of design设计标准 design standard铁路线路 ;铁道线路 railway line铁路曲线 ;铁道曲线 railway curve缓和曲线 transition curve;easement curve;spiral transition curve小半径曲线 small-radius curve曲线半径 curve radius曲线超高 superelevation on curve;cant;elevation of curve欠超高 inadequate superelevation;deficient superelevation未被平衡加速度 unbalanced acceleration竖曲线 vertical curve坡道 gradient坡度 grade;gradient;slope限制坡度 ruling grade;limiting grade坡度折减 grade compensation;compensation of gradient;gradient compensation避难线 refuge siding;catch siding双线插入段 double track interpolation铁路连接线 ;铁道连接线 railway connecting line隧道内线路 line in tunnel桥头引线 bridge approach站线 siding站线长度 length of station line铁路标志 ;铁道标志 railway sign警冲标 fouling point indicator;fouling post线路中心线 track center line;central lines of track线间距离 ;线间距 distance between centres of lines;distance between centers of tracks;midway between tracks线路试验 ;线路实验 track test;road test;running test路基 subgrade铁路路基 ;路基;铁道路基 railway subgrade;subgrade软土路基 soft soil subgrade沙漠路基 desert subgrade冻土路基 permafrost subgrade膨胀土路基 subgrade in swelling soil zone路基基床 subgrade bed路堤 embankment;fill高路堤 high-fill embankment路堑 cut;road cutting深路堑 deep cutting路肩 road shoulder;subgrade shoulder边坡 side slope护坡 revetment;slope protection;pitching路基滑动 subgrade slip滑坡防治 landslide preventive treatment路基排水 subgrade drainage塑料排水板 plastic drainage board路基加固 subgrade strengthening土工织物 geotextile挡土墙 ;挡墙 retaining walls锚定板 anchor plate锚杆 anchor bolt抗滑桩 antiskid pile;anti-slide pile;counter-sliding pile加筋土 reinforced earth植被 vegetation路基防护 subgrade protection防护工程 protective engineering防护林 protection forest防沙 sand proof固沙 stabilization of sand输导砂 sediment transport路侧建筑物 roadside structure排水沟 weeper drain;weep drain;drainage ditch;drain ditch挡风墙 wind-shield wall;wind-break wall隔声墙 sound-proof wall防雪栅 snow fence;snow guard轨道理论 track theory轨道设计 track design轨道参数 track parameter轨距 track gauge;rail gage;rail gauge轨距加宽 track gauge widening轨底坡 cant of rail;rail cant轨道力学 track dynamics;track mechanics轨道强度 track strength轨道阻力 track resistance道床阻力 trackbed resistance;ballast resistance扣固力 fastening force钢轨应力 rail stress轨道承载力 track bearing capacity轨道稳定性 track stability;stability of track轨道试验 ;轨道实验 track test轮轨关系 wheel-rail interaction;wheel-rail relation轮轨动力学 wheel-rail dynamics轮轨作用力 wheel-rail force轮轨接触 wheel-rail contact接触应力 contact stress轨道结构 track structure轨道 track铁路轨道 ;轨道;铁道轨道 railway track;track线路上部建筑 ;轨道 track superstructure;track重型轨道 heavy track宽轨枕轨道 broad sleeper track板式轨道 slab track;slab-track整体道床轨道 monolithic roadbed track防振轨道 anti-vibration track高架轨道 elevated track无缝线路 jointless line;continuously welded rail track;jointless track桥上轨道结构 bridge deck track structure隧道内轨道结构 track structure in tunnel钢轨 steel rail重型钢轨 heavy rail长钢轨 long rail焊接长钢轨 long welded rail缩短轨 shortened rail;standard shortened rail;fabricated short rail used on curves;standardcurtailed rail热处理钢轨 heat-treated rail合金钢轨 alloy steels rail旧钢轨 used rail钢轨钢 rail steel钢轨螺栓孔 rail bolt hole轨缝 rail gap;joint gap钢轨焊缝 rail welding seam钢轨接头 rail joint异型接头 compromise joint伸缩接头 expansion joint焊接接头 welding joint;welded joint绝缘接头 track section insulator;insulated joint胶接接头 adhesive joint鱼尾板 fish plate鱼尾螺栓 fish bolt扣件 fastening;rail fastening弹性扣件 elastic fastening;elastic rail fastening弹条式扣件 elastic rod type fastening分开式扣件 separated fastening;separated rail fastening;indirect holding fastening扣板式扣件 clip fastening刚性扣件 rigid fastening垫圈 ring道钉 spike;track spike;rail spike;dog spike螺纹道钉 threading spike;screw spike垫板 tie-plate;tie plate橡胶垫板 rubber tie-plate;rubber tie plate防爬器 anticreeper;anti-creeper;rail anchor轨距拉杆 gauge tie rod轨下基础 underrail foundation;sub-rail foundation;sub-rail track bed轨枕 sleeper;tie;cross tie木枕 wooden sleeper;wooden tie混凝土枕 ;砼枕 concrete sleeper;concrete tie轨枕板 ;宽轨枕 sleeper slab;broad sleeper钢枕 steel sleeper;steel tie合成轨枕 composite sleeper纵向轨枕 longitudinal tie岔枕 points sleeper;switch tie;turnout tie桥枕 bridge tie;bridge sleeper轨排 track panel;track skeleton枕下胶垫 rubber pad under sleeper道床 track bed;ballast bed碎石道床 ballast bed整体道床 monolithic track bed;solid bed;integrated ballast bed;monolithic concrete bed沥青道床 bituminous raodbed;asphalt roadbed;asphalt cemented ballast bed石棉道床 asbestos ballast道碴 ballast道床覆盖 ballast cover轨道附属设备 track auxiliary equipment钢轨涂油器 rail lubricator融雪器 snow melter复轨器 replacer;re-railer;rerailing device脱轨器 derailer车挡 bumper;bumper post道岔 switch;point;turnout;switches and crossings单开道岔 single point;simple turnout;lateral turnout双开道岔 double turnout三开道岔 three-throw