relationship terminology

Psychology Terminology: A Journey Through the Language of the MindThe field of psychology, encompassing a vast array of concepts and theories, is inextricably linked with a rich vocabulary of specialized terminology. This lexicon, often reflecting the depth and complexity of human thought and behavior, plays a pivotal role in facilitating communication and understanding among psychologists and other professionals in the field.At the core of psychological terminology lies the concept of cognition, referring to the mental processes involved in thinking, perceiving, remembering, and understanding. Key terms such as "cognition," "perception," and "memory" form the foundation of this domain, guiding our understanding of how the brain processes and interprets information from the external world.Closely related to cognition is the field of affective psychology, which deals with emotions and their impact on behavior. Terms like "emotion," "motivation," and "stress" are integral to this subdomain, highlighting the intricate relationship between feelings and our actions.Developmental psychology, on the other hand, focuses on the psychological changes that occur throughout the lifespan. Key terms in this area include "child development," "adolescence," and "aging," alluding to the distinct stages and challenges encountered during different life stages.Social psychology explores the influence of social factors on individual behavior and cognition. Terms such as "socialization," "group behavior," and "interpersonal relations" are pivotal in this domain, emphasizing the interconnectedness of individuals within social contexts. Clinical psychology, meanwhile, deals with the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders. Terms like "psychopathology," "therapy," and "diagnosis" are central to this subdomain, guiding practitioners in their understanding and management of mental health conditions. The importance of psychological terminology extends beyond the academic realm. It plays a crucial role in everyday life, informing our interactions, decision-making, and understanding of ourselves and others. By delving into the lexicon of psychology, we gain a deeper appreciationfor the complexities of the human mind and the intricate dance of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that shape our world.**心理学专业名词英语：心灵的语言之旅**心理学领域涵盖了大量的概念和理论，这些理论与一个丰富的专业术语词汇表紧密相连。

