The End of the Cold War-精选.doc

The De-globalization of US DemocracyThe end of the Cold War witnessed the victory of the West which set a positive tone for predictions of the future of Western democracy. Deudney and Ikenberry (2009) suggest “liberal democracy will prevail.” And one of the strongest voices would be Fukuyama (1989) who argus, even before the end of the Cold War, that there will be a globalization of Western liberal democracy of which the US can be seen as an embodiment for its democratic system is the most successful one. But the reality may not be that simple, as Huntington (1993) believes the ultimate global structure would be a coexistence of different civilizations. As for the US, there are political, financial and ideological flaws through which we can see in the near future the US democracy will not prevail in the world.Indeed, the US is very successful in its political system, but there is a problem: as a result of the highly-recognized international reputation, even the slightest violation of its democratic doctrine, which may be tolerated in other countries, may trigger global fury in the American case. Therefore, when such violation is inevitable, the US government would face a dilemma, and it can be perfectly illustrated in the PRISM scandal. In countries like China, it would not be a big issue if it is released that the government is eavesdropping on the public and other countries, because surveillance is necessary for national security, like anti-terrorism. In the American case, however, not only American people are furious at such an activity, international society is also giving condemnation and criticism. The very reason, except for the extensive scale of surveillance, is that the US, as a model of democracy, violated the principle of its system. The irony is that the disclosure which placed American government in such an embarrassing position is in itself a representative of democracy.In additional to its international reputation, the US, as a power at its peak, also has a huge influence on other countries which can in turn do harm to its attempt to spread democracy. Huntington (1993) argus that the growing dominance of the West will make non-Western nations more conservative and therefore anti-West. This is precisely the case when it comes to the US. Nowadays, the aggressive anti-America wave in China is largely contributed by American interference in China’s domestic issues like Taiwan and the sovereignty of South China Sea. The same also applies to Middle East countries such as Syria, Libya and Egypt. The reason of interference may be the US intention to introduce its democratic system, together with its oil ambition, but the consequence may just be the opposite, because foreign interference can only waken and strengthen those nations’ own traditional consciousness and the desire to protect such sentiment, leading to a rising hospitality to foreign elements. Eventually, the governments would be more anti-America as a result of the US intention to make them pro-America.Financially, the American proud free market can also be damaging. The recent financial crisis can be the best illustration because the very root of which is the beliefin small government in the market. The crisis was triggered by the banks which lend so much money that they have no alternative but to issue bond. But with the increase of real estate price, it became less and less popular among the public. Eventually, the housing price was so low that banks cannot pay back their debt even if they sell houses at auction. At this stage, a country would hardly slide into financial crisis if its government is efficient enough to limit the banks’ lending and issuing of bond. But American government failed because of its stubborn insistence on free market which resulted in a global crisis.Finally, in terms of ideology, democracy cannot prevail in the near future, either. Fukuyama (1989) predicts democracy will dominate the world. According to him, it is the ideology determines the material world, and, since democracy has already prevailed “in the realm of idea or consciousness”, the world will finally be democratic both ideologically and materially for the material development will follow the trace of ideology. But the reality proves just the opposite because material is the foundation of ideology. A peasant who often starves may just long for a piece of bread; a person with adequate food and cloth may want more fortune; those with enough money may realize the need of education; and those well-educated may pay attention to more respectable career like charity -- ideology is always controlled by the amount of material people enjoy. One can never ask a peasant to be devoted to charity because his material condition does not allow such an advanced ideology. In this sense, as an ideology, democracy can never prevail until the material condition of non-democratic countries reaches the stage that allows such system to exist. Considering the huge wealth gap between the first and third world, it will take a long time before democracy can be widespread.With these problems remain unsolved, democracy will never prevail in the world. However, the US is still the strongest power in the international community and its system will maintain a huge influence in the world which is followed by many less-developed countries hoping to achieve the same success. But if these problem were to remain in the future, those countries may turn to other models like China, instead of following the US. What it has to do now is to remove these obstacle and improve its democracy, such as to defuse the financial crisis with more governmental intervention, in order to prove the superiority and qualification of such system for being the global pursuit. Otherwise, it is very unlikely that US democracy will dominate the rest of the world in any foreseeable future.。