turnout;symmetrical three throw turnout;three-way turnout 交分道岔 slip switch高速道岔 high-speed switch切线型道岔 tangent turnout道岔设计 turnout design过岔速度 switch crossing speed辙叉 frog;crossing整铸辙叉 integrated cast frog锰钢辙叉 manganese steel frog crossing焊接辙叉 welding frog crossing组合辙叉 combined frog;assembled frog可动心轨辙叉 movable point frog;movable-point frog可动翼轨辙叉 movable wing rails;movable-wing frog尖轨 switch point;point tongue;switch rail;tongue rail;blade滑床板 slide chair;slide plate;switch plate基本轨 stock rail翼轨 wing rail护轮轨 guard rail导曲线 curve of turnout;lead curve道岔附带曲线 curve following turnout branch line交叉 crossing渡线 track cross-over;crossover通过道岔 passing switch铁路道口 ;铁道道口 railway crossing平交道口 level crossing道口板 crossing slab道口路面 crossing road surface立体交叉 ;立交 grade separation线路施工 track construction石方工程 rock excavation土方工程 earthwork填方 filling挖方 cutting土方调拨 mass dispatching线路施工机械 track construction machinery and equipment 轨道施工 track construction轨道工程 track construction轨道铺设 track laying铺碴 ballasting轨枕铺设 sleeper laying铺轨 rail-laying轨排组装 track panel assembling轨排装运 track panel loading轨排基地 track panel base钢轨焊接 rail welding钢轨热处理 rail heat treatment钢轨铺设 rail laying钢轨锁定 rail locking道岔铺设 switch laying轨道施工机械 track construction machinery铺轨列车 tracklaying train;track laying train铺轨机 rail-laying machine;track laying machine钢轨焊接车 rail welding car焊轨机 steel rails weldeding mill;rail welding machine 轨排组装机 track panel assembling machine轨排运送车 track panel transport car铺枕机 sleeper-laying machine铺碴车 ballasting car铺碴机 ballasting machine铺道岔机 turnout-laying machine焊接长钢轨运送车 welding long rails transport car动力稳定车 dynamic track stabilizer线路状态 track state路基病害 subgrade defect沉降 settlement坍方落石 ;危石 collapse rock翻浆冒泥 frost boiling;mud-pumping路基壅水 subgrade water damming路基渗流 subgrade seepage flow路基冲刷 subgrade erosion振动液化 vibration liquifaction冻融 freezing and thawing冻胀 frost heaving冻害 freezing damage;frost heaving雪害 snow damage;snow blockade;snow drift沙害 sand damage轨道状态 track condition轨道变形 track deformation;track disorder;track distortion 轨道不平顺 track irregularity低接头 depression of joint三角坑 warp;twist钢轨爬行 rail creeping涨轨跑道 ;钢轨鼓曲 buckled track;rail buckle钢轨疲劳 rail fatigue钢轨伤损 rail failure;rail defects and failures钢轨断裂 rail fracture钢轨裂纹 rail crack;rail crackes轨头剥离 rail head shelling;gage line shelly cracks钢轨锈蚀 rail bubble;rail corrosion钢轨磨耗 rail wearing波形磨耗 ;波浪磨耗 undulatory wear螺孔裂纹 bolt hole crack辙叉伤损 ;辙叉损伤 frog failure木枕开裂 wooden sleeper cracking轨枕伤损 ;轨枕伤损 sleeper damage道床脏污 ballast contamination线路养护 track maintenance线路维修 track maintenance;maintenance of track日常维修 routine maintenance;current maintenance状态修 repairing on condition;repair according to condition 巡回检查 inspection tour轨道检测机具 track detection equipment道尺 track gauge轨道检测 track detection灾害检测装置 disaster detector超声波探伤仪 ultrasonic flaw detector钢轨探伤车 rail detecting car;rail flaw detection car轨道检查车 ;轨检车 track inspection car;track recording car 高速轨道检查车 ;高速轨检车 high-speed track inspection car 养路作业 track maintenance operation起道 track lifting;raising of track垫碴起道 ballast filling track lifting改道 track realigning;gage correction;gaging of track拨道 track lining捣固 tamping除草 weeding除草剂 herbicide除雪 snow clearing防冻 anti-freezing融雪 snow melt融雪剂 snow melt agent钢轨加热 rail heating钢轨打磨 rail grinding钢轨矫直 straightening of kinked rail钢轨更换 rail replace钢轨探伤 rail detecting钢轨焊补 rail repairing welding轨缝调整 rail gap adjusting应力放散 stress-relieving钢轨温度 rail temperature钢轨涂油 rail lubrication轨枕更换 sleeper replacement扣件作业 fastening operation轨枕修补 sleeper mending枕木防腐 timber sleeper treating道岔养护 switch maintenance道岔更换 switch replacement辙叉焊补 frog welding and repairing道床作业 ballast operation道碴清筛 ballast screening道碴更换 ballast replacement道床整形 ballast trimming曲线养护 curved track maintenance线路管理系统 track management system养路组织 track maintenance organization养路计划 track maintenance planning维修天窗 maintenance time维修周期 maintenance period养路安全 track maintenance safety列车接近警报器 ;列车接近报警器;列车接近报警装置 train approach warning device 养路质量 track maintenance quality养路机械化 track maintenance machinization线路中修 intermediate repair of track起道修 ;线路中修 track raising repair;track intermediate overhaul线路大修 major repair of track线路更新 ;线路大修 track renewal;track overhauling线路修复 track restoration铁路抢修 ;铁道抢修 railway emergency maintenance养路机械 track maintenance machine起道机 track lifting machine拨道机 track lining machine起拨道机 track lifting and lining machine捣固机 tamping machine捣固车 tamping wagon道床夯拍机 ballast compactor配碴整形机 ballast distributing and trimming machine;ballast distributing and regulating machine 道碴清筛机 ballast cleaner扒碴机 