医学伦理学专业英语词汇选编abdominal adj.腹部的abomination n.憎恨, 厌恶, 可憎的事物adjuvant adj.辅佐的n.助理员Advisory adj.顾问的, 咨询的, 劝告的anaesthetist n.麻醉师analgesic adj.止痛的, 不痛的n.[医]止痛剂Artificial insemination 人工授精auxiliary adj.辅助的, 补助的bereaved adj.丧失的bereavement n.(亲人)丧亡chaplain n.(私人、社团、医院、监狱、贵族、私人教堂、军中等的)牧师Chemotherapy n.化学疗法competent adj.有能力的, 胜任的considerable adj.相当大(或多)的, 值得考虑的, 相当可观的cornerstone n.墙角石, 基础culture n.文化, 文明declaration n.宣布, 宣言, 声明deterioration n.变坏, 退化, 堕落determination n.决心, 果断deviation n.背离discipline n.纪律, 学科v.训练distress n.悲痛, 穷困, 不幸, 危难, 忧伤v.使悲痛, 使穷困, 使忧伤donation 捐献dying adj.垂死的electro-shock therapy n. 电休克疗法，电休克治疗emen n.精液, 精子emotional adj.情绪的, 情感的ethic n.道德规范, 伦理euthanasia n.安乐死exaggerate v.夸大, 夸张expertise n.专家的意见, 专门技术extravagant adj.奢侈的, 浪费的, 过分的, 放纵的facility n.容易, 简易, 灵巧, 熟练, 便利, 敏捷, 设备, 工具Feudal System 封建体系geographical adj.地理学的, 地理的grapple v.格斗hospice n.临终关怀，安息所，养护院hypotonic adj.[医]张力减退的, 低渗的iatrogenic adj.因医生的治疗而引起的，医源性的immunization n.使免除, 使免疫in charge adv.主管, 看管, 在...看管下indelible adj.去不掉的, 不能拭除的infanticide n.杀婴, 杀婴者infertility n.不肥沃, 不毛，不育innovation n.改革, 创新insemination n.授精, 播种integrate vt.使成整体, 使一体化, 求...的积分v.结合Intensive adj.强烈的, 精深的, 透彻的, [语法]加强语气的n.加强器interpretation n.解释, 阐明, 口译, 通译intestinal adj.肠的, 肠内的, (疾病)侵袭肠的ionize vt.使离子化vi.电离Jehovah Witnesses n.耶和华（犹太教神名的基督教读法）作证派Judaism n.犹太教malignant adj.恶性的Medical Ethics 医学伦理学Medication n.药物治疗, 药物处理, 药物mental adj.精神的, 智力的methodical adj.有方法的, 有系统的milieu n.周围, 环境monitor n.班长, 监听器, 监视器, 监控器vt.监控v.监控monopoly n.垄断, 垄断者, 专利权, 专利事业morbidity n.病态, 不健全, 发病率normally adv.正常地, 通常地obstruction n.阻塞, 妨碍, 障碍物oncologist n.肿瘤学家，肿瘤医生oncology n.肿瘤学paediatric adj.[医]儿科的, 儿科医学的palliation n.减轻palliative adj.减轻的n.辩解pass on v.去世, 传递passage n.通过, 经过, 通道, 通路, (一)段, (一)节patent n.专利权, 执照, 专利品adj.特许的, 专利的, 显著的, 明白的, 新奇的vt.取得...的专利权, 请准专利personality n.个性, 人格, 人物, 名人, (用复数)诽谤、人身攻击pharmaceutic adj.配药学的, 调药的Pharmacy n.药房, 药剂学, 配药业, 制药业, 一批备用药品Physician/Patient Relationship 医患关系Placebo n.为死者所诵的晚祷词, 安慰剂poliomyelitis n.小儿麻痹症, 急性骨髓灰白质炎Population Policy 人口政策prefer vt.更喜欢, 宁愿Pregnancy n.怀孕psychiatrist n.精神病医师, 精神病学家psychiatry n.精神病学, 精神病治疗法psychogeriatrics [复] n.[用作单] [医]老年精神病学psychopathy n.精神变态, 心理变态psychopharmacology n.精神( 病) 药理学psychotherapy n.精神疗法, 心理疗法psychotropic adj.(药物)作用于精神的radiation n.发散, 发光, 发热, 辐射, 放射, 放射线, 放射物radiotherapist n.放射线治疗医师radiotherapy n.放射线疗法reassign vt.再分配，再指定relief n.(痛苦等的)减轻, (债务等的)免除, 救济, 调剂, 安慰, 浮雕, 地貌respiratory adj.呼吸的reversal n.颠倒, 反转, 反向, 逆转, 撤销Self- Medication自疗seminar n.研究会, 讨论发表会Sex Education 性教育sexual adj.性的, 性别的, [生]有性的Sexually Transmitted Disease 性传播疾病Shinto n.日本之神道教,1945年前为日本国教Situational Ethics 境遇伦理学Social Work Ethics 社会工作伦理Social Worker 社会工作者spina bifida n. 脊柱裂Spiritual Healing 精神康复step back 进入毫无意义的地位Sterilization n.杀菌, 绝育suicide n.自杀, 自毁, 给自己带来伤害或损失的行为symptom n.[医][植]症状, 征兆take over v.把...从一地带到另一地, 接收, 接管terminal n.终点站, 终端, 接线端adj.末期, 每期的, 每学期的terminology n.术语学therapeutic adj.治疗的, 治疗学的n.治疗剂, 治疗学家transmit vt.传输, 转送, 传达, 传导, 发射, 遗传, 传播vi.发射信号, 发报trauma n.[医] 外伤, 损伤undertake vt.承担, 担任, 许诺, 保证v.采取variation n.变更, 变化, 变异, 变种, [音]变奏, 变调Vital adj.