美苏争霸二战结束，美国对苏联推行冷战政策。

赫鲁晓夫上台以后，提出同美国平起平坐、实现美苏合作、共同主宰世界的基本战略。

随着苏联经济、军事实力进一步增强，从50年代后期起，美苏争霸的格局逐渐形成。

美苏争霸分为三个阶段。

(1)50年代中期至60年代初，是美苏争霸的第一阶段。

这一时期的特点是既势，美国转攻为守。

1975年，苏联的工业总产值上升，相当于美国的80％。

在军备方面，苏联赶上了美国。

这一时期的美国，由于受经济危机的冲击，经济增长趋于缓慢。

所以，在美苏中争霸美国采取战略防御政策。

(3)80年代末90年代初，是美苏争霸的第三阶段。

1981年，里根出任美国总统以后，开始遏制苏联在全球的扩张势力。

美国提出了“星球大战”计划，通过以高技术为核心的新一轮军备竞赛，从而拖垮经济力量相对落后的苏联。

在争夺第三世界方面，美国发动小规模的局部战争，打击亲苏政权。

苏联由于国内经济发展缓慢，戈尔巴乔夫上台执政后，开始放弃争夺军事优势的作法，转为裁减军备，从对外扩张转向全面收缩。

1991年12月底，苏联解体，美苏冷战争霸的局面结束。

Soviet hegemonyAfter World War II, for USSR, the U.S. 's policy was the Cold War. When Khrushchev came to power, he made a basic strategy: to make an equal position with the United States, to achieve US-Soviet cooperation, to dominate the world together with the USA. With the Soviet economic and military strength has been further enhanced, from the late 1950s, the pattern of Soviet hegemony gradually formed.Soviet hegemony is divided into three stages:（1）The mid-1950s to the early 1960s, is the first stage of Soviet hegemony. This period is characterized by both competition and ease.At ease: In 1955,The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany. Khrushchev visited the United States in 1959.At competition:The construction of "Berlin Wall" by the Soviet Union in 1961, blockaded of the East and West Berlin border, and made US-Soviet relations more strained. The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 shows that the Soviet Union embarked on the path of global competition.（2）The mid-1960s to late 1970s, is the second phase of Soviet hegemony. In this period, the Soviet Union was in the offensive, the U.S. was in the defensive.In 1975, the Soviet Union's industrial output rose as the 80% of the United States. In military terms, the Soviet Union was to catch up with the UnitedStates.During this period, due to the economic crisis, the United States' economic growth tended to slow. Therefore, in the Soviet hegemony, the United States took defense policy.（3）The late 80s to early 90s, is the third phase of Soviet hegemony.In 1981, Reagan became U.S. president, he started to contain the Soviet's expansion of the world. The United States proposed the "Star Wars" program to collapse the Soviet whose economic power was relatively backward by a new round of high-tech arms race. In the competition for the third world, the United States started small-scale regional war to be against pro-Soviet regime.As the domestic economy was slow, after Gorbachev came to power, he began to reduce arms and shifted the external expansion to the overall contraction. Until the end of December 1991, the disintegration of the Soviet Union means the end of the Cold War.。

In many ways, today’s business environment has changed qualitatively since the late 1980s. The end of the Cold War radically altered the very nature of the world’s politics and economics. In just a few short years, globalization has started a varietyof trends with profound consequences: the opening of markets, true global competition, widespread deregulation of industry, and an abundance of accessible capital. We have experienced both the benefits and risks of a truly global economy, with both Wall Street and Main Street feeling the pains of economic disorder half a world away.自从20世纪80年代后期以来，当今的商业环境在很多方面都已经发生了质的变化。