crib ballast raker;crib ballast removers道碴更换机 ballast replacement eqnipment道床清扫机 ballast cleaning machine轨枕更换机 sleeper replacement equipment钢轨更换机 rail replacement equipment钢轨打磨机 rail grinding machine钢轨打磨车 rail grinding wagon直轨器 rail straightening tool;rail straightener锯轨机 rail saw;rail cutting machine;rail sawing machine钢轨钻孔机 rail drilling machine钢轨加热器 rail heater轨缝调整器 rail gap adjuster;rail puller道钉机 spike driver除雪机 snowbreaker;snow removing machine;snow remover除雪车 snow-fighting vehicle;snow plow;snow plough除草机 weeder;weed cutting machine;weed cutter清沟机 ditcher碎冰机 ice crusher养路机具 track maintenance implements液压机具 hydraulic tool轨道车 track car上下道装置 up and down track device发电车 mobile power plant car;generator car综合养路机械 comprehensive track maintenance machine机械化养路基地 mechanized maintenance base工务部门 maintenance of way branch大修队 capital repair brigade工务段 engineering district;maintenance of way section;track division;track district;track maintenance division养路员工 track maintenance worker工务修配厂 maintenance of way shop焊轨厂 rail welding plant枕木防腐厂 timber sleeper treating plant采石场 quarry;stonepit铁路专业英语词汇________________________________________elevated railway, overhead railway, aerial railway 高架铁路mine railway 矿区铁路funicular (railway) 缆索铁路，登山铁路light railway line 轻便铁道urban railway 市区铁路railway network 铁路网railway transport 铁路运输trial run 试车open to traffic 通车porter 搬运工人ticket inspector 查票员ticket 车票single ticket, oneway ticket 单程票return ticket, roundtrip ticket 来回票platform ticket 站台票railway station 车站station hall 车站大厅information desk 服务台waiting room 候车室passenger station 客车站time-table 时刻表arrival time-table 到站时刻表departure time-table 发车时刻表ticket-collector, gateman 收票员ticket office, booking office 售票处junction 枢纽站rail and water terminal 水陆联运站platform bridge 天桥luggage barrow 推行李车enquiry office, information desk 问讯处way station 小站label 行李标签luggage office 行李房left-luggage office 行李暂存处platform-ticket 验票口barrier 栅栏门platform 站台(electric) platform truck 站台车platform tunnel 站台地道platform roofing 站台顶棚station-master 站长terminal; terminus 终点站escalator 自动扶梯The train leaves the station at..., The train is due out at... 火车在（某时）离站to have one's ticket punched （给检票员）检票10 minutes behind schedule 晚点十分钟to change trains at... 在（某地）换车The train is due at... 在（某时）到达to break the journey 中途下车dining car, restaurant car, diner 餐车pantry 餐车食品室open wagon, (railway) wagon, (railway) truck 敞车carriage, coach, car 车厢roof 车顶concertina walls （车厢通道两侧的）伸缩篷step; foot board （车厢门口的）踏板gangway （车厢的）通道lidded ashtray 带盖烟灰盒tank wagon 罐车mixed train 混合列车freight train, goods train 货物列车engine, locomotive 机车window seat 靠窗座位coach, passenger train 客车express train, express 快车refrigerator wagon 冷藏车car attendant; train attendant 列车员guard, conductor 列车长slow train, way train 慢车covered wagon van, box car 棚车ordinary train 普通列车sleeping carriage with cushioned berths 软卧客车up train 上行车livestock wagon 牲畜车sleeping car, sleeper 卧车down train 下行车luggage van, baggage car 行李车rack, baggage rack 行李架sleeping carriage with semicushioned berths 硬卧客车ordinary seat 硬席carriage with semicushioned seats 硬座车mail car 邮政车mail and luggage van 邮政行李车through train 直达车special train 专车pointsman, switchman 道岔工人signal for blocking the track, block signal 闭塞信号semaphore signal, home signal 臂板信号warehouse 仓库siding, sidetrack 侧线，旁轨turnout 岔道weighing machine 秤重机derailing （火车）出轨single line (track) rail 单线points, switches 道岔switch lock, point lock 道岔锁wait sign, wait signal 等候标志（信号）marshalling yard, shunting yard 调车场dispatching 调度dispatcher 调度员 crossover 渡线，转线轨道rail 钢轨 track 轨道sleeper, railroad tie 轨枕 rail chair 轨座buffer stop, bumping post 缓冲桩goods shed, freight depot 货棚goods station 货运站，货站 container 集装箱locomotive (engine) shed 机车库station warning sign 进站预告标 clearance 净空(signal) gantry （铁路上支持信号装置的）跨线桥barrier （道口）拦路木 section 路段reduce speed sign(al) 慢行标志（信号）bell and whistle sign, whistle sign 鸣笛预告标platform car, flat car 平车grade crossing, level crossing （道路与铁路的）平面交叉track-laying machine, tracklayer 铺轨机double line (track) rail 双线volume of railway freight 铁路货运量railway connections 铁路交叉点，铁路联络线railway warning sign 铁路警告标志railway clearance 铁路净空railroad bed 铁路路基railway curve 铁路曲线（弯道）railway tunnel 铁路隧道railway line, railroad line 铁路线stop sign(al) 停车标志（信号）danger sign(al) 危险标志（信号）unprotected crossing 无防护设备的道口signal light (lamp) 信号灯signal box, signalman's cabin 信号房signalman 信号员 wing rail (of frog) 翼轨distant signal, disk signal, target 圆盘信号机back-turning section 折返段 frog 辙叉，岔心turn-table 车台，旋车盘point (box), switch (box) 转辙器switch signal, point indicator 转辙信号。

