定语从句 (2)

【3】介词+关系词This is(这是) the house in which I lived two years ago(我两年前住过的房子).。

This is(这是) the house where I lived two years ago(我两年前住过的房子).Do you remember(还记得) the day on which you joined our club(你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗)? Do you remember(还记得) the day when you joined our club(你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗)?注意：1).介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2).that前不能有介词。

3).某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。

【4】关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,即：when(= at/on/in which), where(=at/on/in which), why(= for which)，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。

例如：There are occasions when （= on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is(北京是) the place where（= in which）I was born(我出生的地方).Is this(这就是) the reason why （= for which）he refused our offer(他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗)? 2）that代替关系副词，可以用在表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。

语法四：定语从句一 .概述在英语中，我们通常用作定语修饰名词或代词。

若要表达更复杂的意思，需借助来修饰名词。

定语的位置：前置定语：单词（ _______、______，_____， _________）后置定语：______和_______（定语从句）I do not like lazy people.(转为定语从句）被修饰的名词/代词因为总在定语从句前面，所以被称为_____。

引导定语从句的词，被称为______。

二.定语从句的三个重要概念（1）先行词———被定语从句所_____或_____的对象。

（2）关系词———连接____和____，在定语从句中充当一定____的词。

（3）不完整的句子。

（4）定语从句的结构=先行词+_____+_______的句子e.g.Envy is like a fly that passes all a body’s sounder parts and dwells upon the sores.三 .关系词定语从句主要考察的就是引导词的选择，定语从句的引导词分为三类：1 关系代词：关系代词先行词指人：______ ,______先行词指物：________先行词指人指物均可：_________先行词指人或指物的所有关系： ______（谁的，定语） ;2 关系副词：副词是表示行为或状态特征的词，修饰_____、_____或_____，表示时间，地点，程度，方式等概念。

本身后面句子主干完整，补充表_____，____,______的副词让句子完整。

时间状语：______地点状语：______原因状语：______3 特殊关系词：as;whose ;whyps:定语从句没有______ 和_______.1 、特殊关系词特殊关系词直接靠翻译做题即可。

as:“正如”（1）as的本质是个关系_____，指代_________。

（2）as引导的定从可放主句之前（可放中间，后面）。

定语从句小结（2）---只用that的情况及练习英语中的定语从句中，有时关系代词只能用that不用which . 主要有以下几种情况：1.先现行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, anything, something, nothing, everything 等时。

Do you know everything(that) he said?He bought nothing (that ) he was interested in.Little that is important is done.2.先行词被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等修饰时。

All the books that were published last year were very valuable.Every boy(that)the teacher taught in that school is smart.3.先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级以及the only, the very, the last等词修饰时。

This is the very book (that ) I am looking after.The only computer that was bought in the shopping mall is broken.4.先行词同时包含了人和物时。

He still remembers the things and the persons (that) he knew at school ten years ago.5.先行词在定语从句中作to be 的表语时。

The boy is that boy (that ) he used to be6.以who 或者which 开头的句子里含有定语从句并且关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语时。

初中定语从句2一、何时用关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句？when 引导定语从句:先行词是表示时间的名词而且是从句动作发生的时间时，用when引导定语从句。

I’ll never forget the day when (= on which ) I met you.This was the time when ( =at which ) he left for Beijing .We will put off the outing until next week, when(=in which) we won’t be busy.where 引导定语从句:先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词而且是从句动作发生的地点时，用where引导定语从句。

This is the town where (= in which ) I spent my childhood.The table at which she is sitting is a new one.I’ll show you the point where you failed.why引导定语从句:先行词是reason并且从句是表示结果时，用why引导定语从句。

This is the reason why ( = for which ) I didn’t come here.The reason ________________ she gave was not true.特别注意：当定语从句缺主语或宾语才直接用which或that引导定语从句。