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的ward n. 守卫, 保卫, 保护, 牢房, 病房, 行政区, 监护, 锁孔vt.守护, 保卫, 防止, 挡住, 躲开, 避免历史上的医学伦理医患关系Physician/Patient Relationship希波克拉底誓言oath of hippocrates严禁对病人的一切毒害和妄为I will keep them from harm and injustice绝对命令Absolute order孔子Confucius孔孟之道the theory of Confucius and Mencius仁Kindheartedness仁爱Love仁爱原则Principle of love人类尊严原理Principle of human dignity儒家伦理The ethics of Confucian school内省Introspection良心conscience道德行为Moral conduct动机说Motivism设身处地Put yourself in his place利益Interests人类生命神圣性sanctity of human life佛教Buddhism日内瓦宣言Declaration of Geneva国际医学伦理规范International code of Medical Ethics医学科研与医学伦理人工授精Artificial insemination世界医学会赫尔辛基宣言World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki纽伦堡法典Nuremberg Code动物实验法animal experimentation研究对象的权利The right of research subjects知情同意the informed consent美国护理学会章典the American Nurses’Association’s code临终病人the dying patient病人的权利Patients’right人体实验human subjects experimentation双重影响double effect临床研究Clinical investigation动物实验animal experimentation精神疗法phychotherapy器官移植organ transplantation人体实验的伦理原则The ethical principle in experiment on human subject 伦理委员会an independent ethics committee公正justice道德权力Moral right动物的权力Animal right胚胎权力The right of human foetus双盲研究Doubleblind Studies不伤害原则principle of nonmaleficence免于受伤害权freedom from harm自愿的voluntary非自愿的non-voluntary人类基因研究与医学伦理人类基因组计划the Human Genome Project基因工程Gene engineering基因诊断Gene diagnosis克隆Cloning体细胞基因治疗somatic cell gene therapy性细胞基因治疗sex cell gene therapy治疗性基因治疗treatment gene therapy增强性基因治疗enhancement gene therapy基本原则basic principle医学目的medical motives人道主义humanism基因隐私Genetic privacy基因歧视Genetic discrimination基因治疗Gene therapy价值冲突conflict of value价值主体The subject of value价值客体The object of value伦理价值Ethic value科学自由Liberty of science科学家的社会责任Social responsibility of scientists科学家的权利与义务Right and duty of scientists科学精神与人文精神的结合cooperation of scientific and humanistic spirits 后代人权Right of future generation隐私privacy医疗秘密medical confidentiality尊重病人respect卫生管理与医学伦理伦理问题Ethical issues人口政策Population Policy世界卫生组织World Health Organization (WHO)初级卫生保健primary health care (PHC)卫生政策health policy公益原则The principle of public good平等原则The principle of equity公正原则The principle of justice行善原则The principle of beneficence效益原则The principle of utility差别原则Difference principle自主原则The principle of autonomy行动自主autonomy of action道德规范Moral norms功利主义Utilitarianism经济人Economic person理性选择rational choice利己主义Egoism/Self-love利他主义Altruism帕累托最优Pareto optimality机会平等Equity of opportunity囚徒困境Prisoner’s Dilemma基本需要Basic needs优先原则Principle of priority生物心理社会医学模式biopsychosocial medical model 不对称信息asymmetric information合作医疗制度cooperative medical care system急诊首诊负责制emergency first-visit responsibility公平equity卫生保健health care卫生组织health organization卫生服务health service医院管理hospital management医疗事故medical malpractice医学模式medical model价格歧视price discrimination社会保险social insurance专科护理special nursing全民保险计划universal insurance plan福利welfare合理化rationalization其它安乐死euthanasia临终关怀hospice境遇伦理学Situational Ethics父权主义paternalism人工授精Artificial