甲状腺切除术手术图解
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甲状腺解剖及甲状腺部分切除术和甲状腺大部分切除术图片步骤详解人体也有一只美丽的蝴蝶,就是甲状腺。
甲状腺位于颈部甲状软骨下方、气管两旁,有提高神经兴奋性、促进生长发育的作用。
因形似盾甲因而得名「甲状腺」。
人的这只「蝴蝶」非常容易生病,如生成异常结节,功能亢进甚至癌变,这时就可能需要手术切除部分甚至是整个甲状腺。
从甲状腺解剖讲起,甲状腺部分切除术手术图谱。
甲状腺解剖甲状腺上起甲状软骨下缘,下至胸锁关节,分为左右两叶,中间靠峡部连接。
甲状腺血供丰富,颈动脉发出甲状腺上动脉和下动脉,甲状腺上中下静脉回流到颈静脉(甲状腺没有中动脉),迷走神经发出喉上神经和喉返神经支配咽喉运动,与甲状腺解剖关系密切。
从正面解剖我们可以看到甲状腺三条静脉,和甲状腺上动脉。
而甲状腺下动脉则由腺体后方进入,喉返神经从甲状腺下极进入后方,沿气管食管间沟向上入喉。
以上都是比较重要的解剖路径。
甲状腺手术之前需要完善甲状腺超声和或颈部CT,甲状腺功能检查(甲功化验和核素检查),甚至需要完善甲状腺穿刺活检,以尽量明确甲状腺疾病的性质,是否具有手术指征,确定手术方案。
介绍甲状腺部分切除和大部分切除术的手术方式。
经典的甲状腺手术切口一般选择在胸骨上窝 2 横指处做弧形切口,这个位置刚好是衣领可以遮盖的高度,因此俗称「衣领口」。
甲状腺手术的体位也很重要,患者要垫起肩部和枕部,伸长暴露颈部。
这也就是为什么甲状腺手术前进行体位训练。
甲状腺术后需要去枕平卧位,以及颈前的切口沙袋加压,此体位对患者来说较为难受,因此需术前让患者提前体验和适应自动体位,以免术后造成不适以及伤口和手术并发症的发甲状腺部分切除术切开皮肤及皮下组织后,要向上方游离皮瓣到甲状软骨下方,向下方游离皮瓣到胸骨上窝,从而能够充分暴露甲状腺全程。
可根据拟行切除甲状腺的部位和体积,决定是否结扎颈前浅静脉。
颈白线处切开颈前肌群,进入到甲状腺假被膜。
用手指和拉钩钝性游离甲状腺,注意一定要游离至甲状腺真被膜。
图文详解甲状腺手术(含腔镜下手术)甲状腺位于颈前,被气管前筋膜包裹固定在气管前方。
甲状腺分为左右两叶及其中间的峡部,左右两叶位于气管的两侧,峡部在气管的前方,相当于第2~4气管软骨,甲状腺呈H型,平均重量25克。
甲状腺又借左、右两叶上极内侧的悬韧带,悬吊于环状软骨上。
因此,在做吞咽动作时,甲状腺亦随之上、下移动。
甲状腺解剖及颈部解剖1、甲状腺包膜。
2、甲状腺动、静脉。
3、甲状腺淋巴回流。
4、甲状腺神经。
5、颈部解剖。
甲状腺手术适应症和禁忌症适应症1、单纯性甲状腺肿引起临床症状者。
2、青春期后单纯性甲状腺明显增大。
3、结节性甲状腺肿伴有甲亢或有恶性变得可能者。
4、甲状腺囊肿,压迫气管引起呼吸困难者。
5、较严重的甲亢经药物治疗1年无明显疗效。
禁忌症1、青少年症状较轻者。
2、年老体弱,有重要脏器功能不全,不能耐受手术。
甲状腺解剖概要1、甲状腺。
2、甲状腺血管。
3、甲状腺淋巴回流。
4、甲状腺神经。
5、甲状旁腺。
(图源:太帅图库)(图源:太帅图库)甲状腺次全切除术适应证1、原发性甲状腺机能亢进。
2、结节性甲状腺肿继发甲状腺功能亢进。
3、结节性甲状腺肿双叶多发结节。
4、多发性甲状腺腺瘤。
手术及注意事项1、麻醉:全麻气管插管。
2、术式:甲状腺次全切除术。
3、切除腺体的量:保留10克。
4、操作轻柔,仔细,止血彻底,保护甲状腺,保护甲状旁腺,避免损伤喉返神经。
术前准备1、术前访视(洗手护士、巡回护士及麻醉医师共同访视):查阅病历,了解患者一般情况、肿块大小及各项检查结果,了解患者是否有合并症(若合并颈椎病或心脏病,体位应在全麻插管后放置;若有甲状腺机能亢进症,放置体位时应动作轻柔,头后仰,颈过伸角度不能太大,头端下调10度,以防发生骨折)、过敏史、手术史、输血史等。
2、加强心理护理:术前访视护士应耐心解释患者的问题,用通俗易懂的语言介绍手术的目的、方法、麻醉方式以及麻醉和手术的体位配合,给予患者心理疏导及适当的健康教育,消除患者顾虑,让其树立信心、积极配合手术。
甲状旁腺切除术1-1 甲状旁腺的正常位置1-2 显露右侧甲状旁腺1-3 甲状旁腺探查三分区1-4 异常位置的上甲状旁腺1-5 异常位置的下甲状旁腺1-6 右叶甲状旁腺腺瘤与其摘除术图1 甲状旁腺切除术2-1 被膜未破,保留喉返神经2-2 癌肿溃破、粘连,切除喉返神经一段图2 甲状旁腺癌切除术[适应证]1.甲状旁腺腺瘤,约占甲状旁腺功能亢进的92%。
2.甲状旁腺增生症,占7%。
3.甲状旁腺癌,占1%。
[术前准备]1.测定血钙、尿钙、磷含量与血中碱性磷酸酶含量。
2.测定肾功能与系统检查有无尿路结石。
3.拍x线片检查骨骼脱钙情况。
如有骨质疏松和脱钙变化,应嘱病人卧床休息,避免发生病理骨折。
4.做b超、ct检查,必要时做上纵隔充气造影或锁骨下动脉造影,以确定肿瘤位置。
[麻醉]颈丛神经阻滞或气管插管麻醉。
[手术步骤]1.体位、切口同甲状腺次全切除术。
2.甲状腺显露步骤同甲状腺次全切除术。
3.检查甲状旁腺⑴首先探查4个甲状旁腺正常所在部位[图1-1]。
先从甲状腺右叶开始,切断、结扎右侧甲状腺中静脉。
用止血钳或牵引线把甲状腺向前方牵引,钝性分离右叶的侧后面疏松组织,直达食管与颈椎体侧肌膜,即可在甲状腺背侧,甲状腺上动脉和甲状腺下动脉终末支分布区见到右侧两枚甲状旁腺或腺瘤[图1-2]。
正常甲状旁腺呈桔黄色,卵圆形,约5mm×3mm×2mm,左、右侧各2枚。
如其中1枚腺体呈红褐色肿大,多为腺瘤,易被发现。
如有两枚以上腺体比正常增大且大小不匀,颜色呈黄红褐色时,则应考虑为增生。
甲状旁腺癌多呈圆形,因被膜增厚而呈灰白色,常与周围组织之间发生粘连。
如探查右侧未发现可疑病变或增生时,应继续探查左侧。
⑵探查异位甲状旁腺瘤:通常分三个解剖区域探查。
a.颈部甲状腺区;b.胸骨柄后区;c.上纵隔区,需劈开胸骨探查胸腺[图1-3]。
亦可循上、下甲状旁腺胚胎期发生过程的变异部位寻找。
上甲状旁腺的异常部位有4处[图1-4],下甲状旁腺的异常部位有5处[图1-5]。