【DOC】-铁道运输外文翻译--基于多目标规划的铁路枢纽客运站布局优化研究-其他专业Study on Layout Optimization of Passenger Stationbased on Multi-objective PlanningAbstract—This paper study on the optimal layout of passengerstation and the basic principle of selection location. There are both quantitative index and qualitative index existing in the evaluation indexes of the layout of passenger station. To unify the evaluation indexes, this paper establishes a multi-objective planning optimization model of the layout of passenger station, by using the basic idea of multi-objective planning and introducing the effect of targets of the evaluation indexes. In Nanning railway terminal for example, four evaluation indexes: construction investment、operation cost in railway terminal、cost of passenger trip and the other social benefitsre determined. Calculate respectively all effect of targets of the evaluation indexes aand then determine the optimal scheme of the layout of passenger station in Nanning railway hub by the total effect of targets after being weighted.Keywords-component; multi-objective; passenger station; Layout OptimizationIn the past, paying much attention to improving line carrying capacity and neglecting the carrying capacity of hubs or stations in China leaded to the shortage of passenger capacity and the difficulty in meeting the demand of transport market. At present, China is in the primary stage of high-speed railway construction. High-speed railway being introduced into existing railway terminal will break the transport pattern of existing railway hub and will dramatically change theoriginal railway hub transportation structure、transportation operation mode and transportation path. It is an important question in railway terminal planning to reasonably determine the locations and the number of the high-speed passenger stations in hub and optimize the layout of passenger stations in terminal.I Layout Optimization model of Passenger Station in railway hubA. Layout of passenger station in railway hub and basic principle of selection location(1)For human-oriented, make the trip distance and time of passenger from the starting point to passenger station shortest、the travel cost lowest、the riding mostconvenient and reduce the passenger transfer or make it more convenient. (Includingthe transfer between one or multiple transport modes)(2)Take the market as the direction and make the benefits as the center. Passenger station in city is kind of large infrastructure. Inputs and outputs should be the standard of the evaluation of railwayoperation benefit. At the same time, removal expense which is relativeto the selection location of passenger station、investment of civil engineering、completion time of project and some cost relatedto project should be brought into the constraint condition of selection location of passenger station. It still needs to compare the operating costs of different schemes of selection location of passenger station.(3)The development of city should be combined with the city planning. It includes urban master planning、urban public transport planning、urban rail transitnetwork planning and so on. Their evaluation indexes are different.In a word, it should reflect the compatibility between railway station and the city, and guide and[ 3 ]advance the development of the transportation of the city.On above foundation of all basic principles, alternatives should bein accordance with the natural distributed discipline of passenger flow, and be beneficial to hub passenger train. They also should make full use of the railway existing equipment and the urban existing collecting and distributing centre. At the same time, they should have both good geological conditions and economic environment.B. Layout Optimization model of Passenger Station in railway hubThe economic evaluation indexes of layout optimization model of passenger station in railway hub have both quantitative indexes such as engineering investment、operating costs and so on and some qualitative indexes which can’t be quantified directly such as cooperation with the development planning of city、environmentprotection and so on. To be convenient to unify quantitative indexes and qualitative indexes, establish layout optimization model of passenger station below by applying the theory and method of multi-objective planning.I(1) maxfwf,,ii,1iIn formula:i —Quantitative indexes and qualitative indexes of all design schemes. I evaluation indexes in all;—Effect of targets of all evaluation indexes(). It is introducedfor be f01,,fiiconvenient to unify the dimension of quantitative and qualitative indexes. For the effect of targets of quantitative indexes, determine the corresponding value of zero and one, and then evaluate the value through insertion method. For the qualitative indexes, use the six-degree standard to quantify: Best—1、Better—0.8、General—0.6、bad—0.4、worse—0.2、worst—0.—Weight of all evaluation indexes. It can be confirmed by the means of wiIinvestigation and argumentation and experts. In addition, . w,1,ii,1—Total effect of targets of all design schemes. Its value determines the final fgood or bad ranking of all design schemes.II Construction scheme of passenger station in Nanning railway hubA. Present situation and future planning of Nanning railway hubNanning railway hub is the important regional terminal in southwest railway network. At present, it is connected with three railway main lines: Hunan-Guilin line、Nanning-Kunming line and Nanning-Fangchenggang line. The constructing line: Liuzhou-Nanning passenger dedicated line、Nanning-Litang railway、Yunnan-Guilinrailway and Nanning-Qinzhou railway all introduced into Nanning hub. Recently, there will be Jinchengjiang-Nanning railway、Naning-Pingxiang railway and so onintroduced into Nanning terminal. At that time, the number of intersection railway lines will be nine in Nanning hub.In terminal , there’re only one passenger station—Nanning Station. It has fivereceiving-departure lines for passenger trains (including main line)、one freightthrough line、four receiving-departure concurrently storage sidings、four shuntinglines.The population of Nanning in downtown is planning to be 69 millionin 2010 and 78 million in 2020. The population of the center is planning to be below 21 million in 2010 and below 29 million in 2020.The existing layout of railway terminal is in loop mode. Affected by geological condition and features、the limit of removal working,existing passenger station can’t be reconstructed in large scale. All of passenger working being concentrated in a station leads large pressure to city traffic. Therefore, the layout mode should be that disperse several centers in different places. That needs new passenger stations to satisfy the operating demand.B. Scheme of passenger station in Nanning railway hubThe recent passenger volume in Nanning terminal is 8 billion peryear and the long-term will be 17 billion per year. Affected by geological condition, Nanning station cannot satisfy the passenger demand of terminal. With the construction of south-north intercity railroad in Nanning railway terminal, the terminal passenger system will gradually form the “loop” pattern