冷战的结束从根本上改变了世界政治和经济的性质。

短短几年内，全球化就已经引发了很多种发展趋势，并带来了一系列深远的影响，市场开放，真正的全球竞争，政府对工业控制的广泛解除，以及可利用资本的富足。

我们经历了真正的全球经济的好处和风险。

不管是华尔街的人还是平民百姓都可以感觉到半个世界外的经济混乱会带来伤痛。

At the same time, we have fully entered the Information Age, Starting breakthroughs in information technology have irreversibly altered the ability to conduct business unconstrai ned by the traditional limitations of time or space. Today, it’s almost impossible to imagine a world without intranets, e-mail, and portable computers. With stunning speed, the Internet is profoundly changing the way we work, shop, do business, and communicate.同时，我们完全进入了信息时代。

冷战结束后的世界历史小作文英文回答：After the end of the Cold War, the world experienced significant changes in political, economic, and social aspects. The fall of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc led to the emergence of new independent states and the spread of democracy in Eastern Europe. The United States emerged as the sole superpower, leading to a unipolar world order. This period also saw the rise of globalization, with increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries.For example, the reunification of Germany in 1990 symbolized the end of the Cold War division in Europe. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in the independence of 15 new countries, including Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. These events reshaped the geopolitical landscape and led to new alliances and conflicts.中文回答：冷战结束后，世界在政治、经济和社会方面都发生了重大变化。