甲状腺切除术手术图谱The patient is placed in semi-Fowler's position with the neck slightly extended and supported with a wadded towel on each side. A collar incision is made from one posterior edge of sternocleidomastoid to the other one fingerbreadth above the clavicle on either side. The line of incision is impressed on the skin using a silk ligature to ensure symmetry图片附件: 1.jpg (2005-7-8 18:20, 8.15 K)Beginning laterally, the upper flap is bluntly dissected up to the notch of the thyroid cartilage with a moist gauze over the thumbThe inferior flap is dissected downward over the sternal notch using mostly careful sharp dissection. The lower flap may be sutured temporarily to the skin of the chest and the upper flap is held with a retractor. The strap muscles and anterior jugular veins are exposed anteriorly and the sternocleidomastoids laterally图片附件: 3.jpg (2005-7-8 18:22, 18.38 K)The fascia of the strap muscles is carefully incised in the midline avoiding entry into the thyroid capsule. Crossing veins between anterior jugulars are divided图片附件: 4.jpg (2005-7-8 18:23, 20.12 K)Two fingers are used to elevate both strap muscles on each side to the level of the thyroid lobes. It is important to not push too deeply posteriorly before direct visualization is achieved to avoid tearing the middle thyroid veins. Mobilization of the straps is usually more than sufficient for safe exposure of even a moderately enlarged gland. For a massive goiter, division of the straps is prudent.图片附件: 5.jpg (2005-7-8 18:23, 17.07 K)Lateral retraction of the straps exposes the thyroid lobes and middle thyroid veins on either side图片附件: 6.jpg (2005-7-8 18:24, 20.25 K)Lateral retraction of the straps exposes the thyroid lobes and middle thyroid veins on either side (2).图片附件: 7.jpg (2005-7-8 18:24, 20.3 K)The center of the thyroid lobe is transfixed with a heavy (2-0) figure of eight suture and retracted medially. Retraction of the lobe by penetrating clamps is often bloody, tears the tissue and the bulk of the instrument gets in the way. The middle thyroid veins are carefully isolated from the areolar carotid sheaths, ligated and divided. Mobilization of the posterior surfaces is then completed again using two fingers. If thorough exploration of the opposite lobe is indicated, that middle thyroid vein is also divided.图片附件: 8.jpg (2005-7-8 18:25, 20.26 K)A thyroid pole retractor is used to elevate the straps above while downward traction is applied to the suture. The apex of the thyroid lobe is tethered by the superior pole vessels above.图片附件: 9.jpg (2005-7-8 18:26, 20.54 K)The superior pole vessels must now be carefully separated from the peritracheal fascia containing the superior laryngeal nerve. The nerve usually lies posteromedial to the vessels.While delicately retracting the superior pole laterally, a small hemostat is insinuated just medial to the fascia containing the vessels, hugging the contour of the top of the lobe. Opening the clamps separates the vessels from the nerve.