insemination体外受精external fertilization人的胚胎human embryos代理母亲surrogate motherhood配偶间的试管婴儿test-tube baby by spouse（杨同卫编辑）生育代理母亲surrogate mother不孕Infertility避孕contraception产前诊断prenatal diagnosis生育Procreation生育控制birth control出生率birth rate出生缺陷birth defect存活率survival rate堕胎abortion堕胎避孕药abortive contraceptive发育迟缓intrauterine growth retardation发育能力capacity for growth非婚生子女illegitimate child分娩labor妇幼保健health care for women and child宫内手术intra-uterine operation后代、子孙offspring婚前受孕premarital conception婚前体检premarital physical examination积极优生学positive eugenics计划生育planned parenthood夫精人工受精（同源人工受精）artificial insemination by husband 家庭计划family planning精子Sperm精子库Bank of sperm节育fertility control近亲结婚consanguineous marriage绝育sterilization控制人口population control联体婴儿conjoined twins劳动力work force卵子Ovum消极优生学negative eugenics剖宫产cesarean section or birth弃婴foundling强迫性避孕compulsory contraception人工辅助生殖技术assisted reproductive technology无性生殖Asexual reproduction, also called clone.人口population人口金字塔population pyramid人口理论population theory人口伦理学population ethics人口税population tax人口政策population policy色盲color blindness杀婴infanticide生育观views of fertility生育控制fertility control生育权利fertility right生殖细胞germ cell试管婴儿In vitro fertilization, IVF （test tube baby）收养adoption输精管切除vasectomy输卵管结扎ligation of oviduct围生保健perinatal care围生期死亡perinatal mortality围生医学perinatal medicine卫生人口health population无脑儿anencephalic neonate先天性畸形congenital malformation新生儿安乐死euthanasia of neonate性别监测sex surveillance性别歧视sex discrimination阉割castration严重缺陷新生儿serious defective newborn遗传缺陷genetic defect遗传隐私genetic privacy遗传咨询genetic counseling遗传咨询与保密genetic counseling and confidentiality 异源人工受精artificial insemination by donor (AID).引产induced abortion优生堕胎eugenic abortion优生法eugenics law优生学eugenics早产儿pre-term infant知情同意Informed consent终止妊娠termination of pregnancy痴愚者moron死亡安乐师practitioner of euthanasia安乐术practice of euthanasia安乐死euthanasia安乐死运动euthanasia movement被动安乐死（消极安乐死）passive euthanasia濒死状态near death state病理死亡pathological death道教Daoism持续性植物状态persistent vegetative state.非自愿安乐死involuntary euthanasia腐败putrefaction荷兰安乐死立法legalization of euthanasia in Netherlands呼吸—呼吸作用respiration火葬cremation己所不欲，勿施于人Do unto others as you would have them do unto you 积极安乐死（主动安乐死）positive euthanasia疾病ailments脉搏pulse临终关怀terminal care没有表达意愿安乐死euthanasia without consent脑干brainstem脑死亡brain death脑电图electroencephalogram善终医学palliative medicine生理死亡physiological death生前遗嘱living will水葬water burial死亡death死亡标准criteria of death死亡观perspectives of death死亡过程dying process死亡教育death education死亡控制control of death死亡率mortality rate死亡权利rights to die死亡文明civilization of death死亡宣布declaration of death死亡哲学philosophy of death死亡状态state of death死因顺序ranking causes of death天葬celestial burial瞳孔pupils土葬ground burial文明死亡civilized death无痛致死painless death无痛致死术practice of painless death无伤nonmalefence.心肺死亡标准Cardiorespiratory criterion of death 养老院rest home医助自杀physician-assisted suicide意外死亡accidental death优死euthanasia致死cause of death准自杀para-suicide自然死natural death自杀suicide自杀未遂attempted suicide自愿安乐死voluntary euthanasia尊严死death with dignity。