The library _______________________ students often study was on fire last night.The library, _______ was built in the 1930s,needs repairing.The library _______________ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.I’ll never forget the day _____________________ we first met in the park.I’ll never forget the time ______________ I spe nt on campus.I’ll never forget the time ______________ was spent with you.二、介词+关系代词应注意的情况1. who、that 不能用与介词之后The man who/whom you spoke to was a scientist. The man to whom you spoke was a scientist. The city that/which she lives in is far away. The city in which she lives is far away.2. 在固定短语中介词不能提前Is this the watch that you are looking for? The old man whom I am looking after is better .三、如何确定介词？把先行词接到从句谓语后面去,看需要什么介词1、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配He is the man _____ whom I think you can depend.The house ____ which he paid 100,000 yuan is very beautiful.2、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配He referred me to some reference books ______ which I am not very familiar.This is the hero _____ whom we are proud.3、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词搭配The school ______ which I study is the No. 11 high school.The rate/speed ______ which wild animals are being destroyed has increased.The age______ which children can go to school is seven.4.根据从句中动词与先行词搭配来选用介词，这时是两者兼顾。

第17课定语从句 2导言互译时注意这一语言差异，对掌握英语很有帮助。

在学习定语从句时，请注意关系代词和关系副词的区别，关系代词在从句中起到的是名词的作用，而关系副词起的是副词或介词短语的作用，即状语的作用。

▲关系副词WHEN-----代替时间WHERE-----代替地点WHY-----代替原因WHEN先行词关系副词在从句中做状语从以上的例句中可以看出，关系副词在从句中代替的是一个介词短语，相当于on the day，做状语。

该句也可以用关系代词来做。

请注意关系代词与关系副词的区别。

●先行词关系代词在从句中做介词on●WHERE●看，那就是我出生的房子。

注：where在从句中充当状语，代替in the house，该句也可以用关系代词来做。

WHY●I know the reason. She is unhappy for the reasontoday.●关系副词why代替从句中for the reason。

此句可以用关系代词做。

●●I know the reason▲as引导定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词，也可以是一个短语或一个句子。

as本身含有“像”的意思，而从句的位置不一定要在先行词之后●know的宾语代替前面整个句子(As you know, the earth moves around the sun.)正像你所知道那样地球围绕太阳运行。

●as-----------Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist正如我的一位祖母说过的那样，这个世界上只有两家人：那就是富人和穷人。

-----西班牙小说家塞万提斯.M.●Money is the sinews（力量） of love, asAs = Money is the sinews-----------George Farquhar, Irish dramatist金钱是爱情的支柱，犹如金钱是战争的支柱一样。

定语从句知识点详解（初中英语专项复习）1.引导定语从句的关系代词（1)who,whom用来指人，who在从句中作主语、宾语；whom在从句中作宾语。

Success will belong to those who never say "impossible".成功永远属于那些从不说“不可能”的人。

（2)which用来指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语，作宾语时可省略。

－What shall we do next?我们下一步应该做什么？－Take the advice which is given by Dr. Bloch.采纳布洛赫博士给的建议。

（3)that既可指人又可指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语。

I like the movies that are about Chinese history.我喜欢那些关于中国历史的电影。

（4)whose用来指人或物，只用作定语。

Chaplin was a great actor whose name is well-known all over the world.卓别林是一位闻名于世的伟大的演员。

2.引导定语从句的关系副词（1)when代替时间，where代替地点，相当于“介词＋which”，因此常交替使用。

I'll never forget the day when/on which I won the prize.我永远不会忘记我获奖的那天。

This is the city where/in which I have worked for 20 years.这就是我工作了20年的城市。

（2)why在从句中作原因状语。

We don't know the reason why he didn't come yesterday.我们不知道他昨天没来的原因。

3.定语从句只用that不用which 引导的情况（1)先行词是指物的不定代词，如all,little,much,everything,anything,nothing等，或先行词被不定代词修饰时。

第五单元语法突破语法知识精讲Grammar定语从句(Ⅱ)一、关系副词引导的定语从句1.when引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如time,day,year,month,week等),且关系词在从句中做时间状语时,定语从句用when引导。

(2)when可以换成“介词+which”。

I still remember the time when(=in which) I was in college.我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。

I have forgotten the exact date when(=on which) this country became independent.我忘记这个国家独立的确切日期了。

特别提醒当先行词是表示时间的名词时,既可以用when引导定语从句,也可以用that或which引导定语从句,关键要看关系词在定语从句中做何种成分。

若关系词在定语从句中充当状语,则用when引导;若关系词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,则用that或which引导。

Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?你记得我们一起在农场度过的那些日子吗?(that或which做spent的宾语)Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?你记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗?(when在从句中做状语)2.where引导定语从句的用法(1)当先行词是表示地点的名词(如place,room,mountain,airport等),且关系词在从句中做地点状语时,定语从句用where引导。

