Lecture 4-《英语词汇学》第四章教案

Lecture 4
Word Meaning and Semantic Relations (Part II) Semantic Relations
Two main Types of Semantic Relations
Words are in different sense relations with each other (eg. desk). So are sentences in a language. (eg.John is an orphan. John’s father is a farmer) John’ Lexical Semantic Relations Syntactic Semantic Relations
C. emotive meaning Negro, nigger, black Neutral/derogatory/commendatory D. range of use on, about A textbook on Indian history A conversation about study skills
Interchangeable in all contextes? Identical in a certain sense Synonyms of a word vary according to different contexts, that is, when contexts change, synonyms will become different; or we can say: The so-called synonyms are all socontext dependent. dependent.
Triplets: English ask end fire holy time

Allomorph
A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile). Its allomorphs are ir- before r (irregular, irresponsible); il- before l (illogical, illegal); in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).
Origin and productivity
Native affixes are those that existed in the OE period or were formed from OE words, such as un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-, -ness, -dom, -hood, -ly, –er. Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin, Greek, French, or other languages. Examples: ab-(L), bi-(L), dis-(L), re-(L), kilo(Gk), poly-(Gk), mal-(F), -ic(Gk), -ism(Gk), ist(Gk), -able (F), -ize(F).
Morpheme: exercise
Please identify the morphemes.
ecocrisis meaningfulness prediction inequality understatement undeveloped downsizing moonscape supernatural

《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲课程编码：30615008 学分： 2 总学时：36说明【课程性质】《英语词汇学》为英语专业的专业任意选修课程。

【教学目的】本课程是英语专业高年级阶段的一门专业任意选修课。

本课程的教学目的在于要求学生掌握英语词汇学的基本知识和基本理论，从而更科学地学习英语词汇，运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇，正确地使用英语词汇。

【教学任务】《英语词汇学》以帮助学生扩大词汇量，有效运用英语词汇；更深入的理解词义，更有效的组织划分和贮存词汇；增强学生对词义和用法的了解，使学生准确使用词汇；使学生掌握使用参考书的技能，增加解决问题的能力和学习英语的有效性；提高学生的语言接受能力和语言使用能力为教学任务。

【教学内容】词的基本知识、英语的亲属关系与英语词汇的形成和发展、词的形态结构和构成方法、词的意义、语义关系、词义的演变、英语习语、英语词典【教学原则和方法】教学原则：本课程采用张维友编写的《英语词汇学教程》（华中师范大学出版社）为主要教材，在教学过程中坚持以学生为主体，教师为指导的原则，以教材为中心，并适时地向学生介绍英语词汇学的研究动态和最新方向，让学生对词汇学有一个全面系统的了解。

教学方法：在教学过程中，采用论述式、概述式和指引式讲解相结合对教学内容的新信息点、重点、难点进行论述式讲解，深入浅出地详述理论原理，用恰当的例证加以说明，以此帮助学生充分理解理论知识。

对容易懂的内容则进行简明扼要地讲解。

教学中以学习指定的教材为主，适当穿插一些相关的信息材料。

通过对英语词汇学中相关的概念即理论知识的学习和理解，要求学生尽量独立完成教材各部分后面所附的练习，必要时教师可给予适当的指导。

教学手段主要是抽取各部分中的精华部分进行讲解，并适时地采用专题讨论的方式进行学习。

【先修课程要求】要求学生具备英语语音、英语语法、基础英语、英语阅读、英语写作以及翻译等课程知识。

教材：张维友《英语词汇学教程》华中师范大学出版社，2004年。

Transference
Subject respectful
imaginative unexpressive contemptuous
Object respectable
imaginary inexpressible contemptible
English lexicology (III)
12
10.2 Causes of changபைடு நூலகம்s
Villain, clown, churl Democracy, revolution, liberalism,
communism, landlord, trade union
English lexicology (III)
English Lexicology (IV)
Contents
10. Changes in Meaning 11. American English
To be continued
English lexicology (III)
2
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively, the content is even more unstable than the form.
Deer girl garage liquor instant reply
English lexicology (III)
5
10.1 Types of changes
Elevation / Amelioration