of “The main in north and the minor in south” by south-north loop line.According to the principle of selection and location of passenger station in hub, come up with three alternatives for the south-north passenger station: reconstructing Nanning station(1)、new building Nahuang station(2)、new building Fengling[ 3 ]station(3).III Evaluation index of construction scheme of passenger station in Nanning railway terminalA. Costs of engineering investmentz1Calculate the investment of line、demolition、land expropriation、bridge、tunnelsof the construction scheme of passenger station. The costs of engineering investment of all schemes are presented in table 1.Table 1 Main engineering investment of alternative stations(10 thousand Yuan)Number of alternative stations Costs1 1026432 172605.23 155476.2zB. Operating costs in terminal 2JKLzuS,, 2 ，，,,,2jkljkll,,,111jklIn formula:j—The number of passenger stations in hub;k—The direction in hub;l—Different trains in hub, including high-speed train and normal-speed train;ujkl—The number of passengers in l kind train which is from j station to kdirection of hub;Sjkl—The distance of l kind train which is from j station to k direction of hub interminal;,l—The unit operating cost of l kind train.In accordance with the cost of one person per kilometer, the operating cost of taking normal passenger train is 0.078Yuan per person in one kilometer. The operating cost of taking high-speed train-set is 0.094Yuan per person in one kilometer.For three alternative stations, the distance of different kinds of trains to each direction is listed in table 2 and the operating costs of different passenger station in hub are presented in table 3.Table 2 The shortest path of alternative stations in accordance with direction(km)Traction by normal-speed trainKind of trains Direction of Direction of Direction ofKunming Qinzhou LitangStation 1 10.5 19 26.5Station 2 0 14 18Station 3 20 29 17Traction by high-speed train-setKind of trains Direction of Direction of Direction ofKunming Qinzhou LitangStation 1 10.5 19 26.5Station 2 0 14 18Station 3 20 29 17zC. Costs of passenger trips 3IJzcu, 3 ，，,,3ijij,,11ijIn formula:—Cost of passenger going to station; z3uij—Total number of passengers from i district to j station for taking different kinds of trains (including high-speed train and normal-speed train);cij—Unit cost of passenger trips from i district to j station for taking trains.Table 3 Operating costs in hub (10 thousand Yuan)Scheme of passenger station Costs10041.6 Two stations(1、2)7946.7 Three stations(1、2、3)According to the administrative region planning in Nanning downtown、thedistribution of railways and rivers, Nanning can be distributed into six residents tripdistricts.Table 4 Costs from trip districts to alternative station (Yuan) CAlternative station 1 Alternative station 2 Alternative station 2 ijDistrict 1 15 30 25District 2 10 20 20District 3 15 5 15District 4 30 10 20District 5 15 10 5District 6 5 25 5Table 5 The number of passengers taking normal-speed train of trip districts (10thousand person per year)District 1 2 3 4 5 6The number868.1 473.5 381.4 420.9 578.7 463.4of passengersAfter evaluated, costs of trip of layout scheme of passenger station are listed intable 7.zD. The other social benefits 4By applying the three-station scheme(1、2、3), it is convenient to arrange the taskof different stations in hub .The car flows travel smoothly in hub and it is convenient for passengers to take trains. The two-station scheme (1、2)can’t consider partialregions of the city and the contact between stations is not frequent and it is not convenient for passengers to go out.Table 6 The number of intercity passengers of trip districts (10 thousand personper year)District 1 2 3 4 5 6The number 1195.1 651.9 525.1 579.5 796.8 645.5of passengersTable 7 Trip costs of passengers in terminal (10 thousand Yuan) Scheme Costs121420.5 Two stations(1、2)118711.2 Three stations(1、2、3)IV Selection of optimization scheme of the layout of passenger station in Nanning hubA. Costs of engineering investment d1Table 8 Costs of engineering investment(10 thousand Yuan)Scheme Costs of investment275248.2 Two stations(1、2)430724.4 Three stations(1、2、3)dzEvaluate the corresponding effect of targets of the layout scheme of 11zdpassenger station by using linear model. Supposed when =520billion Yuan, 11zdequals zero and when =200 billion Yuan, equals one. Then layout schemes 11dof all passenger stations will be evaluated. The results are listed in table 9. 1dB. Operating costs in hub 2Operating costs of layout schemes of passenger station in hub are presented inzdztable 3. Supposed when =12 billion, equals zero and when =6 billion, 222equals one. Then calculate the layout scheme of passenger station by linear dd22relationship. The results are listed in table 10.Table 9 Effect of targets of engineering investment d1Scheme Effect of targets0.765 Two stations(1、2)0.279 Three stations(1、2、3)Table 10 Effect of targets of operating cost in hub d2Scheme Effect of targets0.326 Two stations(1、2)0.676 Three stations(1、2、3)C. Costs of passenger trip d3=150 billion, Costs of passenger trip are shown in table 7. Supposed when z2equals zero and when =80 billion, equals one. Then calculate the layout dzd323scheme of passenger station by linear relationship. The results are listed in table d311.Table 11 Effect of targets of passenger tripd 3Scheme Effect of targets0.408 Two stations(1、2)0.447 Three stations(1、2、3)dD. The other social benefits 4E. Determine the weight of each evaluation indexBy combining all evaluation indexes with a certain number of experts’wwsuggestions, the weight of each evaluation index is determined: —0.5、—0.1、12ww—0.3、—0.1. 34F. The optimal layout scheme of passenger stationComprehensive above results, evaluate the total effect of targets of layout schemeof passenger station in Nanning railway terminal. The results are listed in table 13.Table 12 Effect of targets of the other social benefits d4Scheme Effect of targets0.7 Two stations(1、2)0.9 Three stations(1、2、3)Table 13 Effect of targets of layout scheme of passenger stationTwo stations Three stationsw i(1、2) (1、2、3)d0.765 0.279 0.5 1d0.326 0.676 0.1 2d0.408 0.447 0.3 3d0.7 0.9 0.1 44 wd0.6075 0.4312 ,ii,i1Because the total effect of targets of two-station scheme is bigger than the one of three-station scheme, the optimal scheme is two-station scheme. That is reconstructing Nanning station and new building Nahuang station.The reconstruction and removal engineering are in large scale. To control the scale of Nanning station effectively, add five intermediate platforms and ten arrival-departure tracks to form fifteen mesas in scale. At the same time, build passenger coach preparing station and motor train-set application station. In Nahuang station, construct five arrival-departure tracks(including main line)、one basic platform、one intermediate platform、eight long-term reservation arrival-departuretracks 、four intermediate platforms and reserve motor train-set storage yard towards the station house.基于多目标规划的铁路枢纽客运站布局优化研究摘要:本文研究铁路枢纽内客运站布局及选址基本原则，客运站布局评价指标既有定量指标也有定性指标，为统一评价指标，本文运用多目标规划的基本思想，引入了评价指标的目标效应值，建立了多目标规划的客运站布局优化模型。

ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The economics of this combination mode favor high value items like electronics, electrical goods, computers and photographic equipment. economics: 经济效果，经济学 combination mode: 组合模式 favor: 喜欢，支持，照顾 high value item: 高等价值物品 electronics: 电子学， 电子工业 electrical: 与电有关的，有关电的，电 的 computer: 计算机 photographic: 摄影的， 照相的 equipment: 器材，设备 这种组合运输模式适合运输诸如电子电器产品、 计算机和照相设备等高价值的物品。


当前，不同类型的多式联运营运包括了不同类 型的运输组合方式。这些方式有海运/空运， 空运/公路运输，铁路运输/公路运输/内陆水路 运输-海运-铁路运输/公路运输/内陆水路运输， 小陆桥运输，陆桥运输，驮运联运和火车车厢 运输船。

1、Sea/air 海/空联合运输 Sea/air combines in itself the economy of sea transport and the speed of air transport. combine: (使)联合，(使)结合 economy: 组织，经 济，经济实惠 海空联运结合了海运的经济实惠和空运快速的特点。

common: 普通的，一般的，流行的 inland center: 内陆 中心 seaport: 海港，海港城市 country of origin: 原产 国，起运国 country of destination: 目的地国家

一、词汇翻译（英译汉）1、Multiple Unit动车组2、track wear 轨道磨损3、A right-hand switch 右开道岔4、ballast resistance 道碴电阻5、propulsion current 牵引电流6、electronic-coded 电码化的7、release value 释放值8、A.C. counting code track circuit 交流计数电码轨道电路9、FSO track circuit 移频重叠轨道电路10、braking distance 制动距离11、all-relay interlocking 继电式电气集中联锁12、interlocked switch 联锁道岔13、route 进路14、warning sign 预告标15、crossing gate 道口栏木16、panel 面，板，控制台17、block section 闭塞区段18、geographic representation 站场型表示19、retarder减速器，缓行器20、hump classification yard 驼峰编组场21、cut section 分割区段22、repeater 复示器23、locomotive-hauled 机车牵引的24、trailing units 挂车组25、A left-hand switch 左开道岔26、ballast resistance道碴电阻27、propulsion current 牵引电流28、single-rail track circuit 单轨条轨道电路29、insulated joint failure 绝缘节破损，绝缘不良30、multiple proceed aspects 多显示31、asymmetrical high voltage impulse track circuit 不对称脉冲轨道电路32、automatic block signaling 自动闭塞信号33、engineman 司机34、grade crossing 平交道口35、crossing at grade平交道口36、flashing light signal 闪光信号机37、clear a crossing signal 开放道口信号38、dispatcher 发报机，调度员39、block section 闭塞区段40、geographic representation 站场型表示41、retarder 减速器，缓行器42、loosely coupled module 积木式模块43、polar-impulse track circuit 极性脉冲轨道电路44、maglev 磁悬浮二、词汇翻译（汉译英）1、轴载重，轴负重axle load2、基本轨stock rails3、护轨guard rail（check rail）4、分路灵敏度shunting sensitivity5、轨道送电变压器track transformer6、恒源;稳源steady-energy7、释放值release value8、交流计数电码轨道电路A.C. counting code track circuit9、移频重叠轨道电路FSO track circuit10、制动距离braking distance11、继电式电气集中联锁all-relay interlocking 12、联锁道岔interlocked switch13、进路route14、预告标warning sign15、道口栏木crossing gate16、电动道岔electric operation switch17、区间intermediate track18、信号开放表示灯signal-clear indication light19、手信号hand signal20、出口速度exit speed21、回车场,转变turnaround22、尖轨point blades23、背向trailing direction24、分路灵敏度shunting sensitivity25、二元轨道继电器two-element track relay26、绝缘节破损;绝缘不良insulated joint failure27、多显示multiple proceed aspects28、不对称脉冲轨道电路asymmetrical high voltage impulse track circuit29、自动闭塞信号automatic block signaling30、司机engineman31、平交道口grade crossing crossing at grade32、道口栏木crossing gate33、闪光信号机flashing light signal34、开放道口信号clear a crossing signal35、发报机,调度员dispatcher36、联锁信号机interlocked signal37、区间intermediate track38、信号开放表示灯signal-clear indication light39、挂钩车couple car40、调车场主任yard mastermultiple Unit 动车组self-propelling 自力推进的carbody 车体locomotive-hauled 机车牵引的turnaround.回车场,转变, 转向, (经济, 营业等的)突然好转axle load 轴载重，轴负重track wear 轨道磨损motive power 动力console.[计] 控制台trailing units 挂车组magnetic 磁的，有磁性的levitation 轻轻浮起，升在空中velocity 速度turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨发动机jet 喷出，喷射compatible 兼容的transrapid 高速交通工具tailor 适合，适应current电流induce 引诱，引起，感应superconducting 超导bearing 轴承railroad switch铁路道岔taper一端逐渐变细point blades 尖轨stock rails 基本轨A right-hand switch 右开道岔A left-hand switch 左开道岔flange n.(机械等的)凸缘, (火车的)轮缘electric motor 电机pneumatic充气的，由压缩空气操作[推动]的, 风动的hydraulic液力的, 液压的trailing direction 背向Guard rail (check rail) 护轨align使结盟, 使成一行vt. 使成一线joint 道岔连接部分insulated section绝缘区段relay 继电器resistance 电阻rail bonding 钢轨引接线ballast resistance 道碴电阻tie 轨枕wheel and axle轮轴armature 衔铁shunting sensitivity 分路灵敏度be fundamental to 对…很重要referred to as 称为in series with 与…串联rob of 使…失去terminology术语transformer 变压器reactor电抗器resistor电阻器audio-frequency 声(音)频electrified railroad 电气化铁路propulsion current 牵引电流induction affect 感应效应classification yard编组场commercial power 市电track transformer轨道送电变压器primary 初级secondary 次级tap轻打, 活栓, 水龙头；分接；（中间）抽头impedance 阻抗two-element track relay 二元轨道继电器single-rail track circuit 单轨条轨道电路impedance bond 阻抗联结器electronic-coded 电码化steady-energy 恒源;稳源broken-rail detection 断轨检测insulated joint failure 绝缘节破损;绝缘不良cut section 分割区段contribut 促使;有助于.release value 释放值pickup value 吸起值multiple proceed aspects 多显示code transmitter 电码发送器coil 线圈;绕组a.c. counting code track circuit 交流计数电码轨道电流polar-impulse track circuit 极性脉冲轨道电路asymmetrical impulse track circuit不对称脉冲轨道电路polar-frequency code track circuit 极频轨道电路FSO track circuit 移频重叠轨道电路HF track circuit 高频轨道电路protect M against N 保护M以防(免遭)N in as much as 因为;由于automatic block signaling 自动闭塞信号consecutive 连续的；依次相连的cab signal 机车信号actuate 使动作braking distance 制动距离permissible 容许的；许可的grade 坡度mainline 正线；干线engineman司机train operation 行车；列车运行headway （前后两车）车间时距；时间间隔mount 安装rough-and-ready 大致上差不多的set forth 规定；宣布all-relay interlocking继电式电气集中联锁junction poin 枢纽grade crossing 平交道口electric operation switch 电动道岔locality 地点；位置；现场interlocked switch 联锁道岔electric switch machine 电动转辙机storage cell 蓄电池motor generator set 发电机组remote control system 遥控crossing at grade 平交道口opposing signal 反向信号route进路with provision for 考虑到video monitor 视频监视器upper portion上方highway crossing warning 道口预警flashing light signal 闪光信号机mast 桅杆；支座watt 瓦特bell 电铃sign 标志automatic gate 自动栏木warning sign 预告标switch vt.转换, 转变，道岔station stop 车站定点停车clear a crossing signal开放道口信号lamp lighting circuit 点灯电路warning device 预警设备crossing gate 道口栏木lag 滞后；迟延barrier 栅栏centralized traffic control 调度集中bypass.旁路vt.绕过, 避开,不顾dispatcher发报机,调度员panel . 面，板，控制台siding 股道power-operated switch 电动道岔interlocked signal 联锁信号机controlled point 被控点block section 闭塞分区wayside facility 地面信号，轨旁设备car 车列，车辆intermediate track 区间field location 线路点geographic representation 站场型表示switch controlling device 道岔控制设备signal-clear indication light 信号开放表示灯engraved letter 铭牌conflicting route 敌对进路release n.版本, 发布解锁industrial railroad 工业铁路transportation 运输large-scale 大规模steel mill 钢厂open-pit mine 露天矿locomotive机车, 火车头adj.运动的in-plant 近距的，内部的retarder 减速器，缓行器radar speed detector 雷达测速器car rolling钩车溜放场hump yard 驼峰编组场pushing推送radio remote control 无线电遥控accelerate 加速reverse.相反, 背面, 反面, 倒退adj.相反的, 倒转的vt.颠倒, 倒转fixed固定的alight adj.点着的, 发亮的；落下；下车couple car 挂钩车hand signal 手信号potential.潜能, 潜力, 电压；潜在的misread 误认；误读dump .堆存处；倾卸Hump classification yard 驼峰编组场distributed microprocessor 分布式微处理器loosely coupled module 积木式模块backbone 主干；骨架communication interface 通讯接口supervise 监督redundancy 冗余缩短control tower 控制塔yardmaster 调车场主任exit speed 出口速度distance-to-couple 钩挂距离subsystem 子系统approximately adv.近似地, 大约三、句子翻译1．The frog (common crossing) refers to the crossing point of two rails. This can be assembled out of several appropriately cut and bent pieces of rail or can be a single casting.P111辙叉（公共交叉部分）是指两轨交叉的部分。