(2)where可以换成“介词+which”。

This is the hotel where(=in which) they stayed.这就是他们住过的旅馆。

定语从句非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2. 当先行词被专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。

如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。

如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

4. 有时as 也可用作关系代词如：You can take as many as you need.你可以根据需要尽量拿。

Let’s meet at the same place as we did yesterday.咱们在昨天见面的同一地方见面吧。

热身练习一、单项选择。

1. Is that the reason _____ you are in favor of the proposal?A. whichB. whatC. whyD. for that语法考点 本讲内容第七讲定语从句（二）2. He has two sons, _____ work as chemists.A. two of whomB. both of whomC. both of whichD. all of whom3. The buses, _____ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A. most of thatB. which mostC. most of whichD. that most4. My glasses, _____ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.A. whichB. with whichC. without whichD. that5. I will hire the man _____ they say is a good English speaker.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. whomKey: CBCCA二、选用适当的关系词填空。

【热点语法】英语定语从句（二）山东潍坊刘永科五、非限制性定语从句根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。

上篇文章涉及的内容是限制性定语从句及其有关事项，本文主要讲解非限制性定语从句。

1、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的差别：限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词，与主句的关系非常密切，不用逗号和主句隔开。

它说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况；如果去掉，则会影响句子意思的完整。

A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.医生就是负责人们的健康的人。

This is the school where Yao Ming studied.这就是姚明学习过的学校。

I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane.我仍然记得第一次坐飞机旅行的时间。

This is the diamond (which/that) the lady has lost. 这就是那位女士丢失的钻石。

非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句那样紧密，只是对先行词作些附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚完整。

它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。

翻译时常常不译作定语，而是单独译成与主句并列的句子。

Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.昨晚我看了一部非常好的电影，是关于第二次世界大战的。

My parents live in my hometown, which is about 30 kilometers from here.我的父母住我的家乡，离这里大约30千米。

Millar, who is a distant relative of mine, studies in Yale now. 米拉是我的一位远房亲戚，她现在耶鲁学习。