Names of books
Tradenames
4.1 Affixation or Derivation.(词缀法) Derivation.(词缀法 词缀法) Affixation is the formation of words by adding wordword-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation. The words formed in this way are called derivatives 派生词). （派生词). According to the positions of affixes in words, affixation can be classified into two types: prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but wordonly modify its meaning. (characteristic)
Classification of prefixes on a semantic basis: basis:
1)Negative prefixes: 表示否定的前缀
Prefix
unun-
Meaning
the opposite of , not
Added to:
Adjectives, participles

④ a + n: long-distance; short-term；full-length
⑤v + n: breakneck (危险的); cross-contry (越野的);
cut- price (特价的);
⑥ n + n-ed: chicken- hearted; honey-mouthed; paperbacked ⑦ a + n-ed: short-sighted; warm-hearted; long-haired
English Lexicology(I)
10
(3) Verb compounds
① Through conversion nickname (n) to nickname (给……起 绰号) honeymoon (n) to honeymoon (度蜜月) moonlight (n) to moonlight (夜袭) machine-gun (n) to machine-gun (用机 枪扫射)
English Lexicology(I)
7
⑵. Adjective compounds
① n +a: fat-free (不含脂肪的); world-famous;life-long
② a + a: dark-blue; icy-cold; bitter-sweet
③adv + a: all-mighty (万能的)；evergreen;over-cautious
2. Compounding (复合法/合成法)
1).Definition of compounding
also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a

10
• Reduplication
– a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word like go-go; (2) of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels such as pingpong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in willy-nilly. so-so bye-bye 天天 人人 来来 往往 一点点 冷冰冰 蹦蹦跳 点点 滴滴 zigzag dilly-dally hotch potch
12
• Miscellaneous
– Genuine coinage is rare Some new words are coined by analogy（类推或仿词） and contrast（对比）, e.g.
– bird’s eye-view, fish’s eye-view, worm’s eye-view; sunrise, moonrise; spaceman, moon-man, etc.
– They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen to trade marks, and place names香港脚
3
• Clipping(缩略)
– The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.

Chapter 4Affixation 词缀法（30%-40%）Compounding 复合构词法（28%-30%）Conversion 转类法（26%）Shortening 缩略法（8%-10%）包括（clipping 截短法acronymy 首字母拼音法）Blending 拼缀法(1%-5%)一. Affixation 词缀法Affixation, also called derivation 派生法（derivatives 派生词）,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Feature: prefixes do not generally change the word –class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Classification: we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.Negative prefixes 否定意义的词缀：a-,dis-,in-(il-,ir-,im-),non-,nu-.Reversative prefixes 逆向意义的词缀：de-,dis-, un-. e.g. de-compose ,unwarp.Pejorative prefixes 贬义的词缀: mal-, mis- ,pseudo-. e.g. mistrust , pseudo-friend.Prefixes of degree or size表示程度、大小等意义的词缀: arch-, extra- ,hyper- ,macro- ,micro- , mini- ,out- ,over- ,sub- ,super-,sur-, ultra- ,under- . e.g. archbishop , hyperactive ,superfreeze. Prefixes of orientation and attitude 表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀：anti-, contra- ,counter- pro- . e.g. anti-government,Locative prefixes 方位意义的词缀：extra-,fore- ,inter- ,intra- ,tele-, trans-. E.g. extraordinary, telecommunication,Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序的词缀:ex-,fore-, post- ,pre- ,re- . e.g. ex-professor , foretell ,post-election.Number prefixes 数字的前缀: bi- ,multi- , poly- ,semi-, hemi- ,tri- ,uni- ,mono-. E.g. multi-purpose ,semi-naked, tricycle, monorail.Miscellaneous prefixes 其他种类意义的前缀: auto- ,neo- ,pan- , vice- . e.g. autobiography ,vice-chairman.Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Feature: suffixes mainly change the word class.Classification: we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes , verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes.Adjective suffixes: It is worth noting that both –ic and –ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases , but differ in meaning . e.g. economic \economical二. Compounding 复合构词法Compounding , also called composition（compounds 复合词）,is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Words produced through compounding yields 28%-30% of all the new words.The differences between compounds and free phrases show in three aspects:1) Phonetic features.2) Semantic features.3) Grammatical features.Formation of compounds1) Noun compoundse.g. Sit-in ，stockholder , up-bringing2) Adjective compoundse.g. law-abiding , record-breaking ,town-bred , four-leg.3) Verb compoundsThe limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or backformation . Verb compounds in the way of back-formation are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes:-er, -ing, -ion , etc.三. Conversion 转类法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.1. An alternative for conversion is functional shift .2. The derivational process , in which an item is converted to a new word class without theaddition of an affix , is called zero-derivation .3. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns , adjectives ,and verbs .The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.4. Full conversion and partial conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted tonouns.1) Full conversion: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics ofnouns . It can take an indefinite article or –(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.2) partial conversion: nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all thequalities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles .3) Such words as “the poor ”,”the richer ”,”the most corrupt ”are all examples of partial. 5.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.双音节的名词转化成动词会有重音的变化。