哲学术语英文nature of reality itself. It examines the essence of entities, their properties, and the relationships between them. Central to ontology is the concept of existence, which encompasses both concrete objects and abstract entities. From Plato's theory of Forms to Aristotle's notion of substance, philosophers throughout history have grappled with the nature of existence and the ontological status of various entities.2. Epistemology:Epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, explores how we come to know what we know. Derived from the Greek words "episteme" (knowledge) and "logos" (study), epistemology examines the sources, limits, and validity of knowledge claims. It encompasses theories of perception, reason, and experience,as well as debates over the nature of truth and justification.From Plato's theory of recollection to Descartes' methodological skepticism, epistemological inquiry seeks to elucidate the nature of knowledge and the conditions of its possibility.3. Metaphysics:Metaphysics, often considered the most abstract and speculative branch of philosophy, delves into questions of ultimate reality and the nature of existence beyond the physical world. Derived from the Greek words "meta" (beyond) and "physika" (physics), metaphysics explores topics such as the nature of time, space, causality, and the mind-body relationship. It encompasses ontological inquiries into the nature of being, as well as inquiries into the nature of reality itself. From Aristotle's theory of the four causes to Kant's transcendental idealism, metaphysical speculation seeks to uncover the underlying principles that govern the universe.4. Ethics:Ethics, the branch of philosophy concerned with moral principles and values, explores questions of right and wrong, good and evil, and the nature of the good life. Derived from the Greek word "ethos" (character), ethics examines thenature of ethical obligations, the foundations of moral judgments, and the principles that guide human conduct. It encompasses normative theories such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, as well as metaethicalinquiries into the nature of moral truth and justification. From Aristotle's virtue ethics to Kant's categorical imperative, ethical inquiry seeks to elucidate the principles that govern human behavior and the nature of moral excellence.5. Aesthetics:Aesthetics, the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, explores questions ofartistic expression, aesthetic experience, and the nature ofaesthetic value. Derived from the Greek word "aisthesis" (perception), aesthetics examines the nature of aesthetic judgments, the criteria of artistic excellence, and the role of beauty in human life. It encompasses theories of art, taste, and creativity, as well as inquiries into the nature of aesthetic experience and the relationship between art and morality. From Plato's theory of mimesis to Kant's theory of aesthetic judgment, aesthetic inquiry seeks to uncover the nature of beauty and its significance in human existence.Conclusion:In the vast landscape of philosophical inquiry, terminology serves as both a guide and a challenge. It provides us with the conceptual tools to explore the depths of existence, while also reminding us of the limitations of language and the complexities of human thought. By delving into the rich tapestry of philosophical terminology, we embark on a journey of discovery, seeking to unravel themysteries of the universe and deepen our understanding of the human condition. Through ontology, epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, and beyond, we continue to explore the essence of existence, striving to illuminate the path toward wisdom and enlightenment.。

