科技信息 ０高校讲坛ｏ ＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ＆ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ ＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ ２００８年第ｌ７期
管理咨询的工具与方法 杨海洪 （北方民族大学管理学院 张瑜 宁夏银川７５００２１） 【摘要】本文从管理咨询的概念入手，进而探讨现代管理咨询的内容对象主要是政府、企业 社团、公益部门提出的需要慎重决策的方向 性、战略性、策略性、政策性、对策性之类的重大和重要问题；现代管理咨询的最集中和最突出的要求和准则是科学性和科学化；并就国内外著 名管理咨询公司的咨询＿Ｔ－具与方法做了比较性研究 【关键词】管理咨询；工具与方法 一、管理咨询的概念 咨询最初为两个词，“咨”表示商量，“询”表示询问，后成为一个复 合词，表示求教、询问和回答的意思。在古书《舜典》中注释“咨亦谋 也”。东汉王逸著《九思・疾世》中记“纷载驱兮高驰，将咨询兮皇羲”，咨 询被解释为商议。现代的《新华字典》 《现代汉语词典》中对“咨”的解 释为“跟别人商量”。对于“询”的解释，现代和古代的辞书基本上是相 同的，都有“问”的意思，就是希望能够得到答复的提问，总之．复合起 来的“咨询”，其含义就是商量、询问、谋划和征求的含义。在西方：咨询 （ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔａｔｉｏｎ）指请教、商议，“ｃｏｎｓｕｌｌａｎｔ”指给别人提供专门的职业意 见的人，“ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔｉｎｇ”则指向他人提供专业意见．协助他人解决专业问 题的活动。 从最本质的意义上将．咨询就是指提出问题和接受询问并提出适 宜建议和解决办法的对立与统一的过程，这是一个古今皆通用的含 义．已经为绝大多数的人们所认可。但是．问题还远远不在于此，即咨 询本身的概念已经随着时代的发展而被赋予了极丰富的时代特征的 含义。 现代咨询是一种与过去经验咨询和一般常识性咨询具有‘质’的 不同的咨询；现代诲询的内容对象主要是政府、企业、社团、公益部门 提出的需要慎重决策的方向性、战略性、策略性、政策性、对策性之类 的重大和重要问题；现代咨询的最集中和最突出的要求和准则是科学 性和科学化；现代咨询的科学性和科学化要求主要体现在以下一些特 点上：对被咨询的问题强调以客观求实的态度进行调查、预测和分析、 综合研究，对研究凡是强调集体协作和智能互补，对研究过程强调保 持独立自主性、不受任何外力的干扰和左右．对咨询研究的结果强调 要经过相关专家学者的客观论证等。基于以上各点．所以现代咨询乃 是一种具有智力劳动和知识生产性质的研究和服务产业① 以下就足一些具有代表性的关于“咨询”概念（表格１）：
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Empowerment or “Self-Control”
World class companies are replacing traditional command and control structures
with a "self-control" philosophy that emphasizes control of business processes by those who are primarily responsible for their execution. There is a pronounced
trend towards flatter, less hierarchical, more empowered organizations.
Numerous forces are driving this change, but none is more powerful than the drive towards total customer satisfaction. Companies such as Motorola, for
example, have defined customer satisfaction as their top organizational objective,
and have empowered their employees to the greatest possible extent to help
achieve that objective.
Employee empowerment raises vital issues regarding how business risks are
managed. The CEO is responsible for setting corporate goals and strategies and
Revenue Enhancement Initiative
New Product/Service Development
Competitive Profile Worksheet - Consulting Firms
Practice/Operations Competitive Strategy/Target Market
Consulting Firm Organization size
(Internal, National,
Regional, Local),
Reputation/Image) Service Definitions, Scope
of Services Key Clients or Target
Client Profile Marketing/Sales Approach:
Advertising Message,
Publications, Promotions, Image Industry Focus,
if any Strengths /
Weaknesses and
Other Comments
1 New Product
Development Focused
Consulting groups
Decision Architects
A Monitor Group
Affiliate Approx. 75
Boston, MA
Many are Harvard grads. Integrated decision-support software and
services for NPD/TC
Methodology
Data Warehousing for
NPD/TC (includes
QFD, Project Mgt., Gap
Analysis)
Market/Competitive
Simulation Tools John Dutton,
