presentation evaluation criteria

EVALUATION AND AID EFFECTIVENESSGlossary of Key Terms in Evaluationand Results Based Managemen t评估和面向结果管理的关键术语　DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE Array经济合作发展组织发展援助委员会（ＯＥＣＤ／ＤＡＣ）授权　国家科技评估中心翻译Glossaire 关键术语GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS IN EVALUATIONAND RESULTS BASED MANAGEMENT评估和面向结果管理的关键术语1Glossaire 关键术语FOREWORDThe DAC Working Party on Aid Evaluation (WP-EV) has developed this glossary of key terms in evaluation and results-based management because of the need to clarify concepts and to reduce the terminological confusion frequently encountered in these areas. Evaluation is a field where development partners – often with widely differing linguistic backgrounds – work together and need to use a common vocabulary. Over the years, however, definitions evolved in such a way that they bristled with faux ami s, ambivalence and ambiguity. It had become urgent to clarify and refine the language employed and to give it a harmonious, common basis. With this publication, the WP-EV hopes to facilitate and improve dialogue and understanding amo ng all those who are involved in development activities and their evaluation, whether in partner countries, development agencies and banks, or non-governmental organisations. It should serve as a valuable reference guide in evaluation training and in practical development work.The selection of terms and their definitions in the attached glossary have been carefully discussed and analysed and have benefited from advice and inputs, notably from DAC Members and the academic evaluation community. A WP-EV Task Force, chaired by the World Bank, led the overall project, in collaboration with the Secretariat. France took the lead on the French version, whilst the Inter-American Development Bank produced the Spanish translation. Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and UNDP provided financial support for the initial collection and review work, and Switzerland contributed financial support for producing this free distribution publication.The process has been guided by the highest considerations of clarity and conciseness and a spirit of collaboration and compromise in terms of the willingness of major development agencies and banks not to impose their specific vocabulary on others. Although terminology will continue to evolve alongside changing development practices and management instruments, this glossary is a “state-of- the-art” of key terms in use today.Niels DabelsteinChair of the Working Party on Aid Evaluation.2Glossaire 关键术语前言　这份术语表包含了关于评估和面向结果的管理的关键术语。

Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) Quick Reference:Eligibility· Only patients with measurable disease at baseline should be included in protocols where objective tumor response is the primary endpoint.Measurable disease - the presence of at least one measurable lesion. If the measurable disease is restricted to a solitary lesion, its neoplastic nature should be confirmed by cytology/histology. Measurable lesions - lesions that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension with longest diameter ³20 mm using conventional techniques or ³10 mm with spiral CT scan.Non-measurable lesions - all other lesions, including small lesions (longest diameter <20 mm with conventional techniques or <10 mm with spiral CT scan), i.e., bone lesions, leptomeningeal disease, ascites, pleural/pericardial effusion, inflammatory breast disease, lymphangitis cutis/pulmonis, cystic lesions, and also abdominal masses that are not confirmed and followed by imaging techniques; and.· All measurements should be taken and recorded in metric notation, using a ruler or calipers. All baseline evaluations should be performed as closely as possible to the beginning of treatment and never more than 4 weeks before the beginning of the treatment.· The same method of assessment and the same technique should be used to characterize each identified and reported lesion at baseline and during follow-up.· Clinical lesions will only be considered measurable when they are superficial (e.g., skin nodules and palpable lymph nodes). For the case of skin lesions, documentation by color photography, including a ruler to estimate the size of the lesion, is recommended.Methods of Measurement –· CT and MRI are the best currently available and reproducible methods to measure target lesions selected for response assessment. Conventional CT and MRI should be performed with cuts of 10 mm or less in slice thickness contiguously. Spiral CT should be performed using a 5 mm contiguous reconstruction algorithm. This applies to tumors of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Head and neck tumors and those of extremities usually require specific protocols.· Lesions on chest X-ray are acceptable as measurable lesions when they are clearly defined and surrounded by aerated lung. However, CT is preferable.· When the primary endpoint of the study is objective response evaluation, ultrasound (US) should not be used to measure tumor lesions. It is, however, a possible alternative to clinical measurements of superficial palpable lymph nodes, subcutaneous lesions and thyroid nodules. US might also be useful to confirm the complete disappearance of superficial lesions usually assessed by clinical examination.· The utilization of endoscopy and laparoscopy for objective tumor evaluation has not yet been fully and widely validated. Their uses in this specific context require sophisticated equipment and a high level of expertise that may only be available in some centers. Therefore, the utilization of such techniques for objective tumor response should be restricted to validation purposes in specialized centers. However, such techniques can be useful in confirmingcomplete pathological response when biopsies are obtained.· Tumor markers alone cannot be used to assess response. If markers are initially above the upper normal limit, they must normalize for a patient to be considered in complete clinical response when all lesions have disappeared.· Cytology and histology can be used to differentiate between PR and CR in rare cases (e.g., after treatment to differentiate between residual benign lesions and residual malignant lesions in tumor types such as germ cell tumors).Baseline documentation of “Target” and “Non-Target” lesions· All measurable lesions up to a maximum of five lesions per organ and 10 lesions in total, representative of all involved organs should be identified as target lesions and recorded and measured at baseline.· Target lesions should be selected on the basis of their size (lesions with the longest diameter) and their suitability for accurate repeated measurements (either by imaging techniques or clinically).· A sum of the longest diameter (LD) for all target lesions will be calculated and reported as the baseline sum LD. The baseline sum LD will be used as reference by which to characterize the objective tumor.· All other lesions (or sites of disease) should be identified as non-target lesions and should also be recorded at baseline. Measurements of these lesions are not required, but the presence or absence of each should be noted throughout follow-up.Response CriteriaEvaluation of target lesions* Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all target lesions* Partial Response (PR): At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the baseline sum LD* Progressive Disease (PD): At least a 20% increase in the sum of the LD of target lesions, taking as reference the smallest sum LD recorded since the treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions* Stable Disease (SD): Neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for PD, taking as reference the smallest sum LD since the treatment started Evaluation of non-target lesions* Complete Response (CR): Disappearance of all non-target lesions and normalization of tumor marker level* Incomplete Response/ Stable Disease (SD): Persistence of one or more non-targetlesion or/and maintenance of tumor marker level above the normal limits* Progressive Disease (PD): Appearance of one or more new lesions and/or unequivocal progression of existing non-target lesions (1)(1) Although a clear progression of “non target” lesions only is exception al, in such circumstances, the opinion of the treating physician should prevail and the progression status should be confirmed later on by the review panel (or study chair).Evaluation of best overall responseThe best overall response is the best response recorded from the start of the treatment until disease progression/recurrence (taking as reference for PD the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started). In general, the patient's best response assignment will depend on the achievement of both measurement and confirmation criteriaTarget lesions Non-Target lesions New Lesions Overall responseCR CR No CRCR Incomplete response/SD No PRPR Non-PD No PRSD Non-PD No SDPD Any Yes or No PDAny PD Yes or No PDAny Any Yes PD· Patients with a global deterioration of health status requiring discontinuation of treatment without objective evidence of disease progression at that time should be classified as having “symptomatic deterioration”. Every effort should be made to document the objective progression even after discontinuation of treatment.· In some circumstances it may be difficult to distinguish residual disease from normal tissue. When the evaluation of complete response depends on this determination, it is recommended that the residual lesion be investigated (fine needle aspirate/biopsy) to confirm the complete response status.Confirmation· The main goal of confirmation of objective response is to avoid overestimating the response rate observed. In cases where confirmation of response is not feasible, it should be made clear when reporting the outcome of such studies that the responses are not confirmed.· To be assigned a status of PR or CR, changes in tumor measurements must be confirmed by repeat assessments that should be performed no less than 4 weeks after the criteria for response are first met. Longer intervals as determined by the study protocol may also be appropriate.· In the case of SD, follow-up measurements must have met the SD criteria at least once after study entry at a minimum interval (in general, not less than 6-8 weeks) that is defined in the study protocolDuration of overall response· The duration of overall response is measured from the time measurement criteria are met for CR or PR (whichever status is recorded first) until the first date that recurrence or PD is objectively documented, taking as reference for PD the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started.Duration of stable disease· SD is measured from the start of the treatment until the criteria for disease progression aremet, taking as reference the smallest measurements recorded since the treatment started. · The clinical relevance of the duration of SD varies for different tumor types and grades. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the protocol specify the minimal time interval required between two measurements for determination of SD. This time interval should take into account the expected clinical benefit that such a status may bring to the population under study. Response review· For trials where the response rate is the primary endpoint it is strongly recommended that allresponses be reviewed by an expert independent of the study at the study’s completion.Simultaneous review of the patients’ files and radiological images is the best approach. Reporting of results· All patients included in the study must be assessed for response to treatment, even if there are major protocol treatment deviations or if they are ineligible. Each patient will be assigned one of the following categories: 1) complete response, 2) partial response, 3) stable disease, 4) progressive disease, 5) early death from malignant disease, 6) early death from toxicity, 7) early death because of other cause, or 9) unknown (not assessable, insufficient data).· All of the patients who met the eligibility criteria should be included in the main analysis of the response rate. Patients in response categories 4-9 should be considered as failing to respond to treatment (disease progression). Thus, an incorrect treatment schedule or drug administration does not result in exclusion from the analysis of the response rate. Precise definitions for categories 4-9 will be protocol specific.· All conclusions should be based on all eligible patients.· Subanalyses may then be performed on the basis of a subset of patients, excluding those for whom major protocol deviations have been identified (e.g., early death due to other reasons, early discontinuation of treatment, major protocol violations, etc.). However, these subanalyses may not serve as the basis for drawing conclusions concerning treatment efficacy, and the reasons for excluding patients from the analysis should be clearly reported.· The 95% confidence intervals should be provided.RECIST (肿瘤疗效评价标准) 快速参考筛选条件：l 当客观肿瘤疗效是评价的主要终点时，只有在基线有可测量疾病的人可以包含到试验方案中。