跨⽂化沟通技巧重点总结跨⽂化重点总结Chapter1P4MNC: A firm having operations in more than one country, international sales, and a nationality mix among managers and owners.P17Global Economic Systems1.Market EconomyA market economy exists when private enterprise reserves theright to own property and monitor the production and distribution of goods and services while the state simply supports competition and efficient practices./doc/f4bbb571a12d7375a417866fb84ae45c3b35c2b0.html mand EconomyA commend economy is comparable to a monopoly in the sensethat the organization in this case the government, has explicit control over the price and the supply of a good or service. 3.A mixed economy is a combination of a market and a commandeconomy.(While some sectors of this system reflect private ownership and the freedom and flexibility of the law of demand , other sectors are subject to government planning.)Chapter2P36International jurisdiction: a jurisdictional principle of international law which holds that every country has jurisdiction over its citizen no matter where they are located.Doctrine of Comity: a jurisdictional principle of international law which holds that there must be mutual respect for the laws, institutions, and governments of other countries in the matter of jurisdiction over their own citizens.Chapter3P55Ethics: the study of morality and standards of conducts.P58Figure 3-1P62CSR: corporate social responsibility. The actions of a firm to benefit society beyond the requirements of the law and the direct interests of the firm.NGOs: nongovernmental organizations. Private, not-for profit organizations that seek to serve society’s interests by focusing on social, political, and economic issues such as poverty, social justice, education, health, and the environment.P64Table 3-1: Principles of the Global CompactChapter4P100Culture: acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior. This acknowledge forms values creates attitudes, and influence behavior.The six features of culture1.Learned. Culture is not inherited or biologically based; it isacquired by learning and experience.2.Shared. People as members of a group, organization, or societyshare culture; it is not specific to single individuals.3.Transgenerational. Culture is cumulative, passed down from onegeneration to the next.4.Symbolic. Culture is based on the human capacity to symbolizeor use one thing to represent another.5.Patterned. Culture has structure and is integrated; a change in onepart will bring changes in another.6.Adaptive. Culture is based on human capacity to change or adapt,as opposed to the more genetically driven adaptive process of animals.P101Table4-1 Priorities of Culture Values: United States, Japan, and Arab CountriesUnited States Japan Arab Countries1.Freedom 1. Belonging 1.Family security2.Independence 2. Group harmony 2.Family Harmony3.Self-reliance 3. Collectiveness 3.Parental guidance4.Equality 4. Age/Seniority 4.Age5.Individualism 5. Group consensus 5.Authority/doc/f4bbb571a12d7375a417866fb84ae45c3b35c2b0.html petition 6. Cooperation/doc/f4bbb571a12d7375a417866fb84ae45c3b35c2b0.html promise7.Efficiency 7. Quality 7.Devotion8.Time 8. Patience 8.patience9.Directness 9. Indirectness 9.Indirectness10.Openness 10. Go-between 10.HospitalityP1028 specific examples1.Centralized vs. decentralized2.Safety vs. risk3.Individual vs. group rewards/doc/f4bbb571a12d7375a417866fb84ae45c3b35c2b0.html rmal vs. formal procedures5.High vs. low organizational loyalty6.Cooperation vs. competition7.Short-term vs. long-term horizons8.Stability vs. innovationP105Values: basic convictions that people have recording what is right or wrong, good or bad, important and unimportant.P108Hofstede’s Culture DimensionsBackground: for one company——IBM1.Power distanceThe extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally. 2.Uncertainty AvoidanceThe extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these.3.Individualism & CollectivismIndividualism: the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only.Collectivism: the tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty.4.Masculinity & FemininityMasculinity: a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things. Femininity: a cultural characteristic in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life.P114Trompenaars’s Cultural DimensionsBackground: 15000 managers from 28 countries1.Universalism vs. ParticularismUniversalism: the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world without modification. Particularism: the belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and that something cannot be done the same everywhere.2.Individualism vs. CommunitarianismCommunitarianism: refers to people regarding themselvesas part of a group.3.Neutral vs. EmotionalNeutral culture: a culture in which emotions are held incheck.Emotional culture: a culture in which emotions areexpressed openly and naturally.4.Specific vs. DiffuseSpecific culture: a culture in which individuals have a largepublic space they readily share with others and a smallprivate space they guard closely and share with only closefriends and associates.Diffuse culture: a culture in which public space and privatespace are similar in size and individuals guard their publicspace carefully, because entry into public space affordsentry into private space as well.5.Achievement vs. AscriptionAchievement culture: a culture in which people areaccorded status based on how well they perform theirfunctions.Ascription culture: a culture in which status is attributedbased on who or what a person is.P116Figure 4-8Trompenaars’s Relationship Orientations on Cultural Dimensions 1.Universalism ParticularismUSA, Aus, Ger/Swi, Swe, UK, NL, Czh, Ita, Bel, Brz, Fra, Jap/Sin, Arg, Mex, Tha, HK, Chi, Ido, CIS, Ven2.IndividualismCommunitarianismUSA, Czh, Arg/CIS/Mex, UK, Swe/Aus, Spa/NL, Brz, Swi, Bel, Ven, HK, Ita, Ger, Chi, Fra, Ido, Jpn, Tha, Sin3.Neutral EmotionalJpn, UK, Sin, Aus, Ido, HK, Tha, Bel/Ger, Swe/Arg/USA, Czh/Fra, Spa, Ita/Ven, CIS, Brz, Chi, Swi, NL, Mex4.Specific DiffuseAus, UK, USA/Swi, Fra, NL, Bel, Brz, Czh, Ita/Ger, Arg/Jpn/Mex, Ido, CIS, Tha, HK/Sin/Swe, Spa, Chi, Ven5.Achievement AscriptionAus, USA, Swi/UK, Swe/Mex, Ger, Arg, Tha, Bel, Fra, Ita/Brz, NL/HK, Spa, Jpn, Czh, Sin, CIS, Chi, Ido, VenP119Time: Sequential SynchronousSequential: approaches are prevalent, people tend to do only one activity at a time, keep appointments strictly, and show a strong preference