Chapter 4Affixation 词缀法（30%-40%）Compounding 复合构词法（28%-30%）Conversion 转类法（26%）Shortening 缩略法（8%-10%）包括（clipping截短法acronymy 首字母拼音法）Blending 拼缀法(1%-5%)一.Affixation 词缀法Affixation, also called derivation派生法（derivatives派生词）,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Feature: prefixes do not generally change the word –class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Classification: we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.Negative prefixes否定意义的词缀：a-,dis-,in-(il-,ir-,im-),non-,nu-.Reversative prefixes逆向意义的词缀：de-,dis-, un-. e.g. de-compose ,unwarp.Pejorative prefixes贬义的词缀: mal-, mis- ,pseudo-. e.g. mistrust , pseudo-friend.Prefixes of degree or size表示程度、大小等意义的词缀: arch-, extra- ,hyper- ,macro- ,micro- , mini- ,out- ,over- ,sub- ,super-,sur-, ultra- ,under- . e.g. archbishop , hyperactive ,superfreeze. Prefixes of orientation and attitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀：anti-, contra- ,counter- pro- . e.g. anti-government,Locative prefixes方位意义的词缀：extra-,fore- ,inter- ,intra- ,tele-, trans-. E.g. extraordinary, telecommunication,Prefixes of time and order表示时间和顺序的词缀:ex-,fore-, post- ,pre- ,re- . e.g. ex-professor , foretell ,post-election.Number prefixes数字的前缀: bi- ,multi- , poly- ,semi-, hemi- ,tri- ,uni- ,mono-. E.g. multi-purpose ,semi-naked, tricycle, monorail.Miscellaneous prefixes其他种类意义的前缀: auto- ,neo- ,pan- , vice- . e.g. autobiography ,vice-chairman.Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Feature: suffixes mainly change the word class.Classification: we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes , verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes.Adjective suffixes: It is worth noting that both –ic and –ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases , but differ in meaning . e.g. economic \economical二.Compounding 复合构词法Compounding , also called composition（compounds 复合词）,is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Words produced through compounding yields 28%-30% of all the new words.The differences between compounds and free phrases show in three aspects:1)Phonetic features.2)Semantic features.3)Grammatical features.Formation of compounds1)Noun compoundse.g. Sit-in ，stockholder , up-bringing2)Adjective compoundse.g. law-abiding , record-breaking ,town-bred , four-leg.3)Verb compoundsThe limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or backformation. Verb compounds in the way of back-formation are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes:-er, -ing, -ion , etc.三.Conversion 转类法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.1.An alternative for conversion is functional shift.2.The derivational process , in which an item is converted to a new word class without theaddition of an affix , is called zero-derivation .3.Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns , adjectives ,and verbs.The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.4.Full conversion and partial conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted tonouns.1)Full conversion: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics ofnouns . It can take an indefinite article or –(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.2)partial conversion: nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all thequalities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles.3)Such words as “the poor ”,”the richer ”,”the most corrupt” are all examples of partial. 5.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.双音节的名词转化成动词会有重音的变化。

Lecture4-《英语词汇学》第四章教案Lecture 4讲授题目：Morphological Structure of English Words所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第2章计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的形态结构、词的构成要素—词素、词干、词根有基本的了解和认识。