系统评价Meta分析方法学质量的评价工具AMSTAR一、本文概述Overview of this article本文旨在探讨和评价《系统评价Meta分析方法学质量的评价工具AMSTAR》这篇文章，深入解析AMSTAR（A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews）这一评价工具在系统评价和Meta分析中的应用和重要性。

我们将从AMSTAR的背景、目的、方法、结果以及讨论等方面进行全面介绍，以便读者更好地理解和掌握这一评价工具。

This article aims to explore and evaluate the AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) evaluation tool for the quality of meta-analysis methodology, and to provide an in-depth analysis of its application and importance in system evaluation and meta-analysis. We will provide a comprehensive introduction to AMSTAR from its background, purpose, methods, results, and discussion, in order for readers to better understand and master this evaluation tool.我们将简要介绍系统评价和Meta分析在医学研究中的重要性，以及为什么需要对这些方法学质量进行评价。

接着，我们将详细介绍AMSTAR的发展背景、理论基础和构建过程，以便读者了解该评价工具的起源和依据。

We will briefly introduce the importance of system evaluation and meta-analysis in medical research, as well as why it is necessary to evaluate the quality of these methodologies. Next, we will provide a detailed introduction to the development background, theoretical basis, and construction process of AMSTAR, so that readers can understand the origin and basis of this evaluation tool.在方法部分，我们将详细介绍AMSTAR的具体内容、评分标准和评价方法，包括各个条目的定义、评分依据以及如何运用AMSTAR对系统评价和Meta分析进行质量评价。

计算机网络管理员理论参考题库（答案附后）一、单项选择题（每小题有A、B、C、D四个选项，只有一个选项符合题目要求）1．只有支持HTTP1.1协议标准的“放置”功能，浏览器才能执行( )操作。

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一类是( )，即不再进行正常的网络通信并且不再向网络发送任何数据，对网络基本上没有破坏性。

另一类是“狂躁型”，发生故障后向网络发送不受限制的数据包，对网络性能造成严重影响甚至破坏。

A.“狂热型”B. “安静型”C. “静止型”D. “安稳型”5．使用下列( )用户组的成员登录，可以创建新的用户组。

A.Replicator组、Guests组B.Power Users组、Replicator组C.Administrators组、Administrators组D.Power Users组、Guests组6．下列选项( )不属于《中华人民共和国著作权法》中所指的作品。

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A.体育锻炼B.整合功能C.歌舞娱乐D.社会交际8．关于路由器接口状态和线路协议状态都为down的原因，下列正确的是( )。