Cold War(US)2 Yuki1 Sunny2 Apple7 Charlene4 HaileyContents1.The causes of the ColdWar (1)2.The process of the ColdWar (2)2.1 The establishment of containment strategy (1947-1953) (2)2.2 The globalized Cold War and the national strategy of Cold War (1953-1962) (2)2.3 American action in response to out-of-balance. (1962-1969) (2)2.4 The Transformation of the Cold War and the Overall Adjustment of American Strategy (1970-1973) (3)3.The end of the ColdWar (3)3.1. Economic reasons (3)3.2. Political reasons (4)3.3. Militaryreasons (4)4.The effects of the Coldwar (5)4.1.Technological legacies·································································································54.2. Economic legacies (6)4.3. Cultural Legacies (6)5. Bibliography (8)1.The causes of the Cold WarIt’s believed that the origin of the cold war was directly related to the relationship between the Soviet Union and the Allies (United States, United Kingdom and France) in the years of 1945-1947. In the end, the Soviet Union and the United States Army in Adolf Hitler's Nazi empire in Europe and the United States got a complete victory.In 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, and they were both the winners in the Second World War. However, wartime allies finally became mortal enemies, locked in a global struggle of politics, economy, military affairs, and there was thought to be another new "Cold War" just a few years later.During and after the Second World War, a series of events exacerbated the tensions, including subsequently results in the first two years of the war of the Soviet-German pact. The amphibious invasion of German occupied Europe perceived latency and supported of the Atlantic Charter of the Western allies. The western allies' support for the Atlantic Charter, disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe, the Soviets' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states, western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry, and the Marshall Plan.Finally, the Yalta agreements were not so really compromise as misunderstanding (in the short term) among the three leaders. When Stalin left, he was very happy, and he won the British and American control of Eastern Europe, Churchill and Roosevelt. However, the two parts of the agreements are mutually exclusive, what if the Eastern European people trying to decide their own orbit from the Soviet Union's own words will happen? In the future, the Yalta agreements are not only possible; they are almost inevitable.Reference:[1] 陈开仁.冷战——实力与谋略的较量.Beijing,中共党史出版社,19972.The process of the Cold WarActions America took in Cold War consists of four parts:1: The establishment of containment strategy (1947-1953)First, the introduction and implementation of the Marshall Plan represented the intention of to send large-scale economic aid to Western Europe as a way to avoid the expansion of communism in Europe. Second, the intervention of the Italian election in 1948. America offered economic aid, political campaign, intelligence activities and covert operations to help Democratic Party win the election, which fostered the Cold War pattern in Europe. Third, American cold war policy in Asia. It drove a wedge between the Soviet Union and China to prevent the Soviet Union from controlling Asia. It signed San Francisco Treaty of Peace with Japan to expand its influence in Far East.2: The globalized Cold War and the national strategy of Cold War (1953-1962)First, American cover operation was used to handle the communism in Guatemala, Which is called Operations PBSUCCESS, to weaken the power of the Soviet Union and communism. Second, American policy to Eastern Europe was to strengthen contact with Eastern European countries to disintegrate relations between them and the Soviet Union. Third, the doctrine of ‘massive retaliation’ became an important component in Eisenhower’s “national Cold War Strategy” to develop its military position against the Soviet Union.3: American action in response to out-of-balance. (1962-1969)First, America and the Soviet Union handled Cuban Missile Crisis, altering the Third World War and gaining a good reputation, which relieved their relations to some extent. Second, as China became a country owning nuclear power, America gradually admitted the legality of the People’s Republic of C hina. It laid foundation for the improvement of their relations.2.4. Part 4: The Transformation of the Cold War and the Overall Adjustment of American Strategy (1970-1973)First, the Nixon doctrine was applied and American foreign policy was adjusted to deal with the conflicts and differences with Europe, China, Japan and the Soviet Union. (The policy is that America established a new international order with Europe, China, Japan and the Soviet Union) Second, America made use of the Nixon administration’s triangular strategy to improve the relation with China and stand in an advantageous position in the demulcent relationship with the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, relationship between China and the Soviet Union would not be close.Reference:[2] Ncs162/2, Basic National Security. Digital National Security Archive, 1953,[3] 沈志华.冷战时期美国重大外交政策案例研究.经济科学出版社，20143.The end of the Cold WarThe Cold War collapsed, as widely known, thanks to the dismantling of the USSR. Here are some reasons for the desire for an end, and factors that accelerated the disintegration of USSR. Both America’s president Ronald Reagan and USSR’s premier Mikhail Gorbachev played big roles in it.3.1. Economic reasonsEconomically, the Soviet Union failed to meet the domestic needs because of the irrational involvement in Mr. Carter’s arms race of B1 bomber and MX missile and Mr. Reagan’s star wars, the escalating spending on the frustrating Afghanistan war and the economic stagnation inside the union. Gorbachev’s reforms, with piles of western good s, ideas, and servicesflooding in, and the flagging, inefficient absolute centralized economy itself, provoked the demand for an immediate move to capitalism.3.2. Political reasonsPolitically, Gorbachev, the revolutionary leader, promoted the liberalization of the political landscape, which unluckily, to the furthered frustration of the frustrated USSR leadership, waked the crazy little sleeping beauty of freedom deep in the civilians under manacles up. Then followed the movements in Eastern Europe, and the irresistible claiming for independence of the USSR’s used-to-be loyal brothers, while USSR inclined not to interfere. The union broke up.