教学重点：1) Morpheme;2) Types of morphemes.教学难点：1) Concept of morpheme;2) Morpheme、stem 、root.Lecture 4Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the morphological structure of words and gain a working knowledge of the different word-forming elements which are to be used to create new words.Morphological Structure of English Words1. Morpheme (词素/语素/形位)It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands a lone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Look at the following items:Morphological Structure of English Wordsyes yesunhappiness un-happi-nesshorses horse-stalking talk-ingYes has no internal grammatical structure. We couldanalyze its constituent sounds, [ j ]、[ e ]、[ s ], but none of these has a meaning in isolation. So the three sounds are called phonemes rather than morphemes. By contrast, horse, talk and happy plainly have a meaning, as do the elements attached to them: un-carries a negative meaning; -ness expresses a state or quality; -s expresses plural; and –ing helps to convey a sense of duration. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, ①the morpheme is ?the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words‘ (crysta l 1985)②The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:One morpheme---nationTwo morphemes---nation-alThree morphemes---nation-al-izeFour morphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有化）More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-iz-ation2. Allomorphs(词素词素变体/语素变体/形位变体)―An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned（受制约）by pos ition or adjoining sounds‖ (Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language).Allomorphs do not occur at random, but are phonetically conditioned and thus predictable:①The plural morpheme ｛-s｝is realized by [s] after thesounds [ t, p，k ] as in packs, cheats, maps; by [z] after [ b, d, g] as in beds, bottles, fads and by [ -iz ]after / s, z, ∫, З, t∫, dЗ/ as in classes, dishes, damages, etc.②There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are unusual. It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, woman-women, goose-geese or by zero morph as in deer – deer, fish-fish. ?③The same is true of the past tense marker ｛-ed｝, whichis realized by [ t ] after a verb ending with | p，k | as in worked, helped; by [ d ] after vowels and sounds like |m, n, η|, as in tried, warmed, enabled, and by [ id ] after | t, d | as in wanted, landed, etc.④This is also ap plicable to affixational morphemes. The prefix ｛in｝has allomorphs such as | im, ir, il | depending on the sound context. If the first sound is [p. b. m ], the realization is | im | as in improper, immovable, imbalance, but | ir | with the sound [ r ] as in irresponsible, and | il | with the sound [ l ]as in illegal.3. Types of MorphemesThere are different ways of classifying morphemes. The popular method is to group them into free morphemes and bound morphemes.①Free morphemes:A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Free morphemes fall into two categories:※The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the ―content‖ of messages we convey. These free morphemes are called lexical morphemes and some examples are: boy, man, house, sad, long, yellow, open, look, etc.The other group of free are called functional morphemes.Examples are: and, but, when, because, on, in, the, that, it. This set consists largely 0f the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.Free morphemes are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root, e.g. man, earth, wind, car. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots. (Root words are words that only have one morpheme, and such words are also called Monomorphemic words.)②Bound Morphemes (粘附词素)Morphemes which can mot occur (stand alone) as separate words are bound morphemes. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. All the affixes in English are bound morphemes. Let‘s take recollection, idealistic and ex-prisoner for example.recollection (re + collect + ion)idealistic (ideal + ist + ic )ex-prisoner (ex + prison +er)Each of the three words comprises three morphemes, there are altogether nine morphemes, of which only collect, ideal and prison can exist by themselves. They are free morphemes.All the rest re-,-ion, -ist, -ic, ex- and –er are bound morphemes as none of them are freestanding units.※Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix.①Bound root ——a bound root is that part of word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.e.g. a. antecedent (ante + ced + ent)before approach /go to a person, a thing thus the whole word antecedent meaning something that goes before.b. contradict (contra + dict)= against + say/ speakc. predict (pre + dict)→pre (before) →prefixIn English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing. The following bound roots are frequently used:※– ced –去，到antecedent ( 先行词)– dict –说，讲contradict , predicttoler- 容忍、忍受tolerate, tolerance,tolerablet ele- 遥远telephone, telegram,telescope-phone 声音microphone, megaphone-gram 书写或描绘出来的东西telegram, chromatogram 色谱图-scope 观察的仪器，……镜microscope, stethoscope 听诊器cred- 信任credit, credence, incredibled ur- 持续during, duration,durablehydro- 水：dehydrate, hydraulicchron- 时间：chronological, chronicle(编年史)demo- 人民：democracy, demography(人口统计学)agr- 耕作：agriculture, agrarian(耕地的、土地的)kilo- 一千：kilometer, kilogram-nym 名称：pseudonym (假名), antonym (反义词) ?-ped 足：centipede (蜈蚣), impede 阻止，妨碍?rupt- 破裂：rupture (裂开),abrupt-gress 运动：progress, digress –vi 离题、转向poly - 多方面的：polygon (多边形), polyglot 通晓多种语言的（人）syn –完全相同的：synchronic 共时的, sympathy向②Affixes: affixes are forms that are attached to words orword elements to modify meaning or function ( all affixes are bound morphemes ).According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.※a. Inflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional affixes, and also known as inflectional morphemes.The main inflectional affixes in English are:- (e) s — plural number- (e) s — third person singular present tense- ing — progressive aspect (进行体)- er — comparative degree- est — superlative degree- ‘s — possessive caseb. derivational affixes: are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the word and the suffixes after the word, for instance: irresponsible, impossible, northward, bloody.4. Root and stem①root—a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.In the word internationalists, removing inter-, -al, -ist, -s ,leaves the root nation.②stem — 1) a stem is that part of a word when an inflectional (not derivational) affix is removed.2) a stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.※A stem may consist a single root as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate.※If a stem consists o f a single morpheme it is also calleda root.※undesirables: undesirable, desirable (stem)desire (stem, root)Questions and Tasks1.Explain the following terms and provide examples: ? a. morpheme b. allomorphc. free and bound morphemes2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes?。