附录A 外文翻译High-speed Rail and Multiple UnitsHigh-speedHigh-speed rail is public transport by rail at speeds in excess of 200 km/h. Typically, high-speed trains travel at top service speeds of between 250 km/h and 300 km/h- The world speed record for a conventional wheeled train was set in 1990，by a French TGV (Train a Grande vitesse) that reached a speed of 513.5km/h，and an experimental Japanese magnetic levitation train has reached 581 km/h.The International Union of Railway’high-speed task force provides definitions of high-speed rail travel. There is no single definition of the term, but rather a combination of elements—new or upgraded track, rolling stock, operating practices一that lead to high-speed rail operations. The speeds at which a train must travel to qualify as “high-speed”vary from country to country, ranging from 160 km/h to over 300 km/h.There are constraints on the growth of the highway and air travel systems，widely cited as traffic congestion, or capacity limits. Airports have limited capacity to serve passengers during peak travel times, as do highways. High-speed rail，which has potentially very high capacity on its fixed4corridors，offers the promise of relieving congestion on the other systems. Prior to World War II, conventional passenger rail was the principal means of intercity transport. Passenger rail services have lost their primary role in transport, due to the small proportion of journeys made by rail.High-speed rail has the advantage over automobiles in that it can move passengers at speeds far faster than those possible by car, while also avoiding congestion. For journeys that do not connect city centre to city centre，the door to door travel time and the total cost of high-speed rail can be comparable to that of driving. A fact often mentioned by critics of high-speed trains. However, supporters argue that journeys by train are less strenuous and more productive than car journeys.While high-speed trains generally do not travel as fast as jet aircraft, they have advantages over air travel for relatively short distances. When traveling less than about 650 km, the process of checking in and going through security screening at airports, as well as the journey to the airport itself, makes the total journey time comparable to high-speed rail. Trains can be boarded more quickly in a centrallocation，eliminating the speed advantage of air travel. Rail lines also permit far greater capacity and frequency of service than what is possible with aircraft.High-speed trains also have the advantage of being much more environmentally friendly, especially if the routes they serve are competing against clogged highways.The early target areas，identified by France，Japan，and the U.S.，were connections between pairs of large cities. In France this was Paris-Lyon, in Japan Tokyo-Osaka, and in the U.S. the proposals are in high-density areas. The only high-speed rail service at present in the USA is in the Northeast Corridor between Boston, New York and Washington, D.C,；it uses tilting trains to achieve high speeds on existing tracks, since building new，straighter lines was not practical, given the amount of development on either side of the right of way.Five years after construction began on the line，the first Japanese high-speed rail line opened on the eve of the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, connecting the capital with Osaka. The first French high-speed rail line was opened in 1981，the French rail agency, planning starting in 1966 and construction in 1976. The opening ceremonies were significant events, being reported internationally, but not associated with a major showpiece such as a World’s Fair or Olympic Games.Market segmentation has principally focused on the business travel market. The French focus on business travelers is reflected in the nature of their rail cars. Pleasure travel is a secondary market, though many of the French extensions connect with vacation beaches on the Atlantic and Mediterranean, as well as major amusement parks. Friday evenings are the peak time for TGVs. The system has lowered prices on long distance travel to compete more effectively with air services，and as a result some cities within an hour of Paris by TGV have become commuter communities, thus increasing the market, while restructuring land use, A side effect of the first high-speed rail lines in France was the opening up of previously isolated regions to fast economic development. Some newer high-speed lines have been planned primarily for this purpose.Multiple UnitsThe term Multiple Unit or MU is used to describe a self-propelling train unit capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one cab.1 The term is commonly used to denote passenger trainsets that consist of more than one carriage, but single self-propelling carriages, can bereferred to as multiple units if capable of operating with other units.Multiple units are of three main types：Electric Multiple Unit (EMU),Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU),Diesel Electric Multiple Units (DEMU).Multiple unit trainset has the same power and traction components as a locomotive, but instead of the components concentrating in one carbody，they are spread out on each car that makes up the set2 Therefore these cars can only propel themselves when they are part of semi-permanently coupled.For example, a DMU might have one car carry the prime mover and traction motors, and another the engine for head end power generation；an EMU might have one car carry the pantograph and transformer, and another car carry the traction motors.AdvantagesMultiple units have several advantages over locomotive-hauled trains.Energy efficiency—MUs are more energy efficient than locomotive-hauled trains. They are more nimble, especially on grades, as much more of the train’s weight ( sometimes all of it) is carried on power-driven wheels, rather than suffer the dead weight of unpowered hauled coaches. In addition, they have a lower weight-per-seat value than locomotive-hauled trains since they do not have a bulky locomotive that does not itself carry passengers but ecmtributes to the total weight of the train. This is particularly important for train services that have frequent stops,since the energy consumed for accelerating the train increasessignificantly with an increase in weight.No need to turn locomotive~Most MUs have cabs at both end, resulting in quicker turnaround times,reduced crewing costs i and enhanced safety. The faster turnaround time and the reduced size (due to higher frequencies) as compared to large locomotive -hauled trains, has made the MU a major part of suburban commuter rail services in many countries, MUs are also used by most rapid transit systems.Composing can be changed mid journey~MUs may usually be quickly made up or separated into sets of varying lengths. Several multiple units may run as a single train，then be broken at a junction point into smaller trains for different destinations.Reliability—Due to having multiple engines the failure of one engine does not prevent the train from continuing its journey. A locomotive drawn train typically only has one power unit whose failure will disable the train. Some locomotive hauled trains may contain more than one power unit and thus be able to continue at reduced speedafter the failure of one.Safety—Multiple units normally have completely independent braking systems on all cars meaning the failure of the brakes on one car does not prevent the brakes from operating on the other cars.Axle load—Multiple units have lighter axle loads, allowing operation on lighter tracks, where locomotives are banned. Another side effect of this is reduced track wear, as traction forces can be provided through many axles, rather than just the four or six of a locomotive.Easy and quick driving~Multiple units generally have rigid couplers instead of the flexible ones on locomotive hauled trains. That means brakes or throttle can be more quickly applied without excessive amount of jerk experienced in passenger coaches.Disadvantages：Multiple Units do have some disadvantages as compared to locomotive hauled trains.Maintenance—It may be easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars.Safety—In the past it was often safer to locate the train's power systems away from passengers. This was particularly the case for steam locomotives, but still has some relevance for other power sources. A head on collision involving a multiple-unit is likely to result in more casualties than one with a locomotive*Easy replacement of motive power~Should a locomotive fail, it is easily replaced. Failure of a multiple unit train-set will often require a whole new train or time-consuming switching.Efficiency—Idle trains do not waste expensive motive power resources. Separate locomotives mean that the costly motive power assets can be moved around as needed.Flexibility—Large locomotives can be substituted for small locomotives where the gradients of the route become steeper and more power is needed.5 Also, different types of passenger cars can be easily added to or removed from a locomotive hauled train. However, it is not so easy for a multiple unit since individual cars can be attached or detached only in a maintenance facility.Noise and Vibration—The passenger environment of a multiple unit is often noticeablynoisier than that of a locomotive-hauled train, due to the presence ofunderfloor machinery. The same applies to vibration. This is particular problem with DMUs.Obsolescence cycles—Separating the motivepower from the payload-hauling cars means that either can be replaced when obsolete without affecting the other.It is difficult to have gangways between coupled sets, and still retain an aerodynamic leadingfront end.FeaturesIt is not necessary for every single car in a MU set to be motorized. Therefore MU cars can be motor units or trailer units. Instead of motors, trailing units can contain some supplemental equipment such as air compressors, batteries, etc.In some MU trains，every car is equipped with a driving console, and other controls necessary to operate the train. Therefore every car can be used as a cabcar whether it is motorised or not, if on the end of the train. However, other EMUs can be driven/controlled only from dedicated Cab cars.Well-known examples of MUs are the Japanese Shinkansen and the last generation German ICE. Most trains in the Netherlands and Japan are MUs, making them suitable for use in areas of high population density. A new high-speed MU was unveiled by France’s Alstom on February 5th, 2008• It has a claimed service speed of 360 km/h..from：Railway signals professional Englis中文翻译：高速铁路与动车组高速铁路高速铁路是一种运行时速超过200千米的公共轨道交通。