“For foreign policy, Gorbachev tossed the ‘international class struggle’ idea, and discarded the use or threat of force in dealing with conflicts.” (Who ended the Cold War?)3.3. Military reasonsAs for military forces, the Soviet announced a reduction by 500,000 troops and a withdrawal of 50,000 soldiers from east Europe. Additionally, the decades-long enmity between the superpowers asked a peaceful end, for common interests. Negotiations —not military confrontations—constituted the core of Reagan’s strategy in dealing with the Soviet, while Gorbachev initiated a series of summit meeting with Reagan and Bush senior, including the massive reduction in nuclear weapons.Reference:[4] Paul C. Demakis. (2009, 11). Who ended the Cold War? Retrieved from: /editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/11/05/who_ended_the_cold_war/10[5] Michael Cox. (n.d.) Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War: The Debate Continues.[6]Informationon:-by-era/age-reagan/essays/ronald-reagan-and-end-cold-war-debate-continues4.The effects of the Cold warThe legacies of the Cold War continues to influence world in various affairs4.1.Technological legaciesNuclear legacies from the Cold War benefits a lot in the carefully managed application of radiation and other nuclear processes, such as the application of new technologies in nuclear weapon, radiation in medical treatment. Improvement in environmental remediation, industrial production, science and technology were also remarkable.But there were dark clouds. Potential insecurity threatened nations and international relationships. Nuclear weapons played an important role in protecting and stabilizing those powers who own that. However, it brought many disadvantages at the same time. The bombings to Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused large-scale destruction through intense blast and fire, as well as severe and lasting radiation. Moreover, people e involved in the research of nuclear weapons, such as the scientists, technicians and military personnel, were exposed to the radiation, which generated serious impact on them. Several significant accidents happened at nuclear reactors or facilities, the leaked radiation causing direct fatalities to the professionals involved and the public. Moreover, although the Cold War has ended, domestic basing and overseas deployment of nuclear weapons are still there. Moreover, the nuclear-weapon states remain in various reduced but palpable conditions of defensive alert. Worse is that deliberate, accidental, orunauthorized nuclear devastation remains, and terrorists and hackers continue to interfere with nuclear stability and confidence in it.4.2.Economic legaciesThe S oviet Union collapsed partly due to economic weaknesses. After it’s falling apart, world is widely considered as unipolar, the United States remaining the sole superpower Cold War was a huge problem placed on many economies. Financial obligations avoid further dislocations in the transition from a wartime footing to a peacetime environment. National military establishments and alliances had to be reset. Highly dependent institutional frameworks were to be restructured, and new obligations were acquired by nations that were once bystanders to the East-West confrontation.In the wake of the Cold War, freed or newly-founded nations inherited expenses, commitments, and resources for which they were not prepared. Some also found themselves under modern national-security burdens and with substantial environmental contamination legacies. Everything needs to be financed when new or revised civilian economy had to be instituted. Since the superpowers carried much of the confrontational burden, both Russia and the United States ended up with substantial economic liabilities.4.3.Cultural LegaciesIn Cold War, popular culture including music, films, and fashion were affected by the political and social clashes.Music styles sometimes showed connections with the Cold War in its emotions and lyrics. Punk music expressed their hatred of leaders; music from the hippie movement was against the Vietnam War. It was when rock and roll emerged.Films about the dangers of communism were produced. There was a variety of different themes in this category. Many movies shows the denouncing of a friend or family member as a communist associate. Another theme portrayed a third World War fought with nuclear weapons.In literature, the prevalent themes were about the terrible side of the world.In dressing styles, many youths wore tie-dye clothing, moccasins and headbands. For men, sleeveless sport shirts were popular and worn with white pleated trousers and a belt. Woman would wear A-line and pencil skirts. In addition, in the 1960’s, dresses usually had a mod style with bold and colorful patterns, commonly reached the knee, stylish with ruffles or laces.Reference[7] "The Effects of the Cold War on us Education by Michael Totten". Education Space 360. Retrieved 2013-11-27.[8] United States of America. BBC News. Retrieved on March 11, 2007[9]-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/the-challenges-of-globalization-a nd-the-coming-century-after-1989-31/the-george-h-w-bush-administration-229/the-effec ts-of-the-cold-war-1306-3113/[10] Whitfield, Stephen J, “The Culture of the Cold War”, Johns Hopkins Univ Pr,1996-4[11] Olivia, “Cold War and Popular Culture in the Western World”Bibliography:[1] 陈开仁.冷战——实力与谋略的较量.Beijing,中共党史出版社,1997[2] Ncs162/2, Basic National Security. Digital National Security Archive, 1953,[3] 沈志华.冷战时期美国重大外交政策案例研究.经济科学出版社，2014[4] Paul C. Demakis. (2009, 11). Who ended the Cold War? Retrieved from: /editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/11/05/who_ended_the_cold_war/[5] Michael Cox. (n.d.) Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War: The Debate Continues.[6]Informationon:-by-era/age-reagan/essays/ronald-reagan-and-end-cold-war-debate-continues[7] "The Effects of the Cold War on us Education by Michael Totten". Education Space 360. Retrieved 2013-11-27.[8] United States of America. BBC News. Retrieved on March 11, 2007[9]-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/the-challenges-of-globalization-and-the-coming-century-after-1989-31/the-george-h-w-bush-administration-229/the-effects-of-the-cold-war-1306-3113/[10] Whitfield, Stephen J, “The Culture of the Cold War”, Johns Hopkins Univ Pr,1996-4[11] Olivia, “Cold War and Popular Culture in the Western World”。