一个词有多种意义，以一种意义为中心，
引伸出不少次要意义，词义呈辐射形，中 心意义(central signification)居于中心位置， 次要意义(secondary meaning)环绕着它。 这种现象称之为词义的辐射(radiation)。
如power一词的中心意义为ability to act （能力），其次要意义如下：
Eg：bachelor 一 词就具有如下几 个语义特征：
[Human] [Adult] [Male] [Concrete]
[Unmaanalysis)。印刷或 书写时通常把语义 特征置于方括号或 圆括号内，有时用 大写字母来表示。
1.3 表示感觉的动词
ache, feel, hurt, itch, notice, smell等 1.4 表示过渡性经历的动词 arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose等 1.5 表示动作短暂性的动词 hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap, shut, open, close, take out等
I told the girl to persuade him to leave. (√)
英语动词还可分为及物动词(transitive verb)和不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如 kill和die，前者带有使役性[Causative]特征， 后者不带有此特征。kill的意思是甲杀死乙, 甲致乙死亡; die的意思是甲致甲死亡 kill= [Cause] X [Die] Y Die=[Cause] X [Die] X The flowers have died.
Chapter 5：Change of meaning 词义的变化

The effect on English of the Danish conquest was not great. However, hundreds of Danish words came into English, but the structure of English was not fundamentally disturbed.
The Celtic language did not have any serious impact on English.
Firstly, in the Old English period, only a handful of Celtic words were borrowed, and just a few have survived into modern English, sometimes in regional dialect use, e.g. cumb (‘deep valley’), binn (‘bin’), carr (‘rock’).
Spelling was not much of a problem, because most people could not read or write, and those who could spelled as they pleased. There were no dictionaries to prove them wrong.
In spite of differences in pronunciation, most of the root words were enough alike to be recognizable. The difficulty caused by differences in inflection was partly solved by dropping some of the inflections altogether and being broad-minded about the others.

semantic triangle 语义三角
proposed by Ogden / Richards
The meaning of meaning 1923
(The relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept.)


concept (thought /sense) meaning
mental image/reference
cat

word ------------------ thing
(name/symbol/form signifier) (referent/object/ signified） (when/spirit/as??) mental image?
R: actual response / hearer’s response
S
r ………s
R
(S)
Jack and Jill are walking on a trail.
Jill is hungry and sees apples on a tree.
She says to Jack, “I like to eat an apple.” (r)
b. metonymy( 借代，换称）
*

Name sth. by one of its attributes The pen is mightier than the sword. (工具代动作） He has the best stable in the town. (容器代内容） I am not going to let my heart rule my head.(身体 器官代功能） I hate that brass button.(事物特征代事物本身） Hollywood

2.填入适当的后缀形式

1)-able, ible: dispens_, convert_____, toler___, revers___ 2)-ant, -ent: assist____, resist___, consist___, persist_______ 3) ar, er, or: calculat__, li__, subscrib__, surviv__ 4)ary, ery: confection___, adverse__, tribut___, monast__ 5)ious, ous, eous, uous: caprice__任性, contempt__, moment__, spontan___
Suffixation