2021届高三英语二轮复习专题二定语从句（2）I单句填空1. If a shop has chairs ____________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.2. Those houses are sold at such a low price ____________ people expected.3. The terrible accident happened on the day ____________ my father left for America, a day ____________ we’ll never forget.4. They were well trained by their masters ____________ had great experience with caring for these animals.5. This city, ____________ lies in the northeast and ____________ I spent my childhood, has been one of the country’s busiest ports since the 1950s.6. There are many occasions ____________ which you are left in a helpless situation, ____________ which you can depend on no one other than yourself.7. The land is known for a historical site with beautifully colored walls, on ____________ are painted the events of the past.8. Peter and his car ____________ disappeared mysteriously in London in 1987 appeared mysteriously in New York in 1993.9. All ____________ happens during early years can influence children for the rest of their lives.10. Irresponsible drivers ____________ like to cut in on the road often make the drivers behind respond by suddenly braking.11. In the morning, two artists, ____________ acting skills were wonderful, came to our school as planned.12. There were sixty-six unprovoked (无端的) shark bite incidents around the world in 2018, only six of ____________ were dangerous, according to the ISAF.13. Still, when you start your journey of positive thinking, you shall meet wonderful new people, with ____________ you can share positive attitudes.14. This famous scientist then remarked that it was at that moment that he knew he didn’t need to be afraid to make mistakes ____________ were actually opportunities for learning something new.15. One of China’s six famous tea types is white tea, ____________ gets its name from its silver-white color.16. In China, a teahouse is a place ____________ people gather to enjoy tea, chat and socialize.17. Power walking uses both upper and lower body strength, ____________ results in stronger muscles and bones.18. Researchers followed a group of people ____________ attended free weekly singing workshops for six months.19. It cannot cover all ____________ Li endured to reach the top of the tennis world.20. In a culture ____________ people function according to ritual, music is used to help govern them.II语法填空AIt is practically inevitable: sometime around the age of 40, people start to need reading glasses. Try (1)____________ they might, there’s no avoiding it. One mobile app creator claims that practicing with their technology can train your eyes to see (2)____________ (well), though some eye doctors are not sure.The reason (3)____________ many people eventually need reading glasses is that the lens (晶状体) of the eye loses flexibility with age, and has trouble focusing on nearby objects. The condition is called presbyopia (老花眼), which is just a natural side effect of aging.The first app (4)____________ (claim) to work out the solution is called GlassesOff. First you take a test given by the app, and then follow its customized training course. Three days a week, for 12-15 minutes, you’ll go through a series of visual exercises, such as recognizing small gray letters on a gray screen. After two or three months, it claims that you can kiss your reading glasses goodbye.“We wanted to develop an application (5)____________ can help people improve their reading ability by improving the way that the brain processes information.” says GlassesOff CEO Nimrod Madar. Until recently it wasn’t possible because scientists did not understand how the image processing (6)____________ (capable) of the brain actually works. “GlassesOff comes up with the idea of neuroplasticity (神经可塑性). Studies have shown that through training new connections can be made in the brain so that it can continue adapting to the world around us. Interms of vision, this means that through training, the brain may be able to form new connections that allow it to clearly process text even when the text (7)____________ (blur) by aging eyes.In a 30-person study published in Scientific Reports in February, some participants were able to read letters 1.6 times smaller after using the app. Adults aged 40 to 60 years old had the most success. The study also found that the users’ eye health improved by (8)____________ average of 8.6 years.Sounds too good to be true? Well, it probably is. “Human vision quality is determined by the physical eye and the way (9)____________ his brain reads the information that the eye captures,” says Rhee, a doctor from Harvard University. “To think that we can reverse (逆转) presbyopia only by neuroplasticity is just not accurate.” It might not make a huge difference in terms of fighting presbyopia, but brain training could make a difference for younger people (10)____________ eyes are still more flexible.BMicroplastics are everywhere in our environment. It's hardly surprising that the tiny fragments have also been found in the human body. A new study shows that Americans are consuming as many as 121,000 particles each year.Measuring 50 to 500 microns in length, microplastics come from a variety of sources, including large plastics (1)____________ break down into smaller and smaller pieces. Therefore, much remains unknown about the common (2)____________ (exist) of these materials within the human body, as well as the impact on human health.Hoping to fill in some of these gaps, a research team, led by Kieran Cox, a Ph. D. candidate at the University of Victoria, looked at 26 papers assessing the number of microplastics in (3)____________ (common) consumed food items, among (4)____________ are seafood, sugar, salt, honey, alcohol and water. The team also evaluated the potential consumption of microplastics through inhalation (吸入) using previously reported data on microplastic concentrations in the air and the Environmental Protection Agency’s data on respiration rates. Based on these data, the researchers calculated that our annual consumption of microplastics via foods and drinks ranges from 39,000 (5)____________ 52,000 particles. When microplastics taken in through inhalation (6)____________ (take) into account, the range jumps to between 74,000 and 121,000 particles per year.The authors of the study found that people (7)____________ drink exclusively from plastic water bottles absorb additional 90,000 microplastics each year, compared with 4,000 among those who only consume tap water. “This shows that small decisions, over the course of a year, really matter and have an impact.” Cox says. The new study, according to its authors, was the first (8)____________ (investigate) “the accumulative human exposure to microplastics”. But in all likelihood, the research tells only a small part of the entire story. Collectively, the foods and drinks (9)____________ the researchers analyzed represent 15 percent of Americans' caloric intake. The team could not account for food groups like fruits, vegetables and grain because there simply is not enough data on their microplastic content.For those (10)____________ worried about microplastic consumption, cutting down bottled water is a good place to start. But for the heart of the problem, we have to stop producing and using so many plastics.III汉译英1. 更重要的是，网上有你可以求助的老师，而且这一切都是免费的。

定语从句（二）一：巩固复习1. This is the best hotel in the city _______ I know.2. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady ____ comes from Beijing.3. Is there anything else _______ you want?4. What’s the name of the man ______ car you borrowed?5. All the apples ____ fall are eaten by wild boars.6. Can you think of anyone ____ could look after him?7. Is that the house _________ you bought last year?8. He showed a machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.定义：修饰限定名词或代词的句子就叫做定语从句。

引导定语从句的引导词有：关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that关系副词：when , where , why二：关系副词引导的定语从句1.关系副词where （先行词是地点时）A.This is the factory.I worked in the factory ten years ago.This is the factory __________ I worked ten years ago.B.This is the factor __________=_______________I worked ten years ago.C.The school_________=___________________ my son studies is near a park.where 引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的名词, 并在定语从句中作_________,相当于“介词+ _________ (which)”。