for following plans as they are laid out and not deviatingfrom them.Synchronous: approaches are common, people tend to do more than one activity at a time, appointments are approximate and may be changed at a moment’s notice, and schedules generally are subordinate to relationship.P122GLOBAL: a multicountry study and evaluation of cultural attributes and leadership behaviors among more than 17000 managers from 951 organizations in 62 countries.P123GLOBAL 9 dimensions1.Uncertaintyavoidance2.Power distance3.Collectivism I: 社会集体主义4.Collectivism II: 组内集体主义5.Gender egalitarianism6.Assertiveness7.Future orientation8.Performance orientation9.Humane orientationChapter 5P1344 predispositions1.Ethnocentric predisposition: a nationalistic philosophy ofmanagement whereby the values and interests of the parent company guide strategic decisions2.Polycentric predisposition: a philosophy of management wherebystrategic decisions are tailored to suit the cultures of the countries where the MNC operates.3.Regiocentricpredisposition: a philosophy of managementwhereby the firm tries to blend its own interests with those of its subsidiaries on a regional basis.4.Geocentric predisposition: a philosophy of management wherebythe company tries to integrate a global systems approach to decision making.Globalization imperative: a belief that one worldwide approach to doing business is the key to both efficiency and effectiveness.P1381.Parochialism: the tendency to view the world through one’s owneyes and perspectives.2.Simplification: the process of exhibiting the same orientationtoward different cultural groups.P141HAIRL:Helicopter: the capacity to take a broad view from above; Analysis: the ability to evaluate situations logically and completely; Imagination: the ability to be creative and think outside the box; Reality: the ability to use information realistically; Leadership: the ability to effectively galvanize and inspire personnel.Chapter 6P161Organizational culture: shared values and beliefs that enable members to understand their roles in and the norms of the organization.1.Observed behavioral regularities, as typified by commonlanguage, terminology, and rituals.员⼯⾏为规范2.Norms.3.Dominant values.4.Philosophy.5.Rules./doc/f4bbb571a12d7375a417866fb84ae45c3b35c2b0.html anizational climate.P164Table 6-1: Dimensions of Corporate CultureMotivationRelationshipIdentifyCommunicationControlConductP167EquityFulfillment-oriented Project-orientedCulture CulturePerson INCUBATOR GUIDED MISSLE Task Emphasis FAMILY EIFFEL TOWER EmphasisPower-oriented Role-oriented Culture CultureHierarchyFamily culture: a culture that is characterized by a strong emphasis on hierarchy and orientation to the person.Effiel Tower culture: a culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on hierarchy orientation to the task.Guided missile culture: a culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on equality in the workplace and orientation to the task. Incubator culture: a culture that is characterized by strong emphasis on equality in the workplace and orientation to the person.P174Figure 6-4: locations of international Cross-Culture Interaction1.Domestic firms ⽆2.International firms 出⼝3.Multinational firms 外商直接投资4.Global firms 全球化图下⾯那⼀段话~P175Group multiculturalism1.Homogeneous groups2.Taken groups3.Bicultural groups4.Multicultural groups缺点：1.Overall, diversity may cause a lack of cohesion that results in theunit’s inability to take concert action, be productive, and a work environment that is conductive to both efficiency and effectiveness.2.Another potential problem may be perceptual.3.Still another potential problem with diversity groups ismiscommunication or inaccurate communication which can occur for a number of reasons.4.Another contribution to miscommunication may be the way inwhich situations are interpreted.5.Diversity also may lead to communication problems because ofdifferent perceptions of time.优点1.While there are some potential problems to overcome when usingculturally diverse groups in today’s MNCs, there are also very many benefits to be gained. In particular, there is growing evidence that culturally diverse groups can enhance creativity, lead to better decisions, and result in more effective and productive performance.2.One main benefit of diversity is the generation of more and betterideas. Because group members come from a variety of cultures, they often are able to create a greater number of unique(and thuscreative) solutions and recommendations.3.A second major benefit is that culturally diverse groups canprevent groupthink, which is caused by social conformity and pressures on individual members of a group to conform and reach consensus.4.Diversity in the workplace enhances more than the internaloperations but relationships to customers as well. Groupthink: consensus reached because of social conformity and pressures on individual members of a group to conform to group norms.P178Figure 6-5: Group Effectiveness and CultureHighly Average Highly Ineffectiveness effectiveness effectivenessChapter 7P187Context: information that surrounds a communication and helps convey the message.In high-context societies, such as Japan and many Arab countries, messages are often highly coded and implicit.In low-context societies, such as the United States and Canada, message is explicit and the speaker says precisely what he or she means.In high-context cultures, messages are implicit and indirect. One reason is that those who are communicating—family, friends, co-workers, client——tend to have both close personal relationships and large information networks.In low-context cultures, people often meet only to accomplish objectives. They do not know each other very well, they tend to be direct and focused in their communication.By finding out what types of questions are typically asked when someone is contacted and told to attend a meeting.High-context/implicit Japanese Communication Arabs Culture Latin AmericansItaliansEnglishFrenchNorth AmericansScandinaviansGermans Low-context/implicitSwiss Germans CommunicationCultureP189Elaborate to Succinct SuccessIn high-context societies, the elaborate style is often very common. The exacting style is more common in nations such as England, Germany, and Sweden.The exacting style is most common in Asia.The exacting style is more common in low-context, low-uncertainty-avoidance cultures.P201Nonverbal communication: the transfer of meaning through means。