A.在一个背对背的连接中，另一端的设备正处于管理性关闭状态B.没有设置时钟速率C.数据封装类型不匹配等问题D.没有保存信号9．Exchange Server服务器支持IE(3.02以上的版本)需要在服务器的( )中做好相应设置。

A.IIS管理器B.ACCESSC.System ManageD.Outlook10．计算机机房的构造、装修必须严格遵守有关消防规定，如建筑耐火等级( )。

差生英语期末总结评语I. IntroductionThe English course has come to an end, and now it is time to reflect and evaluate the progress made during this period. The purpose of this final evaluation is to provide a comprehensive review of each student's performance and to identify areas of strength and areas that need improvement. It is important to note that this evaluation is meant to be constructive, aiming to celebrate achievements and suggest ways to enhance learning in the future.II. Evaluation CriteriaThe evaluation will be based on various criteria, including oral proficiency, written expression, reading comprehension, listening skills, vocabulary acquisition, and grammar usage. Each student will be assessed in these areas, and a comprehensive analysis will be provided.III. Oral Proficiency1. Presentation Skills: The ability to deliver a well-organized and engaging presentation was observed throughout the course. Some students demonstrated excellent presentation skills, using clear and concise language, appropriate body language, and visual aids to enhance their message. However, others need to work on creating more structured presentations and developing their public speaking skills.2. Speaking Fluency: Many students have shown progress in their speaking fluency. They have become more comfortable in expressing their thoughts and ideas in English. However, some students still struggle with limited vocabulary and hesitation when speaking. Further practice and exposure to authentic English conversations are recommended to improve fluency.IV. Written Expression1. Grammar and Sentence Structure: Overall, students have shown improvement in their grammar and sentence structure. Most written assignments were well-structured and contained a variety of sentences. However, there were still instances of errors in subject-verb agreement, tense usage, and sentence fragments. Continued practice and revision will help to consolidate grammar skills.2. Coherence and Cohesion: Many students demonstrated the ability to organize their ideas in a logical sequence and connect them using appropriate transition words. However, some essays lacked coherence and failed to fully develop the main points. Encouraging students to draft and revise their writing will enhance coherence and cohesion in their essays.V. Reading Comprehension1. Reading Speed and Accuracy: Most students displayed satisfactory reading speed and accuracy. They were able to comprehend the main ideas and details of the texts assigned during the course. However, there were a few students who struggled with reading speed, which affected their overall comprehension. Regular reading practice, both inside and outside the classroom, will help improve reading fluency.2. Inference and Interpretation: Many students demonstrated the ability to make inferences and draw conclusions from the texts. They were able to identify the author's purpose, point of view, and supporting evidence. However, some students need further practice in analyzing texts and understanding implied meanings.VI. Listening Skills1. Listening Comprehension: Students generally exhibited satisfactory listening comprehension skills. They were able to understand the main ideas, details, and specific information from the listening materials used in class. However, a few students struggled to understand certain accents or rapid speech. Encouraging students to engage in listening activities with authentic English materials will improve their listening skills.2. Note-Taking: Most students demonstrated good note-taking skills during lectures and audio recordings. They were able to capture key points and important details. However, there is still room for improvement in organizing notes and effectively using them in subsequent tasks.VII. Vocabulary Acquisition1. Vocabulary Expansion: Students have shown progress in expanding their vocabulary. They were able to use a wide range of words and phrases in their speaking and writing. However, some students need more exposure to authentic English texts and contexts to further enrich their vocabulary.2. Word Usage: Overall, students demonstrated appropriate word usage in their speaking and writing. However, there were instances of improper word choices and incorrect collocations. Encouraging students to regularly use new words in different contexts will enhance their word usage skills.VIII. ConclusionIn conclusion, the English course has provided an opportunity for students to develop their English language skills in various areas. Most students have made commendable progress in their oral proficiency, written expression, reading comprehension, listening skills, vocabulary acquisition, and grammar usage. However, there are still areas that need improvement, such as presentation skills, speaking fluency, coherence and cohesion in writing, reading speed, inference and interpretation, listening skills, note-taking, and word usage. It is recommended that students continue practicing English in authentic contexts, engage in regular reading and listening activities, and seek opportunities to communicate inEnglish with native speakers or language exchange partners. With perseverance and consistent effort, further improvement can be achieved in the future.。