翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。
重译法有三个作用：一是为了明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。
一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。
在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。
而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。
定语后的名词亦是如此。
如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。
3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。
People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。
5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。
如：1.Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.无知是恐惧的根源，也是惊奇/敬佩的根源。
2.I want to talk to you about the future, about our future together.我想和你谈谈未来，谈谈我们共同的未来。
3.他们忘记了少数服从多数，下级服从上级，局部服从全体，全党服从中央的民主集中制。
They forget the democratic centralism which subordinates the minority to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole, and the whole Party to the Central Committee.4.但是我们换是有缺点的，而且还有很大的缺点。
But we stillhave defects, and very big ones.三、在汉译英时，往往还有下面两种情况：一是汉语重复，英译时也重复；二是根据两种语言各自的习惯用法，以不同的表达方式进行重复，这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性，使译文渐入“雅”境。
传达原文的生动性常使用的重复手段有单字的重复、词的重叠、四字对偶词组和两个四字词组。
1.谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦。
Who knows that ev’ry grain in the bowlIs the fruit of so much pain and toil?2.春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。
In spring we sleep a sleep that knows no dawn,And everywhere the songs of birds resound.3.What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and tolearn.4.Don’t fancy any longer. To you, he is absolutely a man of loyalty.别再胡思乱想了，他对你绝对是一心一意的。
5.He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.在危急情况下，他从容不迫，镇定自若。
For more exercises, refer to 翻译练习11 at p. 131~132.第二节增译法(amplification)定义：为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语。
增词的情况是各种各样的。
总的规则是：为了使译文忠实传达原文，需要增加什么就增加什么。
增词的情况大致归纳如下：1.增译的部分在原文中虽找不出对应词语，但为了忠实传达原文信息，译文非增不可。
请对比下面2句话中文的英译文：A. 现在，我代表第十六届中央委员会向大会作报告。
Now I would like to make a report to the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC)on behalf of the 16th Central Committee.B. 抓住机遇，全面合作，共同发展。
Seize the opportunity for all-round cooperation and common development.1）I am looking forward to the holidays. 我在等待假日的到来。
2) Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
→增加重叠词表示复数3) It was said that his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was aspoor as we are..听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。
他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。
→时间上的对比4）Many great writers were not appreciated fully while they were alive.许多大作家的作品在他们活着的时候得不到人们的充分欣赏。
5）A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一轮红日从平静的海面冉冉升起。
→增加量词6）Lawrence bought a red Fiat last month. Lawrence上个月买了一辆红色菲亚特轿车。
→给读者提供背景知识7）老同志应支持中青年干部的工作，担负起传、帮、带的任务。
Old veteran carders should support the young and middle-aged cardres in their work and take on the task of helping and guiding the latter and passing on experience to them.8）三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.9) 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。
A fence needs the support of three stakes, an able fellow needs thehelp of three other people.10) 班门弄斧Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter2.增加动词1)具体内容见课本p.116. 1. 增加动词2)We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也决不后退。
3)Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness,thrift avarice.勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；节俭过度；即成贪婪。
3.增加名词1）具体内容见课本p.116. 3. 增加名词2）M uch of our morality is customary.我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
3）没有眼睛向下的决心，是一辈子也不会真正懂得中国的事情的。
Unless a person in interested in turning his eyes downwardand is determined to do so, he will never in his life reallyunderstand things in China.4.增加主谓结构The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time.我来北京的旅途是漫长的。
用里程衡量，它是漫长的。
用时间衡量，它也是漫长的。
5.增加定语1）具体内容见课本p.121. 11. 增加定语2）I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement.我不得不为你们所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲。
3）I can imagine the almost insuperable obstacles to the unity of a billion-odd people.我可以想象到要使10多亿人民团结起来将遇到的几乎不可克服的困难。
6.增加状语或副词1）具体内容见课本p.117.2 增加副词2）T heory is something but practice is everything.理论固然重要，实践尤其重要。
3）H enry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October.这之前，基辛格在7月和10月两度在那里下榻。
4）中国政府将从本国国情出发，坚持以人为本、全面协调、可持续的科学发展观。
Acting in line with the actualconditions of China, the Chinese government will adhereto the scientific concept of human-oriented, all-roundcoordinated and sustainable development.7.增加语气词1）具体内容见课本p.119.6增加语气助词2）T heir host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.他们的主人，（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）布菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）谈啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。