图片附件: 10.jpg (2005-7-8 18:26, 18.77 K)Once the upper pole is free, the traction suture is used to gently pull the lobe medially. The posterior surface of the upper pole is examined for the delicate brown upper parathyroid gland. The upper glands are more variable in position than the lower. If the gland is identified, it is carefully dissected out of the thyroid capsule and left on the carotid sheath posteriorly. It is usually not possible to identify a discrete feeding vessel with the upper gland. If the gland turns dark in color it is devascularized and may need to be implanted in muscle (see below).图片附件: 11.jpg (2005-7-8 18:27, 19.37 K)The inferior thyroid artery is now dissected and elevated and the recurrent laryngeal nerve is identified, usually posterior to the vessel and within or anterior to the tracheo-eosphagealgroove (see discussion of nerve location under thyroid anatomy).图片附件: 12.jpg (2005-7-8 18:28, 12.1 K)The lower parathyroid is usually found in close association with the inferior thyroid artery and below it. It is often possible to preserve its blood supply as it is dissected off the thyroid capsule, ligating the inferior thyroid vessel distal to the takeoff of the parathyroid branch. In the case of an isolated gland, the safest survival strategy is to cut the gland into thin slices and implant it into the adjacent sternocleidomastoid muscle. The site of implantation should be marked with a metal clip in the event of future problems, especially when operating for parathyroid disease. In the latter case, it is best to implant the questionable gland into a forearm muscle so that it is easily accessible without reopening the neck.图片附件: 13.jpg (2005-7-8 18:28, 9.47 K)The lobe is then retracted to the right, exposing the suspensory ligament (of Berry) attaching it to the trachea. The ligament is sharply divided close to the gland to avoid entering thepretracheal fascia which can cause significant postoperative pain. The isthmus is then easily mobilized from the trachea and divided at its junction with the opposite lobe.图片附件: 14.jpg (2005-7-8 18:33, 19.74 K)。
甲状腺次全切除术1-1体位1-2切口1-3分离颈阔肌后疏松组织1-4缝扎颈前静脉后切断1-5将颈前肌群与胸锁乳突肌分开1-6钳间切断甲状腺前的颈前肌群1-7分离甲状腺上动、静脉1-8结扎、剪断加缝扎甲状腺上动、静脉1-9尽量靠近腺体处理上极血管避开喉上神经外侧支1-10结扎、切断甲状腺中静脉1-11结扎、切断甲状腺下静脉1-12包膜内结扎、切断甲状腺下动脉分支1-13分离峡部后方1-14钳夹、切断、结扎峡部1-15沿腺体后侧切线夹钳1-16沿血管钳前侧楔形切除腺体大部,保留腺体后部1-17对拢缝合切缘1-18缝合甲状腺前肌群1-19缝合皮肤,胶皮片引流图1甲状腺次全切除术图2甲状腺的血液供应图3甲状腺下动脉和喉返神经的关系图4从后侧看甲状腺下动脉和喉返神经[适应证]1.甲状腺机能亢进(包括原发性和继发性甲状腺机能亢进)。
2.单纯性甲状腺肿,肿块较大,产生压迫症状者。
3.多发性甲状腺腺瘤,巨大甲状腺腺瘤或巨大囊肿。
[禁忌证]1.年龄小,病情轻,甲状腺肿大不甚明显者。
2.年龄大,合并有严重心、肝、肾等疾患而难以耐受手术者。