International Relation英译汉：1．The role of the United Nations has gained increasing importance since the end of the Cold War.冷战结束后的联合国起着越来越重要的作用。

2．The increasing prestige is due in part to the fact that the Security Council has escaped the paralysis which resulted from the US-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War, a period when the two superpowers used their veto rights against each other, thereby incapacitating the Security Council.联合国地位的上升部分是因为安理会摆脱了冷战期间因美苏对抗而出现的瘫痪状态，当时两个超级大国各自使用自己的否决权来反对对方，致使安理会无法正常运作。

3．The West, just as the developing world, has discovered that it needs the United Nations to achieve its objectives.西方世界同发展中国家一样也发现它需要联合国以达到自己的目的。

4．In addition, global problems, including the proliferation of nuclear weapons, rapidly expanding populations, the environment, drugs and refugees, call for the entire international community to pool their efforts to find solutions.此外，包括核武器扩散、人口激增、环境污染、吸毒以及难民在内的全球性问题要求整个国际社会共同努力，携手寻求解决问题的方法。

苏联为什么解体演讲稿英文The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a significant event in world history, marking the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new era. Many factors contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and in this speech, we will explore the reasons behind this historic event.First and foremost, the economic challenges faced by the Soviet Union played a crucial role in its demise. The centrally planned economy of the Soviet Union was unable to keep up with the rapid pace of technological advancement and global economic changes. The inefficiency and corruption within the system led to widespread shortages of goods and services, as well as a decline in living standards for the Soviet people. The inability of the Soviet economy to adapt to the changing global economic landscape ultimately weakened the foundation of the Soviet Union.Furthermore, the political and social dynamics within the Soviet Union also contributed to its downfall. The authoritarian rule of the Communist Party stifled dissent and suppressed individual freedoms, leading to widespread discontent among the Soviet population. The policies of glasnost and perestroika introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s aimed to reform the political and economic system, but instead, they inadvertently accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The loosening of government control and the rise of nationalist movements in the republics further weakened the unity of the Soviet state.In addition to internal factors, external pressures also played a significant role in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The arms race with the United States and its allies during the Cold War strained the Soviet economy and diverted resources away from much-needed domestic development. The collapse of the Soviet Union's Eastern European allies, such as Poland and East Germany, further weakened the Soviet sphere of influence and eroded the legitimacy of the Communist regime.The failure of the Soviet Union to effectively address the aspirations of its diverse population and to adapt to the changing global political and economic landscapeultimately led to its dissolution. The legacy of the Soviet Union continues to shape the geopolitical dynamics of the world today, and its collapse serves as a cautionary tale of the consequences of political and economic stagnation.In conclusion, the collapse of the Soviet Union was the result of a complex interplay of economic, political, and social factors, as well as external pressures. The inability of the Soviet Union to adapt to the changing global landscape and address the aspirations of its diverse population ultimately led to its demise. The lessons learned from the collapse of the Soviet Union continue to be relevant in today's world, serving as a reminder of the importance of adaptability and responsiveness to the needs of the people. Thank you.。