(A). features of suffixes: change word class as well as word meanign (B). types of suffixes (1). verb suffix: meaning ―become…, cause…,‖: -fy, -ate-, -ise-/ize-, -en (2). noun suffix （See the next two） (3). Adj. Suffix:表示性质或状态或特性或形状 -ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -ic, -ical, -al, -ous, ious, -eous; -able, -ible, -ive, -some, -ate, atic, -ary (4). adv suffix: -ly, -wise(in terms of), -wards
confectionery 糖果店, adversary敌手, tributary 支流, monastery修道院

理论教学教案（总第 9- 10学时）项目名称Unit 4 词的语义特征授课学时2任务名称理解词的语义特征教学目标词的语义特征教学重点动态动词和静态动词教学难点动态形容词和静态形容词教学资源PPT教学过程设计教学内容时间分配教学活动设计Step1:引入复习上一次学习内容Step2:新课讲授-语义特征语义特征（semantic features）是对人类抽象活动的一种概括，属于元语言.元语言: 语言分析用的语言。

用来描写任何语言的语义。

如：具有语义特征A，记作[+A]；不具有语特征A，记作[-A]。

形式：[ ];( )一、动态动词1. 表活动的动词;Abandon, ask, call, help, learn, listen, look at, play, say, work, write2. 表过程的动词：Change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down, widen3. 表人体感觉的词：ache, feel, hurt, itch4. 表过渡性经历的动词arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose5. 表短暂动作hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap二、静态动词1.表示情性感觉和认知的动词abhor (痛恨），adore（崇拜），astonish, believe, desire, detest （厌恶）, feel, hate, like , love, realize, recall等。

2. 表示关系的动词Apply to (everyone), be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve 等语义特征[±Volitive]有些动词可根据语义特征[±Volitive]加以区分。

Look, see; listen, hear三、动态形容词和静态形容词形容词兼顾动态和静态时，意思不一样。

教学大纲课程名称英语词汇学课程类型专业课总学时数128开课专业英语航空任课教师王艳梅2017年 3月《英语词汇学》教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程名称：英语词汇学开课学期：2学时/学分：128 / 6课程类型：专业课开课专业：英语航空专业本科生二、课程简介英语词汇学是全国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业本科段选修课，是培养和检验自学应考者词汇学的基本理论知识和实际语言能力而设置的一门专业课程。

英语词汇学以现代语言学理论为指导，以英语词汇学为研究对象。

主要内容有词的基本知识、词的形态结构、词的构成方式、词的意义和语义关系、英语词汇的来源和发展、词义的变化、习语及词典知识。

英语词汇学以传授英语词汇的基本理论和基本知识为主要任务，属于理论知识课。

但是，其实践性很强，因为词汇本身是构成语言的具体材料，在传授理论的过程中必然要涉及丰富的语言材料和大量的词语例证。

三、相关课程的衔接预修课程：《英语语言学概论》《英语国家概况》并修课程：《高级英语》四、教学的目的、要求与方法（一）教学目的和要求通过本课程的学习，使考生对英语词汇学具有比较系统、比较完整的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展所出现的现象做出分析和解释，提高词语的理解、释义和综合运用的能力，以便毕业后能够比较好地适应工作的需要。

（二）教学方法认真学习教材，不仅要看懂，而且要善于总结，抓住要点，用简单的语言阐述清楚。

多做习题，旨在把学到的知识应用于实践。

五、各章节内容及学时分配第一章词的基本知识（一）学时：4（二）教学目的与要求通过本章的学习，了解词和词汇的定义和区别，弄清楚声音与意义、声音与拼写之间的关系，掌握词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点。

（三）教学内容第一节词的定义词包含四方面的内容：具有声音、意义、句法功能并能自由运用的最小语言单位。

第二节声音与意义声音与意义没有内在的逻辑关系。

它们之间的联系是任意的、是约定俗成的。

un- same in meaning as for de- with verbs ; but meaning ‘depriving of, releasing fromerbs
3) Pejorative Prefixes
mal- meaning ‘badly, bad’ added to verbs, participles, adjectives, and abstract nouns
4.1 Affixation
• Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.
mis- meaning ‘wrongly, astray’, added to verbs, participles, and abstract nouns
pseudo- meaning ‘false, imitation’, a productive affix with nouns and adjectives