[术前准备]1.甲状腺机能亢进病人,必须在内科抗甲状腺药物治疗,基础代谢率降至正常或接近正常(+15%以下),脉率在90次/分以下后,停服抗甲状腺药物,改服复方碘剂两周左右,使甲状腺明显缩小、变硬,便于手术操作和减少术中出血。
具体方法为口服复方碘液(lugol液),每日3次,第1日每次5滴,次日每次6滴,以后逐日递增1滴,直至增到每次15滴,维持3~5日后手术。
近年来,有人提倡用心得安与复方碘液作术前准备,心得安服用剂量视病情轻重而不同,为每6小时1次,每次10~40mg。
这样术前用药可缩短准备时间。
2.镇静药物的使用有失眠或睡眠不安时可用鲁米那0.1g或安定5mg,每晚1次口服。
3.必要的术前检查如心血管功能和肝、肾功能检查,基础代谢测定,喉镜检查声带功能,x线检查气管位置及血钙、磷测定等。
甲状腺切除术手术图谱The patient is placed in semi-Fowler's position with the neck slightly extended and supported with a wadded towel on each side. A collar incision is made from one posterior edge of sternocleidomastoid to the other one fingerbreadth above the clavicle on either side. The line of incision is impressed on the skin using a silk ligature to ensure symmetry图片附件: 1.jpg (2005-7-8 18:20, 8.15 K)Beginning laterally, the upper flap is bluntly dissected up to the notch of the thyroid cartilage with a moist gauze over the thumbThe inferior flap is dissected downward over the sternal notch using mostly careful sharp dissection. The lower flap may be sutured temporarily to the skin of the chest and the upper flap is held with a retractor. The strap muscles and anterior jugular veins are exposed anteriorly and the sternocleidomastoids laterally图片附件: 3.jpg (2005-7-8 18:22, 18.38 K)The fascia of the strap muscles is carefully incised in the midline avoiding entry into the thyroid capsule. Crossing veins between anterior jugulars are divided图片附件: 4.jpg (2005-7-8 18:23, 20.12 K)Two fingers are used to elevate both strap muscles on each side to the level of the thyroid lobes. It is important to not push too deeply posteriorly before direct visualization is achieved to avoid tearing the middle thyroid veins. Mobilization of the straps is usually more than sufficient for safe exposure of even a moderately enlarged gland. For a massive goiter, division of the straps is prudent.图片附件: 5.jpg (2005-7-8 18:23, 17.07 K)Lateral retraction of the straps exposes the thyroid lobes and middle thyroid veins on either side图片附件: 6.jpg (2005-7-8 18:24, 20.25 K)Lateral retraction of the straps exposes the thyroid lobes and middle thyroid veins on either side (2).图片附件: 7.jpg (2005-7-8 18:24, 20.3 K)The center of the thyroid lobe is transfixed with a heavy (2-0) figure of eight suture and retracted medially. Retraction of the lobe by penetrating clamps is often bloody, tears the tissue and the bulk of the instrument gets in the way. The middle thyroid veins arecarefully isolated from the areolar carotid sheaths, ligated and divided. Mobilization of the posterior surfaces is then completed again using two fingers. If thorough exploration of the opposite lobe is indicated, that middle thyroid vein is also divided.