中国交通运输专题系列之十二 2015年3月客户驱动式铁路多式联运物流为中国释放新的价值Luis C. Blancas, Gerald Ollivier, Richard Bullock世界银行，华盛顿铁路多式联运——即集装箱货物从起点到终点的运输过程中包括一段铁路运输的运输方式，由于成本较低、营运效率较高，因此在过去10-15年间在北美发展很快，在运输体系中的地位日益上升。

但迄今为止，其在中国的发展情况并非如此。

鉴于中国制造业所需的运输距离和产品特征，铁路多式联运对中国国内和国际供应链的参与度一直很低。

我们发现，导致这一问题的制约因素很可能是供给方面，而不是需求方面。

具体来说，现有的法规和制度环境对货运的运费标准进行控制，并使得中国铁路总公司（CRC ）缺乏甚至完全没有根据客户需求提供服务的灵活性，这是问题的根源所在。

本文介绍北美铁路运输在以下方面取得的成功做法：（a ）根据客户的需求和支付意愿提供相应的铁路多式联运服务；（b ）与其他物流服务供应商协作，以便把精力集中在自己最擅长的领域（铁路运输），而将从起点到终点整个联运供应链上的其他环节留给这些环节上最高效的供应商。

当前中国铁路总公司面临的政策和经济环境已为开展改革、采用类似做法提供了良好的条件。

中国的货物运输在过去至少15年间实现了飞速增长。

1从1998至2013年这15年，货物周转量的平均年增长率为10.4%，高于整体经济的增长速度（9.7%2）。

同一时期，从贸易量的角度来看，出口和进口都以两位数的年均增速增长（分别是15.5%和15.0%2），从而引发了对交通运输服务的大量需求。

据估算，1990年至2008年，出口对中国GDP 增长的贡献大约为15-30% 。

3货物运输业对中国以贸易和投资为主导的增长模式发挥了重要作用。

然而，如果看一下过去几年中国货运服务需求的构成，就可以清楚地看到：货运需求主要是通过公路运输（为主）和水路运输（其次）来满足，而铁路运输的地位相对下降。

然而，欧洲以外的货运代理了解该公约也是有益的， 因为他们作为多式联运的营运人并且当欧洲的陆路运 输构成该多式联运的一部分时，他们可了解货物运输 所适用的法律体制。
二、CMR公约下，承运人的责任范围
1.The acts and omissions of his agents and servants or other persons whose services he makes use;

The carrier shall not be relieved of liability by reason of the defective condition of the vehicle used by him in order to perform the carriage, or by reason of the wrongful act or neglect of the person from whom he may have hired the vehicle or of the agents or servants of the latter. relieve: 常接from, of ,意为“免除(职责)” liability: 责任，义务 reason: 理由，原因 defective condition: 不良状态(defective: 有缺陷的，不良的， 有故障的 )vehicle: 交通工具，车辆 in order to: 为 了... perform: 履行 by reason of: 由于，因为 hire: 雇用，租用 latter: 后者的，后面的;后者
பைடு நூலகம்

loss: 损失 damage: 损坏，破坏 occur: 发生， 出现 take possession of goods：接管货物 delay in delivery : 延迟交付 自他接管货物到交付期间发生的灭失和损害和 延迟交付。