terminology翻译•n.（某学科的）术语；有特别含义的用语；专门用语•术语学；专业术语；词汇•例句•释义:•全部,术语,有特别含义的用语,专门用语,术语学,专业术语,词汇• 1.•However, the terminology is often used to calculate decibels and measure signal i ntensity on copper, optical, and wireless media.•然而，这术语常常使用来计算分贝和测量在铜质、光学的和无线媒体上的讯号强度。

• 2.•The special terminology understood among the members of a profession, discipli ne, or class but obscure to the general population; jargon.•术语，行话在一个职业、学科或阶层的成员间能被理解的特殊术语，但对一般大众来说却晦涩难懂；专门术语• 3.•At firstglance, the transition from procedural transaction monitors to CTMs seems to be only a change in terminology.•乍一看，从程序化事务监视器到CTM的转变好像只是术语名称改变了一下。

• 4.•The word vintage is copied from its use in wine terminology, as a more elegant-seeming euphemism for "old" clothes.•Vintage这个词是从葡萄酒酿酒的术语中借用过来的（原本意思是“陈年的”），在这里是对“旧”衣服的一个委婉的说法，更具古典气质。

• 5.•It does not cover all aspects of Cake, merely enough to enable beginners to unde rstand terminology they may not be familiar with.•它并不包含CakePHP的所有方面，仅仅是帮助初学者能够理解他们还不熟悉的领域。

y关于x的函数关系英文1. Function -函数。

2. Relationship -关系。

3. Variable -变量。

4. Dependent variable -因变量。

5. Independent variable -自变量。

6. Equation -方程。

7. Value -值。

8. Domain -域。

9. Range -值域。

10. Slope -斜率。

11. Intercept -截距。

12. Exponential -指数。

13. Logarithmic -对数的。

14. Linear -线性的。

15. Quadratic -二次的。

16. Cubic -三次的。

17. Polynomial -多项式的。

18. Rational -有理的。

19. Radical -根式的。

20. Absolute value -绝对值。

21. Minimum -最小值。

22. Maximum -最大值。

23. Asymptote -渐近线。

24. Intersection -交点。

25. Symmetry -对称性。

26. Conic section -圆锥曲线。

27. Transformation -变换。

例句：1. The relation between x and y can be represented by a function.关于x和y之间的关系可以用一个函数来表示。

2. The value of y is determined by the function relationship with x.y的值由与x的函数关系决定。

3. In this equation, x is the independent variable, while y is the dependent variable.在这个方程中，x是自变量，而y是因变量。

4. The domain of the function is the set of all possible x values.函数的域是所有可能的x值的集合。

英语词汇学笔记之-----章节部分2010.1.11===================================第一章1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. ―woman‖ means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction，size，domain，statenumerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – pastelectricity，machine，car，plane —— now3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart – a change of heart，a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuadercant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++第二章1.Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer toAnglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflectionsleveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social，economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++第三章1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words – morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection（re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of ―say or speak‖ as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning ―tell beforehand‖。