图片附件: 8.jpg (2005-7-8 18:25, 20.26 K)A thyroid pole retractor is used to elevate the straps above while downward traction is applied to the suture. The apex of the thyroid lobe is tethered by the superior pole vessels above.图片附件: 9.jpg (2005-7-8 18:26, 20.54 K)The superior pole vessels must now be carefully separated from the peritracheal fascia containing the superior laryngeal nerve. The nerve usually lies posteromedial to the vessels.While delicately retracting the superior pole laterally, a small hemostat is insinuated just medial to the fascia containing the vessels, hugging the contour of the top of the lobe. Opening the clamps separates the vessels from the nerve.图片附件: 10.jpg (2005-7-8 18:26, 18.77 K)Once the upper pole is free, the traction suture is used to gently pull the lobe medially. The posterior surface of the upper pole is examined for the delicate brown upper parathyroid gland. The upper glands are more variable in position than the lower. If the gland is identified, it is carefully dissected out of the thyroid capsule and left on the carotid sheath posteriorly. It is usually not possible to identify a discrete feeding vessel with the upper gland. If the gland turns dark in color it is devascularized and may need to be implanted in muscle (see below).图片附件: 11.jpg (2005-7-8 18:27, 19.37 K)The inferior thyroid artery is now dissected and elevated and the recurrent laryngeal nerve is identified, usually posterior to the vessel and within or anterior to the tracheo-eosphageal groove (see discussion of nerve location under thyroid anatomy).图片附件: 12.jpg (2005-7-8 18:28, 12.1 K)The lower parathyroid is usually found in close association with the inferior thyroid artery and below it. It is often possible to preserve its blood supply as it is dissected off the thyroid capsule, ligating the inferior thyroid vessel distal to the takeoff of the parathyroid branch. In the case of an isolated gland, the safest survival strategy is to cut the gland into thin slices and implant it into the adjacent sternocleidomastoid muscle. The site of implantation should be marked with a metal clip in the event offuture problems, especially when operating for parathyroid disease. In the latter case, it is best to implant the questionable gland into a forearm muscle so that it is easily accessible without reopening the neck.图片附件: 13.jpg (2005-7-8 18:28, 9.47 K)The lobe is then retracted to the right, exposing the suspensory ligament (of Berry) attaching it to the trachea. The ligament is sharply divided close to the gland to avoid entering the pretracheal fascia which can cause significant postoperative pain. The isthmus is then easily mobilized from the trachea and divided at its junction with the opposite lobe.图片附件: 14.jpg (2005-7-8 18:33, 19.74 K)。